Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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Llegado el caso ante la Corte IDH, la sentencia del 29/11/2011 declaró que el
Estado argentino había violado el derecho a la libertad de expresión de los
peticionantes (art. 13, CADH), afirmándose allí que lo decidido allí constituía per
se una forma de reparación (6).
La plataforma fáctica y jurídica impuso que en la resolución de la Corte IDH
se examinaran conceptos tales como el derecho a la honra y la intimidad,
dignidad, vida privada en su correlación con la libertad de pensamiento y
expresión.
Dentro del articulado de la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos, se
precisaron interpretaciones respecto de: art. 1 (Obligación de respetar los
derechos); art. 2 (Deber de adoptar disposiciones de derecho interno); art. 11
(Protección de la honra y de la dignidad); art. 13 (Libertad de pensamiento y de
expresión).
Luego de las motivaciones se dispuso que al Estado argentino le correspondía:
a) Dejar sin efecto la condena civil impuesta a Jorge Fontevecchia y Héctor
D'Amico, así como todas sus consecuencias;
b) Publicar un resumen oficial de su sentencia elaborado por la Corte Suprema,
por una sola vez, en el Diario Oficial y en un diario de amplia circulación
nacional, así como publicar la sentencia completa de la Corte Interamericana en
la página del Centro de Información Judicial de la Corte Suprema;
c) Entregar las sumas reconocidas en dicho reintegro de los montos
oportunamente fijados en la sentencia de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, como de
los correspondientes a las reparaciones admitidas en su decisión internacional
(daño material, gastos derivados del trámite del proceso interno como del
procedimiento internacional).
Los puntos b) y c) fueron puntualmente cumplimentados quedando pendiente
el punto a), lo que dio ocasión a la presentación de la Dirección General de
Derechos Humanos del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto de la Nación,
organismo que remitió un oficio a la Corte Suprema haciendo conocer el pedido
formulado por la Secretaría de Derechos Humanos de la Nación.
Ello originó la anotada causa "Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto
s/informe sentencia dictada en el caso 'Fontevecchia y D'Amico c. Argentina' por
la CIDH". Previo al pronunciamiento se confirió traslado al Dr. Carlos Saúl
Menem de la presentación efectuada, quien en su contestación señaló que por no
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haber sido parte en el juicio internacional nada tenía que expresar al respecto.
Luego de lo cual se dicta el veredicto en 14/2/2017, con la mayoría
conformada por los votos de los Dres. Ricardo L. Lorenzetti, Elena I. Highton de
Nolasco, Carlos F. Rosenkrantz, el voto individual acorde del Dr. Horacio
Rossati y la disidencia del Dr. Juan C. Maqueda, decidiéndose no hacer lugar a lo
solicitado por la Secretaría de Derechos Humanos de la Nación y desestimándose
la señalada presentación.
III. Aspectos principales del fallo mayoritario de la Corte Suprema
La resolución mayoritaria desconoce explícitamente uno de los puntos de la
parte resolutiva de la sentencia de la Corte IDH, que dispuso "dejar sin efecto la
condena civil impuesta a los señores Jorge Fontevecchia y Héctor D'Amico",
considerando que la aplicación de la CADH, por la cual se comprometen los
Estados a cumplir la decisión de la Corte IDH en todo caso en que sean partes,
carece de alcances revocatorios sobre las resoluciones firmes de la Corte
Suprema.
Dice la Corte Suprema en "Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto" que la
obligatoriedad "alcanza únicamente a las sentencias dictadas por el tribunal
internacional dentro del marco de sus potestades remediales. En efecto, es con
ese alcance que el Estado argentino se ha obligado internacionalmente a acatar
las decisiones de la Corte Interamericana" (7).
Para ello recurre al argumento de la subsidiariedad de la legislación
internacional de derechos humanos, la inexistencia de una "cuarta instancia"
internacional y las cláusulas de la Constitución Nacional, derivando la decisión
de mantener la firmeza de la condena ordenada en los autos "Menem, Carlos S. c.
Editorial Perfil SA y otros s/daños y perjuicios - sumario" (8).
III.1.El alcance del artículo 68.1 de la CADH
La competencia admitida explícitamente por la Argentina respecto de la Corte
IDH, en los términos señalados precedentemente, queda enmarcada, entre otras
disposiciones, en lo reglado por los arts. 63 y 68 de la CADH, los que
respectivamente disponen: "Competencia y Funciones. Artículo 63. 1. Cuando
decida que hubo violación de un derecho o libertad protegidos en esta
Convención, la Corte dispondrá que se garantice al lesionado en el goce de su
derecho o libertad conculcados. Dispondrá asimismo, si ello fuera procedente,
que se reparen las consecuencias de la medida o situación que ha configurado la
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Expresa la Corte IDH en caso "Gelman" (2013): "en el presente caso que
existe cosa juzgada se trata simplemente de emplearlo (control de
convencionalidad) para dar cumplimiento en su integridad y de buena fe a lo
ordenado en la Sentencia dictada por la Corte en el caso concreto, por lo que sería
incongruente utilizar esa herramienta como justificación para dejar de cumplir
con la misma".
Esta comprensión desautoriza los argumentos empleados por la Corte
Suprema en "Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto" que aluden a la
subsidiariedad de la legislación internacional de derechos humanos y a la
doctrina del margen de apreciación nacional con sustento en criterios del
Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos (37).
En primer lugar, la CADH en los términos del reconocimiento argentino por la
ley aprobatoria 23.054 y las reservas efectuadas, se encuentra vinculada al
sistema jurídico argentino por el principio complementariedad, que presenta
estrecha relación con el control de convencionalidad, desde que "la
responsabilidad estatal bajo la Convención sólo puede ser exigida a nivel
internacional después de que el Estado haya tenido la oportunidad de declarar la
violación y reparar el daño ocasionado por sus propios medios. Este principio de
complementariedad (también llamado 'de subsidiariedad') informa
transversalmente el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, el cual es, tal
como lo expresa el Preámbulo de la misma Convención Americana, 'coadyuvante
o complementario de la [protección] que ofrece el derecho interno de los Estados
americanos' (...) Así adquiere sentido el mecanismo convencional, el cual obliga
a todos los jueces y órganos judiciales a prevenir potenciales violaciones a
derechos humanos, las cuales deben solucionarse a nivel interno teniendo en
cuenta las interpretaciones de la Corte Interamericana y, solo en caso contrario,
pueden ser considerados por ésta, en cuyo supuesto ejercerá un control
complementario de convencionalidad" (38).
Con relación a la doctrina del margen de apreciación nacional, se ha explicado
que "El Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos ha hecho una contribución
importante, que hasta este momento no ha sido seguida sino muy limitadamente
por la Corte Interamericana, con la doctrina del margen de apreciación nacional
que no es sino una de las tantas aplicaciones concretas del principio de
subsidiariedad. Como primera aproximación a este concepto se dice que
constituye una deferencia de los tribunales regionales hacia la interpretación de
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los derechos fundamentales que hacen los Estados, en los casos en los que no
existe consenso internacional sobre temas sensibles. Pero no es una deferencia
con la soberanía de los Estados, ni con sus potestades discrecionales, sino con la
diversidad cultural y las identidades locales. (...) La finalidad principal de esta
doctrina es dar cabida a la diversidad cultural en la interpretación de los derechos
humanos a la hora de precisar su alcance, legitimidad de sus restricciones y
solución de conflictos, cuando estas cuestiones tocan aspectos que afectan
contenidos esenciales de algunas culturas o rozan su núcleo de creencias,
principios y valores no negociables" (39).
Reconociéndose que en el ámbito del sistema interamericano la doctrina del
margen de apreciación nacional tiende a ser de uso muy restringido (40), se
admite pues que los sistemas europeos y latinoamericanos difieren en ese
aspecto, por su evolución histórica, razones culturales, políticas, idiosincrasia de
sus pueblos, comunidades y naciones, etcétera.
Empero para lo que aquí interesa, ni el principio de subsidiariedad o
complementariedad ni la doctrina del margen de apreciación nacional conducen a
desconocer la res iudicata internacional, desde que los contenidos de aquellos
apuntan a la hermenéutica de las normas internas e internacionales para su
correcta y justa aplicación en los márgenes interpretativos posibles.
Y, en tal sentido se advierte que la propia Corte Suprema por unanimidad,
mayoría o en algunas disidencias, utilizó como doctrina válida la establecida en
"Fontevecchia y D'Amico c. Argentina" y su análogo "Kimel c. Argentina" en
variados precedentes. Pueden citarse por ejemplo, los casos "Garrido, Carlos M.
c. EN - AFIP s/amparo - ley 16.986" (21/6/2016) (41), "Grupo Clarín y otros c.
Poder Ejecutivo Nacional y otro s/acción meramente declarativa" (29/10/2013)
(42), "B., H. G. c. América TV SA y otros" (27/8/2013) (43), "C. C., R. A. c. A.,
S. E. y otros s/daños y perjuicios" (14/8/2013) (44), "Rodríguez Pereyra, Jorge L.
y otra c. Ejército Argentino" (27/11/2012) (45), "Quantin, Norberto J. c.
Benedetti, Jorge E. s/derechos personalísimos", (30/10/2012) (46). Se alude y
cita en ellos la interpretación realizada por la Corte IDH en el caso "Fontevecchia
y D'Amico c. Argentina", concordándose con la jurisprudencia establecida,
expresándose que sirve de guía para la interpretación de los preceptos
convencionales (47).
Reafirmó la Corte Suprema en los mentados antecedentes, con base en la
exégesis del tribunal internacional, la protección a la libertad de expresión
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humanos que surgen de las Convenciones aprobadas y del ius cogens" (60).
En este último aspecto, asevera el autor con acierto que "el art. 28 de la
Convención sirve para deslindar responsabilidades en las distintas jurisdicciones
en el ámbito doméstico, pero nunca para eximir al Estado Federal del
cumplimiento de las sentencias condenatorias" (61).
La CSJN argentina afirmó en numerosos precedentes que las decisiones
jurisdiccionales emanadas de la Corte IDH, que han quedado firmes y
ejecutoriadas por su valor de cosa juzgada, son ejecutables y resultan de
cumplimiento obligatorio para el Estado argentino, en los términos del art. 68.1
de la CADH.
En función de la señalada norma, aseveró que debe subordinar el contenido de
sus pronunciamientos a las del tribunal interamericano, como se expresó entre
otros, en los casos "Nápoli" (1998) (62), "Espósito" (2004) (63), "Mazzeo"
(2007) (64), "Cantos" (disidencia del juez Maqueda) (65), "Derecho" (2011)
(66), "Castañeda" (2011) (67), "Carranza Latrubesse" (68), entre otros (69). Estas
causas son citadas también en el voto disidente del Dr. Juan Carlos Maqueda.
IV. Consecuencias jurídicas de la decisión de la CSJN en el ámbito
interno
Además de los aspectos internacionales comentados en torno al cumplimiento
de las sentencias de la Corte IDH y la responsabilidad de la Argentina, la decisión
de la Corte Suprema en "Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Cultos" es
susceptible de acarrear gravosas consecuencias en el orden jurídico interno del
país.
En primer lugar, debe anotarse la incongruencia de mantener con autoridad de
cosa juzgada dos resoluciones que son contradictorias entre sí.
Evidentemente en esta situación se encuentran los pronunciamientos de la
Corte IDH y de la Corte Suprema, desde que en la sentencia internacional (2010)
se estableció que la Argentina, mediante sus resoluciones judiciales incluida la de
la Corte Suprema, violó el derecho a la libertad de expresión reconocido en el art.
13 de la CADH, en relación con el art. 1.1 de la misma, en perjuicio de los
señores Jorge Fontevecchia y Héctor D'Amico, como asimismo que incumplió la
obligación general de adoptar disposiciones de derecho interno respecto de la
libertad de pensamiento y de expresión, según el art. 2 de la CADH.
Mientras que en la resolución de la Corte Suprema (2001), por el contrario, se
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de intereses patrimoniales del Estado argentino, quien debió asumir una condena
justamente por las resoluciones judiciales internas que ordenaron un
resarcimiento indebido a quien fuera el presidente de la República, conforme a lo
establecido en el citado caso "Fontevecchia y D'Amico c. Argentina".
La causa entre particulares en que fue dictado el pronunciamiento de 2001
—condena civil— lo torna susceptible de producir objeciones en torno a
incongruencia jurídica, escándalo jurisdiccional, pago indebido, enriquecimiento
sin causa e imposibilidad del Estado Nacional de requerir los montos abonados a
un tercero.
V. Conclusión
El criterio plasmado en el voto mayoritario y concurrente de la Corte Suprema
en "Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto" presenta demasiadas
implicancias para Argentina en el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones
internacionales, según ha quedado señalado, y no condice con la línea que venía
sosteniéndose conforme lo pone de manifiesto el voto disidente.
Parecería acercarse al principio secular de las Leyes de Indias: "Acato pero no
cumplo" (70), largamente superado por la evolución del derecho contemporáneo.
(1) La reserva y las declaraciones interpretativas hechas al ratificar la
Convención. El instrumento de ratificación se recibió en la Secretaría General de
la OEA el 5/9/1984, con una reserva y declaraciones interpretativas. Se procedió
al trámite de notificación de la reserva de conformidad con la Convención de
Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados suscrita el 23/5/1969.
(2) Para una mayor información acerca de los fundamentos y las conclusiones
que se exponen en este trabajo puede consultarse: PALACIO de CAEIRO, Silvia
(dir.) - CAEIRO PALACIO, María Victoria (coord.), "Tratados de derechos
humanos y su influencia en el Derecho Argentino", Ed. La Ley, Buenos Aires,
2015; STEINER, Christian - URIBE, Patricia (eds.), "Convención Americana
sobre Derechos Humanos", Konrad Adenauer Stiftung - Programa Estado de
Derecho para Latinoamérica - Ed. Plural, Bolivia, 2014; GARCÍA RAMÍREZ,
Sergio, "La jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos",
Ed. UNAM, México, 2001.
(3) Petición/caso ante la CIDH 775/01, caso ante la Corte IDH: serie C, nro.
238, fondo, reparaciones y costas, 29/11/2011,
http://corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_238_esp.pdf .
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(4) Esta suma con más sus intereses, costas y honorarios ascendió finalmente
a un monto cercano a los $ 245.000.
(5) CS, "Menem, Carlos S. c. Editorial Perfil SA y otros s/daños y perjuicios -
sumario", 25/9/2001, Fallos: 324:2895.
(6) Parte resolutiva, pto. 1, de la sentencia "Fontevecchia y otros c.
Argentina", p. 40.
(7) Consid. 6 de la mayoría.
(8) Ver consid. 8 de la mayoría.
(9) NUÑO, Alejandra en AAVV, STEINER, Christian - URIBE, Patricia
(eds.), ob. cit., p. 894, con cita de FAÚNDEZ LEDESMA, Héctor, "El Sistema
Interamericano de Protección de los Derechos Humanos, aspectos institucionales
y procesales", 3ª edic., ps. 601 in fine y 602.
(10) Ibíd.
(11) El contenido de estas obligaciones ha sido desarrollado con detenimiento
en "Argentina y sus obligaciones internacionales en la Convención Americana
sobre Derechos Humanos", en PALACIO de CAEIRO, Silvia (dir.) - CAEIRO
PALACIO, María Victoria (coord.), ob. cit., t. I, capítulo I, p. 11 y ss. Véase
también GIALDINO, Rolando, "Derecho Internacional de los Derechos
Humanos: principios, fuentes, interpretación y obligaciones", Ed.
Abeledo-Perrot, Buenos Aires, 2013.
(12) Cfr. "Kimel c. Argentina", 2/5/2008 (Fondo, Reparaciones y Costas),
párr. 51.
(13) El punto ha sido de examinado en "Responsabilidad internacional del
Estado por el cumplimiento de deberes y resoluciones", en PALACIO de
CAEIRO, Silvia (dir.) - CAEIRO PALACIO, María Victoria (coord.), ob. cit., t.,
capítulo VII, p. 317 y ss.
(14) Cfr. "Masacre de Pueblo Bello", párr. 111; "Masacre de Mapiripán", párr.
111, y "Condición jurídica y derechos de los migrantes indocumentados",
opinión consultiva OC-18/03 de 17/9/2003, serie A, nro. 18, párr. 140.
(15) Cfr. "Hermanos Gómez Paquiyauri", párr. 71; "Juan H. Sánchez", párr.
142; "Cinco Pensionistas", párr. 163.
(16) Cfr. "Gelman c. Uruguay", 20/3/2013, supervisión de cumplimiento de
sentencia.
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15/9/2005, serie C, nro. 134, párr. 65; "Ximenes Lopes c. Brasil", 4/7/2006,
fondo, párr. 62 y ss.
(25) Cfr. "Velásquez Rodríguez c. Honduras", fondo, 29/7/1988, párr. 61;
"Godínez Cruz c. Honduras", fondo, 20/1/1989, párr. 64; "Fairén Garbi y Solís
Corrales c. Honduras", fondo, 15/3/1989, párr. 85.
(26) Cfr. "Benjamin y otros c. Trinidad y Tobago", excepciones preliminares,
1/9/2001, serie C, nro. 81, párr. 81 y "Constantine y otros c. Trinidad y Tobago",
excepciones preliminares, 1/9/2001, serie C, nro. 82, párr. 81.
(27) Cfr. "Acevedo Buendía y otros ('Cesantes y jubilados de la Contraloría')
c. Perú", 1/7/2009, excepción preliminar, fondo, reparaciones y costas.
(28) Cfr. "Responsabilidad internacional por expedición y aplicación de leyes
violatorias de la Convención (arts. 1 y 2 de la CADH), opinión consultiva
OC-14/94 de 9/12/1994, serie A, nro. 14, párr. 35, y "Barrios Altos c. Perú",
supervisión de cumplimiento de sentencia, resolución de la Corte IDH de
7/9/2012, consid. 4. Lo anterior ha sido recogido en "Resolución aprobada por la
Asamblea General [sobre la base del informe de la Sexta Comisión (A/56/589 y
Corr.1)] 56/83, Responsabilidad del Estado por hechos internacionalmente
ilícitos, 85ª sesión plenaria, 12/12/2001, Documentos Oficiales de la Asamblea
General, 54º período de sesiones, Suplemento nro. 10 y correcciones (A/56/10 y
Corr. 1 y 2).
(29) Cfr. "Castillo Petruzzi y otros c. Perú", supervisión de cumplimiento de
sentencia. Resolución de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos de
17/11/1999, consid. 4, y "Barrios Altos c. Perú", supervisión de cumplimiento de
sentencia, resolución de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos de
7/9/2012, consid. 4º.
(30) Cfr. "Godínez Cruz", 20/1/1989, serie C, nro. 5, párr. 172; "Hilaire,
Constantine y Benjamin y otros", párr. 107; "Durand y Ugarte", párr. 76 y
"Castillo Petruzzi y otros", 30/5/1999, serie C, nro. 52, párr. 166.
(31) Cfr. "Yvon Neptune c. Haití", 6/5/2008 (fondo, reparaciones y costas),
párr. 37 y "Velásquez Rodríguez", fondo, párr. 134, y "Suárez Rosero c.
Ecuador", fondo, 12/11/1997, serie C, nro. 35, párr. 37. Ver también "Boyce y
otros c. Barbados", excepción preliminar, fondo, reparaciones y costas,
20/11/2007, serie C, nro. 169 y caso "Zambrano Vélez y otros c. Ecuador", fondo,
reparaciones y costas, 4/7/2007, serie C, nro. 166, párr. 93.
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de CAEIRO, Silvia (dir.) - CAEIRO PALACIO, María Victoria (coord.), ob. cit.,
t. I, cap. X, p. 529.
(40) Ibíd.
(41) CS, LA LEY 2016-E, 113.
(42) CS, LA LEY 2013-F, 36.
(43) CS, LA LEY 2013-E, 270.
(44) CS, LA LEY 2013-F, 374.
(45) CS, Fallos: 335:2333.
(46) CS, LA LEY 28/11/2012, 12.
(47) Fallos 318:514; 319:1840; 323:4130 y 330:3640.
(48) AYALA CORAO, Carlos M., "La ejecución de sentencias de la Corte
Interamericana de Derechos Humanos - The execution of the decisions of the
Inter- American Human Rights Court", en La ejecución de sentencias de la Corte
Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, Estudios Constitucionales, año 5 nro. 1,
Universidad de Talca, 2007, ps. 127 a 201. El autor referencia diversos casos del
derecho comparado interamericano en los cuales máximos tribunales de
diferentes países han ratificado las condición de la jurisprudencia vinculante de la
Corte IDH.
(49) Aunque vale aclarar que en la doctrina se escuchan autorizadas voces
críticas respecto de esta postura, afirmándose que nada excluye que una sentencia
internacional pueda ser contraria a las normas imperativas del jus cogens. Véase
en tal sentido, RABI BALDI CABANILLAS, Renato, "Eficacia de las sentencia
de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, frente a decisiones
internacionales", en XXVII Congreso Nacional de Derecho Procesal - Ponencias
generales y ponencias seleccionadas, Córdoba, 2013, p. 245 y ss. Véase también
la opinión de este autor en PALACIO de CAEIRO, Silvia (dir.) - CAEIRO
PALACIO, María Victoria (coord.), ob. cit., "El caso "Artavia Murillo c. Costa
Rica" de la CIDH: las técnicas de fertilización asistida; el estatuto del embrión y
sus efectos en el derecho interno", tomo I, capítulo XI, p. 551.
(50) Cfr. "Gelman c. Uruguay", 20/3/2013, voto razonado del juez Eduardo
Ferrer Mac-Gregor Poisot.
(51) Corte IDH, Supervisión de cumplimiento de sentencia, 23/11/2012,
"Apitz Barbera y otros ('Corte Primera de lo Contencioso Administrativo') c.
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