Summary Tables of Signficiant Structures for Lab 21

Osteology

mandible______mental protuberance, forms bone of chin anteriorly

D:

hyoid

body____articulates with greater horns via cartilage and lesser horn via fibrous joint (Greek, hyoid = U-
shaped)

greater horns (cornua)_____articulate with body and lesser horns anteriorly; origin of middle pharyngeal
constrictor and hyoglossus

lesser horns (cornua)______articulate at junction of body with greater horns; inferior attachment of
stylohyoid ligament

cricoid cartilage_____inferior & posterior cart. of larynx; arch is narrow anteriorly, lamina is broad
posteriorly; connected: above to thyroid cart. via inferior horn of thyroid cart., above to conus elasticus,
above (on lamina) to arytenoid carts., below to 1st tracheal ring via cricotracheal lig. (Greek, cricoid = a
ring form)

D:

occipital bone

the bone forming the posterior surface of the skull, it articulates superolaterally with the parietal bones
through the lambdoid suture, anteroinferiorly with the temporal bone and anteriorly with the body of
the sphenoid bone

foramen magnum_____the opening in the occipital bone posterior to the basal part, it transmits the
spinal cord, two vertebral aa., and two spinal accessory nerves
hypoglossal canal______an opening in the lateral part of the occipital bone paired; it transmits the
hypoglossal nerve

occipital condyle______a low, wide projection from the inferior surface of the lateral part of the occipital
bone paired; it articulates with the atlas

jugular notch______a notch located on the anterolateral edge of the lateral part of the occipital bone, it
forms the posterior margin of the jugular foramen; the temporal bone forms the anterior margin of the
jugular foramen

D:

sternum

jugular notch, located in the manubrium of the sternum in the fossa between the sternal heads of the
sternocleidomastoid, the suprasternal space and jugular venous arch are located superior to the jugular
notch

D:

temporal bone

bone forming the lateral side of the skull, (Latin, temporis = of time. Temporal refers the passage of time,
which is marked by the appearance of gray hair on the side of the head)

carotid canal______a canal which courses through the petrous part of the temporal bone, it transmits
the internal carotid a. and the internal carotid plexus of nerves into the cranial cavity

mastoid process_____the process located posteroinferior to the external acoustic meatus; it projects
inferiorly from the junction of the petrous and squamous parts of the temporal bone; it contains the
mastoid air cells that open into tympanic cavity through the mastoid antrum (Greek, mastoid =
resembles the breast/nipple-like structure)
petrous part_____the hard part of the temporal bone located in the floor of the cranial cavity, it contains
the tympanic cavity (middle ear) and the bony labyrinth of the inner ear

styloid process______the spike of bone that projects inferiorly from the petrous part of the temporal , it
is the attachment site for the stylohyoid, styloglossus and stylopharyngeus mm. and the stylomandibular
and stylohyoid ligaments

D:

rib 1

the most cephalic rib, it is the broadest, shortest and widest of the ribs; the scalene tubercle marks its
superior surface and is an elevation between grooves for the subclavian vein & artery; the scalene
tubercle is the attachment site of the scalenus anterior m.

D:

thyroid cartilage

anterior cartilage of larynx;, connected: above to hyoid bone via thyrohyoid membrane, below to cricoid
cart. via inferior horn, posteriorly to arytenoid cart. via vocal lig. & thyroarytenoid m., posteriorly to
epiglottic cart. via thyroepiglottic lig.; tilts forward to increase tension on vocal lig. & increase pitch of
voice

lamina_____two laminae fuse anteriorly in the midline to form the thyroid cartilage;, laryngeal
prominence is the line of fusion of the laminae (Latin, lamina = a thin plate)

oblique line_____descends diagonally from superior to inferior on the lateral surface of the thyroid
lamina; a line of muscle attachment

laryngeal prominence______the line of fusion of the thyroid laminae

D:

cervical vertebrae______the seven vertebrae of the neck, cervical vertebrae have the features of the
typical vertebra plus all have transverse foramina (for passage of the vertebral artery); C2-C6 have bifid
spinous processes; cervical vertebrae have relatively small bodies; several cervical vertebra are named:
atlas, axis, vertebra prominens

D:

Muscles

scalene, anterior______o:anterior tubercles of transverse processes of vertebrae C3-C6, i:scalene

tubercle of first rib, a:elevates first rib; flexes and laterally bends the neck, n:brachial plexus, C5-C7, a
muscle of inspiration; anterior scalene inserts behind the subclavian vein, and anterior to the subclavian
artery and roots of the brachial plexus (Greek, skalenos = uneven, having sides of unequal length)

scalene, middle_____o:posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of vertebrae C2-C7, i:upper

surface of first rib behind subclavian artery, a:elevates first rib; flexes and laterally bends the neck,
n:brachial plexus, C3-C8, a muscle of respiration (inspiratory); also called scalenus medius; penetrated by
the dorsal scapular n. and long thoracic n. (Greek, skalenos = uneven, having sides of unequal length)

scalene, posterior______o:posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of vertebrae C5-C7, i:lateral

surface of second rib, a:elevates second rib; flexes and laterally bends the neck, n:brachial plexus, C7-C8,
a muscle of respiration (inspiratory); the longest of the scalene muscles (Greek, skalenos = uneven,
having sides of unequal length)

constrictor, superior pharyngeal_____o:medial pterygoid plate, pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular

raphe, mylohyoid line of mandible, i:pharyngeal tubercle and midline pharyngeal raphe, a:constricts the
pharyngeal cavity, n:vagus (X), via pharyngeal plexus, none
constrictor, middle pharyngeal______o:lesser and greater horns of hyoid bone and inferior part of the
stylohyoid ligament, i:midline pharyngeal raphe, a:constricts the pharyngeal cavity, n:vagus, via
pharyngeal plexus none

constrictor, inferior pharyngeal_____o:oblique line of thyroid cartilage, lateral surface of cricoid

cartilage, i:midline pharyngeal raphe, a:constricts pharyngeal cavity, n:vagus (X), via pharyngeal plexus,
with aid from superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves, most external of the three pharyngeal
constructor mm.

stylopharyngeus______o:medial side of styloid process, i:superior border of thyroid cartilage and also
into the pharyngeal wall, a:elevates the larynx, n:glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), stylopharyngeus, the only
muscle innervated by IX, is the only pharyngeal muscle NOT innervated by vagus (X) nerve

platysma_____o:fascia overlying the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles, i:inferior border of mandible
and skin of lower face, a:draws corners of mouth down; aids in depression of the mandible, n:facial
nerve (VII), cervical branch, (Greek, platysma = flat plate)

digastric_____o:anterior belly: digastric fossa of mandible; posterior belly: mastoid notch of temporal
bone , i:body of hyoid via fibrous loop over intermediate tendon, a:elevates hyoid; depresses
mandible, n:anterior belly: mylohyoid nerve, from mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V); posterior
belly: facial nerve (VII), forms two sides of the submandibular triangle

stylohyoid_____o:posterior border of styloid process, i:splits around intermediate tendon of digastric to

insert on the body of the hyoid bone, a:elevates and retracts hyoid, n:facial nerve (VII), facial nerve
innervates both stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric shortly after exiting from the stylomastoid
foramen

mylohyoid_____o:mylohyoid line of mandible, i:midline raphe and body of hyoid bone, a:elevates hyoid
bone and tongue; depresses , n:mylohyoid nerve from inferior alveolar nerve, a branch of mandibular
division of trigeminal nerve (V), the nerve to mylohyoid also innervates anterior belly of digastric m.

omohyoid_____o:inferior belly: upper border of scapula medial to scapular notch; superior belly:
intermediate tendon, i:inferior belly: intermediate tendon; superior belly: lower border of hyoid lateral
to sternohyoid insertion, a:depresses/stabilizes hyoid bone, n:ansa cervicalis, the intermediate tendon of
omohyoid is tethered to the clavicle by a fascial sling

sternohyoid______o:posterior surfaces of manubrium and sternal end of clavicle, i:lower border of hyoid
bone, medial to omohyoid insertion, a:depresses/stabilizes hyoid bone, n:ansa cervicalis, sternohyoid
overlies sternothyroid and thyrohyoid

sternothyroid_____o:posterior surface of manubrium below sternohyoid origin, i:oblique line of thyroid

cartilage, a:depresses/stabilizes thyroid cartilage of larynx, n:ansa cervicalis, sternothyroid lies deep to
sternohyoid
thyrohyoid____o:oblique line of thyroid cartilage, i:lower border of hyoid bone, a:elevates larynx;
depresses/stabilizes hyoid bone, n:C1&2 fibers running with hypoglossal nerve that leave XII anterior to
the superior root of ansa cervicalis, thyrohyoid lies deep to the sternohyoid

sternocleidomastoid_____o:sternal head: anterior surface of manubrium; clavicular head: medial 1/3rd

of clavicle, i:mastoid process and lateral 1/2 of superior nuchal line, a:draws mastoid process down to
same side; turns chin up toward opposite side, n:spinal accessory nerve (XI), with sensory supply from
C2 & C3 (for proprioception), carotid sheath structures lie deep to it

D:

Nerves

accessory_____o:cranial root: nucleus ambiguus; spinal root: spinal nucleus of upper cervical spinal
cord, b:cranial root joins vagus; spinal root ascends through foramen magnum, m:GSE:
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius mm., also known as: CN XI, 11th cranial nerve; passes through jugular
foramen; accessory n. is motor only; proprioceptive fibers reach sternocleidomastoid via C2&C3 and
trapezius via C3&C4 (subtrapezial plexus)

ansa cervicalis_____o:superior root (C1&C2) & inferior root (C2&C3) of ansa cervicalis, m:to infrahyoid
muscles, omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, geniohyoid, superior & inferior roots also
known as anterior & posterior roots (Latin, ansa = handle or loop)

carotid plexus, internal_____o:superior cervical ganglion of sympathetic trunk, via internal carotid n.,
b:most distribute along the internal carotid artery brs., although deep petrosal n. is an exception,
m:vascular smooth muscle of brain, orbit, forehead, upper nasal cavity; arrector pili muscles of forehead
& ant. scalp; sweat glands of forehead; dilator pupillae, postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use
arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck (Latin, plexus = a braid)
cervical plexus____o:ventral primary rami of C1-C4 spinal nerves, br:brs. to: longus colli & capitis,
sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, levator scapulae, scalenus medius, rectus capitis anterior & lateralis:
superior & inferior root of ansa cervicalis, n. to thyrohyoid, n. to geniohyoid, lesser occipital, great
auricular, transverse cervical, supraclavicular nn. (medial, intermediate & lateral), contribution to phrenic
n., m:longus colli & capitis, rectus capitis anterior & lateralis, infrahyoid mm., thyrohyoid, geniohyoid,
diaphragm, s:skin of neck anterolaterally; skin of ear & behind ear, close association of supraclavicular
nn. to phrenic n. results in pain from diaphragm referred to shoulder (Latin, plexus = a braid)

glossopharyngeal____o:medulla: spinal trigeminal nucleus from superior ganglion (GVA); nucleus

solitarius from inferior ganglion (SVA); nucleus ambiguus (GVA); inferior salivatory nucleus (GVE
preganglionic parasympathetic), b:tympanic nerve to tympanic plexus & lesser petrosal n., carotid sinus
n., stylopharyngeus brs., pharyngeal brs., m:GSE: stylopharyngeus; GVE: secretomotor to parotid gland
(preganglionic parasympathetic via tympanic n. to lesser petrosal n. to otic ganglion, postganglionic
parasympathetic via auriculotemporal n.), s:GVA: carotid body & sinus, pharynx, middle ear; GSA: skin of
external ear; SVA: taste from posterior 1/3rd of tongue, also known as: CN IX, 9th cranial nerve; passes
through jugular foramen; may penetrate the stylopharyngeus m.

great auricular_____o:cervical plexus (C2&C3), b:mastoid; auricular, s:skin of ear & below ear

hypoglossal_____o:medulla: hypoglossal nucleus, b:branches of C1 carried by this nerve are not

considered to be branches of the hypoglossal nerve, m:intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue
(except palatoglossus m.), also known as: CN XII, 12th cranial nerve; passes through the hypoglossal
canal; superior root of ansa cervicalis travels with the hypoglossal n.

inferior laryngeal_____o:recurrent laryngeal br. of vagus (X), m:all muscles of larynx except cricothyroid:
thyroarytenoid, oblique & transverse arytenoid, posterior & lateral cricoarytenoid, aryepiglottic,
thyroepiglottic, vocalis; secretomotor to mucous glands of larynx below vocal fold, s:mucous lining of
larynx below vocal fold, continuous with recurrent laryngeal at inferior border of cricopharyngeus

occipital, lesser_____o:cervical plexus (C2), s:skin behind ear, arises from a ventral primary ramus

phrenic______o:ventral primary rami of C3-C5 (cervical plexus), b:pericardial brs., m:diaphragm,

pericardium; mediastinal, diaphragmatic & costal pleura, crosses the anterior surface of the anterior
scalene m. (Greek, phrenic = diaphragm)

recurrent laryngeal_____o:vagus (X), b:esophageal brs., tracheal brs., cardiac brs., pharyngeal brs.,
inferior laryngeal n., m:upper esophagus, lower pharynx, laryngeal ms. (except cricopharyngeus);
smooth muscle of trachea; secretomotor to mucous glands in upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx
below vocal fold, trachea; cardiac muscle of heart (slows rate, decreases force of contraction), s:upper
esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below vocal folds, GVA from heart, right recurrent loops posteriorly
around right subclavian a.; left recurrent loops posteriorly around aortic arch & ligamentum arteriosum;
inferior laryngeal br. supplies all intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT cricothyroid m.

superior laryngeal_____o:vagus (X), b:internal & external brs., m:cricothyroid, inferior pharyngeal
constrictor, secretomotor to mucous glands of larynx above vocal folds, s:mucous lining of larynx above
vocal folds, external br. supplies cricothyroid m.; all other intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by
the recurrent laryngeal nerve

supraclavicular, intermediate_____o:cervical plexus (C3&C4), s:skin of root of neck & upper chest near
mid-clavicle

supraclavicular, lateral_____o:cervical plexus (C3&C4), s:skin of root of neck & upper shoulder, pain from
respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder

supraclavicular, medial_____o:cervical plexus (C3&C4), s:skin of root of neck& upper chest anteriorly

sympathetic chain ganglia cervical_____o:preganglionic sympathetic via ascending fibers from T1-T5,
b:postganglionic sympathetic via gray rami communicans to cervical spinal nn.; internal & external
carotid nn.; cervical cardiac brs., m:dilator pupillae m.; vascular smooth muscle; arrector pili muscles &
sweat glands of head and neck; heart & lungs, s:pain from viscera, located parallel & lateral to vertebral
bodies in neck; there are no white rami communicans at cervical levels

to carotid body_____o:vagus (X) & glossopharyngeal (IX), s:chemoreception (blood pH) in carotid body;
blood pressure recerptors in carotid sinus; both located near bifurcation of common carotid a.

transverse cervical_____o:cervical plexus (C2&C3), s:skin of neck anteriorly

vagus_____o:medulla: dorsal nucleus (GVA & GVE preganglionic parasympathetic) from inferior ganglion,
nucleus ambiguus (SVE); spinal trigeminal nucleus (GSA) from superior ganglion; nucleus solitarius (SVA)
from inferior ganglion, b:auricular br., pharyngeal br., superior laryngeal, superior & inferior cervical
cardiac brs., recurrent laryngeal, thoracic cardiac brs., brs. to pulmonary plexus, esophageal plexus,
anterior & posterior vagal trunks, m:SVE: intrinsic muscles of larynx, pharynx (except stylopharyngeus), &
palate (except tensor veli palatini); GVE: smooth muscle of respiratory tree & gut (proximal to splenic
flexure), heart; secretomotor: mucous glands of larynx, respiratory tree, pharynx & gut, digestive glands,
s:GSA: skin of external auditory meatus; GVA: viscera of head, neck, thorax & abdomen proximal to
splenic flexure; SVA: taste to epiglottis, also known as: CN X, 10th cranial nerve; passes through jugular
foramen; (Latin,vagus = wanderer, because of its wide distribution to the body cavities)

D:
Arteries

common carotid_____o:brachiocephalic trunk (right), aortic arch (left), b:external & internal carotid
(terminal brs.), s:most of head & upper neck, common carotid a. bifurcates at the level of the superior
border of the thyroid cartilage; carotid sinus & body located at bifurcation

costocervical trunk______o:subclavian, 2nd part, b:deep cervical & supreme intercostal, s:muscles of
neck posteriorly; first 2 posterior intercostal spaces, located between anterior & middle scalene muscles

external carotid_____o:common carotid, b:superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial,

occipital, post. auricular, maxillary & superficial temporal (terminal brs.), s:upper neck, face & scalp,
primary blood supply to face & superficial head

dorsal scapular_____o:subclavian, end of 3rd part, b:muscular, s:levator scapulae, rhomboideus major &
minor mm., anasotmoses with suprascapular & subscapular aa.; a branch of the transverse cervical a. in
30% of cases

inferior thyroid_____o:thyrocervical trunk, b:ascending cervical, inferior laryngeal, esophageal brs.,

tracheal brs., glandular brs., s:thyroid gland, lower larynx, upper trachea & esophagus, neck muscles

inferior laryngeal_____o:inferior thyroid, s:lower larynx internally

internal carotid______o:common carotid, b:none in the neck; in the head: ophthalmic, post.
communicating, ant. & middle cerebral (terminal brs.), s:brain, eye, forehead, primary blood supply to
the brain; anastomoses with vertebral aa.

thoracic, internal_____o:subclavian, 1st part, b:anterior intercostal aa., musculophrenic, superior

epigastric, s:anterior chest wall, anterior portion of intercostal spaces, commonly called "internal
mammary" in clinical settings

superior laryngeal_____o:superior thyroid, s:upper larynx internally

superior thyroid____o:external carotid, b:infrahyoid br., sternocleidomastoid br., sup. laryngeal,
cricothyroid br., ant., post. & lat. glandular brs., s:thyroid gland, upper larynx, infrahyoid muscles,
sternocleidomastoid

suprascapular_____o:thyrocervical trunk, b:muscular, s:supraspinatus & infraspinatus, shoulder joint,

anastomoses with circumflex scapular, dorsal scapular & deep br. of transverse cervical

thyrocervical trunk_______subclavian, 1st part, b:inferior thyroid, transverse cervical, suprascapular,

s:lower neck, posterior shoulder, thyroid gland, a short thick trunk

transverse cervical_____o:thyrocervical trunk, b:muscular, s:trapezius muscle & surrounding muscles,

may give off the dorsal scapular a. (30%)

vertebral_____o:subclavian (1st part), b:spinal brs., muscular brs., ant. spinal, post. inf. cerebellar,
medullary brs., meningeal brs., basilar (fusion of paired vertebrals), s:deep neck, cervical spinal cord,
hindbrain, anastomoses with internal carotid in cerebral arterial circle (of Willis); courses through
transverse foramina of vertebrae C1-C6

D:

Veins

anterior jugular_____t:submental, communicating, d:external jugular, rd:anterior neck superficially,

(Latin, jugulum = throat)
brachiocephalic_____t:union of subclavian & internal jugular; vertebral, thymic, inferior thyroid, internal
thoracic, 1st post. intercostal, left superior intercostal (to left brachiocephalic), d:left & right
brachiocephalic vv. unite to form superior vena cava, rd:head, neck, upper limb, anterior chest wall, at its
origin, left brachiocephalic receives thoracic duct, right receives right lymphatic duct

external jugular_____t:formed by the union of the retromandibular & posterior auricular vv.; tributaries:
posterior external jugular, transverse cervical, suprascapular, anterior jugular, d:subclavian v. ,
rd:head & neck, shoulder, (Latin, jugulum = throat)

internal jugular_____t:formed by the union of the sigmoid & inferior petrosal sinuses; tributaries:
pharyngeal vv.; lingual, common facial, sternocleidomastoid, superior & middle thyroid vv.,
d:brachiocephalic v., rd:brain & skull, face, viscera of neck, largest vein of the head and neck (Latin,
jugulum = throat)

superior thyroid_____t:superior laryngeal v., d:internal jugular v., rd:superior portion of thyroid gland
and surrounding structures, cross the common carotid a.

middle thyroid_____t:internal jugular v., rd:thyroid gland laterally

inferior thyroid_____t:left and right brachiocephalic vv., rd:thyroid gland inferiorly

D:

Lymphatics
nodes, deep cervical_____in and around carotid sheath, a:lymphatic vessels from head & neck, e:jugular
trunk, rd:head & neck, superior and inferior subdivisions are delineated by the crossing of the omohyoid
m.

thoracic duct______between esophagus & thoracic vertebral bodies, a:union of lumbar lymph trunks,
sometimes dilated to form cisterna chyli, e:junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular vv.,
rd:all of the body and limbs below the diaphragm; the left side of the body, limbs, head and neck above
the diaphragm, the largest lymph vessel; passes up through aortic hiatus on right side of aorta, swings to
left side of esophagus at T4-T5 intervertebral disc (at the level of the sternal angle)

D:

Topographic Anatomy

carotid bifurcation_____point at which the carotid artery splits into external and internal carotids,
location of carotid body

D:

cervical triangle, anterior_____boundaries: medial - midline; lateral - anterior border of

sternocleidomastoid m.; superior - lower border of mandible

D:
cervical triangle, anterior_____boundaries: medial - midline; lateral - anterior border of
sternocleidomastoid m.; superior - lower border of mandible

D:

cervical triangle, posterior_____boundaries: anterior - sternocleidomastoid m.; posterior - trapezius m.;

inferior - clavicle

D:

muscular triangle_____boundaries: medial - midline; superolateral - superior belly of omohyoid m.;

inferolateral - sternocleidomastoid m.

D:

submandibular triangle_____boundaries: anterior - anterior belly of digastric m.; posterior - posterior

belly of digastric m.; superior - lower border of mandible

D:

submental triangle_____boundaries: lateral - both digastric muscles (anterior bellies); inferior - hyoid
bone,D:

carotid triangle_____boundaries: lateral - sternocleidomastoid m.; superior - posterior belly of digastric

m.; anterior - superior belly of omohyoid m., carotid artery branches here
D:

omoclavicular triangle_____boundaries: superior - inferior belly of omohyoid m.; anterior -

sternocleidomastoid m.; inferior - clavicle

D:

occipital triangle_____boundaries: anterior - sternocleidomastoid m.; posterior - trapezius m.; inferior -

omohyoid m.

D:

Viscera

carotid body_____small reddish-brown ovoid mass that lies on the medial side of the carotid bifurcation,
serves as a chemoreceptor that monitors the amount of oxygen in the blood

D:

thyroid gland____lies anterolateral to lower part of larynx & upper trachea, two lateral lobes joined
across midline by isthmus; may have pyramidal lobe extending superiorly near midline; supplied by
superior & inferior thyroid aa.; produces thyroxine
D:

thyroid isthmus_____constricted midline connection between lateral lobes of thyroid, lies anterior to
tracheal rings 2-4

D:

parathyroid glands_____two pair, located posteriorly on lateral lobes of thyroid gland

D:

esophagus______connects superiorly with laryngopharynx at lower border of cricoid cartilage, inferiorly

through diaphragm at T10 vertebral level to reach stomach; upper third is skeletal muscle innervated by
recurrent laryngeal lower 2/3rds is smooth muscle innervated by vagus via esophageal plexus

D:

larynx_____located anterior to laryngopharynx at level of C4-6 vert.; composed of thyroid, cricoid,

epiglottic, arytenoid, cuneiform & corniculate cartilages, contains vocal ligaments

D:
pharynx_____connects nasal & oral cavities with larynx & esophagus, divided into 3 parts: nasopharynx,
oropharynx & laryngopharynx

D:

trachea_____lies anterior to esophagus; extends from vertebral level C6 to T4/5 disc; connects above to
cricoid via cricotracheal ligament, bifurcation into primary bronchi is marked by carina

D:

Fascia

carotid sheath_____fascial investment that extends from the base of the skull to the root of the neck,
blends anteriorly with the investing and pretracheal layers of fascia and posteriorly with the prevertebral
layer of deep cervical fascia

D:

fascia, alar______anterior lamina of prevertebral fascia, attaching anteriorly to visceral fascia behind
esophagus in upper thorax,closes & separates retropharyngeal space above from "danger space" below

D:
fascia, buccopharyngeal______posterior part of visceral fascia of neck; lies behind pharynx & esophagus

D:

fascia, infrahyoid______sheet over the midline that covers the strap muscles,deep to superficial cervical
fascia, superior to pretracheal fascia

D:

fascia, pharyngobasilar______submucosa of pharynx; attached to base of skull

D:

fascia, pretracheal______anterior part of visceral fascia of neck, covers thyroid gland & larynx/trachea

D:

fascia, prevertebral_______deep fascia surrounding vertebral column and associated muscles, including
scalene ms. (scalene fascia)

D:
fascia, scalene_____part of prevertebral fascia covering scalene mm., reinforces cervical pleura (known
there as Sibson's fascia)

D:

fascia, superficial layer of deep cervical_____deep fascia extending between trapezius &
sternocleidomastoid in posterior triangle and between the paired sternocleidomastoid mm. in anterior
triangle

D:

fascia, visceral______deep fascia enclosing the visceral structures of the neck (thyroid gland,
larynx/trachea, esophagus), anterior part also known as pretracheal fascia, posterior part also known as
buccopharyngeal ,D:

Clinical Terms

Term Definition

subclavian central venous line catheterization_____the right subclavian vein is often the point of entry to
the venous system for central line placement to administer parenteral (nutritional) fluids and
medications and to measure central venous pressure. When using the infraclavicular approach, the
physician inserts the needle along the inferior surface of the middle part of the clavicle and moves it
medially toward the jugular notch in the manubrium and along the posterior surface of the clavicle
where the subclavian vein ascends. If the needle is not inserted carefully, it may tear the subclavian vein
and parietal pleura, resulting in hemothorax (bleeding into the pleural cavity). Furthermore, if the needle
goes too far posteriorly, it may enter the subclavian artery. Once the needle is inserted, a soft, flexible
catheter is inserted into the subclavian vein to be used as a guide.
thoracic outlet syndrome_____condition due to compromise of blood vessels or nerve fibers between
the armpit (axilla) and base of the neck.

cervical rib_____a rib which arises from the seventh cervical vertebrae (above the normal first rib).
Occurs in only about 0.5% of people. May cause nerve and artery problems

scalenus anticus syndrome______a syndrome in which the nerves and vessels (lower brachial plexus and
subclavian artery) passing between the anterior scalene muscle and a cervical rib are compressed
causing pain over the shoulder and radiating down the arm or over the back of the neck.

subclavian steal syndrome______aortic arch syndrome, also referred to by many as vertebral-basilar

artery disease, carotid artery occlusive syndrome and subclavian steal syndrome is characterized by a
constellation of signs and symptoms which occur secondary to abnormalities in the major arteries which
extend off of the aortic arch. These abnormalities are structural and most often secondary to the effects
of atherosclerosis, blood clots, trauma or a congenital abnormality. Symptoms of this condition include
various neurologic symptoms, reduction in pulse and changes in blood pressure.

Virchow's node______also called a signal node. An enlarged supraclavicular lymph node, usually on the
left side, which is often the first sign of an abdominal tumor (such as stomach cancer).

carotid stenosis & endarterectomy______carotid stenosis is a result of atherosclerotic thickening of the

intima of the carotid artery. Partial occlusion of this artery may cause transient ischemic attack - a
sudden focal loss of neurological function (e.g., dizziness and disorientation) that disappears within 24
hours. Arterial occlusion can also lead to a minor stroke - loss of neurological function such as weakness
or sensory loss on one side of the body that exceeds 24 hours but disappears within 3 weeks. The
symptoms resulting from carotid stenosis depend on the degree of bloodflow obstruction. To help the
situation endarterectomies are performed in which part of the athersclerotic plaque on the intima is
stripped off. The common site for this procedure is the internal carotid artery just superior to its origin.
Drugs are administered after the procedure to inhibit clot formation. Cranial nerve injury can occur
during this procedure to the following nerves: glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal, and
superior laryngeal nerves. (Greek, stenosis = a narrowing)

radical neck dissection______the most commonly performed major operation for head and neck
malignancies, most of which are squamous cell carcinomas. The neck is opened laterally, the majority of
the sternocleidomastoid muscle is removed, as are the regional cervical lymph nodes, the jugular vein,
the spinal accessory nerve, the submaxillary gland and most of the parotid gland. There are several
modifications.

Horner's syndrome______nerve condition which involves a drooping eyelid (ptosis), constricted pupil
(miosis), enophthalmos and lack of sweating on one side of the face. Often seen in association with
injury (for example neck fracture, penetrating injury) to the cervical sympathetic nerve trunk in the neck
or a Pancoast tumor (tumor of the cupula region) involving both the upper and lower brachial plexus.
goiter_____enlargement of the thyroid gland. A goiter is not cancerous. A goiter can be associated with
normal, elevated (hyperthyroidism) or decreased (hypothyroidism) thyroid hormone levels in the blood.

tracheostomy_____The surgical creation of an artificial airway in the trachea (windpipe) on the anterior
surface of the neck.

cricothyrotomy_____an emergency procedure where a cut or passageway is made in the cricothyroid

membrane.

thyroidectomy______surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. This might be done to remove a
tumor or treat hyperthyroidism or goiter (enlarged thyroid gland). The goal of surgery in hyperthyroidism
is to remove just enough thyroid gland so that a normal amount of thyroid hormone is produced. If too
much thyroid is removed, the patient will produce too little thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) and need
treatment to return the thyroid status to normal (euthyroid). The complications of surgery can include
vocal cord paralysis (if the recurrent laryngeal n. is cut) and accidental removal of the parathyroid glands
(located behind the thyroid gland), resulting in low calcium levels (the parathyroid glands regulate
calcium).

thyroglossal duct cyst______a thyroglossal cyst is a fluid-filled sac that is present at birth and located in
the midline of the neck. A thyroglossal cyst is a result of incomplete closure of a segment of a tube-like
structure (the thyroglossal duct) that is present, and normally closes, as the embryo develops. A
thyroglossal cyst is also called a thyrolingual cyst.

torticollis_____a wry neck, a contracted state of the cervical muscles, producing twisting of the neck and
an unnatural position of the head. (Latin, tortus = twisted + collum = neck).

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