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SECTION 1
1. In a bacteriophage life-cycle
A. HTLV-1
B. HTLV-2
C. Influenza virus
D. Epstein-Barr virus
E. Poxvirus
3. When considering the multiplication of animal viruses, which of the following statements is
not true?
4. Localised areas of cellular destruction and lysis of a bacterial lawn caused by bacteriophage
infection are called
A. Plagues
B. Plaques
C. Spikes
D. Spokes
E. Colonies
6. A virus genome consists of plus-sense single-stranded DNA (+ss DNA). Which scheme
correctly portrays how viral mRNA is made?
True
False
A. Endotoxin
B. Entotoxin
C. Enterotoxin
D. Neurotoxin
E. Exerotoxin
9. The substance in the lipopolysaccharide of Gram negative bacteria that is responsible for the
effects of a toxin is
10. In general, which types of infectious disease has been most successfully controlled with
antimicrobial agents?
A. Bacterial
B. Fungal
C. Protozoal
D. Viral
E. Prions
True
False
A. IgA
B. IgD
C. IgE
D. IgG
E. IgM
A. Helper T-cells
B. Cytotoxic T-cells
C. Macrophages
D. Plasma cells
E. Suppressor T-cells
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15. To be effective, most vaccines require herd immunity rates of 100%
True
False
17. Which of the following is considered to be the most effective type of vaccine?
18. An antimicrobial agent that acts by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis is
A. Streptomycin
B. Sulfanilamide
C. Polymixin B
D. Vancomycin
E. Rifampin
A. Streptomycin
B. Sulfanilamide
C. Polymixin B
D. Vancomycin
E. Rifampin
20. The rapid spread of multiple resistance to antimicrobial drugs among bacteria is mediated by
plasmids
True
False
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SECTION 2
(b) Describe the different replication and transcription strategies employed by viruses with
RNA genomes.
2. Compare the life cycles of a lytic and lysogenic bacteriophage noting the similarities and
differences. What are the consequences of lysogeny for the host bacterial cell?
3. With the aid of diagrams, explain the mechanism of action of the tetanus toxin. How does this
contrast to the action of the botulism toxin?
4. With the aid of diagrams, describe the actions of cholera enterotoxin. What is the
consequence of toxin action on the affected cell?
5. With the aid of diagrams, describe the action of the diphtheria toxin. What is the
consequence of toxin action on the affected cell?
7. (a) Describe how B cells, TH cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) cooperate to produce
immunoglobulins.
(b) How does the binding of antibody to antigen render a microorganism or toxin harmless?
8. Describe the various components of the body’s non-specific defences and discuss the
mechanisms by which pathogenic microbes have adapted to overcome these defences.
9. A patient is given large doses of broad-spectrum antibiotics to fight a bacterial infection and
subsequently develops a Candida infection of the vagina. Using your knowledge of the mode
of antibiotic action, normal flora and the cell structure of Candida, discuss how this
opportunistic infection could arise.
Answers to Section 1