WASTE WATER COLLECTION METHODS / SYSTEM

WATER COLLECTION SYSTEM

- collect and convey wastewater to the treatment plant.

- The complexity of the system depends on the size of the community and the type
of system selected.

METHODS OF COLLECTION

GRAVITY COLLECTION SYSTEM

- The collection lines are sloped to permit the flow to move through the system
with as little pumping as possible.
- The slope of the lines must keep the wastewater moving at a velocity (speed) of
2 to 4 ft/sec . Otherwise at lower Otherwise , at lower velocities solids will settle
out and cause clogged lines velocities , solids will settle out and cause clogged
lines , overflows and offensive odors overflows , and offensive odors
- To keep collection systems lines at a reasonable depth, wastewater must be
lifted (pumped) periodically so that it can continue flowing downhill to the
treatment plant.

FORCE MAIN COLLECTION SYSTEM

- In force main collection system , wastewater is collected to central points and

pumped under pressure to the treatment plant.
- The system is normally used for conveying wastewater long distances.
- The use of the force main system allows the wastewater To flow to the treatment
plant at the desired velocity without using sloped lines .
- It should be noted that the pump station discharge lines in a gravity system are
considered to be force mains since the content of the lines is under pressure.

VACUUM SYSTEM
 - In a vacuum collection system , wastewaters are collected to central points and
then drawn toward the treatment plant under vacuum.
- The system consists of a large amount of mechanical Equipment and requires a
large amount of maintenance to perform properly.
- Generally, the vacuum type collection systems are not economically feasible.

PUMPING STATION

- Pumping stations provide the motive force (energy) to keep the wastewater
moving at the desired velocity.
- They are used in both the force main and gravity systems.
- They are designed in several different configurations and may use different
sources of energy to move the wastewater (i.e., pump , air pressure and
vacuum).

TYPES OF PUMPING STATION

 WET WELL – DRY WELL PUMPING STATION

1. The wet well–dry well pumping station consists of two separate spaces or
sections separated by a common wall.
2. Wastewater is collected in one section (known as the wet well section); the
pumping equipment (and in many cases, the motors and controllers) is located
in a second section known as the dry well.
3. There are many different designs for this type of system, but in most cases the
pumps selected for this system are of a centrifugal design.

 WET WELL PUMPING STATION

1. This type consists of a single compartment that collects the wastewater flow.
2. The pump is submerged in the wastewater with motor controls located in the
space or has a weatherproof motor housing located above the wet well.
3. In this type of station, a submersible centrifugal pump is normally used.
  PNEUMATIC PUMPING STATION
1. The pneumatic pumping station consists of a wet well and a control system that
controls the inlet and outlet value operations and provides pressurized air to
force or push the wastewater through the system.
2. The exact method of operation depends on the system design.
3. When operating, wastewater in the wet well reaches a predetermined level and
activates an automatic valve that closes the influent line.
4. The tank (wet well) is then pressurized to a predetermined level.
5. When the pressure reaches the predetermined level, the effluent line valve is
opened and the pressure pushes the waste stream out the discharge line.

SEWER SYSTEM

• Sewer is an artificial conduit, usually underground, for carrying off waste water
and refuse, as in a town or city.

• It can either be storm sewer system or sanitary sewer system or combined.

STORM SEWER SYSTEM

- Surface waters enters a storm drainage system through inlets located in street
gutters or depressed areas that collects natural drainage.

Common types of storm-water inlets for streets:

1. Curb inlet – has a vertical opening to catch gutter flow. Although the gutter may
be depressed slightly in front of inlet, this type of inlet offers no obstruction to
traffic.
2. Gutter inlet – is an opening covered by a grate through which the drainage falls.
The disadvantage is that debris collecting on the grate may result in plugging of
the gutter inlet.
3. Combination – is composed of curb and gutter openings.
STORM SEWER SYSTEM DESIGN

o Street grade, curb design and gutter depression define the best type of inlet to
select.
o Catch basins under street inlets are connected by short pipelines to the main
sewer system
o Manholes are placed at curb inlets, intersection of sewer lines and regular
intervals to facilitate inspection and cleaning.
o Pipeline gradient follow the general slope of the ground surface such that water
entering can flow downhill to a convenient point for discharge.
o Sewer pipes are set as shallow as possible to minimize excavation while
providing 2 to 4 ft of cover above the pipe to reduce the effect of wheel loading.
o Sewer outlets that terminates in natural channels subject to tides or high water
levels are equipped with flap gates to prevent back flooding into the sewer
system.
o Backwater gates are also used on combined sewer outfalls and effluent lines
from treatment plants where needed.

STORM SEWER SYSTEM PIPE DESIGN

Rational method is used to calculate the quantity of runoff for sizing of sewers

The flowing full velocities used in the design of storm sewers:

• Minimum: (self cleaning to avoid deposition of solids)

• Maximum: 10 ft/s (to prevent erosion of the pipe by grit transported in the water.

• Circular concrete pipe is commonly used for storm sewers.

• Circular pipe is manufactured in diameters from 12 to 144in. And in laying

lengths that range from 4-12 ft.

SAMPLE PROBLEM :
a)What is the maximum population that can be served by an 8-in sanitary sewer laid at
minimum grade using a design flow of 400 gcpd and a flowing full velocity of 2ft/s.

b) Compute the diameter of a storm drain to serve the same population based on
population density = 30 persons per acre, coefficient of runoff = 0.40, 10-yr rainfall-
frequency curve, duration = 20 min and a velocity of flow = 5 ft/s.

ANSWERS:

A. For: (d=8-in,V=2ft/s)

Q = 310 gpm or 0.70 ft3/s

Max. Population = Qflow/Qdesign = 310gpm (1440 min/day) 400 gal/day

Q = 1,100 persons

b) Drainage area = 1100 persons , 30 person per acre

Drainage area = 36 acres

For (D=20 min,); I=4.2in/hr Q=CIA = 0.40 (0.42) (36)

Q = 60 ft3/s A=πd2/4=Q/V = (60/5) d=48 in

SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM

 Sanitary sewers transport domestic and industrial wastewater by gravity flow to

treatment facilities.
 Lateral sewer collects discharges from house and carries them to another branch
sewer lines.
 Branch or sub-main lines receive waters from laterals and convey it to large
mains.
  Main sewer, also called a trunk or outfall sewer, carries the discharge from large
areas to the treatment plant.

A force main is a sewer through which wastewater is pumped under pressure rather
than by gravity flow. (see methods of collection).

Design flows for sewer systems are based on population served using the following per
capita quantities:

Lateral and Submains = 400 gpcd (1500 l/person.d)

Main and Trunk = 250 gpcd (950 l/person.d)

Interceptors = 350% of the estimated average dry weather flow (normal infiltration only
for flowing full velocities, excessive infiltration and industrial wastewaters are not
included)

Sewer slopes should be sufficient to maintain self cleansing velocities (V=2ft/s=0.60m/s)

For slope<0.045 Qdesign=d>(1/3)D

When (V=10ft/s=3.0m/s), special provision must be made to protect the pipe and
manholes against displacement by erosion and shock hydraulic loadings.
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM DESIGN NOTES :

 As a general rule, laterals placed in the street right of way are set a depth of not
less than 11ft (3.3m) below the top of the house foundation.
 Service connections are generally extended from laterals to outside the curb line
at the time of sewer placement.
 An alternative is to place sanitary sewer behind the curb on one side of the
street, making it readily accessible for service connections on that side.
 The minimum recommended size for laterals is 8-in (200 mm) diameter.
 Sewers less than 24-in should be laid on a straight line between manholes.

SEWER PLAN & PROFILE

Sewer pipe separation to water main pipe must be:

horizontal = 10ft (3m)

Vertical =18in (46cm)

MANHOLE DESIGN

1. Most manholes are circular in shape with an inside diameter of 4ft, which is
considered sufficient to perform sewer inspection and cleaning.
2. For small diameter pipes, the manhole is usually constructed directly over the
centerline of the sewer.
3. For very large sewers, access may be provided on one side with a landing
platform for the convenience of introducing cleaning equipment.
4. Manhole frames and covers are usually cast iron with a minimum clear opening
of 21 in. (54cm).
5. Solid covers are used on sanitary sewers.

TYPES OF MANHOLE

1. Typical Sewer Manhole

2. Drop Manhole Structure – when it is necessary to lower the elevation of a sewer
more than 24 in. It protect the man entering the structure and to eliminate the
nuisance created by solids splashed into the walls.
3. Vortex Manholes – reduces the velocity during the drop and reduce corrosion
and odor generation.

SERVICE CONNECTION

 House sewers are laid on a straight line and grade using 4in. (100mm) or 6in.
(150mm) pipe.
 The preferred minimum slope is 2%, or ¼ in/ft, although slopes as shallow as
1/8 in./ft are occasionally used.
 The service connection to a sanitary sewer is made through a tee branch turned
upward 45° or more from the horizontal so that backflooding does not occur
when the collecting sewer is flowing full.
For a deep sewer, the tee connection and riser pipe are often vertical and maybe
encased in concrete to prevent damage during backfilling.

DEEP SEWER CONNECTION (A) SHALLOW SEWER CONNECTION (B)

OTHER THINGS TO CONSIDER IN WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM :

1. Measuring and sampling of flows in sewers

2. Sewer pipes & jointing
3. Bedding and backfill
4. Sewer installation
5. Sewer testing
6. Lift stations in wastewater collection.