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Chapter 6
State Dependent Systems
Markov Analysis
Load Sharing Systems
Standby Systems
Degraded Systems
Chapter 6 1
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Markov Analysis
Independent Components
Chapter 6 3
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Markov Analysis
Markov Analysis
Chapter 6 5
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Markov Analysis
Markov Analysis
Chapter 6 7
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
State Equations
State 1:
P1 (t + ∆t) = P1 (t) − λ1 ∆tP1 (t) − λ2 ∆tP1 (t)
State 2:
dP1 (t)
= −(λ + λ )P (t) Differential equation
1 2 1
Chapter 6
dt 9
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Solution
− ( λ1 + λ2 )t
P1 (t) = e
− λ2 t
P2 (t) = e −e −( λ1 + λ2 )t
− λ1t
P3 (t) = e −e −( λ1 + λ2 )t
P4 (t) = 1 − e [ − λ1t
+e − λ2 t
−e −( λ1 + λ2 )t
]
Chapter 6 11
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Load-Sharing System
True dependency
If one component fails, the failure rate of the
other component increases as a result of the
additional load placed on it.
Chapter 6 13
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Load-Sharing System
Assume Constant Failure Rates
State Operating
1 Both components
2 Component 2 (Comp 1 failed)
3 Component 1 (Comp 2 failed)
4 Neither component
Chapter 6 14
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Load-Sharing System
dP1 (t)
= −(λ + λ )P (t)
1 2 1
dt
dP2 (t)
= λ P (t) − λ+ P (t)
1 1 2 2
dt
dP3 (t)
= λ P (t) − λ+ P (t)
2 1 1 3
dt
dP4 (t)
= λ+ P (t) + λ+ P (t)
2 2 1 3
dt
Chapter 6
P1 (t) + P2 (t) + P3 (t) + P4 (t) = 1 15
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Load-Sharing System
−( λ1 + λ2 )t
P (t) = e
1
P2 (t) =
λ1
λ1 + λ2 − λ+2 e
−λ t
−[e
+
−( λ + λ )t
2
1 2
]
P3 (t) =
λ2
λ1 + λ 2 − λ1
+ e
−λ t
− [
e
+
−( λ + λ )t
1
1 2
]
RS (t) = P1 (t) + P2 (t) + P3 (t)
Chapter 6 16
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
2 2 λ1+ =0.0051
R(100) = ? R(100 ) = ?
use standard equation from before P1 (100 ) = e −( 0.0034 + 0.0105 )(100 ) = 0.2491
other equations yield :
= 1− (1− e −0.0034(100) )(1− e −0.0105(100) )
P2 (100 ) = 0.077
= 0.8126
P3 (100 ) = 0.4192
R(100 ) = P1 (100 ) + P2 (100 ) + P3 (100 )
Chapter 6
R(100 ) = 0.745 17
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Load-Sharing System
(with Identical Components)
2λ
− λ [e ]
−2 λt
R(t) = e +
2
+ − λ+ t
− e −2 λt
∞
1 2λ 1 − 1
MTTF = R(t)dt = +
∫
0 2λ 2λ − λ+ λ+ 2λ
Chapter 6 18
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Chapter 6 19
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
2(0.01)
R(t) = e −2(0.01)t +
2(0.01) − 0.10 e [
−0.10t
− e −2(0.01)t
]
R(10) e −0.2 + [
0.02 −1
e e −0.2] = 0.9314
− 0.08
1 0.02 1 1 = 60 days
MTTF = + − 0.08 0.01 − 0.02
0.02
Chapter 6 20
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Standby Systems
Standby Systems
State Operating
1 Component 1 with component 2 in standby
2 Component 2
3 Component 1 with component 2 failed in standby
4 Neither component
Chapter 6 24
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Standby Systems
dP1 (t)
= −( λ1 + λ −
)P (t)
2 1
dt
dP2 (t)
= λ1 P1 (t) − λ 2 P2 (t)
dt
dP3 (t)
= λ −2 P2 (t) − λ1 P3 (t)
dt
dP4 (t)
= λ 2 P2 (t) + λ1 P3 (t)
dt
P1 (t) + P2 (t) + P3 (t) + P4 (t)= 1
Chapter 6 25
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Standby Systems
− ( λ1 + λ −2 )t
P1 (t ) = e
λ1
P2 (t) =
λ1 + λ 2 − λ 2
− e −λ t
−e
−(λ +λ
[ 2 1
−
2 )t
]
− λ1 t −( λ1 + λ −2 )t
P3 (t ) = e −e
R S (t ) = P1 (t) + P2 (t ) + P3 (t)
R S (t) = e +
λ1
− λ1t e −λ t
− e −( λ + λ
[ 2 1
−
2 )t
]
λ1 + λ −2 − λ 2
1 λ1
MTTF = +
λ1 λ 2 ( λ1 + λ 2 )
−
Chapter 6 26
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Standby Systems
(with Identical Components)
RS (t) = e − λt
λ
λ [− λt
+ − e − e −( λ +λ
− )t
]
MTTF = + λ 1
λ λ + λ−
Chapter 6 27
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Chapter 6
R k (t) = e
− λt
∑ i! 30
i=0
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
1
(1 − p ) λ1 λ −
2
2 p λ1 3
λ1
λ2 4
dP1 (t)
= −[(1 − p)λ1 + pλ1 + λ−2 ]P1 (t) = −(λ1 + λ− )P (t)
2 1
dt
dP2 (t)
= (1 − p)λ1 P1 (t) − λ 2 P2 (t)
dt
dP3 (t)
= λ−2 P1 (t) − λ1 P3 (t)
dt
dP4 (t)
= pλ1 P1 (t) + λ 2 P2 (t) + λ1 P3 (t)
dt
P1 (t) + P2 (t) + P3 (t) + P4 (t) = 1
Chapter 6 33
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
−( λ1 + λ−2 )t
P1 (t) = e
(1 − p)λ1
P2 (t) = λ + λ− − λ −λ2t
1 2 2
e −e
−( λ1 + λ−2 )t
[ ]
− λ2t −( λ1 + λ−2 )t
P3 (t) = e −e
RS (t) = P1 (t) + P2 (t) + P3 (t)
RS (t) = e
− λ1t (1 − p)λ1
+ λ + λ− − λ e
1
− λ2t
2
−e
2
[
−( λ1 + λ−2 )t
]
Chapter 6 Only Change 34
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
(0.90)0.01
R(30) = e −(0.01)30
+
(0.01+ 0.001− 0.10) e [
−0.10(30)
− e −(0.011)30
]
= 0.741+
(0.90)(0.01)
[0.04978 − 0.7189]= 0.8087
0.01+ 0.001− 0.1
Chapter 6 Slight decrease from the perfect switching case! 35
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Three-Component System
dP1 (t)
State Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 = −λP1(t)
1 on-line standby standby dt
2 failed on-line standby
3 failed failed on-line
dP2 (t)
4 failed failed failed = λP1(t) − λP2 (t)
dt
dP3 (t)
= λP2 (t) − λP3(t)
dt
Chapter 6 36
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Three-Component System
P1 (t ) = e − λt
P2 (t ) = λ te − λt
P (t ) =
λ 2t 2
3 e − λt
2
R S (t ) = P1 (t ) + P2 (t) + P3 (t )
− λt λ2 t 2
R S (t ) = e 1 + λ t +
2
3
MTTF =
Chapter 6
λ 37
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Chapter 6 38
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Degraded Systems
The system may continue to perform its function but not at a
specified operating level.
State 1: fully operational 1
State 2: degraded λ2 λ1
State 3: failed
dP1 (t )
= − ( λ1 + λ 2 ) P1 (t ) 2 3
dt
dP2 (t ) λ3
= λ 2 P1 (t ) − λ 3 P2 (t )
dt
dP3 (t )
= λ1 P1 (t ) + λ 3 P2 (t )
dt
Chapter 6 39
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Degraded Systems
P1 (t ) = e − ( λ1 + λ 2 )t
λ2
P2 (t ) =
λ1 + λ2 − λ3 [
e −λ t
− e −(λ
3 1 + λ 2 )t
]
P3 (t ) = 1 − P1 (t ) − P2 (t )
1 λ2 1 1
MTTF = + λ3 − λ + λ
λ1 + λ2 λ1 + λ2 − λ3 1 2
Chapter 6 40
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE
Chapter 6 41
Michael E. Odigie, PhD, CMQ/OE