1.

4
vaxzs”kh f'k{k.k
jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg
dk
vk/kj i=k
 ISBN 978-81-7450-918-5
izFke laLdj.k
fnlacj 2008 ikS"k 1930 lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr
‰ izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkk
bySDVªkWfudh] e'khuh] iQksVksizfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu%
PD 3T NSY iz;ksx i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok izlkj.k oftZr gSA
‰ bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr
osQ fcuk ;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; izdkj
© jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuql/
a ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ls O;kikj }kjk m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA
‰ bl izdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok fpidkbZ
ifj"kn~] 2008 xbZ iphZ (fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyr
gS rFkk ekU; ugha gksxkA

,u lh bZ vkj Vh osQ izdk'ku foHkkx osQ dk;kZy;

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil
Jh vjfoan ekxZ
u;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011-26562708

108, 100 iQhV jksM

gksLMsosQjs gsyh ,DlVsas'ku
cuk'kadjh III LVst
csaxyq# 560 085 iQksu % 080-26725740

uothou VªLV Hkou

Mkd?kj uothou
vgenkckn 380 014 iQksu % 079-27541446
lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil
fudV% /udy cl LVkWi ifugVh
# 00.00 dksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033-25530454

lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl
ekyhxkao
xqokgkVh 781021 iQksu % 0361-2674869

izdk'ku lg;ksx
vè;{k] izdk'ku foHkkx % isÕ;sfV jktkoqQekj
eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh % f'ko oqQekj
eq[; laiknd % 'osrk mIiy
eq[; O;kikj izca/d % xkSre xkaxqyh
laiknd % ujs'k ;kno
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 70 th-,l-,e- isij ij eqfnzrA mRiknu % v#.k fprdkjk
izdk'ku foHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj lTtk ,oa vkoj.k
izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016 'osrk jko
}kjk izdkf'kr rFkk caxky vkWiQlSV oDlZ] 335] [ktwj
jksM] djksyckx] u;h fnYyh 110 005 }kjk eqfnzrA
 lkj&la{ksi

vaxsz”kh] Hkkjr tSls cgqHkk"kh ns'k esa ,d oSf'od Hkk"kk gS ([kaM&,d)A ;gk¡ vaxsz”kh&f'k{k.k dh fLFkfr dh
fofo/rk vkSj O;kidrk nks ckrksa ij fuHkZj gS & f'k{kdksa dh vaxsz”kh esa izoh.krk vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk LowQy
osQ ckgj vaxsz”kh ls gksus okyk lkeukA vaxsz”kh dh i<+kbZ fdl Lrj ls 'kq: dh tk,] ;g elyk vc
O;kogkfjd ;k vdknfed elys ls ”;knk yksxksa dh vkdka{kkvksa osQ jktuhfrd izR;qÙkj dk gks x;k gSA tgk¡
ge vaxsz”kh dh 'kq#vkr nsj ls exj nq#Lr rjhosQ ls djus okys izpfyr vdknfed rdZ dk leFkZu djsaxs
(tSlk fd [kaM IV-1 esa ^^uktqd vof/** ;k ^^laosnu'khy le;** dh ifjdYiuk osQ vkdyu osQ lkFk
bl ckr ij cy fn;k x;k gS)] ogha ge orZeku lPpkb;ksa ls :&c&: gksrs gq, ;g crk,¡xs fd ekStwnk
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa D;k gkfly gks ldrk gS vkSj vko';drk iM+us ij fdl izdkj ldkjkRed dk;Zokgh dh
tk ldrh gSa ([kaM&III.2)A
Hkk"kk ikB~;p;kZ ([kaM II esa) osQ mís'; nksgjs gSa & LokHkkfod :i ls Hkk"kk lh[kus tSlh cqfu;knh
fuiq.krk gkfly djuk] rFkk vewrZ fopkj o Kku izkfIr osQ lk/u osQ :i esa Hkk"kk dk fodkl djuk]
mnkgj.kkFkZ lk{kjrk osQ }kjkA ;g ^lHkh fo"k;ksa esa Hkk"kk* okys mikxe osQ fy, roZQ nsrk gS ftlls vaxsz”kh
o vU; fo"k;ksa rFkk vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ chp dh ck/k,¡ feV tk,¡A 'kq#vkrh Lrj ij vaxsz”kh vf/xe
dk;Zdykiksa osQ fy, mu mi;qDr Hkk"kkvksa esa ,d gks ldrh gS ftuls cPps esa txr osQ izfr ltxrk iSnk
gksrh gSA blosQ ckn osQ Lrjksa ij lc izdkj dk lh[kuk Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls gh gksrk gSA mPp&Lrjh; Hkkf"kd
oqQ'kyrk,¡ lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa lkekU; gksrh gSa & tSls i<+uk ,d gLrkarj.kh; oqQ'kyrk gSA ,d Hkk"kk esa ;fn
;g oqQ'kyrk fodflr gksrh gS rks nwljh Hkk"kkvksa esa lq/kj gksxk tcfd ekr`Hkk"kk esa iBu dkS'ky de”kksj
gS rks bldk izfrowQy izHkko f}rh; Hkk"kk osQ iBu dkS'ky ij Hkh iMs+xkA vaxzs”kh vU; Hkk"kkvksa ls vyx ugha
gSA vaxsz”kh f'k{k.k dk mís'; ,sls cgqHkkf"k;ksa dks rS;kj djuk gS tks gekjh lHkh Hkk"kkvksa dks le`¼ dj losQaμ
;g ,d ekU; jk"Vªh; n`f"Vdks.k jgk gS ([kaM III.4)A
Hkk"kk lh[kus osQ fy, lkexzh ls le`¼ lai"sz k.kkRed ifjos'k dk gksuk egÙoiw.kZ vko';drk gS ([kaM
III)A bl lkexzh esa ikB~;iqLrosQa] f'k{kkFkhZ }kjk pqus x, ikB vkSj d{kk iqLrdky; 'kkfey gSa] buesa fofHkUu
izdkj dh lkexzh% eqfnzr (tSls NksVs cPpksa osQ fy, cM+h fdrkcsa vkfn)_ ,d ls vf/d Hkk"kkvksa esa leku
fdLe dh iqLrosQa o lkexzh_ ehfM;k lgk;rk (f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, if=kdk,¡@v[kckj osQ LraHk] jsfM;ks@JO;
oSQlsV~l) rFkk vU; ^^izkekf.kd** lkefxz;k¡ vkrs gSaA lqfoèkkoafpr f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa osQ Hkkf"kd ifjos'k dks
le`¼ djus osQ fy, LowQyksa dks lkeqnkf;d vfèkxe osQanzksa osQ :i esa fodflr djus dh ”k:jr gSA ,sls dbZ
uokpkj gSa ftUgsa [kkstchu o izksRlkgu }kjk O;kid cuk;k tk ldrk gSA fof'k"V n`f"Vdks.k cukus ;k rjhosQ
fudkyus ls ”;knk ls ”k:jh gS mUgas ,d O;kid laKkukRed n'kZu (ok;xksRldh] pkWEldh vkSj I;kts osQ
fl¼akrksa osQ vuq:i) osQ rgr ,d nwljs dk lgk;d cukukA ,d ckj cqfu;knh n{krk,¡ lqfuf'pr dj yh
 iv

tk,¡] mlosQ ckn Å¡ps Lrj dh Hkk"kkbZ oqQ'kyrk,¡ (lkfgfR;d ewY;kadu vkSj fyaxcks/&fufeZfr esa Hkk"kk dh
Hkwfedk dks 'kkfey djrs gq,) fodflr dh tk ldrh gaSA
f'k{kd&f'k{kk esa fujarjrk (vkSipkfjd o vukSipkfjd leFkZu ra=kksa osQ }kjk) dh ”k:jr rks gS gh]
lkFk gh mls rS;kjh djk ikus osQ ;ksX; Hkh gksuk pkfg,A fuiq.krk vkSj O;kolkf;d cks/ dks leku :i ls
izksRlkfgr djus dh ”k:jr gS vkSj ;g tkx:drk] tgk¡ vko';d gks] f'k{kdksa dh viuh Hkk"kkvksa osQ ekè;e
ls vkuh pkfg, ([akM III.6)A
Hkk"kk osQ ewY;kadu ([kaM III.7) dks fdlh fof'k"V ikB~;Øe esa ^^miyfC/** ek=k rd lhfer
u j[kdj mls Hkk"kk&n{krk osQ ekiu dh fn'kk esa eksM+uk pkfg,A ge Hkk"kk n{krk osQ ewY;kadu osQ fy, py
jgs oqQN rjhdksa ij ppkZ djsaxsA 10oha d{kk esa iQsy gksus osQ izeq[k dkj.kksa esa vaxsz”kh (xf.kr osQ lkFk) gksus
dh ekStw+nk leL;k dk gy fudkyus osQ fy, ,sls oSdfYid vaxsz”kh Hkk"kk ijh{k.kksa osQ lsV dh :ijs[kk rS;kj
djuk vko';d gS ftlesa ikB~;p;kZ laca/h Lora=krk osQ lkFk ewY;kadu osQ ekudhdj.k dk Hkh larqyu gks
rkfd izek.khdj.k Hkh gks losQA ijarq ,sls lsV rS;kj djus osQ igys Hkkf"kd fuiq.krk osQ jk"Vªh; ekunaMksa dks
fodflr djuk vko';d gSA ;fn vaxsz”kh osQ izek.ku (lkFk gh f'k{k.k) osQ fy, fu;fer LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ
ls vyx dksbZ oSdfYid jkLrk fudkyk tk losQ rks fo|kFkhZ dks ^^vax”zs kh osQ fcuk mÙkh.kZ** gksus dh vuqefr
nh tk ldrh gSA
 jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg
^vaxt
sz h f'k{k.k* osQ lnL;ksa osQ uke

izks- vkj- ve`rkoYyh (vè;{k) MkW- 'kkfyuh vkMok.kh

lsaVªy baLVhV~;wV vkWi+Q bafXy'k ,aM izkpk;kZ
iQkWjsu ySaxosT+k fczfV'k Ldwy
gSnjkckn&500 007 pk.kD;iqjh]
vka/z izns'k u;h fnYyh&110 021

lqJh xhrk oqQekj Jh LoIu Mksosjk

enlZ baVjus'kuy LowQy vdknfed vf/dkjh
Jh vjfoan ekxZ ekè;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] vle
u;h fnYyh&110016 xqokgkVh&781 021
vle
MkW- tkWu oqQfj;u
funs'kd Jherh ,l-osQ- ';keyk
lsaVj iQkWj yfuZax fjlkslsZ”k ih-th-Vh- vaxsz”kh
8] MDdu dkWyst jksM cgqmís';h; fun'kZu fo|ky; (Mh-,e-,l-)
;jonk&411 006 {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku
egkjk"Vª (,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-)
eSlwj&570 006
izks- fcØe osQ- nkl dukZVd
,&310] jktsanz fogkj
iQkWjsLV ikdZ MkW- ulh#íhu [kku
Hkqous'oj&751 009 Hkk"kk foHkkx
mM+hlk ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
Jh vjfoan ekxZ
MkW- lksukyh ukx v#yef.k u;h fnYyh&110 016
lg&funs'kd
}kjk& n izkWfel iQkmaMs'ku MkW- (Jherh) lUè;k lkgw
346@2] iQLVZ&, esu Hkk"kk foHkkx
dksjkeaxyk] vkBok¡ CykWd ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
csaxyq#&560 095 Jh vjfoan ekxZ
dukZVd u;h fnYyh&110 016
 vi

MkW- vkj- ih- lDlsuk izks- oh-osQ- lquokuh] (lnL; lfpo)

{ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku (,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-) vè;{k]
';keyk fgYl lkekftd foKku ,oa ekufodh f'k{kk foHkkx
Hkksiky&462 013 (Mh-bZ-,l-,l-,p-)] {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku]
eè; izns'k (,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-)] Hkqous'oj&751022
mM+hlk

;g vk/kj i=k bl jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg osQ fofHkUu lnL;ksa }kjk O;fDrxr rkSj ls cuk, x, ,oa izLrqr
^fLFkfr i=k* vkSj mu ij gqbZ ppkZvksa ij vk/kfjr gSA ge mu reke fe=kksa vkSj lgdfeZ;ksa osQ vkHkkjh
gSa ftUgksaus gekjs fopkjksa dks ,d fuf'pr Lo:i nsus esa enn dhA ge [kkl rkSj ij ek[ku yky fVDdw]
paik fVDdw] th- jktxksiky] Jqfr fljdkj] jek dkar vfXugks=kh] eSfDlu caVZlu] vkj- ih- tMstk] ek;k
iafMr] usYykSj osQ nks f'k{kdksa vkbZ- ,- ,l- bZ- osQ vkSj bZ-,y-Vh-vkbZ- Mk;jsDVlZ dkWUizQsal] tksfd lsaVªy
baLVhV~;wV vkWi+Q baxfy'k ,aM iQkWjsu ysXaos”ks”k (lqJh ,e- v#.kk vkSj Jh ,p-,l-oh-osQ jaxk jko)
(lh- vkb- bZ- ,iQ- ,y-) gSnjkckn esa ekpZ 2005 esa vk;ksftr gqbZ Fkh] osQ lnL;ksa osQ izfr o`QrKrk Kkfir
djrs gSaA ge fot;k dks muosQ lg;ksx osQ fy, /U;okn nsrs gSaA

vuqokn lg;ksx
Jh ,y- ch- vks>k] ,iQ 1@DokVZj 10] FkMZ Ýyksj] dVokfj;k ljk; u;h fnYyh&110 016

Jh foHkkl panz oekZ] Mh&402] fofn'kk vikVZesaV] IykV ua-&79] vkbZ-ih- ,DlVsa'ku]
u;h fnYyh&110 092

izks- oh- osQ- lquokuh] {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku] (,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh) Hkqous'oj] mM+hlk

MkW- dhfrZ oQiwj] izoDrk] Hkk"kk foHkkx] ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh-] u;h fnYyh

MkW- jatuk vjksM+k] izokpd] ikB~;p;kZ lewg] ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh-] u;h fnYYkh
 fo"k; & lwph
lkj la{ksi v

jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg vaxzsth f'k{k.k ds lnL;ksa dk uke vii

1- cgqHkk"kh ns'k esa oSf'od Hkk"kk 1

1-1 vaxzs”kh D;ksa\ 1
1-2 gekjs Ldwyksa esa vaxsz”kh 1

2- Hkk"kk ikB~;p;kZ osQ y{; 4

2-1 d{kk osQ ckgj vkSj Hkhrj Hkk"kk vtZu 4
2-2 ,d vke laKkukRed vdknfed Hkk"kkbZ n{krk 5

3- ikB~;p;kZ dk Lo:i % lalk/u o izfØ;k,¡ 5

3-1 lkexzh & le`¼ ifjos'k 5

3-2 'kq#vkrh Lrj ij vaxsz”kh 6
3-3 ckn osQ Lrjksa ij vaxsz”kh % mPp Lrjh; oqQ'kyrk,¡ 11
3-4 vaxsz”kh dh d{kk ;k LowQy esa cgqHkkf"kdrk 13
3-5- ikB~;iqLrosaQ 15
3-6- f'k{kd rS;kj djuk % f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k vkSj fodkl 16
3-7- ewY;kadu 17

4- nks iwjd fVIif.k;k¡ 20

4-1 Hkk"kk lh[kus dh n`f"V ls] ^fo'ks"k vof/*] vkSj ^laosnu'khy
le;*] (lsaflfVo foaMks) dh izko~QdYiuk 20
4-2 oSQlh vaxzs”kh\ 21

5- 'kks/ ifj;kstuk,¡ 22

6- fliQkfj'ksa 23
lanHkZ] p;fur xzaFk lwph] vuq'kaflr iBulkexzh 24
 1

1- cgqHkk"kh ns'k esa oSf'od Hkk"kk
1-1 vaxzs”kh D;ksa\
Hkkjr esa vaxzs”kh vktdy vke yksxksa osQ fy, f'k{kk esa
xq.koÙkk osQ izfr mudh vkdka{kk rFkk jk"Vªh; ,oa
varjkZ"Vªh; thou esa iw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh dk izrhd gSA bldk
vkSifuosf'kd Ïksr vc Hkqyk;k tk pqdk gS ;k vizklafxd
gks x;k gSA vk”kkn Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk osQ fy, bldh
vkjafHkd Hkwfedk (iqLrdky;h Hkk"kk] fo'o dh :ijs[kk)
tks mi;qDr ekuh xbZ Fkh] vc lkekftd o Hkk"kk;h :i
ls vi;kZIr ekuh tk jgh gSA vaxzs”kh dh ekStwnk fLFkfr
fo'o eap ij bldh vR;f/d mifLFkfr vkSj jk"Vªh;
Lrj ij blosQ vlj ls fu/kZfjr gqbZ gSA ,d vuqeku
ossQ vuqlkj 2010 rd nqfu;k dh ,d frgkbZ vkcknh
vaxzs”kh lh[kus okyksa esa 'kkfey gks tk,xh (xszMkSy
1997)A1 1990 esa gekjh eqDr vFkZO;oLFkk dh 'kq#vkr
ls LowQyksa esa vaxzs”kh dh ek¡x dk foLiQksV gqvk D;ksafd
;g le>k tkus yxk gS fd vaxzs”kh ls vPNs volj
fey lossQaxs (nkl 2005)A
1-2 gekjs Ldwyksa esa vaxzs”kh
1-2-1 vaxzs”kh dh 'kq#vkr dk Lrj
vaxzs”kh dh bl mifLFkfr dk Li"V izHkko ;g gS fd
vkt gj dksbZ LowQy ossQ 'kq#vkrh Lrj ij bldh ek¡x
dj jgk gSA vaxzs”kh i<+kus okys is'ksoj yksxksa us yxkrkj
;g fli+Qkfj'k dh gS fd vaxzs”kh dh i<+kbZ vis{kr;k nsj
ls (pkSFkh] ik¡poha ;k NBh d{kk ls) gh 'kq: gksuh
pkfg, vkSj ;gh lksp uhfr&i=kksa ls Hkh ”kkfgj gksrh gSA
fdarq cM+s iSekus ij [kqy jgs vaxzs”kh ekè;e ossQ futh
LowQyksa vkSj ljdkjh LowQyh ra=k esa vaxzs”kh dh 'kq#vkr
igys fd, tkus ls bu uhfrxr fli+Qkfj'kksa ossQ izfr
vlarks"k dk Li"V izek.k feyrk gSA2 bl O;oLFkk dh
vliQyrk ossQ ckn Hkh yksdfiz; ek¡x ossQ dkj.k bl
O;oLFkk dks vkSj uhps ys tk;k x;kA vaxs”kh dh
'kq#vkr ossQ Lrj ij elyk vc yksxksa dh vkdak{kkvksa
ossQ jktuSfrd izR;qÙkj dk gks x;k gS vkSj bls 'kq#vkrh
Lrj ls ykxw djus ossQ ykHk ij gksus okys vdknfed
fookn dks vizklafxd djkj ns fn;k x;k gSA O;oLFkkxr
vuqowQyrk vkSj rS;kjh dh dbZ leL;k,¡ cuh gqbZ gSa tSls
fd ;ksX; f'k{kdksa dk visf{kr la[;k esa miyC/ u gksuk
vkfnA ijarq ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd O;oLFkk dks yksdfiz;
ek¡xksa osQs vuq:i pyuk pkfg, mlosQs f[kykIkQ+ ughaA
blhfy, ge bl loky ij dbZ rjhdksa ls fopkj
djsaxsA ,d rks gesa vk'kk gS fd cgqHkkf"kdrk dbZ
nq"izHkkoksa dks nwj dj ldrh gS tSls viuh Hkk"kk ossQ
Ékl ;k ,dne le> u ikus dh eqf'dyA nwljs] ge
;g crk,¡xs fd tgk¡ t:jr gS ogka¡ ldkjkRed rjhossQ
viukdj ge nh xbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Bksl :i ls D;k
oqQN gkfly dj ldrs gSaA budk y{; cPps ossQ fy,
d{kk esa ;k mlossQ ckgj cks/xE; lkexzh dh miyC/
rk dh O;oLFkk dh igpku djuk gSA 'kq#vkr ls vaxzs”kh
ykxw djus dh vke jk; cukus ossQ fy, geus ^^fo'ks"k
vof/** ;k ^^laosnu'khy le;** dh izkd~dYiukvksa
dks 'kkfey fd;k gS tks vaxzs”kh dh cgqr igys 'kq#vkr
dk leFkZu ugha djrhA

1- bl vuqeku esa 'kkfey gS izkFkfed LowQy ossQ 15 djksM+ Hkkjrh; cPps vkSj blh Lrj ossQ 12 djksM+ phuh cPpsA ;g ,f'k;k ossQ LowQyh
O;oLFkk esa vaxzs”kh ossQ n[ky dk laosQr gSA vaxzs”kh ossQ fy, ;g ek¡x lu 2050 esa ijkdk"Bk ij gksxh vkSj cgqr lkjs yksx bls lh[k
Hkh pqosQ gksasxsA vjch] phuh] teZu] fganh o Lisfu'k Hkh Hkfo"; dh Hkk"kk ossQ :i esa mHkj pqdh gksaxhA
2- 2003 esa fd, x, ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ossQ 'kks/ ossQ vuqlkj vaxzs”kh d{kk 1 ;k d{kk 3 ls 35 esa ls 26 jkT;ksa vkSj ossQanz 'kkflr izns'kksa
esa ykxw dj nh tkrh gSA ossQoy lkr jkT;ksa vkSj osaQnz'kkflr izns'kksa esa ;g d{kk 4 ;k 5 ls 'kq: dh tkrh gSA
 2
1-2-2 Hkkjr esa vax”sz kh f'k{k.k dh fofo/rk o
O;kidrk
vkt Hkkjr esa vaxzs”kh lh[kuk&fl[kkuk] ,d rjI+kQ rks
LowQyksa dh fofo/rk vkSj vaxzs”kh lh[kus ossQ fy,
vuqowQy Hkk"kk;h ekgkSy rFkk nwljh rjI+kQ eg”k ijh{kk esa
mÙkh.kZ gksus ossQ fy, fdlh ikB~;iqLrd dks i<+kus dh
O;kid d{kk&iz.kkfy;ksa dh O;oLFkk osQ vFkZ esa fy;k
tkrk gSA ;g f'k{kdksa dh mu /kj.kkvksa ls r; gksrk gS
tks vaxzs”kh&Hkk"kk f'k{k.k osQ is'ks esa fy, x, rjg rjg
osQ vuqHkoak ls izHkkfor gksrh gSaA3
vaxzs”kh f'k{k.k dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh eksVs rkSj ij
igpku% (d) f'k{kd dh vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk esa fuiq.krk (Vh-
ih-)* rFkk ([k) fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk Ldwy ls ckgj vaxzs”kh
ls lkeuk vFkkZr~ Hkk"kk&xzg.k ossQ ifjos'k esa vaxzs”kh dh
mifLFkfr (bZ- bZ-)** ls dh tk ldrh gS (fo|ky;ksa osQ
oxhZdj.k ossQ bu vkèkkjksa dk lanHkZ&ukx&v#yef.k
2000)A vr% oqQfj;u (2005) uhps fn, x, pkj
rjg ossQ LowQyksa ossQ mnkgj.k nsrs gSaA
1- ↑↑Vh-ih-, ↑↑bZ-bZ- (tSls vaxzs”kh ekè;e osQ
futh@ljdkjh lgk;rk izkIr laHkzkr LowQy)%
fuiq.k f'k{kd] ifjos'k esa fofHkUu Lrjksa dh
vaxzs”kh ftlesa ?kj esa ;k igyh Hkk"kk ossQ rkSj
ij vaxzs”kh Hkh 'kkfey gSA
2- ↑Vh-ih-, ↑bZ-bZ-, (tSls u, vaxzs”kh ekè;e
ossQ futh LowQy ftuesa vf/dka'k vaxzs”kh o
vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,¡ nksuksa dk bLrseky djrs
gS)a % f'k{kd ftudh lhfer fuiq.krk gS] cPpksa
dh vaxzs”kh dh i`"BHkwfe de”kksj ;k ux.;
gS vkSj vke vfHkHkkodksa esa vaxzs”kh ossQ lgkjs
mUufr djus dh vkdka{kk gSA
3- vaxzs”kh esa fdlh vkSj fo"k; ossQ cfuLcr f'k{k.k dh enn ossQ fy, dkI+kQh csgrj laLFkkxr O;oLFkk gks ldrh gSA (ij nsf[k, uksV 19]
tks vaxzs”kh f'k{kk m|ksx vkSj nwljh Hkk"kk ossQ vf/xzg.k ossQ chp varj djrk gS)A
*
Vhpj izksfiQf'k,alh& Vh- ih-
**
bafXy'k bu n ,uokbjuesaV iQkWj ySaXost ,Dohft'kuA
3- ↓Vh-ih-, ↓bZ-bZ- (tSls ljdkjh lgk;rk izkIr
{ks=kh; Hkk"kk ekè;e ossQ Ldwy)% tgk¡ vU;
{ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa ossQ lkFk vaxzs”kh f'k{k.k dh
izFkk gSA ;s fofHkUu 'kSf{kd lfefr;ksa }kjk
LFkkfir] fd, tkrs gSa rFkk ;gk¡ fofHkUu
izdkj dh i`"BHkwfe ls vkus okys cPps gksrs
gSaA
4- ↓↓Vh-ih-, ↓↓bZ-bZ- (tSls ljdkjh {ks=kh;
Hkk"kk ekè;e osQs Ldwy tks ftyk ;k Ukxjikfydk
f'k{kk foHkkxksa }kjk lapkfyr gksrs gSa)% xzkeh.k
Hkkjr ossQ cPpksa dh cM+h la[;k bUgha esa
ukekafdr gksrh gSA 'kgjh xjhcksa (ftuossQ
vius ifjos'k esa laHkor% vaxzs”kh ikus ossQ
FkksM+s jkLrs gksa) dk Hkh ,dek=k fodYi ;gh
Ldwy gSAa pkjksa izdkj osQs Ldwyksa esa vax”sz kh esa
buosQs f'k{kd gh lcls de fuiq.k gksrs gSaA
tgk¡ ;s mnkgj.k] Ldwy izca/u ossQ izdkj vkSj
f'k{kd dh fuiq.krk o vaxzs”kh ossQ ifjos'k ossQ chp ,d
viq"V varl±ca/ lq>krs gSa] ogha bu LowQyksa esa Hkh dbZ
fofHkUurk,¡ feyrh gSaA futh vaxzs”kh ekè;e ossQ LowQyksa
esa lh[kus ossQ voljksa esa fofHkUurk,¡ gks ldrh gSa vkSj
;g mudh vleku Hkk"kk izkfIr ls tkfgj gksrk gSA (ukx
& v#yef.k 2005)A ftu LowQyksa esa d{kk iqLrdky;
gSa] muossQ cPps csgrj <ax ls i<+rs gSa ctk; mu cPpksa
ossQ tks ek=k mckÅ ikBksa vkSj orZuh&t¡kp rd lhfer
jgrs gaSA eSF;w (1997%41) us ,d ikB~;p;kZ&dk;kZUo;u
ossQ vè;;u esa ik;k fd ossaQnzh; ekè;fed f'k{kk cksMZ
(lh-ch-,l-bZ-) ls lac¼rk izkIr 2700 LowQy ^^izcaèku
dk rjhdk] foÙkh; lzksr] HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] osru lajpuk]
f'k{kdksa dh izsj.kk o fuiq.krk] muesa vkus okys fo|kFkhZ
 3

vkSj muossQ vfHkHkkodksa dh dksfV;ksa** ossQ vk/kj ij
^^laLo`Qfr** esa ,d nwljs ls fHkUu FksA izHkq (1987%3)
us ;g lq>ko fn;k fd ^^f'k{k.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ ukedj.k
dks blhfy, 'kS{kf.kd izLrkoksa osQ vkSfpR; dh lhek dh
tk¡p esa lgk;d ossQ :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,** u fd
laiw.kZ oxhZdj.k ossQ fy,A
1-2-3 Hkkjr esa vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k (bafXy'k ySaXost
Vhfpax)
ijaijkxr :i ls vaxzs”kh dh i<+kbZ O;kdj.k&vuqokn
i¼fr ls gksrh FkhA ik¡posa n'kd ossQ mÙkjk¼Z esa vaxzs”kh
f'k{k.k dh ljdkjh O;oLFkk esa lajpukRed :i ls
Lrjho`Qr ikB~;ozQe dks ykxw fd;k x;k tks ,d eq[;
uokpkjh dne Fkk (izHkq 1987%10)A ;g lkspk x;k fd
Hkk"kk dk f'k{k.k mldh lkexzh ossQ fu;kstu dks O;ofLFkr
djossQ fd;k tk ldrk gS tSlk fd vadxf.kr ;k
HkkSfrdh dh i<+kbZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA (dHkh&dHkh ;g
lajpukRed n`f"Vdks.k lh/s ykxw dj fn;k tkrk Fkk
tSls fd ek=k vaxzs”kh Hkk"kh d{kkvksa ij ”kksj nsdj)A
rFkkfi lkrosa n'kd ossQ mÙkjk¼Z esa lajpukRed fof/ osQ
O;ogkjoknh& euksoSKkfud rFkk nk'kZfud vk/kjksa us
Hkk"kk dks ^ekufld vax* le>us okys pkWELdh ossQ
laKkukRed nkos dks c<+kok fn;kA4
vaxzs”kh f'k{k.k is'ks ossQ yksxksa esa Hkh lajpukRed
fof/ ossQ izfr vlarks"k Fkk D;ksafd ;g fof/ d{kkvksa esa
'kq¼ okD; cukus dh ;ksX;rk ossQ ckotwn f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh
Hkk"kk dks okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa O;ogk;Z ;k c<+
ldus dh ;ksX;rk ugha ns ikrh FkhA ;g ckn esa le>
esa vk;k fd d{kkvksa esa iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk
lajpukRed n`f"Vdks.k Hkk"kk dh lajpuk vkSj oqQ'kyrk
tSls nks [kaMksa esa rksM+dj lksp esa ,d fc[kjko vkSj
gYdkiu ykrk FkkA Hkk"kk dh lajpuk ossaQfnzr f'k{kk us
f'k{kkFkhZ dh ^Hkk"kk;h mez* vkSj ^ekufld mez* osQ varj
dks bruk c<+k fn;k fd ekul dks Hkk"kk ls ck¡/s j[k
ikuk laHko ugha gks ikrk FkkA5
vr% vFkZiw.kZ lanHkks± esa Hkk"kk&iz;ksx fl[kkus ij
cy fn;k tkus yxkA fczfV'k Hkk"kkfonksa dk dguk gS fd
Hkk"kk iz;ksx esa O;kdjf.kd n{krk ossQ vykok oqQN vkSj
Hkh 'kkfey gksrk gSA bl vfrfjDr vk;ke dks crkus osQ
fy, ^laizs"k.k n{krk* in dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA6 laizs"k.k
n{krk gkfly djus dh dksf'k'k O;kdjf.kd n{krk ossQ
vk/kj ij gh gks ldrh gSA oLrqr% laizs"k.k fof/ igyh
dksfV ossQ Ldwyksa esa lcls vf/d liQy jgh tgk¡
f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa esa vius Hkk"kk&Kku ij Hkjkslk
gksrk gS tks mUgsa fofo/ fLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqHkoksa ls feyrk
gSA gkyfd vf/dka'k f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ossQ fy, ^laizs"k.k n{krk*
mruh egÙoiw.kZ ugha gS ftruk Hkk"kk esa ,d cqfu;knh ;k
ewyHkwr n{krk gkfly djuk (izHkq 1987%13)A lkexzh
ls le`} lS¼akfrd izfof/;ksa (tSls fd laiw.kZ Hkk"kk]
dk;Z&vk/kfjr vkSj cks/XkE; lkexzh rFkk larqfyr
n`f"Vdks.k) dk Yk{; vFkZ&ossaQfnzr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkk"kk
dk vuqHko fnykuk gS rkfd Hkk"kk&O;oLFkk dh cukoV
efLr"d }kjk gh lapkfyr gksA

4- pkWELdh us Kku vkSj mls lh[kus ossQ chp nks rjg ossQ vk/kjHkwr Hksn crk, gSaA igyk lpsr gksdj lh[kk tkus okyk Kku] tks dkI+kQh
esgur vkSj lg;ksx'khy iz;kl ls /hjs&/hjs lkaLd`frd :i ls jpk tkrk gS (tSls fd oSKkfud Kku)A nwljk] og Kku tks euq"; ossQ
efLr"d esa vkus okys vuqHkoksa ossQ lkFk LokHkkfod :i ls mHkjrk izrhr gksrk gSA ;gk¡ lh[ks x, Kku dh tfVyrk ifjos'k ossQ tfj,
mifLFkr fd, x, Kku dh rqyuk esa dgha vf/d gSA bl csesyiu dks dHkh&dHkh ^IysVks leL;k* dgk tkrk gSA
5- blossQ vfrfjDr ckn esa ik;k x;k fd Hkk"kk & lkefxz;ksa dk ;kstukc¼ vkSj O;ofLFkr izLrqrhdj.k lh[kus okys ossQ vkarfjd f'k{k.k
Øeksa ls esy ugha [kkrk FkkA izLrqr vkSj vkRelkr fd, x, ra=kksa osQs chp dk lac/
a jSf[kd ugha gSA blesa lh[kus okys osQs fnekxh O;kdj.k
dk ijks{k n[ky dke djrk gSA
6- ;|fi KkrO; gS fd pkWELdh tc ^n{krk* in dk mi;ksx djrs gSa rks mlesa O;oLFkkc¼rk (O;kdjf.kdrk) vkSj Lohdk;Zrk 'kkfey
gSA ;g Hkk"kk dk fofo/ lanHkks± esa lgtrk vkSj mi;qDrrk ls iz;ksx djus dh {kerk dks bafxr djrk gSA
 4
2- Hkk"kk ikB~;p;kZ ossQ y{;
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dk y{; gS &
• ,d lqxfBr ikB~;p;kZ uhfr] tks Hkk"kk f'k{k.k
vkSj vtZu ossQ funsZ'kd fl¼akrksa ij vk/kfjr
gks] tks LFkkuh; ”k:jrksa vkSj lalk/uksa ossQ
vuqowQy fofo/ rjhdksa dks viuk lossQ rFkk
tks mi;ksx osQs fy, O;k[;kRed ekWMy miyC/
djk,A
ikB~;p;kZ uohdj.k ossQ fiNys iz;klksa ij fopkj
gekjs foospu esa nqgjk, tkus dh leL;k [kM+h djrk gSA
fiQj Hkh ge vk'kk djrs gSa fd Hkk"kkfonksa] euksoSKkfudksa
vkSj vU; lacaf/r fo"k;ksa dh ekStw+nk varnZ`f"V gesa
ikB~;p;kZ laca/h rkSj&rjhossQ dks cnyus o le`¼ djus
ossQ fy, dkjxj lq>koksa dk lS¼akfrd vk/kj ns lossQxhA
vaxzs”kh ossQoy vius cwrs ij dk;e ugha jg ldrhA
bls viuk LFkku ikuk gS
• vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ossQ lkFk
1- {ks=kh; Hkk"kk ekè;e ossQ Ldwyksa esa% cPpksa
dh vU; Hkk"kk,¡ vax”sz kh f'k{kk dks dSls
etcwr dj ldrh gS\
2- vaxzs”kh ekè;e ossQ Ldwyksa esa% vaxzs”kh ossQ
orZeku opZLo dks ?kVkdj vU; Hkkjrh;
Hkk"kkvksa dk egÙo oSQls c<+k;k tk ldrk gS\
• nwljs fo"k;ksa ossQ lkFk laca/ esa% izkFkfed
f'k{kk esa iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk dk ifjisz{;
fo'ks"k egÙo j[krk gSA fofHkUu vFkZiw.kZ lanHkks±
osQ tfj;s gh Hkk"kk lcls vPNs rjhosQ ls
lh[kh tk ldrh gS] blhfy, gj izdkj dk
f'k{k.k ,d vFkZ esa Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k gh gSA ;g
ifjisz{; ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ vewrZ fopkjksa ossQ
7- flI+kZQ 'kCnksa dh la[;k ossQ ekeys eas] ,fplu (1998) vuqeku yxkrs gSa fd ,d ?kaVs dh ckrphr esa 5000 'kCnksa dh ”k:jr gksrh
gS] vkSj jsfM;ks okrkZ ossQ fy, 9000 'kCnksa dh ”k:jr gksrh gSA
lanHkZ esa Hkk"kk dh osaQnzh;rk dks js[kkafdr
djrk gSA tgk¡ 'kq#vkrh Lrj ij lanHkZxr
vFkZ Hkk"kk&iz;ksx dks c<+kok nsrs gSa ogha ckn
ossQ Lrjksa ij fli+QZ Hkk"kk osQ tfj;s gh vFkZ dks
ik;k tk ldrk gSA
vaxzs”kh f'k{k.k dk mís'; ,sls cgqHkkf"k;ksa dks rS;kj
djuk gS tks gekjh lHkh Hkk"kkvksa dks le`¼ dj lossQa%
;gh Loho`Qr jk"Vªh; u”kfj;k jgk gSA ;g cgqHkk"kh
ifjizs{; Hkk"kk vkSj laLo`Qfr ossQ ljksdkjksa dks vkSj vKkr
ls Kkr dh vksj tkus osQs f'k{k.k fl¼kar dks Hkh lacksfèkr
djrk gSA
2-1 d{kk ossQ ckgj vkSj Hkhrj Hkk"kk vtZu
nwljh Hkk"kk dk f'k{k.k ikB~;p;kZ ossQ fdlh vU; fo"k;
ossQ eqdkcys lkoZHkkSfed liQyrk dh lcls cM+h dlkSVh
ij [kjk mrjuk pkfg,_ ;kuh de ls de nSuafnu
mís';ksa ossQ fy, Hkk"kk dk lgt vkSj mi;qDr iz;ksxA
bl miyfC/ dks viuh Hkk"kkvksa esa gj cPpk Ldwy
tkus ls igys ik ysrk gS (pkWELdh 1975)A ;gh og
^^fuiq.krk dk U;wure Lrj** gS (ftls vR;ar tfVy
ekufld O;kdj.k dh vko';drk gS] ftlossQ dkj.k
^okLrfod le;* esa Hkk"kk dk cks/ vkSj iz;ksx gks ikrk
gS) ftldh lgk;rk ls dksbZ vke vkneh egt ijh{kk
ikl djus ;k O;kdj.k tkuus ossQ ctk; ^vaxzs”kh cksy
ldus* dh vis{kk j[krk gSA7
• vius ifjos'k dh Hkk"kk esa cksypky dh tks
cqfu;knh fuiq.krk d{kk ossQ ckgj Hkh cPpk
lgt :i ls gkfly dj ysrk gS] bl O;kid
miyfC/ dks D;k vaxzs”kh dh d{kk,¡ Hkh viuk
ldrh gSa\ vxj gk¡] rks oSQls\
• lhfer {ks=kksa (tSls&;k=kk ,oa i;ZVu m|ksx) ossQ

fy, vko';d Hkk"kk&oqQ'kyrk,¡ blh cqfu;knh
fuiq.krk ij fVdh gksrh gSaA
2-2 ,d vke laKkukRed vdknfed Hkk"kk;h n{krk
vkn'kZ :i ls ;k lkekU;r;k f'k{kk esa Hkk"kk ,slh
LokHkkfod :i ls izkIr dh xbZ Hkk"kk&;ksX;rk ls curh
gS tks lk{kjrk esa fodkl ossQ tfj;s bls vewrZ fopkjksa ossQ
midj.k ;k vdknfed Kku ossQ xzg.k ossQ fy, le`¼
djrh gSA vc ge ,d ^laKkukRed vdknfed Hkk"kk;h
n{krk* dh ckr dj lossQaxs (ns[ksa dfeal 1979) ftlesa
Hkk"kk vkSj lkspus dk dkS'ky cPps ossQ LokHkkfod
Hkk"kk&Kku ossQ vk/kj ij fufeZr gksrk gSA ;gh Hkk"kk&f'k{kk
vkSj Hkk"kk ossQ tfj;s f'k{kk dk y{; jgk gSA (vDlj
;g ppkZ ekr`Hkk"kk esa Hkk"kk&f'k{kk ossQ lanHkZ eas gksrh gSA)
• blossQ vykok Hkk"kkvksa dh ,slh laKkukRed
vkSj vdknfed dq'kyrk,¡ lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa
lapkfjr gks ldrh gSa] nwljh Hkk"kk esa HkhA
;g lapj.kh;rk gh mu vk/kjksa esa ,d jgh gS
ftlossQ dkj.k fd vaxzs”kh dks vis{kkd`r nsj ls ykxw
djus dh fli+Qkfj'k dh tkrh gSA f'k{kk esa Hkkf"kd
fuiq.krk tks cPps dh viuh Hkk"kk esa fodflr gksrh gS]
ckn esa ,d u;h Hkk"kk esa LokHkkfod :i ls pyh
tk,xhA bl fli+Qkfj'k osQ izfr vlarks"k nks dkjdksa ossQ
dkj.k gS%
(i) igyk] Hkk"kkvksa esa vdknfed Hkkf"kd n{krk
dk vlarks"ktud miyfC/ Lrj] tSls i<+us
;k fy[kus esa] ossQ dkj.k nwljh Hkk"kk esa
vdknfed cqfu;kn ugha cu ikrh gSA vk¡dM+s
crkrs gSa (ukx&v#yef.k 2005) fd NksVs
uxj ossQ 40» cPps] tutkrh; bykdksa ossQ
80» cPps vkSj 'kgjh LowQyksa ossQ 18» cPps
izkFkfed Lrj ij viuh Hkk"kk esa ugha i<+
ikrs gSaA ;s dfe;k¡ ckn ossQ Lrjksa ij c<+rh
tkrh gSa vkSj lkekU; vdknfed vliQyrk
5
esa cny tkrh gSaA
(ii) mPp Lrjh; dkS'ky (tSls vkuqekfud le>
ossQ lkFk i<+uk rFkk vo/kj.kkRed Li"Vrk
ossQ lkFk fy[kuk) dh cqfu;kn ossQ :i esa
vaxzs”kh dk lgt dkedkth Kku ugha ns ikukA
izR;sd cPps osQ fy, r; dh xbZ vkB o"kks± dh
f'k{kk xkjaVh esa yxHkx pkj o"kks± esa gh vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk
laca/h cqfu;knh fuiq.krk cuk lduk laHko gksuk pkfg,A
bl fuiq.krk esa i<+us vkSj fy[kus dk cqfu;knh lk{kjrk
dkS'ky Hkh 'kkfey gksA ysfdu blossQ fy, gekjs Ldwyksa
dks lHkh Hkk"kkvksa ossQ f'k{k.k esa vkSj liQyrk gkfly
djuh gksxh D;ksafd lk{kjrk osQ dkS'ky lapj.kh; gksrs
gSaA blossQ fodYi ossQ :i esa ;fn vaxzs”kh oQks dki+Qh
'kq#vkrh Lrj ls gh ekè;e cukuk gS rks blossQ f'k{k.k
ls nwljh Hkk"kkvksa dh Hkh lk{kjrk esa liQyrk dks
lqfuf'pr djuk gksxk tSlk fd osLV (1941) us ntZ
fd;k FkkA
3- ikB~;p;kZ dk Lo:i % lalk/u o izfØ;k,¡
3-1 lkexzh&le`¼ ifjos'k
Hkk"kk lh[kus ossQ fy, lkexzh ossQ lkFk le`¼
laizs"k.kkRed ifjos'k dh vko';drk gksrh gS Hkk"kk,¡
vO;Dr :i ls lh[kh tkrh gSaA lqudj ;k i<+dj ik,
x, vFkZ ls] lwpukvksa dks le>us vkSj laizsf"kr djus ossQ
tfj;sA ge ,d cks/xE; lkexzh & le`¼ ikB~;p;kZ dk
lq>ko nsrs gSa ftlls Hkk"kk ossQ lgt fodkl dh cqfu;kn
cu lossQ rkfd cksyh vkSj fy[kh xbZ Hkk"kk dks le>uk
Hkk"kk mRiknu (O;k[;ku o ys[ku) dh iwoZxkeh Hkwfedk
esa gksA ge ;g Hkh lq>k,¡xs fd lk{kjrk dSls bl rjg
dh ikB~;p;kZ esa vFkZiw.kZ <ax ls ?kqyfey ldrh gSA ge
igys crk pqosQ gSa fd vaxzs”kh vkSj vU; LowQyh Hkk"kkvksa
dh lk{kjrk esa D;k varl±ca/ gS blhfy, bl [kaM esa
cgqHkkf"kdrk vkSj iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk ossQ nksgjs
ifjizs{;ksa dk izdj.k ckj&ckj vk,xkA
 6

dbZ 'kks/drkZvksa (izHkq 1987] Ø'ksu 1985] ,Yyh
vkSj eaxqHkkbZ 1983) us ”kksj nsdj dgk gS fd Hkk"kk rc
lh[kh tkrh gS tc è;ku mlossQ :i ij ugha cfYd
lans'kksa osQ vFkZ ij fn;k tkrk gSA bl lk>s fopkj ij
caxyksj izkstsDV ;k dE;qfuossQ'kuy Vhfpax izkstsDV (izHkq
1987)] n dE;qfuossQfVo vizksp (foMkslu 1978)] n
uspqjy vizksp (Ø'ksu rFkk Vsjsy 1983) vkSj iw.kZ Hkk"kk
vkanksyu tSlh ubZ [kkstsa gqbZ gSaA fo'ks"k :i ls ;fn
lk{kjrk xzg.k ossQ {ks=k dks ysa rks dbZ 'kks/drkZvksa us
dkS'ky funsZ'kksa vkSj Hkk"kk lh[kus laca/h lcy vFkZiw.kZ
ifjos'k ossQ larqyu ij tksj fn;k gS (,MEl 1990] Luks]
cuZl ,aM fxzfiQu 1998_ LVsuksfod 2000)A lk{kjrk
fodkl osQ fy, dkS'ky vkSj vFkZ nksuksa ij ”kksj fn,
tkus dh vko';drk gSA
vFkZiw.kZ Hkk"kk ossQ vuqHkoksa dh Hkwfedk ;k efLr"d
ossQ dk;Z djus ossQ fy, ^^lkexzh** dh Hkwfedk dks
lh[kus rFkk Hkk"kk lh[kus osQ reke laKkukRed fl¼akrksa
us Lohdkj fd;k gS (lh[kus dks vknr cukuk & crkus
okys O;ogkjoknh fl¼karksa osQ leku gh)A ^^Hkk"kkvksa dk
cks>** iwjh f'k{kk ossQ cks> ossQ leku gh ,d rjg ls
ugha le> ldus dk cks> gSA ;g rc gksrk gS tc Hkk"kk
dks eg”k vius fy, ,d [kkl :i ;k fu;eksa osQ rgr
i<+k;k tkrk gS] lqlaxr ikBksa ossQ vFkZ ossQ okgd ossQ :i
esa ugha] ;g egt ikl djus ossQ fy, vfrfjDr fo"k;
ek=k jg tkrk gSA8
Hkkjr esa vaxsz”kh&f'k{kk dh fofo/rk vkSj O;kidrk
dks ns[krs gq, iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd fdl izdkj lh[kus
okyk viuh mez osQ eqrkfcd vkSj Hkk"kk ossQ Kku ;k
Hkk"kk dkS'ky dh rS;kfj;ksa ossQ eqrkfcd vFkZiw.kZ Hkk"kk
vtZu djsA ,slh lkexzh de ls de d{kkvksa esa rks
feyuh gh pkfg, ijarq lh[kus okyksa ossQ vius iz;RUkksa ossQ
}kjk vU; :iksa eas Hkh miyC/ gksuh pkfg,A lh[kuk
d{kk ;k f'k{kd rd gh lhfer ugha gksuk pkfg,A
lqfo/koafpr f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ossQ Hkk"kk&ifjos'k dks fo'ks"k
rjhdksa ls le`¼ djus dh ”k:jr gSA bl fygkt ls
dbZ u;h liQy [kkstsa vkSj uokpkj bl ns'k esa fo|eku
gSa ftUgsa mudh rkRdkfyd LFkkuh; ”k:jrksa ossQ ijs ys
tkdj O;kid cukus ossQ fy, Nku&chu vkSj izksRlkgu
dh ”k:jr gS] tSls var%fØ;kRed jsfM;ks funsZ'k] y{;
vk/kfjr laizs"k.k joS;k] iw.kZ Hkk"kk vk[;ku dk;ZØe
vkfnA ge bu liQyrkvksa dk o.kZu djus dk iz;kl
djsaxsA
3-2 'kq#vkrh Lrj ij vaxzs”kh
3-2-1 Hkk"kk ls ifjp; % ,d iwoZ&lk{kjrk ikB~;p;kZ
vaxzs”kh pkgs ftl d{kk ls 'kq: gks (I - III, ;k IV ;k
V - VI) 'kq#vkrh y{; (vaxzs”kh lh[kus ossQ igys ;k
nks lkyksa esa) ;g gS fd&
• lkFkZd fLFkfr;ksa esa vaxzs”kh ossQ lkFk igpku
cukbZ tk, (eq[;r% cksypky ;k fyf[kr
vkSj cksyh gqbZ lkexzh }kjk) rkfd cPps dks
Hkk"kk dk dkepykÅ Kku gks lossQA
^^vc rd Hkk"kk lh[kus ossQ reke liQy vuqHkoksa
dh ,dleku fo'ks"krk ;g jgh gS fd f'k{kkFkhZ dks ,d

8- tc Hkk"kk dks Hkk"kk ossQ :Ik esa ugha i<+k;k tkrk rks og ek=k vuqeku ossQ tfj;s lh[kh tkrh gSA bldk irk vaxzs”kh ekè;e Ldwyksa
dh vis{kkd`r vf/d liQyrk ls pyrk gSA tgk¡ vfrfjDr vax”sz kh dh lkexzh (vax”sz kh osQs lkekftd vuqHkoksa osQs vykok) vU; fo"k;ksa
dh i<+kbZ ls feyrh gSA vDlj bldk ifj.kke ^bafM;fu”e* ossQ vtZu ossQ :i esa gksrk gS ftls oLrqr% vaxzs”kh d{kkvksa esa grksRlkfgr
fd;k tkrk gSA ns[ksa ^^'ksYVMZ ySaXost Vhfpax¸ dk;ZozQe (fo"k;ksa okyh d{kk,¡ nwljh Hkk"kk ossQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa ossQ fy, cks/xE; cukbZ tkrh
gS & ns[ksa Ø'ksu 1987%71)A cks/xE; lkexzh vkSj ikB~;p;kZ ossQ fy, leku Hkk"kk ossQ utfj, ls Hkk"kk&lh[kus okyksa vkSj Hkk"kk ugha
le> ikus okyksa dh [kkbZ dks ikVk tk ldrk gSA

;k vU; rjhossQ ls lh[kh tkus okyh Hkk"kk ls ifjfpr
djk;k tkrk gS**(jnjiQksMZ 1987%18)
• ;gk¡ ^i;kZIr v¡kdM+ksa* ls vk'k; gS fd lky
Hkj ,d ikB~;iqLrd ls fpiossQ jguk i;kZIr
ugha gSA blh lhfer lkexzh ij oqQ'ky vf/
dkj gkfly djus dh ctk; fofo/ vkSj
lkFkZd Hkk"kk&lkefxz;ksa ls fujarj ifjp; djkrs
jgus ij ”kksj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
• bldk laca/ ewY;kadu&fof/ ls Hkh gS] ftldh
ppkZ vkxs dh tk,xhA
vktdy 'kh?kz&lk{kj cukus vkSj yxk, x, ikBksa
ossQ mÙkj daBLFk djkus ij ”kksj fn;k tkrk gSA gekjk
cy lk{kjrk&iwoZ ikB~;p;kZ dh ”k:jr ij gSA
ge ^O;kid lkexzh* eqgS;k djkus ossQ lq>koksa ls
'kq: djsaxsA bl lkexzh esa ikB~;iqLrossQa] vU; eqfnzr
lkexzh tSls cM+h fdrkcsa] d{kk iqLrdky;] ,d ls
vf/d Hkk"kkvksa esa lekarj lkexzh vkSj ehfM;k lkexzh
(lh[kus okyksa ossQ fy, if=kdk,¡] v[kckjksa ossQ LraHk]
jsfM;ks@vkWfM;ks dSlsV~l bR;kfn) rFkk ^izkekf.kd* vkSj
miyC/ lkexzh dk bLrseky 'kkfey gSA 'kks/ ossQ
vuqlkj nwljh Hkk"kk lh[kus dh LokHkkfod fLFkfr;ksa esa
fdlh lh[kus okys }kjk Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx 'kq: djus ossQ
iz;kl ossQ igys rhu eghuksa dh fLFkfr ^ekSu vof/*
gksrh gSA bl vof/ esa lh[kus okyksa dks tks Hkh lkexzh
miyC/ gksrh gS] og mlossQ 'kq#vkrh mi;ksx (pkgs og
oqQN 'kCnksa] okD;ksa ossQ VqdM+ksa vkSj iQkewZyko`Qr Hkk"kk rd
gh lhfer gks) ossQ iz;klksa dk vk/kj gksrh gSA blhfy,
d{kk esa Hkk"kk dh le> vkSj mlossQ vuqHkoksa dh
dher ij Hkk"kk ossQ 'kh?kz mRiknu ij cy ugha
fn;k tkuk pkfg,A Hkk"kk dh tk¡p ekr`Hkk"kk]
9- Nn~e & mi;ksx ls gekjk rkRi;Z ml Hkk"kk O;ogkj ls gS tks vly esa gksus okyh izfØ;k dh udy djrh gSA ysfdu og lh[kus
okys dks tks Ik<+k;k x;k gS mldh lhekvksa ls ikj tkus dh vuqefr ugha nsrh gSA
7
gko&Hkko ;k ,d 'kCn osQs mÙkjksa ls dh tk ldrh gSA
• d{kk esa 'kq#vkrh mi;ksx dk fdafpr~ ifjofrZr
rjhdk cks/xE; lkexzh ossQ ^Nn~e mi;ksx* dk
gks ldrk gS] dforkvksa ;k rqdksa dks lh[kdj]
Hkk"kk dk lkekU; rkSj ij iz;ksx vkSj d{kk
O;oLFkk ossQ iQkewZys dks lh[kdj vfHkoknu ;k
vuqjks/ksa dks lh[kus osQ tfj;sA Nn~e mi;ksx
dh ”k:jr laHkor% ekStwnk jVaRk fof/ dks
izsfjr djrh gSA bls igpkudj vkSj ikB~;p;kZ
esa bls mfpr LFkku nsdj ckn esa okLrfod
mi;ksxh LFkku dh vksj c<+k tk ldrk gSA9
• Mªkek vkSj ukVd dk izn'kZu izkekf.kd vkSj
cks/xE; lanHkks± esa Nn~e&mi;ksx dk ijEijkxr
rjhdk jgk gSA gkoHkko iw.kZ rqdcanh] NksVs
ukVd vkSj >ydh] okLrfod d{kk xfrfof/
ossQ :i esa fFk;sVj ls 'kq#vkr djuk] Hkk"kk ls
cPps ossQ Lkaca/ vkSj izLrqrhdj.k dks c<+kok ns
ldrk gSA ckn ossQ Lrjksa ij ;g (O;kdj.k ossQ
lkFk&lkFk) vyadkj&'kkL=k ossQ vè;;u esa
fodflr gks ldrk gS (uhps ns[ksa)A
3-2-2 f'k{kd&lkexzh dks laiwjd o vuqiwjd cukuk
f'k{kd dh Lo;a dh Hkk"kk;h fuiq.krk dh lhfer {kerk
cksèkxE; lkexzh osQ :i esa lrr d{kk izopu dks
lhfer djrh gSA (d{kk 1 osQ vaxzs”kh f'k{kdksa dh
rS;kjh dh fujk'kkiw.kZ rlohj ossQ fy, ns[ksa d`".ku vkSj
iafMr] 2003) fiQj Hkh]
• f'k{kd dh ;ksX;rkvksa dks lkexzh ossQ tfj;s
fodflr djus vkSj iwjd cukus ossQ fy,
dbZ jkLrs gSaA
 8

(i) var%fØ;kRed jsfM;ks funs'Z k (lh- ,y- vkj-]
iq.ks)10 tSlh ifj;kstuk,¡ lq>krh gSa fd LFkkuh;
jsfM;ks cksèkxE; vkSj fnypLi lanHkks± esa ljy
cksypky dh Hkk"kk eqgS;k djk ldrk gS tks
fd cPps dh Hkk"kk xzg.k djus dh {kerk
vkSj f'k{kd dh Hkk"kk;h fuiq.krk c<+krk gS
pkgs og xzkeh.k lanHkksZa esa ^tgk¡ vaxzs”kh fons'kh
Hkk"kk ossQ rkSj ij* d{kk ik¡p rd dh] nsjh ls
gh D;ksa u 'kq: dh xbZ gksA Hkk"kk dk fujarj
vkSj lrr vuqHko rFkk cks/xE;rk dh fu;fer
izfriqf"V dh vko';drk lqfuf'pr dh tkuh
pkfg,A
(ii) laiw.kZ Hkk"kk n`f"Vdks.k (tkafxM+] 2005)11 ossQ
rgr dgkuh&i<+us dks d{kk&iz.kkyh dh rjg
fodflr fd;k tkuk pkfg, (ctk; dgkuh
dks ikB dh rjg i<+kus ossQ)A dgkfu;ksa dks
”kksj ls i<+uk] nksgjkdj i<+uk] lkewfgd :i
ls i<+uk] dgkuh fiQj ls crkus vkSj fiQj ls
fy[kus dh xfrfof/;k¡ f'k{kdksa dh ekStwnk
Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk vkSj dkS'kyksa dks le`¼ o
fodflr dj ldrh gSaA fu;fer :i ls
dgkfu;k¡ i<+us ls cPps esa] Hkk"kk&vtZu dh
izfØ;k dks c<+kok feysxk vkSj cPps ossQ
lkFk&lkFk f'k{kdksa esa Hkh i<+us dh vknr
fodflr gksxhA [kksts tkus okys egÙoiw.kZ
rjhossQ gSa &
1- cM+h fdrkcksa dk lfEefyr ikB% cM+s vkdkj
dh fnypLi iqLrdas ftuesa ikB ossQ lkFk
laqnj fp=k Hkh gksa] (LikdZ bafM;k rFkk izksfel
iQkmaMs'ku] csaxyq: dh fdrkcksa dh rjg)
lewg&ikB ossQ mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSa tc
f'k{kd i<+rk gS rks cPps igys i<+h xbZ Hkk"kk
vkSj fp=kksa ossQ }kjk dgkuh ls ifjfpr gksrs gSa
vkSj /hjs&/hjs eqfnzr dksM ls cPps dk ifjp;
gksrk tkrk gSA (eè;oxhZ; o mPpoxhZ; ifjokjksa
esa cPpksa dks dgkfu;k¡ lqukus dk pyu tks
fd ,d ,slh lk{kjrk xfrfof/ gS tks lk{kjrk
ossQ fodkl dks c<+kok nsrh gS] lqfo/koafpr
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa nksgjkbZ tk ldrh gSA)
2- jhfMax dkMks± dk mi;ksx (tSlkfd lh-vkbZ-bZ-
,iQ-,y- }kjk cuk, x, vaxzs”kh 400 rFkk
vaxzs”kh 100 dkM~Zl ) vkSj d{kk&iqLrdky;ksa
dk izko/kuA jhfMax dkMZ ossQ y?kq Lrjhd`r
vuqPNsn (tks pkj okD;ksa dh dgkuh ls 'kq:
gksrs gSa)A izR;sd lh[kus okys dks f'k{kd }kjk
'kq: djk, tkus ossQ ckn Lo;a vius dfBukbZ
dk Lrj r; djus vkSj ekSu ikB (tks fd
i<+us dh vknr ossQ fodkl dk lwpd gS)
dh viuh&xfr dks r; djus dh NwV nsrs gSaA
3- ^cksyrh fdrkcsa* (dSlsV~l $ fdrkcsa) f'k{kd

10- lsaVj iQkWj fjlkslsZat (lh-,y-vkj-)] iq.ks us rhu o"khZ; laoknkRed jsfM;ks dk;ZØe ^ge vaxzs”kh lh[ksa* fodflr fd;k gSA bls xzkeh.k
o 'kgj ossQ Hkk"kk;h {ks=k ossQ izkFkfed Ldwyksa esa cksypky dh vaxzs”kh fl[kkus gsrq fodflr fd;k x;k gSA 15 feuV dk ;g dk;ZØe
250 Hkkxksa esa c¡Vk gqvk gS tks rhu vdknfed o"kks± esa laiUu gksrk gSA bl nkSjku lh[kusokyksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os Hkkxhnkjh
djsaA lh[kus okyksa ossQ lquus vkSj cksyus ossQ gquj ij bldk tks izHkko gS og pakd
S kus okyk gSA bl dk;ZØe dk ejkBh & vaxs”z kh laLdj.k
eqacbZ vkSj iq.ks f”kys esa rFkk fgUnh&vaxzs”kh laLdj.k fnYyh] >kj[kaM vkSj mÙkjk[kaM esa vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks }kjk izlkfjr fd;k tk pqdk
gSA bl dk;ZØe ls vaxzs”kh esa #fp j[kus okys ;qok o cqtqxZ Jksrk rFkk yk[kksa dh la[;k esa fo|kFkhZ ykHkkfUor gq, gSaA
11- tkafxM+ (2005) us yxkrkj ,d lky rd dFkk okpu dk;ZØe ossQ nkSjku i<+us] cksyus vkSj fy[kus esa gkfly miyfC/ dk C;ksjk
fn;k gSA blesa i<+us dh izfof/ rFkk blls tqM+h f'k{kd }kjk dh tkus okyh xfrfof/ ij foLr`r ckrphr gSA lkFk gh blesa gjsd ossQ
fy, f'k{k.k ossQ ;Fks"V rdZ fn, x, gSaA bl vè;;u esa d{kk 1 ossQ fy, Hkk"kk ossQ tkjh ;k jpukRed ewY;kadu dk Hkh vfHkys[ku
fd;k x;k gSA
 9

vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ nksuksa ossQ mPpkj.k vkSj i<+kbZ dk
vkn'kZ r; djrh gSa (lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y- ossQ
ikl bl laca/ esa oqQN vuqHko gSa)A ;g ,d
,slk {ks=k gS tgk¡ vHkh ck”kkj u;k gksus osQ
dkj.k futh ;k O;kolkf;d iz;kl ugha gks ik
jgs gSAa vr% ;gk¡ ljdkjh lgk;rk dh ”k:jr gSA
(iii) izHkq (1987) us ,d ^dk;Z&vk/kfjr* izfof/
dk o.kZu fd;k gS tks d{kk esa ^vFkZ le>kus
osQs fy, ckrphr* vkSj ^vFkZ osQas fnzr xfrfof/*
dh vksj ys tkrh gSA12 bl Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQ
fy, ^ikB* f'k{kd dk O;k[;ku gksrk gS%
f'k{kd d{kk osQ fy, yxHkx mlh rjg
cksyrk gS ^^tSls dksbZ o;Ld fdlh cPps ls
ckr dj jgk gks (iwoZor~ i`- 57)A blossQ
fy, tgk¡ f'k{kd esa cqfu;knh Hkk"kk;h fuiq.krk
vko';d gS] ogha ;g è;ku jgs fd ;gk¡
O;kdj.k ;k lkfgR; dh fo'ks"kKrk dh t:jr
ughaA (f'k{kd oSQlh vaxzs”kh cksy ldrs gaS
blossQ fy, ns[ksa [kaM 4-2 rFkk izHkq (iwoZor~
i`- 98)
,sls u”kfj;ksa vkSj rjhdksa dks vyx&Fkyx ugha
jguk pkfg, cfYd ,d O;kid laKkukREkd n'kZu
(ftlesa ok;xksfRLkdh] pkWELdh rFkk fi;kts osQ fl¼akrksa
dk lekos'k gks) ossQ rgr ,d nwljs ossQ lg;ksxh Hkko
esa gksuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k osQ fy,] Hkk"kk osQ fodkl osQ
fy, cks/xE; mRiknu ossQ lkFk&lkFk cks/xE; lkexzh
dh vko';drk gks ldrh gSA lh[kus okys dk O;kdj.k
Kku tks ewyr% vO;Dr crk;k tkrk gS] volj vkus ij
;k ”k:jr iM+us ij O;Dr Hkh gks ldrk gSA i<+us ossQ
funsZ'kksa esa èofud ;k la'kksf/r èofud utfj;s ossQ
lkFk&lkFk iw.kZ&'kCn n`f"Vdks.k Hkh gks ldrk gSA (tSlk
ge vkxs crk,¡xs)A fdlh [kkl xfrfof/ (tSls i<+kbZ)
ossQ fy, cPps dh rS;kj gks ikus dh vo/kj.kk ls gh
d{kk esa ikB~;Øe ossQ y{;ksa dks ykxw djuk r; gksuk
pkfg,A d{kk dksbZ iz;ksx'kkyk ugha gS] vr% mls lcdks
feykdj pyus okyk LFkku gksuk pkfg, tgk¡ izR;sd
O;fDr dh lh[kus dh 'kSyh dk è;ku j[kk tkrk gksA
3-2-3 miyC/ laKkukRed o Hkk"kk;h lalk/uksa
dk mi;ksx
dk;Z&vk/kfjr izfof/ ls ,d egÙoiw.kZ varnZ`f"V ;g
mHkjrh gS fd ge d{kk esa ¶u fli+QZ y{; Hkk"kk ossQ
lalk/uksa dks gh cfYd lh[kus okyksa ossQ ikl miyC/
reke vU; lalk/ukas (bu ij gesa cy nsuk pkfg,)
tSls vVdyckth] gko&Hkko] izFkkvksa dk Kku] la[;kvksa
dk Kku vkSj ekr`Hkk"kk vkfn dks 'kkfey djus ossQ fy,
laokn dh vko';drk iSnk dj ldrs gSa vkSj djuh
pkfg,¸ (izHkq 1987%29)A d{kk 1 ;k d{kk 4 ossQ

12- ^caxyksj enzkl izkstsDV* ;k dE;qfuossQ'kuy Vhfpax izkstsDV dki+Qh egÙoiw.kZ igy FkhA blesa lS¼akfrd ifj'kq¼rk vkSj vo/kj.kkRed
Li"Vrk rks Fkh gh lkFk gh LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ossQ fy, iQk;nsean d{kk iz.kkyh fodflr djus dk leiZ.k Hkh FkkA ;g iz;ksx dukZVd
vkSj rfeyukMq ossQ lkr {ks=kh; (Hkk"kk) ekè;e Ldwyksa dh vkB d{kkvksa esa (muesa rhu fuxe ;k ljdkjh LowQy 'kkfey Fks) ik¡p
o"kks± rd pykA bldk mís'; lh[kus okyksa dks ,d mi;ksxh Hkk"kk nsuk Fkk tks O;kdj.k dh n`f"V ls Hkh lgh gksA d{kk esa vH;kl ls
tks iz.kkyh fodflr gqbZ] mlls f'k{k.k fo'ks"kKksa ossQ gkFk ls fudy dj d{kk f'k{kdksa ossQ gkFk esa pyk x;kA Vhe dk iz;kl Fkk fd
d{kk esa ,slh fLFkfr iSnk dh tk, ftlesa lh[kus okys esa laokn ossQ fy, iz;Ru djus dk Hkko mHkjs] ;kuh ^le>uk] fdlh txg ij
igq¡puk] vkSj vFkZ laizsf"kr djukA* dk;Z ossQ Lo:Ik us tks fd rfdZd&varjky xfrfof/ ij vk/kfjr Fkk f'k{kd vkSj lh[kus okys
ossQ lR;kHkkl ossQ cks/ dks larq"V fd;kA ;g ,d xaHkhj vf/xe xfrfof/ ossQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k (Hkk"kk [ksyksa vkSj Hkwfedk&fuokZg
ossQ foijhr)_ vkSj vFkZ&ossQfUnzr d{kk xfrfof/ rFkk vFkZ ossQ Li"V ysu&nsu dks ,d Li"V fn'kkfunsZ'k esa Loho`Qfr nh xbZA bu dk;ks±
dh iwjh lwph izHkq (1987) esa nh xbZ gSA
 10

f'k{kkFkhZ Hkk"kk esa dPps gksa ij laKkukRed :i ls os
f'k{kkFkhZ gSa] f'k'kq ughaA mudh (vkSj muossQ f'k{kdksa dh)
ekStwnk laKkukRed o Hkk"kk;h ;ksX;rkvksa dk mi;ksx u
dj ikus ls ge ,d lalk/u rks [kks gh cSBrs gSa lkFk
gh ml cPps dks Hkh foeq[k dj nsrs gSa tks u;h Hkk"kk
vkSj vius ekufld lalkj esa dksbZ laca/ ugha [kkst
ikrkA Hkk"kkvksa ossQ chp vkSj vU; fo"k;ksa vkSj Hkk"kkvksa
ossQ chp ossQ O;o/ku gVkus dh gekjh fli+Qkfj'k ossQ ihNs
;gh u”kfj;k gSA13
3-2-4 lk{kjrk dh 'kq#vkr
fMdksfMax% uhps ls Åij vkSj Åij ls uhps
eqnz.k ossQ lkFk&lkFk cksypky lk{kjrk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ
jkLrk gSA ,d iw.kZrkoknh ;k Åij ls uhps rd dk
n`f"Vdks.k (dgkuh i<+us ossQ ekè;e ls) tks iw.kZ 'kCnksa
;k Hkk"kk ossQ VqdM+ksa dh n`'; igpku fodflr djrk gS]
ossQ lkFk&lkFk eqnz.k igpkuuk vkSj fodksMhdj.k rFkk
o.kZ&èofu ekufp=k.k (;s oqQ'kyrk,¡ vktdy i<+us ossQ
lkFk tqM+h gSa) ossQ uhps ls Åij rd ossQ joS;s dks tksM+uk
gksxkA rqd okys o.kZ&lewgksa (xksLokeh 1999) ossQ tfj;s
,d ifjofrZr èofud joS;k viukus ls vaxzs”kh Lisfyax
dh eè;LFkrk dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA (tSls fd
dSV] jSV] eSV] dkj] iQkj] LVkj] ckWy] gkWy] dkWy esa
^,* o.kZ dh èofu dh fujarjrk vFkok it/ ite, at/ ate,
ot/ ote vkfn o.kks± esa Loj & èofu;ksa ossQ mPpkj.k dk
vuqeku)A 'kkW dk izfl¼ mnkgj.k (Ghoti = fish)
o.kZ&lewgksa ossQ 'kCn esa vk{kfjd LFkku ossQ lanHkZghu
iz;ksx ossQ dkj.k cuk gS (vaxzs”kh esa 'kq#vkr esa sh dk
mPpkj.k dHkh@iQ@ugha gksrk vkSj ti dh orZuh dk
mPpkj.k@'k@ges'kk tion ossQ Øe esa gksrk gS)A ,MEl
(1990) us bu ekeyksa dk vPNk ifjp; fn;k gSA
iwoZ&lk{kjrk ekSf[kd xfrfof/;k¡ cPps esa cksys vkSj
fy[ks x, Hkk"kk dksMksa tSls rqd] uke ;k 'kCnksa esa igyh
èofu dh lekurk vkfn ls laca/ cukus dh {kerk dks
fodflr dj ldrh gSA14
,d eqnz.k&le`¼ ifjos'k
eqnz.k&le`¼ ifjos'k esa dbZ lk{kjrk iwoZ xfrfof/;k¡ dh
tk ldrh gSa] d{kk esa laosQr fpg~u] pkVZ] dk;Z O;oLFkk
dh lwpuk,¡ yxh gksuh pkfg, tSlk fd ,d eè;oxhZ;
ifjokj Hkh djrk gS (ftlls ogk¡ ossQ cPpksa dks igyh
ih<+h esa lh[kus vk, cPpksa ls rjthg fey tkrh gS)A
izfrekRed :i ls igpkuus ossQ fy, oSKkfud
fpg~uksa ossQ :i esa tgk¡ miyC/ gks] ogk¡ f'k{kd
^ifjos'kh; eqnz.kksa* (uksfVl] lkbucksMZ] yscy vkfn)
dh vksj è;ku fnyk ldrk gS% gj d{kk ;k gj fo|kFkhZ
vius fy, mnkgj.k [kqn pqu ldrk gSA izHkq (1987)
d{kk 3 ls 5 esa vkjafHkd lk{kjrk&o/Zd laizs"k.kkRed
dk;ks± esa o.kZekyk ossQ o.kk±s ls [kkyh fp=kksa ossQ Åij
yscy yxkus dk dke lq>krs gSaA tkafxM+ (2005) n'kkZrs
gSa fd cPps (d{kk 1 ;k 3) dgkfu;ksa ossQ tfj;s eqnz.k
ls ifjfpr gksrs gaS blls cPpksa esa iUus ossQ LFkku Øe
fo'ks"kr% ossQanz esa 'kh"kZd] vuqPNsn] fu;fer {kSfrt
js[kk,¡ vkfn dk cks/ fodflr gksrk gSA
igys ossQ vO;ofLFkr ys[ku ossQ eqdkcys Jqrys[k

13- izHkq gesa crkrs gSa (lanHkZ igys okyk gS)% ^^---- lh[kus okyksa ossQ fy, dk;Z vk/kfjr f'k{k.k esa dksbZ cM+h leL;k mHkj dj ugha vkbZ
gS---A ,d NksVk lk ykHk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj LowQyh Hkk"kk esa vaxzs”kh ossQ dqN 'kCnksa dh ekStwnxh ls gqvk gSA muesa ls dqN rks lh[kus
okyksa ossQ igys ikBksa esa Hkh 'kkfey gSA** (bl ifj;kstuk ossQ le; rfeyukMq esa vaxzs”kh dh 'kq#vkr d{kk rhu vkSj dukZVd esa d{kk
ik¡p ls gksrh Fkh)A
14- lh[kus okys }kjk iz;qDr vaxzs”kh 'kCn cPpksa ossQ ?kj] iM+ksl vkSj ehfM;k ls vkrs gSa] iwjh d{kk ossQ fy, lalk/u cu tkrs gaSA ukx
v#yef.k vkfn (2003) crkrs gSa fd vaxzs”kh ls tw>rs d{kk rhu ossQ cPpksa ossQ fy, fofHkUu èofu [ksyksa ls ifjp; cPpksa dh i<+kbZ
i<+us] orZuh vkSj 'kCn laxzg ossQ fodkl dks c<+kok ns ldrk gSA
 11

Hkh vkt laiw.kZ&Hkk"kk&xfrfof/ ossQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS 3-3 ckn osQs Lrjksa ij vax”sz kh % mPp Lrjh; dq'kyrk,¡
ftlesa cPps dks ikB ossQ mnkgj.kksa dks fMdksM dj 3-3-1- 'kCn&laxzg] iBu vkSj lkfgR;
viuh Le`fr esa j[kus dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftUgsa og 'kCn&laxzg] iBu vkSj lkfgR; laizs"k.k laca/h ;ksX;rk
fy[kus ossQ fy, iquxZfBu djrk gSA (Msfol vkSj vkSj nwljh Hkk"kk ossQ xzg.k vkSj fodkl ossQ fy, vc
fjuoksyqØh 1988) 'kCndks'kh; Kku dks ossaQnzh; ekuk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd
3-2-5 O;kid lkexzh ossQ iks"k.k vkSj lqiqnZxh ossQ igyh Hkk"kk esa Hkh ^^tgk¡ Hkk"kk dk O;kdj.k 10 o"kZ dh
fy, O;oLFkk mez rd cPpk lh[k tkrk gS] ogk¡ 'kCn&laxzg djus dk
dke thouHkj pyrk jgrk gSA** (fLeV] 2000%4)
ge dqN xfrfof/;ksa o lkexzh dk foLrkj ls o.kZu dj
vkxs ossQ Lrjksa ij 'kCn&laxzg vkSj ys[ku dk
pqosQ gSa tks 'kq#vkrh fnuksa esa Hkk"kk fodkl dks c<+kok
vkèkkj le> vkSj #fp ossQ lkFk dh xbZ O;kid i<+kbZ
nsrh gSa D;ksafd muosQ vHkko esa vaxzs”kh dks vkjaHk ls
gSA 'kCn&HkaMkj15 ds vtZu dks ysdj ;g fookn yxkrkj
ykxw djus dk mís'; vliQy gks tk,xkA ;g [kaM
pyrk gS fd ;g LokHkkfod :i ls gksrk gS ;k fl[kk;k
cgqHkkf"kdrk] f'k{kd dh rS;kjh o ewY;kadu osQs lkFk&lkFk
tkrk gSA ;g cgl bafxr djrh gS fd ,d ekè;fed
mu Ldwyksa esa ,d cqfu;knh ldkjkRed gLr{ksiksa dh
Lrj ossQ fo|kFkhZ ossQ vdknfed mís';ksa ossQ fy, ftl
ckr djrk gS tgk¡ u rks f'k{kd fuiq.k gS vkSj u gh
foLr`r 'kCn&laxzg15 dh vko';drk gS mls ^lc dqN
vaxzs”kh&xzg.k djus osQ fy, i;kZIr lefFkZr ifjos'kA
;k dqN ugha* dh f'k{k.k fof/ ls ugha cfYd èkhjs&èkhjs
O;kid lkexzh dh cPpksa rd lqiqnZxh osQ ra=kksa dks
Øec¼ :i ls fufeZr djuk gksrk gS (ns[ksa Øs'ku
igpkuus dk y{; gksuk pkfg, pkgs os d{kk esa gksa ;k
1989] fLEkV 2000)A tc 'kq#vkrh o"kks± esa Hkk"kk mfpr
ckgj_ mnkgj.kkFkZ] cPpksa ossQ fy, Ldwy NwVus ossQ ckn
:i ls i<+kbZ xbZ gks rks ckn ossQ o"kks± esa f'k{kkFkhZ d{kk
lkeqnkf;d lalk/u osQanz osQ :i esa Ldwy dk;Z dj
esa FkksM+h enn ls gh ;s mPp&Lrjh; dq'kyrk,¡ Lora=k
ldrk gSA ^^mipkjkRed f'k{k.k** ij fn, tkus okys
:i ls LoHkkor% vftZr dj ysrk gSA 'kks/ ;g Hkh
ekStwnk cy dks ,sls lgk;d gLr{ksi rd ys tkuk
crkrs gSa fd tc Hkk"kk f'k{k.k esa ikjaifjd rjhdksa ls
pkfg, tks ,d cqfu;knh liQyrk gkfly dj lossQaA tc
gVdj] tgk¡ 'kCnksa ossQ vFkZ fl[kk, tkrs gSa ('kCndks'k
vf/dka'k cPpksa dks ^^mipkjkRed f'k{k.k** dh ”k:jr
dk rjhdk)] ,d le`¼ rjhdk viuk;k x;k tgk¡ 'kCn
gks rks Li"V gS fd Lo;a ra=k dks bldh ”k:jr gSA
dk nwljs 'kCnksa vkSj lanHkks± ls laca/ crk;k x;k
vktdy f'k{kdksa vkSj Ldwyksa dh vke f'kdk;r gS fd
(fo'odks'k dk rjhdk)] rks vf/d dkjxj urh”ks
cPpksa dh ?kjsyw i`"BHkwfe i;kZIr lgk;d ugha gS rks
lkeus vk, (iQkWlsV vkSj fudylu] 1991] Luks vkfn]
lqfo/koafpr f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks vko';d leFkZu eqgS;k
1991)A
djkus dk nkf;Ro O;oLFkk dk gSA

15- ,d 20 o"khZ; fo'ofo|ky;h fo|kFkhZ dks vax”sz kh ekè;e ls f'k{kk izkIr djus osQs fy, de ls de 20]000 ^'kCn ifjokjks*a (,d 'kCn
ossQ vU; :Ik vkSj mlls fudys :iksa ossQ lkFk) dks tkuuk ”k:jh gSA ;g ekudj pyk tkrk gS fd fdlh 17 o"khZ; yM+osQ dks
fo'ofo|ky;h f'k{kk ossQ fy, rS;kj gksus ossQ fy, 15000 ls 17000 'kCn ifjokjksa ls ifjfpr gksuk pkfg, ;fn og izfr o"kZ 1000 u,
'kCn lh[kus dh lkeF;Z j[krk gksA
 12

d{kk&iqLrdky;ksa esa mi;ksx esa ykbZ xbZ ;k miyC/ vko';drk ugha gSA vr,o ge vius dk;Z{ks=k esa ml
lkexzh eqfnzr ;k eYVhehfM;k :iksa esas gks ldrh gSA ij fopkj ugha dj jgs)A ;s utfj;s iwoZ Lukrd Lrj
cPpksa dk ifjp; bu lHkh :iksa ls gksuk pkfg,A oSls rks ij vaxzs”kh ossQ vè;;u dh fo'ks"kKrk ossQ vk/kj cusaxsA
lHkh Lrjksa ij] lkexzh dks lekurk (fyax vkSj lkekftd)
vkSj lkSgknZzrk (euq";ksa ossQ chp] euq"; vkSj izd`fr ossQ 3-3-2 Hkk"kk vkSj vkykspukRed fparu % lanHkZ
chp) ossQ izfr laosnu'khy gksuk pkfg, ij [kklrkSj ls dkS'ky] O;kdj.k vkSj lkfgR;'kkL=k
bl Lrj ij tgk¡ cM+h ek=kk esa Lora=k vè;;u visf{kr ckn ossQ Lrjksa ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks dqN fo'oluh; dk;ks±
gksrk gS (o"kZ Hkj esa de ls de 6 ikB)] mu lewgksa ossQ }kjk fy[kus ls ifjfpr djk;k tk ldrk gSA tSls
esa tgk¡ f'k{kdksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ;ksX;rk miyC/ gks] muossQ bykossQ ossQ fdlh ,sls O;fDr ossQ fy, i=k fy[kuk
Hkk"kk ossQ izfr fyaxcks/ijd ltxrk iSnk dh tk ldrh ftls fyfid dh ”k:jr gks ;k nwljs cPpksa ls i=k&O;ogkj
gSA ;g ikB~;p;kZ&i;Zos{k.k utfj;k Hkk"kk&iz;ksx lacaèkh (ge bl xfrfof/ dks c<+kus ossQ fy, varj&Ldwyh;
[kkst dk vkn'kZ {ks=k gSA dk;ZØe ossQ ckjs esa lksp ldrs gSa) ;k mu yksxksa dks
ijaijkxr :i ls 'kq#vkrh Lrj ossQ ckn Hkk"kk lkFk feyk ldrs gSa tks Lo;a fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls i=k&O;ogkj
lh[kus dh lkexzh dk lzksr lkfgfR;d x|_ dFkk&lkfgR; djuk pkgsaA blesa vè;;u ossQ ftu dkS'kyksa ij cy
vkSj dfork gksrs gSaA tgk¡ O;kid {ks=k ossQ vf/d] gksuk pkfg, os gaS% uksV ysuk] uksV cukuk] m¼j.k
lelkekf;d vkSj izkekf.kd ikBksa dks 'kkfey djus dk dkS'ky] cksyus ;k fy[kus laca/h laizs"k.k dkS'kyA lHkk
pyu c<+k gS (Hkk"kk&ikB~;p;kZ dks O;kogkfjd fn'kk esa Hkk"k.k nsuk] lk{kkRdkj o okn&fookn ds ctk;
nsus ossQ fy, rFkk lkfgR; dh O;kid ifjHkk"kk cuk ikus fuca/ ;k f?kls&ihVs fo"k;ksa ij ys[ku ossQA e'kgwj Hkk"k.kksa
ossQ fy, Hkh)] vHkh Hkh igq¡p ossQ vanj rFkk lkaLo`Qfrd ls ifjp; djkrs gq, muosQs rdks± dh lajpuk (HkkoukRed
:i ls mi;qDr lkfgR; viuh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ”kkjh ;k rkfdZd) dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
j[ks gq, gS_ ”;knkrj cPps vaxzs”kh d{kk dks dgkfu;k¡ cqfu;knh Hkk"kk;h fuiq.krk gkfly djus osQ ckn
i<+us dh txg ekurs gSaA dYiuk'khyrk ossQ fodkl ossQ O;kdj.k ls ifjp; djk;k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr~ O;kdj.k
fy, Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx ckn ossQ Hkk"kk vè;;u dk izeq[k vdknfed Hkk"kk ij fopkj djus ;k Lo;a vius esa
y{; jgk gSA ikB~;p;kZ esa vaxzs”kh ossQ lkfgR; ossQ ckSf¼d :i ls fnypLi xfrfof/ ossQ :i esa vk,A
oSdfYid vè;;u dk vyx ls izko/ku fd;k tk 'kCndks'kh; izfof"V;ksa ossQ vFkZiw.kZ mi;ksx dh ;ksX;rk
ldrk gS% fczfV'k] vejhdh vkSj Hkkjrh;] dkWeuosYFk ossQ fy, O;kdj.k dk FkksM+k Kku rks fdlh Hkh gkykr esa
vkSj ;wjksih; vkfn lkfgR; ossQ vuqoknksa ossQ :i esaA lkFk vR;ar vko';d gksrk gS D;kasfd lh[kus okyksa ossQ fy,
gh blossQ tgk¡ vko';d gks ogk¡ fo'ks"k mís';ksa ossQ fy, 'kCndks'k esa vc ^^O;kdj.k** dki+Qh ek=kk esa mi;ksxh
vaxzs”kh dks Hkh viuk;k tk ldrk gSA (Hkk"kk ds fVIif.k;kas vkSj mudh dksfMax ossQ :Ik esa jgrk gSA
iQkewZykc¼ iz;ksxksa] tSlk fd i;ZVdksa dh iqfLrdk esa O;kdj.k Hkk"kk dk izkFkfed ;k O;kogkfjd Kku ikus dk
gksrk gS] ossQ fy, Hkk"kk ossQ O;ofLFkr vkSj lgt Kku dh jkLrk ugha gSA16 cfYd Hkk"kk {kerk dks c<+kus vkSj ikB
16- O;kdj.k tSls in dks dbZ rjhdksa ls le>us dh ”k:jr gSA ;gk¡ ge in O;k[;k ossQ dkS'ky ;k j.kuhfr (,sls Hkko lewgksa dh igpku
rkfd mudks okD; eas Bhd txg ij j[kk tk lossQ] ;k okD; ossQ foLrkj ossQ fy, mudk bLrseky djuk) dks [kkfj”k ugha dj jgs
gSa] 'kq#vkrh Lrj ij fuos'kksa dks vf/d cks/xE; cukus ossQ lk/u ossQ :Ik esa] fo'ks"k :Ik esa vaxzs”kh okys ifjos'k esaA dqN O;kdj.k
(tSls izhiksth'ku dk mi;qDr iz;ksx) dh igpku 'kCn&laxzg (bl in ossQ rgr 'kkfey gS eqgkojsnkj vkSj fuf'pr vfHkO;fDr;k¡]
tSls bu Vkbe] vkWu Vkbe) tSls LkVhd in dks lh[kus ossQ :Ik esa dh tk ldrh gSA

dh ^lkfgfR;d* vkSj rdkZRed lajpuk dh le> ossQ
fy, O;kdj.k vko';d gSSA
oqQN f'k{kdksa dk ;g nqjkxzg jgk gS fd O;kdj.k
Hkk"kk dh ^'kq¼rk* (izokg ossQ foijhr) ossQ fy,
vR;ko';d gSA os ;g lksprs gSa fd fo/kFkhZ Hkk"kk dk
bruk vuqHko izkIr dj pqosQ gaS fd os mls lkekU;
xyfr;ksa dks igpkurs gq, Ik;kZIr O;oLFkk ossQ lkFk dj
ldrs gSaA
3-4 vaxzs”kh dh d{kk ;k Ldwy esa cgqHkkf"kdrk
3-4-1 {ks=kh; Hkk"kk ossQ ifjizs{; esa
orZeku esa vaxzs”kh d{kk esa ekr`Hkk"kk dk izos'k xqIr
?kqliSfB, ossQ :i esa gksrk gS] mÙkj fy[kkrs le; f'k{kd
ikB ossQ ^^lkFk&lkFk vuqokn vkSj O;k[;k** djrk
pyrk gS vkSj mls cgl djossQ vkSj le> cukus ossQ
Øe esa mi;ksx esa ykdj ;k vaxzs”kh ls lacaf/r djossQ
lgh txg nh tk ldrh gSA izHkq (1987) bldk ,d
mnkgj.k nsrs gSa & caxyksj izkstsDV esa ekr`Hkk"kk ossQ iz;ksx
dh lhek dk;Z dh ”k:jrksa ls lgt gh r; gks xbZ Fkh
tgk¡ lkexzh vaxzs”kh esa Fkh vkSj tokc Hkh vaxzs”kh esa gh
vkrs FksA ekr`Hkk"kk us gh vko';drk iM+us ij vaxzs”kh
Hkk"kk dks cks/xE; cuk;kA ;fn vaxzs”kh esa fofo/ izdkj
dh lkexzh miyC/ gks vkSj mls le>us dk lPpk
iz;kl gks rks ekr`Hkk"kk n[kyank”kh ugha djrh cfYd
lgk;d gksrh gSA ozsQ'ku (1985%94) crkrs gSa fd
^^lkFk&lkFk fd;k tkus okyk vuqokn izHkkoh ugha gksrk**]
d{kk esa nks Hkk"kkvksa dk mi;ksx ^bl izdkj fd;k tk
ldrk gS fd igyh Hkk"kk dk i`"BHkwfe esa mi;ksx djrs
gq, y{;&Hkk"kk dh lkexzh dks cks/xE; cuk;k tk,A**
vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ossQ lk/u rS;kj djus esa
ekr`Hkk"kk ossQ mi;qZDr iz;ksxksa dh le> cukus esa f'k{kdksa
dh Hkkxhnkjh fufeZr djus dh ”k:jr gSA Hkk"kk&feJ.k
ossQ mi;qZDr Lrj D;k gks ldrs gSa] bl fo"k; ij
f'k{kdksa dh ekufldrk dks lacksf/r djus dh ”k:jr
gSA oqQN laHkkouk,¡ gSa&
13
(v) izkFkfed LowQyksa esa Hkk"kkvksa ossQ chp
rFkk ^^Hkk"kkvksa** vkSj ^fo"k;ksa* ossQ
chp ossQ O;o/ku gVkukA fuEu izkFkfed
Lrj ij ;k de ls de d{kk 1 ls 3
rd tks xfrfofèk;k¡ cPps dks vius
vklikl osQ txr ossQ izfr tkx:d djus
osQ fy, gksrh gSa] os vaxzs”kh ekr`Hkk"kkvksa
osQs lkFk&lkFk vk ldrh gSa (nkl 2005)A
bl izdkj dh cgqHkk"kh xfrfof/;ksa ossQ
fodkl ossQ fy, lkexzh rS;kj djus vkSj
f'k{kdksa ossQ lg;ksx ls ,d Li"V izfof/
ossQ funsZ'k rS;kj djus dh ”k:jr gS
ftlesa ,d ls vf/d Hkk"kkvksa dk
LokHkkfod iz;ksx gks losQs A Hkk"kk;h 'kq¼rkokn
pkgs vaxsz”kh dk gks ;k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa
dk] mlesa dksM&ifjorZu ;k dksM&feJ.k
dh mnkjrk gksuh pkfg,A
(c) ,d ls vf/d Hkk"kkvksa esa lekarj ikB
ykxw djuk] ;g ,d gh dgkuh Hkh gks
ldrh gS tSlh ,u-ch-Vh- us vaxzs”kh ossQ
lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh dgkfu;k¡
Nkih gSa (ns[ksa ve`rkoYyh vkSj jkes'oj
jko] 2001)A izkWfel iQkmaMs'ku us pkj
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj vaxzs”kh esa cM+h
iqLroasQ rS;kj djkbZ gSa] lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-
,y- dh laiw.kZ Hkk"kk n`f"Vdks.k osQ rgr
f}Hkk"kh fdrkcsa gSaA ,sls lekarj ikB ,d
nwljs ossQ ;Fkkor vuqokn gksa ,slk ”k:jh
ugha gS ij os leku vFkZ okys gksa vkSj
muesa ,d tSlh Hkkf"kd xfrfof/ tSls&
rqd] èofu&[ksy vkfn 'kkfey gksa rkfd
cPps Hkk"kk&èofu lajpuk osQs izfr lpsr gksAa
i<+uk ,d lapj.kh; dq'kyrk gS% ,d
Hkk"kk esa i<+us dh dq'kyrk ls i<+us dh
14
oqQ'kyrk lkekU; :i ls c<+rh gS (osLV
1914)A ;g fli+QZ leku fyfi okyh
Hkk"kkvksa esa ugha cfYd vyx fyfi;ksa
okyh Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh dkjxj gksrk gSA
(osLV us caxkyh vkSj vaxzs”kh ij dke
fd;k gS% nks fyfi;ksa dh fLFkfr;ksa vkSj
i<+us dh lapj.kh;rk ossQ ckjs esa vc
FkksM+h cgqr tkudkjh gS)A
(l) fo/kfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk =kqfViw.kZ vaxzs”kh dh
vfHkO;fDr ossQ vFkZ dh iqujZpuk ossQ
fy, tkuh&igpkuh Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx
(iQksdl lewg dh ,d ppkZ esa MkW- paik
fVDowQ dh izLrqfr)A
(n) tcfd Åij fn, x, lq>ko lekarj ;k
lkFk&lkFk dke djus okyh Hkk"kkvksa ossQ
ckjs eas gSa] ogha f}Hkk"kh i<+us&i<+kus okys
osQ fy, ;k fefJr dksM ossQ f}Hkk"kh ikBksa
ij Hkh iz;ksxkRed dk;Z miYkC/ gSa (ns[ksa
Mksosjk 2005] iQsfyDl 1998)A budh
'kS{kf.kd laHkkoukvksa dks [kkstk tk ldrk
gSA
(;) jkT; dks fofHkUu Lrj ossQ fy, lh[kus
okyksa ossQ f}Hkk"kh 'kCndks'kksa ossQ izdk'ku
dh igy djuh pkfg, D;ksafd bldk
ck”kkj ugha gks u s os s Q dkj.k Lrjh;
O;kolkf;d igy bl {ks=k esa ugha gqbZA
vax”sz kh @ izQkalhlh @ Lisuh @ brkyoh @ tkikuh
lanHkks± osQ ,sls 'kCndks'k miyC/ gSa tks
f}Hkkf"kdrk vkSj f}lk{kjrk dks c<+kok
nsaxs vkSj lkexzh dks le>us rFkk Lora=krk
ls i<+Uks dks c<+kok nsaxsA
(j) ,d vU; f}Hkk"kh ekWMy gS ftlesa
vifjfpr Hkk"kk dh lkexzh ysdj ifjfpr
Hkk"kk esa mldk iz;ksx gksrk gS tSlk fd
dHkh&dHkh (vax”sz kh ekè;e) fo'ofo|ky;
ossQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk viuh Hkk"kk esa mÙkj
nsus ossQ vkxzg esa >ydrk gSA (dqN
fo'ofo|ky; bls eku ysrs gSa)A ;g Hkh
è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd fczfV'k Ldwyksa esa
izQkalhlh ikB ossQ vè;kiu esa mÙkj vaxzs”kh
esa fn, gksrs gSaA
;|fi ;s lHkh lq>ko rqjar mi;ksx esa ugha yk, tk
ldrs gSa] fiQj Hkh buls irk pyrk gS fd fofo/
lanHkks± ossQ fy, dbZ fodYi miyC/ gSaA ;s vaxzs”kh
ikB~;p;kZ dks ^gydk cukus* ossQ iz;kl ugha gaS cfYd
oLrq&fLFkfr vkSj ”k:jrksa dks vaxzs”kh dh lqiqnZxh dh
O;oLFkkvksa ossQ pquko ossQ lkFk tksM+us dk iz;kl gSA
(ikB~;iqLrdksa dk [kaM Hkh ns[ksa)
3-4-2 vaxzs”kh ekè;e dk lanHkZ
fdlh laHkzkar 'kgjh cPps dks vaxzs”kh osQ vykok dksbZ
nwljh Hkk"kk esa dkedkt djuk fl[kkuk ,d xaHkhj
pqukSrh gSA ,d ekStwnk ekWMy gS oqQN fo"k;ksa (tSls
lekt foKku) dks xSj vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk esa i<+kus dk (ppkZ
ossQ fy, ns[ksa] ve`roYyh] 2001)A vaxzs”kh dh d{kk esa
vc vaxzs”kh esa Hkkjrh; ys[ku ossQ ikBksa (dFkk lkfgR;
;k xSj dFkk lkfgR;) ossQ lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ls
vuqokfnr ikB fey tkrs gSaA
ijarq vaxzs”kh o vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ossQ chp
laokn dks blls vkxs ys tkus dh ”k:jr gSA mnkgj.k
ossQ fy, oSls rjhossQ [kkstus dh ”k:jr gS ftlls ewy
Hkk"kk vkSj vaxzs”kh vuqokn ossQ lekarj ikB i<+s tk,¡A
ewyr% vaxzs”kh vkSj vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ossQ f'k{kdksa esa
bl ij lgefr gksuh pkfg, fd vdknfed Hkk"kk;h
xfrfof/ D;k gS vkSj bls nSfud thou esa fdl rjg
'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls i=k&if=kdk,¡ miYkC/
gSa tks lekarj Hkk"kk;h laLdj.k fudkyrs gSa (oLrqr%
pankekek vkSj vej fp=kdFkk dk vaxzs”kh ossQ lkFk
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa izdk'ku dk bfrgkl jgk gS)A

Vsyhfotu ij Hkh lekarj Hkk"kk pSuy gSaA ,sls is'ksoj
yksxksa dh i;kZIr la[;k miyC/ gS tks ,d ls vf/d
Hkk"kkvksa esa dke djrs gSaA bu lalk/uksa dks d{kkvksa esa
izkFkfed Lrj vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls ekè;fed Lrj ij
izos'k feyuk pkfg,A
3-5 ikB~;iqLrossQa
bu lcdk fufgrkFkZ gS fd d{kk esa mi;ksx fd, tkus
okys ikBksa] ftlesa ikB~;iqLrd Hkh 'kkfey gS] ij
f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dk vf/d ls vf/d vf/dkj
gks tk,A fli+QZ ,d fu/kZfjr ikB ls ikB~;p;kZ laca/h
Lora=krk ugha vk ldrhA igys dh rjg miyC/ ikBksa
ossQ lewg esa ls ,d pqu ysus ossQ rjhossQ dks fiQj
viuk;k tk ldrk gS% mM+hlk tSls oqQN jkT;ksa esa jhfMax
dkMZ ossQ fopkj ossQ leku gh u;h rjg dh ikB~;iqLrossQa
'kq: dh xbaZ gaS ftuesa ,d gh ihfj;M esa [kRe fd, tk
ldus okyh NksVh bdkb;k¡ gksrh gSa (lquokuh 2005)A
Hkk"kk dks ,d xfr'khy ikB ossQ :Ik esa ns[kk tkuk
pkfg,] ;kuh ckj&ckj ,d gh ikB dks nksgjkrs jgus ossQ
ctk; jks”k&jks”k u;h ?kVukvksa dh rqyuh; Hkk"kk dk
ifjp; djk;k tkuk pkfg,A (ve`rkoYyh] (1999)
bldh rqyuk Hkkjrh; 'kkL=kh; laxhr esa jkx ossQ lh[kus
dh fof/ ls djrh gSaA) ;g cPps dks ^vifBr* cks/
xE; mnkgj.kksa dh ijh{kk ossQ fy, rS;kj djsxkA f'k{kd
vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vius Lrj ossQ vuq:Ik iw.kZ fu/kZfjr
vkSj vfu/kZfjr ikBksa ossQ larqyu dks fodflr djuk
gksxkA
3-5-1 f'k{kkFkhZ }kjk p;fur ikB
f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa }kjk pqus x, ikBksa ossQ mi;ksx ij
vkajfHkd 'kks/ gq, gSa (dqekj nkl 1993)A bu
ikBksa esa vkys[k] iqLrossQa vkSj vuqPNsn] pqVdqys
;k dkVwZu tSlh NksVh phtsa vkrh gSa ftUgsa f'k{kkFkhZ
15
viuh d{kk esa vkSjksa dks lqukus ossQ fy, ykrs gSaA
mi;qZDr lkexzh dh [kkst ossQ fy, f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks
izksRlkfgr djus ls muesa O;kid :Ik ls i<+kbZ
dh izsj.kk c<+rh tkrh gSA ;g d{kk dks
^^izkekf.kd** lkexzh dh rji+Q Hkh ys tkrk gS tks
vc rd O;oLFkk ossQ }kjk misf{kr lalk/u jgk
gSA bZ-,y-Vh- osQ lkfgR; esa ,slh lkexzh ossQ
mi;ksx ij O;kid ppkZ,¡ feyrh gSaA ,d f'k{kd
us fy[kk gS fd Mkd[kkus ;k jsyos&LVs'ku rd
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ys tkus ls mUgsa vaxzs”kh ossQ ^ikBksa*
ossQ uewus pquus dk volj feykA ofj"B f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa
ossQ fy, jsfM;ks] izdkf'kr lkexzh ;k Vhoh lekpkj
;k lekpkj iQhpjksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk
gS (tSlk fd lh- vkbZ- bZ- ,iQ- ,y- }kjk fd,
x, 'kks/ dk lq>ko gS)A
fu/kZfjr ikBksa ossQ lkFk vkus okyh ^dqaft;k¡ ;k
xkbMsa* ,d leL;k cu xbZa gSaA bl fjok”k dh HkRlZuk
djus ossQ ctk; gesa ;g lkspuk pkfg, fd vkf[kj
dqaft;k¡ gksrh D;ksa gSa\ os LFkkuh; (f'k{kd@f'k{kkFkhZ)
;ksX;rkvksa vkSj ossQUnzhd`r O;oLFkk dh vis{kkvksa
(ijh{kk,¡@fu/kZfjr ikB) ossQ chp dh [kkbZ dks Hkjrh gSaA
^ljy* ikB vkSj ^ljyho`Qr* ikB ossQ chp i+QoZQ djuk
mi;ksxh gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] frrfy;ksa ij
fdlh foKku dh fdrkc esa ys[k dh rqyuk fdlh
v[kckjh LraHk esa izdkf'kr frrfy;ksa ij ys[k ossQ lkFk
;k cM+s yksxksa ossQ fy, fdlh fo'odks'k esa bl fo"k;
dh izfof"V osQ LkkFk vkSj fiQj cPpksa dh fdrkc esa
frrfy;ksa ij fdlh ys[k osQ lkFk dh tk, rks irk
yxrk gS fd ;s lc Hkk"kk ossQ fygkt ls gh fHkUu ugha
cfYd viuh lwpuk & lajpuk esa Hkh fHkUu gSaA ftu
iqLrdksa dh lwpuk&lajpuk dks dqaft;ksa dh ”k:jr
iM+rh gS] mudh tk¡p djuh pkfg,A
vf/dkf/d jpukRed ikB~;iqLrosQas miyC/ djokus
dk ekgkSy cukuk pkfg,A vf/d mez ossQ lh[kus okyksa
 16
ossQ fy, dYiuk'khy rjhossQ ls ljy vaxzs”kh esa fy[kh
xbZ iqLrdksa dk vdky gSA Hkkjr esa futh {ks=k o
lkoZtfud {ks=k nksuksa txg cPpksa ossQ fy, fy[kk x;k
jpukRed lkfgR; O;kid :Ik esa miyC/ gS ij
fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls bl lkfgR; dk vf/dka'k Hkkx
d{kkvksa esa LFkku ughaa ikrk gSA
3-6- f'k{kd rS;kj djuk % f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k vkSj
fodkl
f'k{kdksa dh f'k{kk dks fujarj tkjh j[kus vkSj vius
{ks=k ls (vkSipkfjd o vukSipkfjd lg;ksxh O;oLFkkvksa
}kjk) tqM+s jgus dh vko';drk gSA lkFk gh mldh
rS;kjh Hkh gksuh pkfg,A pw¡fd vDlj f'k{kd gh jksy
ekWMy mnkgj.kkFkZ&iBu ossQ fy, gksrs gSa vr,o Hkk"kk
ossQ lkFk muossQ ifjp; ;k fuiq.krk ij ”kksj fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ossQ izfr f'k{kd esa tkx:drk ;k
laonsu'khyrk fodflr djus dk ,d rjhdk ;g Hkh gSA
fuiq.krk vkSj is'ksoj tkx:drk dks Hkh c<+kus dh bruh
gh ”k:jr gS vkSj fo'ks"k :Ik ls is'ksoj tkx:drk ossQ
ckjs esa] tgk¡ vko';d gS] f'k{kd dks viuh Hkk"kk esa
crk;k tkuk pkfg,A
ikB~;p;kZ vius fØ;kUo;u ls gh egÙo ikrh gSA
1960 dh lajpukRed ikB~;p;kZ dk mís'; Fkk
¶Vhpj&izwi+Q¸ lkexzh rS;kj djukA ;g ekWMy Hkk"kk;h]
'kS{kf.kd vkSj euksoSKkfud lHkh ek;uksa esa vliQy
jgkA mlossQ ckn dh ;g ekU;rk fd f'k{kd ¶f'k{kk dks
lqxe cukus okyk gS** dh fo'oluh;rk ij Hkh loky
[kM+s gks x,A tgk¡ f'k{kd dks Hkk"kk&lkexzh dk ,dek=k
vkiwfrZdrkZ cuus dh ”k:jr ugha gS (tks fd ikB~;iqLrd
ij mldh fuHkZjrk ls tkuk tkrk gS) ogha fdlh Hkh
d{kk&xfrfof/ ;k uokpkj dh liQyrk Hkk"kk esa f'k{kd
ossQ Hkk"kk laCk/h lalk/uksa ls r; gksrh gSA
(i) vaxzs”kh esa f'k{kdksa dh fuiq.krk f'k{kd ossQ
larks"k ossQ cks/ ;kuh vaxzs”kh i<+kus dh
mldh bPNk ls lacaf/r gS (o`Q".ku vkSj
iafMr 2003)A vc rd f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k
dk;ZØeksa esa bl dkjd ij è;ku ugha
fn;k x;k gSA vis{kkd`r nsj ls vaxzs”kh
dh 'kq#vkr djkus dh fli+Qkfj'k bl ckr
dh vis{kk j[krh gS fd ckn ossQ Lrj ij
csgrj (Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk) f'k{kd miyC/
gksaxs (laHko gS ;g lp u gks)A vc
vax”sz kh dk foLrkj dqN ,slh fLFkfr;ksa rd
gks x;k gS tgk¡ f'k{kd vkSj mldh d{kk gh
,dek=k lzkrs gks rks f'k{kd dh fuiq.krk ij
è;ku nsuk vR;Ur vko';d gks tkrk gSA
(ii) fuiq.krk dks ;Fkk;ksX; LFkku nsus ossQ ckn
f'k{kd dh rS ; kjh os s Q oS p kfjd ;k
fodklkRed vo;oksa dks f'k{kd dh
viuh Hkk"kk esa nsus dh Lora=krk gksrh gS
rkfd cks/xE;rk vkSj cgl lqfuf'pr gks
losQA vaxzs”kh osQ tfj;s f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k esa
vDlj blossQ vdknfed varoZLrq dh
Hkk"kk dks le>us esa dfBukb;k¡ vkbZ gSa
ftlls f'k{k.k&izfof/ esa fDy"Vrk vk
tkrh gSA vle dk vuqHko (Mksojs k 2005)
crkrk gS fd vdknfed varoZLrq dks
f'k{kd dh viuh Hkk"kk esa Hkh izLrqr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
LowQy f'k{kdksa dks vfuok;Zr% lsok&iwoZ
izf'k{k.k vkSj lsok&dky esa fu;fer varjkyksa
ij izf'k{k.k feyuk pkfg,_ bl ckr dh
O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg, fd f'k{kd dks yxkrkj
py jgh fu;fer xfrfof/;ksa ls dqN nsj
ossQ fy, vyx fd;k tk lossQA lsok&iwoZ
f'k{kk ikB~;p;kZ vkSj izf'k{kdksa dks le`¼
cukus ls ykHkkfUor gks ldrh gS rkfd
vf/xe esa gq, laKkukRed vkanksyu dh
>yd vk lossQ_ ^^ikB dh ;kstuk** dks
vDlj rkRdkfyd O;kogkfjd mís';ksa dks
è;ku esa j[kdj cuk;k tkrk gS tcfd
fo"k; oLrq] fu;eksa] ifjHkk"kkvksa ossQ ctk;

Hkk"kk vkSj 'kCn&laxzg ^fodkl* ossQ i{k
esa Ik;kZIr izek.k feyrs gSaA
(iii) ;fn dkjxj fopkjksa dks igpkuuk vkSj
mi;ksx esa ykuk gS rks dk;Z ossQ LFkku ij
gh fd, tkus okys gLr{ksi vifjgk;Z gks
tkrs gSAa ^fl¼kar* (;k vdknfed Hkafxek)
vkS j ^O;ogkj* (;k jks ” kejkZ dh
mÙkjthfork) rFkk fl¼kardkjksa vkSj O;ogkj
djus okyksa ossQ chp dh xgjh [kkbZ muossQ
dk;ZLFkyksa ossQ chp dh [kkbZ dk vkbZuk
gSA ;fn ^^izf'k{kd** Ik;kZIr la[;k esa miyC/
ugha gaS rks f'k{kd Lo;alos h lewg cuk ldrs
gSAa mUgsa i<+kbZ vkSj ehfM;k dh lkexzh dk
leFkZu fn;k tk ldrk gSA blls tehuh
Lrj ossQ uokpkjkas dks c<+kok feysxkA
,sls fopkjoku f'k{kdksa dh vko';drk gS ftuesa
Hkk"kk&lh[kus vkSj vaxzs”kh&cgqHkk"kh d{kk dh xgjh le>
gksA ekStwnk lsok&iwoZ vkSj lsokdkyhu ikB~;p;kZ dks
blh y{; dh izkfIr ossQ fy, cnyuk gksxkA nks ,sls
egÙoiw.kZ {ks=k gaS ftUgsa f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa
vo'; lfEefyr djuk pkfg, & lh[kus ossQ euksfoKku
dh le> rFkk Hkk"kk vkSj lk{kjrk xzg.k dh izfØ;k,¡]
blossQ lkFk gh os eqís Hkh 'kkfey fd, tk,¡ ftudk
ftØ bl nLrkos”k esa gqvk gSA
3-7 ewY;kadu
lHkh txg ijh{kk dks ikB~;p;kZ&lq/kj dh ,dek=k ;k
izeq[k ck/k ekuk tk jgk gSA ewY;kadu&fof/ dks fdl
izdkj ,d vM+pu ossQ ctk; f'k{kk ossQ fy, ,d
lgk;d dkjd cuk;k tk ldrk gS\
Hkk"kk&ewY;kadu dks fdlh [kkl ikB~;Øe esa
^miyfC/* rd lhfer ugha jguk pkfg, cfYd bls
Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk dh eki dh fn'kk esa eksM+k tkuk pkfg,A
ge Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk ossQ fujarj tkjh ewY;kadu ossQ dqN
rjhdksa ij ppkZ djsaXksA
17
3-7-1 fujarj tkjh lrr ewY;kadu
fujarj tkjh] lrr vFkok jpukRed ewY;kadu ossQ fy,
dh xbZ fli+Qkfj'kksa vkSj f'k{kdksa }kjk crkbZ xbZ tehuh
okLrfodrkvksa vkSj leL;kvksa esa fojks/kHkkl ;g n'kkZrk
gS fd tkjh ewY;kadu rHkh lkFkZd gks ldrk gS tc
f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ viuh izxfr dk nkf;Ro Lo;a ysa]
u fd fdUgha ckgjh (okLrfod ;k dkYifud] rkRdkfyd
;k vafre pj.k rd) ekunaMksa ossQ vuqlkj izn'kZu djrs
jgsaA f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks ^lh[kus dh mifLFkfr*
tks fd ,d ekufld fodkl gS vkSj vxkspj gS
'kkjhfjd fodkl tSlk fn[k ldus okyk ugha] dks
igpku ldus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg,A
fdlh ,sls iks"k.k dk;ZØe (Øs'k Mk;V ;k peRdkjh
fodkl dj nsus okys iks"kkgkjksa ossQ vykok) ossQ csrqsosQiu
dh dYiuk djsa ftlesa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh m¡QpkbZ vkSj otu
dh jks”kkuk] lkIrkfgd vkSj ekfld varjky ij eki
djuh iM+sA fiQj Hkh tkjh ewY;kadu dk dke Bhd blh
varnZ`f"Vghu :Ik ls pyrk jgk gSA ;g O;kf/ lh[kus
dh izfØ;k dh xgjh le> ossQ cxSj nwj ugha gks ldrh
D;ksafd ;g izfØ;k O;fDrxr vkSj vkRefu;af=kr gksrh
gSA ;g xgjh le> f'k{kdksa ossQ fy, vfuok;Z gS rkfd
os cPpksa dh Hkk"kk lh[kus dh izfØ;k vkSj fuiq.krk ossQ
lw{e ifjorZuksa dks ns[k lossQa (vkSj ljkguk dj losaQ)A
'kk;n lHkh ewY;kaduksa dks varr% vkRe&ewY;kadu dk
gh y{; j[kuk gksxk (;g 'kCnkoyh nwjorhZ f'k{kk esa
izpfyr rks gS ij ogk¡ bldh vuqifLFkfr [ksn dk
fo"k; gS) vxj f'k{kkFkhZ lh[kus ossQ ckjs esa fodYiksa dks
LosPNk ls pquus ossQ ;ksX; gS vkSj og ^^thoui;ar
lh[kus okyk** cuk jgrk gSA ,d f'k{kd tc vius
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks tku ysrk gS eq[;r% muosQ vkRe&ewY;kadu
dk lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ ennxkj gksrk gS (fiQj og ,d
vutkuk ewY;kadudrkZ ugha jgrk tks miyfC/;ksa dks
ekudho`Qr ekinaMksa ls ekirk gS)A
dksbZ oSQlk ewY;kadu djrk gS mlh ls r; gksrk gS
fd cPpk viuk ewY;kadu djkuk pkgrk gS fd ughaA
 18
tgk¡ LkokZf/d f'k'kq&osQafnzr ewY;kadu izfof/ Hkh oqQN
O;fDr;ksa ossQ fy, ijs'kkuh dk dkj.k gks tkrh gS ogk¡
ewY;kadu dh ,d O;oLFkk gksuh gh pkfg,] bl ckjs esa
oQksbZ fookn ugha gSA loky ;g gS fd dSls vkSj
fdrukA f'k{kkFkhZ rHkh ewY;kaduksa esa vkjke ls Hkkx ysrs
gSa tc ges'kk vliQy gksus dk vuqHko u gks vkSj
ifj.kke dks vkxs lh[kus ossQ fy, ,d oS/ vkSj mi;qDr
dne ossQ :Ik esa ns[kk tk,A nqHkkZX;o'k vf/dka'k cPpksa
ossQ fy, f'k{kk&izfØ;k esa ekSTkwnk ewY;kadu fof/;ksa dh
rkRdkfyd Hkwfedk Li"V ugha gSA f'k{kkFkhZ dh orZeku
fodkl vFkok laizkfIr dh fLFkfr dk fu/kZj.k djossQ
lrr ewY;kadu f'k{k.k dks mRlkfgr vkSj funsZf'kr
djuk pkfg, rkfd mlossQ ^^fudVLFk fodkl ossQ {ks=k**
dh igpku gks lossQA (Øs'ku ossQ vuqlkj tc f'k{kkFkhZ
dh Hkk"kk i Lrj ij gks rks lkexzh i+l ossQ Lrj ij gksuh
pkfg,)A lh[kus dh miyfC/;k¡ Hkk"kk;h voljksa dk
ifj.kke gSaA uhps ge dqN ,slh miyfC/;ksa dh lwph ns
jgs gSa&
cksyuk
cksyus dh 'kq#vkr
I. ekr`Hkk"kk(,¡) lh[kus esa cksyus dh izfØ;k
& igys ,d 'kCn tks ”;knkrj laKk&in
gksrs gSa] ls nks&'kCn dk Lrj gksrs gq, dbZ
'kCnksa okys okD; ftlesa fØ;k,¡] lgk;d
fØ;k,¡] fu/kZjd] fo'ks"k.k vkSj iwoZlxZ gksrs
gSa] rd izxfr djrh gSA lh vkbZ- bZ- ,iQ-
,y- (tkafxM+ 2005_ fot;k ^dk;kZ/hu*)
ossQ dqN 'kks/ crkrs gSa fd nwljh Hkk"kk
lh[kus okyksa dh cksyh dh izxfr Hkh blh
izdkj ossQ leku Lrjksa ls gksdj pyrh gSA
lkekU;r% lh[kus okyksa dk mudh Hkk"kk ij
fu;a=k.k vkSlr yacs okD;ksa esa >ydrk gSA
nh?kZ Hkk"kk;h lkexzh dk mi;ksx Hkk"kk mRiknu
ossQ ,sls gh ifj.kkeksa esa fn[krk gS (mÙkj nsus
esa & tSls fd tc cPps dks rlohjsa fn[kkbZ
tk,¡)A blossQ foijhr tc cPpksa dks l[rh
ls d{kkvksa esa i<+k;k tkrk gS rks os rlohjsa
fn[kkus ij Li"V ugha cksy ikrs ;k ”;knkrj
bu rlohjksa dks ns[krs gq, laKkvksa okys ,d
'kCn cksy ikrs gSaA bl izdkj f'k{kd 3 ;k
4 eghuksa ossQ varjky ij bl rjg dk ;Ru
djossQ cPps ossQ Hkk"kk fodkl dk vkarfjd
cks/ ik ldrs gSaA
II- ,sls ewY;kaduksa ossQ ifj.kke fuEufyf[kr gks
ldrs gSa &
(d) izR;sd cPps ossQ fy, cus iksVZiQksfy;ks
esa n”kZ izfof"V (fVIi.kh) ossQ :Ik esa
(iksVZiQksfy;ks vkdyu)_ ;k
([k) f'k{kd ;k cPps dh Mk;jh esa n”kZ
djossQA f'k{kd&fodkl dk;ZØeksa ossQ
lzksr ossQ :Ik esa f'k{kd Mk;fj;ksa dh
dkI+kQh ppkZ gks jgh gSA f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks
Hkh viuh Hkk"kk (;k nwljh Hkk"kk)
ftls os HkfyHkk¡fr tkurs gaS] dh izxfr
dks lapkfyr djus ossQ fy, lh[kus
ossQ vius vuqHkoksa dks futh Mk;fj;ksa
esa mUeqDr :Ik ls ntZ djus dks
izksRlkfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
cksyuk % mi&dq'kyrk,¡& ckn ossQ Lrjksa ij t¡kp ossQ
fy, cksyus dh dq'kyrk dks mi&dq'kyrkvksa ossQ tfj;s
fo'ysf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
i<+uk
cks/ vkSj dfBukbZ ossQ Lrj ij Lo;a dh izxfr ij
u”kj j[kuk % vaxzs”kh 400 tSls i<+us ossQ dk;ZØeksa esa
dfBukb;ksa ossQ fofo/ Lrjksa ossQ vuq:Ik cus dkMks± ossQ
}kjk izxfr ossQ vkdyu dh fof/ lkFk&lkFk rS;kj
feyrh gSA buossQ ewY;kadu dk ekudhdj.k djus dh
vko';drk gSA
i<+uk % oqQN mi&oqQ'kyrk,¡
(d) tksj&tksj ls i<+uk@ fMdksfMax
tSls&tSls cPps fMdksfMax esa ”;knk
fuiq.k gksrs tkrs gSa os vf/d rs”kh ls

('kCn izfr feuV) vkSj de xyfr;ksa
ossQ lkFk i<+us yxrs gSaA ,sls Hkh cPps
gks ldrs gSa tks fdlh 'kCn dks
v{kjksa esa ck¡V djossQ i<+us ls 'kq:
djsa rkfd 'kCn ossQ fgTTks djrs gq,
mldk mPpkj.k dj lossaQ] fgTTks djus
dk ;g dkS'ky ckn esa u, 'kCn
lh[kus rd igq¡p tkrk gSA
([k) fdlh lwpuk ossQ fy, ikB dh iwjh
rjg Nkuchu (tSls fdlh lwph]
Vsfyi+Qksu Mk;jsDVjh] foKkiu vkfn
dks)A
(x) nh gqbZ lwpuk osQs fy, iBu (rF;kRed
cksèkxE;rk)A
(?k) fu"d"kZ ossQ fy, i<+ukA
(Ä) foLrkfjr iBuA
Yks[ku vkSj lquus dh tk¡p dks Hkh blh rjg
mi&oqQ'kyrkvksa ossQ ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj dh
tk¡p dks ,dho`Qr Hkk"kk tk¡p (mnkgj.kkFkZ] Dyks”k VsLV
ls 'kq: djossQ) ls vuqiwfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ewY;kadu ossQ fy, mi&oqQ'kyrkvksa ossQ bl utfj;s ls
f'k{kd dks izR;sd f'k{kkFkhZ dh [kkl fo'ks"krkvksa dh
varn`Zf"V fey ldrh gSA elyu dksbZ eq[kj ;k Li"Voknh
f'k{kkFkhZ i<+us tSlh vareqZ[kh vkSj futh xfrfof/ esa
vPNk u gks ;k cgqr #fp ugha ys ldrk gksA ,d
f'k{kd fo|kFkhZ ossQ etcwr vkSj de”kksj {ks=kksa dks
igpku ldrk gS tgk¡ enn dh ”k:jr gSA
3-7-2 lesfdr ewY;kadu
^^miyfC/** dh ctk; ^^fuiq.krk** dh fn'kk esa gh
gksuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ i<+s gq, va'kksa ij vf/dkj dk
ijh{k.k djus ossQ ctk; Hkk"kk dk u, (Hkys gh ckj&ckj
vkus okys) lanHkks± esa mi;ksx dh ;ksX;rk gks] blesaμ
• mez ossQ vuowQy lkexzh dks i<+ukA
• mez ossQ vuowQy lkezxh dks lquuk vkSj
le>ukA
19
• mez osQ vuqowQy lkezxh@fo"k;ksa ij ckrphr
djukA
• mez ossQ vuqdwy fo"k;ksa ij ys[kuA
• xzg.k'khy 'kCnkoyh ij vf/dkj
• vfHkO;fDr&;ksX; 'kCn&laxzg ij vf/dkjA
Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk ossQ jk"Vªh; ekunaMksa ossQ fodkl
ossQ fy, igys bu lHkh eqíksa ij vf[ky Hkkjrh;
izfrfuf/ uewuksa ossQ fo'oluh; vkSj fooj.kkRed vk¡dM+s
bdV~Bs djus dh ”k:jr gSA jk"Vªh; Lrj ossQ ,sls ekunaM
;k vkSlr] tgk¡ ”k:jr gks ogk¡ lkekftd foKku vkSj
f'k{kk ossQ {ks=k esa leFkZu dh igy ossQ fy, iwoZxkeh gksrs
gSaA buls] lh[kus ossQ iz;kl esa nh tkus okyh ftl
ikB~;p;kZRed Lora=krk dk geus lq>ko fn;k gS] vkSj
ewY;kadu ossQ ekudhdj.k] tks izek.khdj.k ossQ fy,
vko';d gSa] dk larqyu Hkh cuk jgsxkA
bu ekunaMksa ossQ }kjk jk"Vªh; vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk ijh{kkvksa
ossQ ,d lSV] vFkkZr~ ijh{kkvksa ossQ ,d cSad dks fufeZr
djuk gksxk ftls f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ Lo&ewY;kadu ossQ
fy, iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA bu ijh{kkvksa dks ,d foLr`r
xzsM ;k vadksa dh ctk; fuiq.krk ossQ vf/d lw{e
ekid r; djus pkfg, (orZeku esa] vuns[ks mnkgj.kksa
dh cks/xE;rk ij feys vk¡dM+ksa dks i<+s gq, mnkgj.kksa
dks ;kn djus ossQ ijh{k.k esa feys vadksa ls fefJr dj
fn;k x;k gS] ftlls ^fuiq.krk* vkSj ^miyfC/* dks ,d
tSlk gh eku fy;k x;k gS)] f'k{kdksa dk ;g n`<+
varKkZu gS fd bu pkjksa oqQ'kyrkvksa esa lHkh f'k{kkFkhZ
,dleku fuiq.k ugha gksrs_ blhfy, oqQ'ky oDrk ”k:jh
ugha fd oqQ'ky ys[kd gksa D;ksafd ^'kq¼rk* vkSj ^izokg*
ossQ chp] laHko gS fd lh[kus dh izfØ;k ossQ nkSjku dksbZ
le>kSrk gks x;k gksA lHkh is'kksa ossQ fy, lHkh oqQ'kyrk,¡
”k:jh Hkh ugha gksrhaA fofHkUu f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh vfHk#fp
vkSj {kerk ossQ varj dks n'kkZus okys vad tgk¡
jks”kxkj&laHkkouk,¡ c<+k,¡xs ogha bldk ikB~;p;kZ ij
^ok'kcSd* izHkko iM+sxkA
jk"Vªh; vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk ijh{kk,¡ nloha d{kk esa izeq[k
 20
:Ik ls vaxzs”kh (xf.kr ossQ lkFk) ossQ dkj.k iQsy gksus
dh orZeku leL;k dk funku gksus ossQ dkj.k Hkh
egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSaA ;fn vaxzs”kh ossQ izek.ki=k ossQ fy,
(vkSj f'k{k.k ossQ fy,) fu;fer LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ ls
vyx dksbZ oSdfYid jkLrk fn;k tk lossQ rks f'k{kkFkhZ
dks ^vaxzs”kh ossQ fcuk* d{kk 10 mÙkh.kZ djus dh
vuqefr nh tk ldrh gSA
oqQy feykdj] Hkk"kk dh dq'kyrk ossQ fy, cus
ekudhd`r jk"Vªh; ekunaM tks fofHkUu Lrjksa dh
jk"Vªh; vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk ijh{kk ossQ :Ik esa <yrs gSa] buls
1- O;fDrxr :Ik ls fo|kFkhZ ;k Ldwy dks
viuh fLFkfr dk tk;tk ysus esa enn
gksxh & fd mudh 'kfDr vkSj detksfj;k¡
D;k gSa vkSj os vkxs rjDdh dSls dj
ldrs gSaA
2- vkdyu ossQ ekudhdj.k ossQ lkFk lh[kus
dh Lora=krk (ikB~;p;kZ] le; vof/)
dk larqyu gks ldrk gSA
3- nloha d{kk esa vaxzs”kh dh vliQyrk dks
nloha d{kk esa iQsy gks tkus ls vyx
djossQ fu;fer LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ ls vyx
vaxzs”kh izek.k&i=k dk ,d oSdfYid jkLrk
miyC/ djok;k tk ldrk gSA
4- nks iwjd fVIif.k;k¡
4-1 ^Hkk"kk lh[kus dh n`f"V ls ^fo'ks"k vof/*
vkSj ^laonsu'khy le;* (lsaflfVo foaMks)
dh izkd~dYiuk
bl ckr ij [kwc ppkZ gS fd D;k efLr"d dk ^Hkk"kk
xzkgh midj.k* izkS<+ O;fDr esa nwljh Hkk"kk ossQ xzg.k ossQ
fy, Hkh dke djrk gSA bl fo"k; dks ,d ekud
if=kdk ^lsoQaM ySaXost fjlpZ* tks 1985 ls 'kq: gqbZ] eas
fn;k x;k gSA tkulu vkSj U;wiksVZ (1989) dk ,d
Dykfldh vè;;u O;kdj.k ossQ ,d fl¼kar ^lctsoasQlh*
(v/ZyfXur) vkSj nwljh Hkk"kk&xzg.k dh mez ossQ chp
ijLij laca/ lq>krk gSA
cPpksa esa Hkk"kk&xzg.k ossQ fy, fyucxZ (1967) us
fo'ks"k vof/ dk ,d tSfod rdZ fn;k Fkk fd ;g
vof/ 2 ls 12 dh mez ;k r#.kkoLFkk rd gksrh gSA
fyucxZ dh izkd~dYiuk tho&oSKkfud :i ls 'kkjhfjd
vkSj ekufld lajpuk dks ,d fu;r le;kof/ ossQ
vanj lfØ; djus ossQ ckjs esa Fkh (bls ^laosnu'khy
le;* Hkh dgk tkrk gS)A izkS<+ksa ossQ }kjk nwljh Hkk"kk
lh[kus esa blossQ nkos lhfer Fks vkSj os viuh ppkZ dks
okfpdrk (fjysVjykbts'ku) ;k rkaf=kdh; lq?kV~;rk
(U;wjy IykfLVflVh) osQs }kjk gq, Hkk"kk&{kj.k (ekr`Hkk"kk)
dh HkjikbZ ij ossQafnzr djrs gSaA
ozsQ'ku (1985) us fyucxZ ls vlgefr trkbZA os
lizek.k dgrs gSa fd fo'ks"k vof/ ¹oko~Qyksi (vIk+ Qs fl;k)
dh HkjikbZ dh le;&vof/º 5 o"kZ dh vkajfHkd mez
esa gh [kRe gks tkrh gS] ysfdu (tSlk fd vf/dka'k
'kks/drkZvksa dk ekuuk gS) nwljh Hkk"kk osQ xzg.k] tks fd
ewy fuokfl;ksa ossQ mPpkj.k tSlk gks] dks f'k{kkFkhZ 8 o"kZ
dh mez rd dj ldrs gSa (bl mez ossQ ckn mPpkj.k
ij vlj iM+rk gS)A nwljh rjiQ orZeku 'kks/ ossQ
vuqlkj ^^ekr`Hkk"kk&cks/ dk fiQYVj** cPpksa esa cgqr
igys vk tkrk gSA ftlls cPps gj Hkk"kk esa Nakfnd
igpku (cyk?kkr vkSj y; ossQ vuqlkj) tUe ls gh
dj ldrs gSa] ij nks eghus dh mez ls gh os nwljs
Hkk"kk&izdkjksa ls ossQoy vius Hkk"kk&izdkj dks vyx dj
ldrs gSaA (tSls fd izQkalhlh@Lisuh ls vaxzs”kh@Mp dks)
(esgyj vkSj fØLVksiQ] 2000)A (blls f'k'kqvksa dks
viuh Hkk"kk dk 'kCnØe fu/kZfjr djus (,l- oh- vks-
@,l- vks- oh-) esa lgk;rk feyrh gS)A f}Hkk"kh cPps
varj dj ldus okyh voLFkk ikus esa FkksM+k ”;knk oDr
(pkj eghus dk) yxkrs gSaA
LokHkkfod o vLokHkkfod Hkk"kk&xzg.k dh fo'ks"k
Hkk"kk&n{krk ls fofo/ mezksa ossQ laca/ ossQ blh izek.k ossQ
dkj.k laosnu'khy le; (tks lh[kus dh mi;qDr
vof/ lq>krk gS) osQ LFkku ij Hkk"kk lh[kus dh n`f"V
ls fo'ks"k vof/ (tksfd lhek,¡ fu/kZfjr djrk gS) dk

mi;ksx gksus yxkA
'kks/drkZ] tks czsu&besftax dh rduhd dk iz;ksx
djossQ Ok;Ldksa esa efLr"d dh xfrfof/;ksa dk voyksdu
djrs gSa] mUgksaus fuiq.krk ossQ Lrj vkSj izfrfuf/Ro ossQ
{ks=k ossQ chp tqM+ko rks Ikk;k gS ij Hkk"kk&xzg.k dh mez
dk dksbZ izHkko ugha ik;k gS (isjkuh vkfn 1998)A ;g
ih-bZ-Vh- vè;;u mu brkyoh yksxksa ij fd;k x;k
^^ftUgksaus nl o"kZ dh mez ossQ ckn vaxzs”kh lh[kh vkSj
vPNk izn'kZu fd;k** (esgyj vkSj fØLVksiQ 2000%
903)A fde o vU; }kjk bl ^^ewdokpu** dk ,iQ-
,e- vkj- vkbZ- ossQ mi;ksx ls fd, x, ,d vè;;u
esa nks Hkk"kkvksa esa vf/xzg.k dh mez esa ofuZd ossQ {ks=k
(cksèkXkE;rk) esa vf/O;kfIr ns[kh xbZ ij czksdk ossQ nks
Hkk"kkvksa ossQ {ks=k (mRiknu) esa varj ik;k x;kA ij ;g
vè;;u fuiq.krk ij dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha dj ik;kA
Li"V gS fd bu vè;;uksa ossQ ifj.kke ”;knk ls
”;knk vusdkFkhZ dgs tk ldrs gSaA bu {ks=kksa esa Hkkjrh;
'kks/ cgqr de gSA tks Hkh gks] ik¡poha d{kk (10 ls
”;knk mez) ls Hkh vaxsz”kh dh 'kq#vkr djuk fyucxZ
ossQ ^>jks[ks* ossQ varxZr gh vkrk gSA njvly ;g
elyk mruk cM+k ugha gS fd vaxzs”kh dh 'kq#vkr fdl
mez ls gks cfYd elyk ;g gS fd bl Hkk"kk dks lh[kus
ossQ fy, D;k vuqHko vkSj lqfo/k,¡ miyC/ gSa] yacs
vliQy voljksa (d{kk ,d ls nloha d{kk rd) ossQ
ctk; nks ;k rhu o"kks± ossQ csgrj volj vf/d vPNs
gSAa 17
Hkkjr esa o;Ldksa dks liQyrkiwoZd fons'kh Hkk"kk,¡
(izQkalhlh] teZu ----) fl[kkus ossQ vuqHko ls Hkh dqN
lh[kk tk ldrk gSA blossQ vykok fuEufyf[kr Hkkjrh;
vuqHko &
1- llqjky dh Hkk"kk lh[k jgh cgq,¡A
2- {ks=kh; Hkk"kk&ekè;e osQs LowQyksa ls fudys os yksx
ftUgksua s vax”sz kh osQs vdknfed o ckSf¼d {ks=k esa
ewy fuokfl;ksa tSlh fuiq.krk gkfly dh gksA
17- if'peh caxky esa izkFkfed f'k{kk ij xfBr ,d lnL;h; desVh dh fjiksVZ Hkh ns[ksa] 1998] i`- 22&28-
21
3- vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok ossQ yksxksa vkSj muossQ
ifjokj dh cgqHkkf"kdrk ij idM+A
bu vuqHkoksa dks fyfic¼ djus] lko/kuh ls
ewY;kadu djus vkSj budh vkykspukRed tk¡p djus
dh vko';drk gSA
bl chp] liQyrk ossQ oSdfYid rjhdksa dk
izn'kZu djosQ gh lekt dh izpfyr oSdfYid izo`fÙk;ksa
dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA gesa cgqHkk"kh; Ldwy [kksyus dk
y{; viukuk pkfg, tgk¡ fdlh Hkh vossQyh Hkk"kk dks
^^f'k{k.k dk ekè;e** dk fo'ks"k ntkZ gkfly u gks
cfYd ogk¡ miyC/ Hkk"kkvksa dk mi;ksx lalk/uksa ossQ
lzksr ossQ :Ik eas gksA
4-2 dSlh vaxzs”kh\
vius izkjafHkd cksypky ossQ Lo:Ik ls gh Hkk"kk lkekftd
;k HkkSxksfyd cksfy;ksa dk lrr :Ik gS tks fd lfUudV
LFkkuksa ij le> fy;k tkrk gS ij tc LFkku lkekftd]
HkkSxksfyd ;k le; ossQ fygkt ls nwj gksa rks le>us esa
dfBukbZ gksrh gSA vf/dka'k oDrk ,d ls vf/d
cksfy;ksa ;k Hkk"kk&izdkjksa (vkSipkfjd ;k vukSipkfjd
fofo/rkvksa) ij vfèkdkj j[krs gSaA Hkk"kk ossQ ys[ku dh
fofo/rkvksa us eqn.z k osQs vkfo"dkj osQs ckn ,d ekudhd`r
fdLe dk :Ik ysuk 'kq: fd;k gS tks fo'ks"k :Ik ls
f'k{kk vkSj vdknfed thou esa ,d ekud dh rjg
dk;Z djrk gS] bl rjg ossQ laizs"k.k ossQ lkisf{kd
LFkkf;Ro ossQ fy, ;g vko';d Hkh gSA
Hkkjr ossQ fy, vaxzs”kh dk dkSu lk izdkj mi;qDr
gS] bl ij cgl vf/dre mPpkj.k (cksypky dh
vaxzs”kh) ossQ vkl&ikl gh fleVh jgh gS] nwljk LFkku
'kCn&dks'k ;k 'kCn&HkaMkj dk jgk gSA Lohdk;Z mPpkj.k
dh dlkSVh cks/xE;rk gksuh pkfg,A MsfoM fØLVYk ossQ
vè;;u dk rhu&cksfy;ksa dk ekWMy tgk¡ oDrk ,d
LFkkuh; cksyh (tSls iatkch vaxzs”kh ;k rfey vaxzs”kh)
ls lgtrk ls ,d jk"Vªh; cksyh (Hkkjrh; vaxzs”kh) ;k
 22

varjkZ"Vªh; cksyh rd igq¡p ikrk gS] ,d mi;qDr Lke`f¼ gSA ekud 'kCndks'kksa ossQ lkFk Hkkjr esa izpfyr
ekWMy yxrk gSA dkWy lsaVjksa esa ;qok Hkkjrh;ksa dh vaxzs”kh 'kCnksa osQ ifjf'k"V Hkh fn, x, gSaA fuf'pr :Ik
liQyrk crkrh gS fd ^^mPpkj.k Vªsfuax** esa {ks=kh;rkvksa ls bUgsa d{kk ls ckgj j[kus dk dksbZ dkj.k ugha gSA ge
dks Hkwydj rVLFk okpu 'kSyh viukuh gksrh gSA ;g 'kCndks'kksa esa iwoZlxks± ossQ eqgkojsnkj iz;ksxksa dks 'kkfey
cksyus dks /hek djossQ vkSj Li"Vrk ls y;c¼ mPpkj.k dj ldrs gaSA On a Bus dh ctk; in a bus dk iz;ksx]
}kjk dki+Qh gn rd gkfly fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s gh vkSj xf.kr esa Into dk iz;ksxA fczfV'k vaxzs”kh esa Into
dkjd gSa tks fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk esa mPpkj.k dh èofu dks dk vFkZ ,d la[;k ls nwljh la[;k dks foHkkftr djuk
lq/kjrs gSaA gksrk gS tcfd Hkkjr esa la[;kvksa dks xq.kk djukA ,sls
èofu dh vxj ckr djsa] rks cksypky dh ^Hkkjrh; iz;ksxksa dks vekudhd`r O;kdj.k ugha le>uk pkfg,A
vaxzs”kh* dh dqN vf[ky Hkkjrh; fo'ks"krk,¡ crkbZ xbZ 'ks"k ossQ fy, ge ,d cks/xE; lkexzh&le`¼
gSaA tSls la;qDr Loj dh txg yacs Loj vkSj ewèkZU; ikB~;p;kZ dh vis{kk djrs gSa tks fd efLr"d esa ,sls
O;atuksa dh txg oRL;Z O;atuA Hkkjrh; vaxzs”kh dh dbZ Hkk"kk ra=k dh jpuk djs tks yxHkx ekud fdLe dk gks
fo'ks"krk,¡ oDrkvksa dh ekr`Hkk"kkvksa dh >yd nsrh gSaA ¹vf/d ppkZ ossQ fy, ns[ksa izHkq (1987)ºA18 Li"Vr%
;g rF; gS fd ^Hkkjr* ,d jk"Vª gS ij ^Hkkjrh;* ge Hkkjrh; vaxzs”kh dks derj ugha ekurs] vkSj ,d
uked dksbZ ,d Hkk"kk ugha gSA ekr`Hkkf"k;ksa dh ;s ckj Hkk"kk esa fuiq.krk ,d cqfu;knh O;kdjf.kd n{krk
fo'ks"krk,¡ ftruh de nqjkxzgh@ckè;dkjh gksaxh] nwljh vk tkus ossQ ckn Hkkjrh; f'k{kdksa dh vaxzs”kh Hkh derj
Hkk"kkvksa ossQ mPpkj.k dh Lohdk;Zrk mruh gh c<+sxhA ugha gksrh gSA ysfdu ,d jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh ifjdYiuk
lkekU; vuqHko crkrk gS fd fdlh ,d O;fDr osQ esa lHkh rjg ossQ lh[kus okyksa ossQ fy, leku rqyukRed
cksyus dh 'kSyh ,d ls vf/d gks ldrh gS] oqQN mlh lkexzh gksuh pkfg,A bl fopkj fd vaxzs”kh igys dqN
rjg tSls fd og viuh ekr`Hkk"kk osQ vykok dbZ vkSj lqfo/klaiUu yksxksa dks miyC/ gks vkSj ckfd;ksa dks ckn es]a
mPpkj.kksa dks le>rk gSA igys ls gh leh{kk dh tk jgh gSA ge ugha pkgrs fd oqQN
'kCn&laxzg ij vk,¡] Hkk"kk&foKku dh n`f"V ls yksx ^vax”sz kh* lh[ksa vkSj oqQN ^Hkkjrh; vax”sz kh*A ge ekurs
fdlh Hkk"kk dk 'kCn&laxzg ,d ,slh [kqyh d{kk gS tks gSa fd ,d ekud vkSj vkRelkrhÑr vax”sz kh dh n{krk ikuk
ftruk m/kj ysrh gS] mruk gh le`¼ gksrh gSA loZfofnr u fli+QZ O;kogkfjd gS cfYd visf{kr Hkh gSA
gS fd vaxzs”kh 'kCn&laxzg dh 'kfDr mlosQ lzksrksa dh
18- ,sls ra=k esa oqQN Hkkjrh; fo'ks"krk,¡ fn[k tkrh gaS tks fd le>us ossQ fygk”k ls rks dksbZ fnDdr ugha iSnk djrha ij mudh lkekftd
ekU;rk vojks/ iSnk djrh gSA mnkgj.kLo:Ik Too Good dk iz;ksx Very Good ossQ fy, djuk vfHkizsr vFkZ esa gLr{ksi djrk gSA
blesas lq/kj dh ”k:jr gSA iz'uksa esa Auxiliary dks mYVk ugha djus esa vliQy jgk lfUufgr vkSj vuko';d :Ik ls Auxiliary
dks mYVk djuk] (Why you said so? I wonder why did he say so) ckSf¼d :i ls le>us esa drbZ ck/d ugha gS tcfd 'kSf{kd
o lkekftd n`f"V ls bu ij iz'u mBk, tk ldrs gSaA
19- ,d #fpdj iz'u Hkk"kk f'k{k.k vkSj vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k ossQ laca/ dks ysdj gSA tgk¡ vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dks fczfV'k m|ksx ossQ
:Ik esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA geus viuh ppkZ dks nwljh Hkk"kk ossQ vf/xzg.k ossQ O;kid {ks=k ls tksM+k gSA bl ijps esa geus viuh
ftEesnkjh 'kS{kf.kd lanHkks± esa ns[krs gq,] bl jk"Vª esa ikB~;p;kZ uohuhdj.k ossQ dk;Z dks lacksf/r fd;k gSA blesa geus lh[kus ossQ
euksfoKku vkSj Hkk"kk ossQ euksfoKku dh orZeku varn`Zf"V dk ;Fkksfpr mi;ksx fd;k gSA blfy, gekjs dbZ voyksdu vkSj fli+Qkfj'ksa
(tSls laKkukRed vdknfed Hkk"kk;h n{krk dh ppkZ) lkekU; :Ik ls Hkk"kk f'k{k.k (;k f'k{kk esa Hkk"kk) ls lacaf/r gSA bZ- ,y- Vh-
is'ks dh dki+Qh lkjh orZeku ppkZ vaxzs”kh dh jktuhfr vkSj fopkj/kjk ij vk/kfjr gS% rhljh nqfu;k ij vaxzs”kh (vkSj O;kid :Ik
ls if'peh) ossQ opZLo ossQ lanHkZ esa (ns[ksa duxjktk 2005)A cgqHkk"kkokn ossQ ljksdkj vkSj LFkkuh; Hkk"kk ossQ egÙo vkSj fodYi gekjs
fli+Qkfj'kksa esa dki+Qh gn rd 'kkfey gSA blhfy, gesa if'pe vkSj gekjs chp dh ckSf¼d cglksa esa tkus dh ”k:jr ugha yxrh gSA
D;ksafd [kklrkSj ls ge ekurs gSa fd ekud vkSj vkRelkrhd`r vaxzs”kh n{krk O;kogkfjd rFkk visf{kr gSA

vaxzs”kh dk dkSu lk ekWMy i<+k;k tk,] ;g
f'k{kdksa ossQ fnekx ij bruk gkoh ugha gksuk pkfg, fd
og fdlh rjg dh Hkh vaxzs”kh ossQ xzg.k eas ck/d cu
tk,A ,slk Hkh ugha gS fd vaxzs”kh esa n{krk dh deh dh
li+QkbZ ^^Hkkjrh; vaxzs”kh** osQ uke ij nh tk,A O;kid
ifjizs{; esa oSf'od cktkj esa Hkkjr ossQ f'k{kdksa (vkSj
f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa) dh Hkh dki+Qh ek¡x gSA blls gekjh
vaxzs”kh dh vf/d {kerkvksa ij fo'okl dks vkSj cy
feyuk pkfg,A19
5- 'kks/ ifj;kstuk,¡
Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k esa vk/kjHkwr vk¡dM+kas dh izkfIr] ikB~;p;kZ
ossQ uokpkj vkSj mudk fØ;kUo;u rFkk nwljh Hkk"kk
vf/xzg.k dh le> oQh lS¼kaafrd izxfr ossQ fy,
'kks/ ifj;kstukvksa dks ekStwnk lksp ij vk/kfjr gksuk
gksxkA O;kid {ks=k ftuesa ,slh ifj;kstukvksa dh voèkkj.kk
gks ldrh gS] os gSa%
1- iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk% lkekftd foKku
vkSj foKku dh ikB~;iqLrdksa dh Hkk"kk
(ekSf[kd xf.kr dh Hkh)A iz'uksa dh i¼fr
vkSj Hkk"kk ls fo"k; oLrq dk laca/A
2- (v) Hkk"kk;h lkexzh vkSj Hkk"kk;h o`f¼%
,d lexz ifjizs{;
(c) cksypky dh Hkk"kk (eqfnzr lkexzh
ossQ LkkFk vkSj mlossQ cxSj)
(l) fyf[kr Hkk"kk (”kksj ls cksydj i<+us
ossQ lkFk vkSj mlossQ cxSj)
(n) izkFkfed Lrj ij vaxzs”kh dh fLFkfr
(;) ikB~; lkexzh vkSj xfrfof/;ksa dk
cSad (Lrj 1)
3- cgqHkk"kkokn dks c<+kok nsus okyh ;qfDr;k¡
vkSj lkexzhA
4- fo'ks"k lewgksa ossQ fy, (lkekftd gkf'k;s
ij] lh[kus esa de”kksj {kerk okys) ikB~;p;kZ
ossQ fodYiA
5- f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa ossQ ifj.kkeA
23
6- fli+Qkfj'ksa
f'k{kd
• vaxzsth i<+kus okys lHkh f'k{kdksa dh vaxzsth
esa cqfu;knh fuiq.krk gksuh pkfg,A
• lHkh f'k{kdksa esa viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj
Lrjksa ossQ vuqlkj mi;qDr <ax ls vaxzs”kh
i<+kus dh dq'kyrk gks tks bl Kku ij
vk/kfjr gks fd Hkk"kk,¡ dSls lh[kh tkrh gSAa
bu nksuksa fli+Qkfj'kksa dk laca/ lsokiwoZ o lsokdkyhu
f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dh fo"k;oLrq ls gSA
ikB~;p;kZ
• vFkZ ij cy nsus okyh lkFkZd vkSj le`¼
ikB~;p;kZ miyC/ djokus ossQ fy, fofo/
izdkj dh lkexzh miyC/ djokbZ tkuh
pkfg,A
• vaxzs”kh ekè;e rFkk {ks=kh; Hkk"kk ekè;e
okys nksuksa izdkj ossQ Ldwyksa dk y{;
cgqHkkf"kdrk gksuk pkfg,A blh rjg iwjh
^ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk* dk n`f"Vdks.k viuk;k
tkuk pkfg,A
bu fli+Qkfj'kksa dk laca/ ikB~;iqLrdksa dh :ijs[kk vkSj
mi;qDr rjhdksa (tSls d{kk&iqLrdky; o ehfM;k lkexzh)
ossQ p;u ls gSA
ewY;kadu
• ewY;kadu bl rjg gks fd og lh[kus dh
izo`fÙk dks izksRlkfgr djs u fd mlesa ck/
d cusA lrr ewY;kadu esa ^iksVZiQksfy;ks
fof/* }kjk f'k{kkFkhZ dh vf/xe esa izxfr
dks ntZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A Hkk"kk ewY;kadu
dks dqN [kkl ikB~;Øeksa esa ^miyfC/*
rd lhfer u j[kdj Hkk"kk&fuiq.krk ossQ
ekiu dh fn'kk esa eksM+uk pkfg,A
• vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk ijh{k.kksa ossQ lsV rS;kj djus
ls igys Hkk"kk fuiq.krk ossQ jk"Vªh; ekunaM
fodflr fd, tkus pkfg,A
 24

lanHkZ] p;fur xzFa k lwph vkSj vuq'kaflr iBu lkexzh

• ,MEl] eSfjyhu tSxj] 1990- fcxfuax Vw jhM% fFkafdax ,aM yfu±x ,ckmV fizaV] dSafczt-] ,e- ,- % ,e-
vkbZ- Vh- izslA
• ,fplu] thu 1988- oMZ~l bu n ekbaM % ,u baVªksMD'ku Vw n esaVy ysfDldu] vkWDliQksMZ] ;w ossQ%
vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA
• ve`rkoYyh] vkj- 1999] ySaXos”k ,”k , Mkbukfed VsDLV % ,sls”k vkWu ySaXos”k] dkWXuh'ku ,aM
dE;qfuosQ'ku- lh- vkbZ- bZ- ,iQ- ,y] v{kjk lhjh”k] gSnjkckn % ,ykbM ifCy'klZA
• ve`rkoYyh] vkj- 2001] ,Iyk;M fjlpZ bu ySaXos”k ,tqosQ'ku-] lh-ts- nslokuh (laiknd)] ySaXos”k
,tqosQ'ku bu eYVhfyaxqvy bafM;k esa] ;wusLdks] u;h fnYyh] i`ñ 210&263
• ve`rkoYyh] vkj- vkSj y{eh jkes'oj jko] 2001] dksfiax fon Fkzh ySaXos”ks”k bu Ldwy% iQksdl vkWu
eYVhfyaxqvy jhfMax] fganw] ,tqosQ'kuy lIyhesaV] 13 ekpZA
• osQukxjk>k] ,- lqjs'k (laiknd) 2005] jhDysfeax n yksdy bu ySaXos”k ikWfylh ,aM izfS DVl] egokg]
,u- ts% ,y- vyZce ,lksfl,V~lA
• pkWELdh] ukWe] 1975] fjÝysD'kal vkWu ySaXos”k ÝysU;w;kWoZQ] isaFkkWu cqDlA
• fØLVy] MsfoM 2004] n ySaXos”k fjoksY;w'ku] dSafczt_ ekWyMu] ,e- ,- % ikWfyVh izslA
• dfeal] ts- 1979] fyaxq,fLVd baVjfMisaMsal ,aM n ,tqosQ'kuy MsoyiesaV vkWi+Q ckbfyaxqvy fpYMsªu] fjO;w
vkWi+Q ,tqosQ'kuy fjlpZ 49% i`- 222&51
• dfeal] ts- 1984] okbfyaxqvfy”e ,aM Lis'ky ,tqosQ'ku% b'kw”k bu ,lslesaV ,aM isMkxkWth] DysoMu%
eYVhfyaxqvy eSVlZA
• nkl] fcØe ossQ] 2005] iQksdl vkWu bafXy'k- eSllZ] ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'kA
• Msfol] ikWy vkSj ekfjvks fjuokWyqØh] 1988] fMDVs'ku% U;w eSFkM~l] U;w ikWflfcfyVht] dSafczt gSaMcqDl
iQkWj ySXaos”k VhplZ] lhfj”k ,fMVj iSuh mj] oSQafczt% oSQafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA
• Mksosjk] LoIu] 2005] bDysfDVflTe bu esFksMkWykWth] eSllZ] ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'kA
• ,syh] okWjfod ,aM Úkafll eaxqHkkbZ] 1983] n baisDV vkWi+Q jhfMax vkWu lsdaM ySXaos”k yfuZax- jhfMax fjlpZ
DokVZyh 19] i`- 53&67
• iQkWlsV] ,-ts- vkSj vkj- vkbZ- fudksylu] 1991] okWD;qcyjh Vªsfuax iQkWj fpYMsªu fon Mk;ysfDl;k]
tuZy vkWi+Q yfuZax fMlsfcfyfV”k 24%6- i`- 379&83
• isQfyDl] ikWy] 1998] yfuaZx Vw jhM bafXy'k% n feDlM dksM os% fofo;u cSjh vkSj vkFkZ esduhy
(laiknd) }kjk ikWfylh ,aM iSzfDVl bu ySaXos”k ,tqosQ'ku] gkax dkax% fMikVZesaV vkWi+Q dWfjoqQye LVMh”k]
;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ gkaax dakx- i`- 175&193
• xksLokeh] m"kk] 1999] iQksuksykWftdy MsoyiesVa ,aM jhfMax ckbZ ,ukykWth% ,fifyax,q LVhd ,aM esVkfYkax,q LVhd
b'kw”k- tsu vkWdfgy vkSj jkstj fc;MZ (laiknd) jhfMax MsoyiesaV ,aM Vhfpax vkWi+Q jhfMax% ,-
lkbdksykWftdy ilZisfDVo] vkWDliQksMZ] ;w ossQ] ekWyMu] ekl% Cysdosy ifCy'klZ- i`- 174&200
• xszMksy] MsfoM] 1997] n i~Q;qpj vkWi+Q bafXy'k] yanu% fczfV'k dkmaflyA
 25

• [kku] ulh#n~nhu] 2005] baVªksMD'ku vkWi+Q bafXy'k ,”k , lCtsDV ,V n izkbejh ysoy] eSllZ] ,u- ,iQ-
th- & bafXy'kA
• ozQ'ksu] LVhisQu Mh- 1985] n buiqV gk;iksfFkfll% b'kw”k ,aM baIyhossQ'kal] yanu_ U;w;kWdZ% ykaxesuA
• Ø'ksu] LVhisQu Mh- 1989] oh ,DokW;j okWD;qcyjh ,aM Lisfyax ckbZ jhfMax% ,Mh'kuy ,ohMsal iQkWj n
buiqV gk;iksfFklhl- ekWMuZ ySaXos”k tjuy] 73%4- i`- 440&64
• Ø'ksu] LVhisQu Mh- vkSj Vªslh Mh- VjZsy] 1983] n uspqjy ,izksp% ySaXos”k ,Dohf”k'ku bu n Dykl:e-
gsokMZ] lh ,% ,yeuh izslA
• oqQekj] xhrk] 2005] Vhfpax bafXy'k% , VhplZ ilisfDVo] eSllZ- ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'kA
• oqQekjnkl] ';keyk] 1993] , ossQl iQkWj yuZj&pks”ksu VsDlV~l ,t buiqV bu ,MYV ySaXos”k yfuZax] ,e-
fiQy Fkhfll] lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y] gSnjkcknA
• oqQfj;u] tkWu] 2005] uksV~l i+QkWj n ehfVax vkWi+Q n us'kuy i+Qksdl xzqi vkWu Vhfpax vkWi+Q bafXy'k] ,aM
uksV vkWu baVªksMD'ku vkWi+Q bafXy'k ,V n izkbejh LVst] eSllZ] ,u- ,iQ- th- & bafXy'kA
• eSF;w] jkek] 1997] iQkbuy fjiksVZ (, lejh)% lh-ch-,l-bZ-&bZ-,y-Vh- dWfjoqQye baIyheasVs'ku LVMh] lh-
vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y-] gSnjkckn% fMikVZesaV vkWi+Q bosY;q,'kuA
• ukx&v#yef.k] ,l] 2000] VkbIl ,aM esuhiQsLVs'kal vkWi+Q yfuaZx fMfiQdYVh”k bu bafM;u Dykl:e~l]
isij iztsaVsM ,V n iQLVZ vkWfj,aVs'ku izksxzke iQkWj Ldwy VhplZ] us'kuy baLVhV~;wV iQkWj ifCyd dkW&vkWijs'ku
,aM pkbYM MsoyiesaV (,u-vkbZ-ih-lh-lh-Mh] csaxyq#] bafM;kA
• ukx&v#yef.k] ,l-] oh- jsM~Mh] vkSj ,l- cDys 2003] VkjxsfVax iQksuksykWftdy fjizstsaVs'kal ossQu gsYi
bu n vyhZ LVsTl vkWi+Q jhfMax bu , ukWu&MkWfeusaV ySaXos”k] tuZy vkWi+Q fjlpZ bu jhfMax 26%1] i`- 49&68]
Lis'ky b';w vkWu n MsoyiesaV vkWi+Q fyVjslh vekax ckbfyaxqvy ,aM eYVhfyaxqvy fpYMsªu] ;w ossQ%
Cysdosy ifCy'klZA
• ukx&v#yef.k] ,l- 2005] ySaXos”k vVSuesaV~l ,aM yfu±x vkWizpqfufV”k% Iok;aVlZ iQkWj , U;w oQWfjoqQye
izQseodZ] eSllZ] ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'kA
• vkWdfgy] tsu ,aM jkstj fc;MZ (laiknd)] 1999] jhfMax MsoyiesaV ,aM n Vhfpax vkWi+Q jhfMax% ,
lkbdksykWftdy ilZisDVho] vkWDli+QksMZ] ;w- ossQ- ekyMu] ekl-% Cysdosy ifCy'klZA
• izHkq] ,u- ,l- 1987] lsdaM ySaXos”k isMkxkWth] vkWDli+QksMZ-_ U;w;kWdZ% vkWDli+QksMZ ;wuhoflZVh izslA
• jnjiQksMZ] fofy;e bZ- 1987] lsdaM ySaXos”k+ xzkej% yfuZax ,aM Vhfpax] yanu_ U;w;kWdZ% ykaxesuA
• fjiksVZ vkWI+kQ n ou&esu dfeVh vkWu bafXy'k bu izkbejh ,tqosQ'ku] 1998] ifc=kk ljdkj] xoZesaV vkWi+Q osLV
caxky }kjk fyf[kr] vè;k; i¡kp] ^^n vjfy;j] n csVj**% , Uok;th Lisl*] i`- 22&28
• lkgw] laè;k 2005] bZ-,y-Vh- ls esVsfj;Yl ,aM esFkM~l nsV odZ] eSllZ] ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'kA
• 'kkeyk] ,l-ossQ- 2005] us'kuy dWfjoqQYke izsQeodZ iQkWj Ldwy ,tqosQ'ku] eSllZ] ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'kA
• lDlsuk] vkj- ih- 2005] ySaXos”k ,aM dYpj] eSllZ] ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'kA
• fLeV] ukWjcVZ ,aM ekbosQy esdkFkhZ (laiknd) 1997] okWD;qcyjh% fMLØhI'ku] ,Dohf”k'ku ,aM
isMkxkW”kh] oSQafczt% oSQafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA
 26

• fLeV] ukWjcVZ] 2000] okWD;qcyjh bu ySaXos”k Vhfpax- dSafczt% dSafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA
• Luks] oSQFkjhu bZ-] ,p- ossQulhuk] ts- Mh Vsaiy] vkSj ,l- lgys- 1991] fxfoax iQkWeZy MsfiQfu'kal% ,
fyaxq,LVhd vkWj esVkfyaxq,LVhd Ldhy \ ,ysu ckfyLVkWd (laiknd) esa] ySaXos”k izkslsflax bu ckbZfyaxqvy
fpYMªsu- oSQafczt% daSfczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl] i`- 90&112
• Luks] oSQFkjhu bZ-] ,e- lwlsu culZ] vkSj isx xzhfI+kQu (laikndx.k) 1998] fizosaVhax jhfMax fMfiQdYVht
bu ;ax fpYMsªu] dfeVh vkWu n fizosa'ku vkWI+kQ jhfMax fMfiQdYVht bu ;ax fpYMªsu] dfe'ku vkWu n
fcgsoh;jy ,aM lks'ky lkbalsl ,aM ,tqosQ'ku] us'kuy fjlpZ dkmafly] okWf'kaxVu Mhlh% us'kuy ,ossQMeh
izslA
• LVsukWfop] dhFk bZ- 2000] izksxzsl bu vaMjLVSafMax jhfMax % lkbafVfiQd iQkmaMs'kal ,aM U;w izQafV;lZ]
U;w;kWdZ% fxyiQksMZ izslA
• lquokuh] fot; oqQekj] 2005] n bafXy'k ySaXos”k ,aM bafM;u dYpj] eSllZ-] ,u- ,iQ- th-&bafXy'kA
• osLV] ekbdy] 1941] yfu±x Vw jhM , iQkWjsu ySaXos”k] ykWaxesal% ;w ossQ (yfu±x Vw jhM , iQkWjsu ySaXos”k] ,aM
vnj ,ls”k vkWu ySaXos”k Vhfpax- (u;k laLdj.k) yanu] U;w;kWdZ] ykWxesal] xzhu [1955])
• foMkWlu] ,p- th- 1978] Vhfpax ySaXos”k ,”k dWE;qfuossQ'ku] vkWDlI+kQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA

p;fur xazFklwph vkSj vuq'kaflr iBu lkexzh

laiw.kZ Hkk"kk mikxe@iBu lkexzh
1- ,yfMª”k] ts ykW;M] 1995] vè;k; 1% gksy ySaXos”k Vhfpax MhdksfMax bu gkWyhfLVd Dykl:El] baxyoqM
DyhÝl] ,u- ts- % esjhy i`- 1&16
2- ,syh] okjfod vkSj izQkalhl eaxwHkkbZ] 1981] baisDV vkWi+Q , cqd iQ~yM bu , fiQ”kh izkbejh LowQy]
LVMh”k bu lkmFk isflfiQd ,tqosQ'ku 1] i`- 1&30] U;w”khySaM dkmafly iQkWj ,tqosQ'kuy fjlpZ] osfyaxVuA
3- ,syh] okjfod vkSj czk;u dfVax] 2001] ^^n lu'kkbu bu lkmFk vizQhdk** fyVsªlh izkstsDV] baVjus'kuy
tuZy vkWI+kQ ,tqosQ'kuy fjlpZ 35] i`- 193&203
4- ,syh] okjfod 2000] n iksVasf'k;y vkWI+kQ cqd i~QyM~l iQkWj jsf”kax fyVjslh ysoYl- baVjus'kuy fjU;qV
vkWI+kQ ,tqosQ'ku 46%3@4- i`- 233&55
5- ,syh] okjfod 2001] dkWuDyq”ku% okWV gso oh yUMZ\ baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWI+kQ ,tqosQ'kuy fjlpZ] 35] i`-
237&46
6- ,syh] okjfod 2001] xsLV ,MhVlZ baVªksMD'ku] baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWI+kQ ,tqosQ'kuy fjlpZ] 35] i`-
127&35
7- tkWtZ] ih-Vh- 1977] fczftaxu n xsi fcVohu LowQy ,aM dkWyst% fjiksVZ vkWiQ , VªkbZ&vkmV vkWI+kQ n LVs;jos
jhfMax dksl-Z lh-vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y- cqysfVu 13%1] i`- 37&49
8- gMylu] ljkg] 1994] fyVjslh MsoyiesaV vkWI+kQ lsdaM ySaXos”k fpYMsªu- bu izsQM tsuslh (laiknd)
,tqosQfVax lsdaM ySaXost fpYMªsu% n gksy pkbYM] n gksy dWfjoqQye] n gksy dE;qfuVh] i`- 129&158
oSQafczt% oSQafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA
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9- tkaxhM+] xhrk] 2005] fyVjslh ,aM ySaXost MsoyiesaV% , gksy ySaXost ilZisfDVo] ih,p- Mh- Fkhfll] lh-
vkbZ-bZ-,iQ-,y-] gSnjkcknA

'kCndks"k@lanHkZ lkexzh
1- ve`rkoYyh] vkj- 1999] fMD'kujh”k vkj vuizsfMDVsoy] bafXy'k ySaXos”k Vhfpax tuZy 53%4- i`-
262&69
2- ve`rkoYyh] vkj-] ,- tkuk] vkSj fot;k] 2003] LVwMsaV~l vaMjLVSfMax vkWi+Q fMD'kujh baVªh”k% ,- LVMh
fon fjLisDV Vq iQksj yuZl fMD'kujh”k bafM;u tuZy vkWiQ ,IykbM fyaxq,LVhDl 29%1] i`- 5&20
3- nkl] fcØe ossQ- 2004] oMZ ekLVj % yuZl fMD'kujh vkWi+Q ekWMuZ bafXy'k] gSnjkckn% vkWfj,aV ykaaxesuA
4- fiQ'kj] mVs] 1994] yfu±x oM~lZ izQkWe daVsDLVj ,aM fMD'kujh”k % ,u ,DlisfjesaVy daijh”ku] ,IykbM
lkbdksfyaxqfLVDl 15%4] i`- 551&74
Mk;LysfDl;k laca/h lkexzh
1- osY;wfVuks] ÚSad] vkj- 1979] Mk;LysfDl;k% F;ksjh ,aM fjlpZ] daSfczt] ekl-% ,e-vkbZ-Vh- izslA
2- ekbYl] Vh-vkj- 1995] Mk;LysfDl;k% n djaV LVsV~l vkWI+kQ n VeZ] II, pkbYM ySaXos”k Vhfpax ,aM Fksjsih
2%1] i`- 23&33
3- FkkWelu] ,e-bZ- vkSj bZ-ts- okWVfdal] 1993] Mk;LysjfDl;k% , Vhfpax gSaMcqd] yanu% gqjZ ifCy'klZA
lkexzh&le`¼ iz.kkyh
1- Ø'ksu] LVhisQu] 1989] oh ,Dok;j okWD;qcyjh ,aM Lisfyax ckbZ jhfMax% ,fM'kuy ,foMsal iQkWj n buiqV
gk;iksfFkfll] ekWMuZ ySaXos”k tuZy] 73%4] i`- 440&64
2- U;wekoZQ] fyvksukMZ] 1983] gkm ukWV Vw baVjisQ;j fon ySaXost yfu±x] tkWu MCY;w- vksyj] tw- vkSj isVªhfl;k
,- fjpMZ&vesVks (laiknd)] esFkM~l nSV odZ% , LekWjxsLckWMZ vkWI+kQ vkbfM;k”k iQkWj ySaXos”k VhplZ] i`-
49&55] jkWyh] ekl-% U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZ] (fjfizaVsM izQkWe baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWI+kQ vesfjdu fyaxq,LVhd]
32% 1-2- 1966)
3- esdukejk] tkWu] 1983] ulZjh”k] LVªhV~l] ,aM Dykl:El% le daisfj”kal ,aM fMMD'kal] bu tkWu MCY;w-
vkWyj] tw- vkSj isVªhfl;k ,- fjpMZ&vesVks (laikndx.k) esFkM~l nsV odZ% , LeWkjxsLckWMZ vkWi+Q vkbfM;k”k
iQkWj ySaXos”k VhplZ] i`- 259&266] jkWyh] ekl% U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZA
4- VjsZy] Vªslh Mh] 1983] n uspqjy ,izkWp Vq ySaXos”k Vhfpax% ,u viMsV] tkWu MCY;w- vkWyj] tw- vkSj
isVªhfl;k ,- fjpMZ&vesVks (laikndx.k)] esFkM~l nsV odZ% , LeWkjxsLckWMZ vkWI+kQ vkbfM;k”k iQkWj ySaXos”k
VhplZ] i`- 267&283] jkWyh] ekl-% U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZA
5- ozQ'ksu] LVhi+Qu] 1983] n fMu bu n gsM % buiqV ,aM n ySaXos”k ,DOkhf”k'ku fMokbl] tkWu MCY;w- vkWyj]
tw- vkSj isVªhfl;k ,- fjpMZ&vesVks (laikndx.k)] esFkM~l nSV odZ% , LeWkjxsLckWMZ vkWI+kQ vkbfM;k”k iQkWj
ySaXos”k VhplZ] i`- 295&301] jkWyh] ekl% U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZA
6- ve`rkoYyh] vkj- 1995] ehfM;k ,aM ySaXos”k ,Dohf”k'ku] vkj- ossQ- vfXugks=kh vkSj ,- ,y- [kUuk
(laikndx.k)] bafXy'k ySaXos”k Vhfpax bu bafM;k % b'kw”k ,aM buksos'akl] i`- 181&86] u;h fnYyh % ls”kA
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7- izHkq] ,u- ,l- 1987] lsoaQM ySaXos”k isMkxkWth vkWDliQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA
8- izHkq] ,u- ,l- 1998] Vhfpax b”k ,V eksLV gksfiax iQkWj n csLV] isij MsfyoMZ ,V n jh”kuy bafXy'k ySaXos”k
lsaVj lsfeukj] lkmFk bLV ,f'k;u fefuLVªh”k vkWI+kQ ,tqosQ'ku vkWxZukb”ks'ku] flaxkiqjA
izkekf.kd lkexzh
1- LVªhosal] ihVj] 1987] baVj,D'ku vkmVlkbM n Dykl:e % ;wf”kax n dE;qfuVh- foYxk ,e- fjolZ
(laiknd)] 1987] baVj,DVho ySaXos”k Vhfpax] i`- 170&176] U;w;kWdZ% dSafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA
2- ekys] ,ysu] 1987] ikWbVªh ,aM lkax ,”k bisQfDVo ySaXost yfuZax ,DVhfofV”k] foYxk ,e- fjolZ (laiknd)
esa 1987] baVj,fDVo ySaXos”k Vhfpax] i`- 93&109] U;w;kWdZ% dSafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA
d{kk&d{k lkexzh
1- 'khy] 2003] vaMj n csM] fcx cqDl% gSnjkckn% LikdZ bafM;kA
2- jeu] m"kk] 2003] , ikWV vkWi+Q ykbV] fcx cqDl% gSnjkckn% LikdZ bafM;kA
3- jko] y{eh jkes'oj] 2005] LikdZ ft;ksxzkiQh] gSnjkckn% LikdZ bafM;kA
4- jko] y{eh jkes'oj- 2003] LikdZ twfu;j ft;ksxzkiQh] gSnjkckn% LikdZ bafM;kA
lanHkZ iqLroasQ
• gkso] ekbdy ts- ,- 1984] , VhplZ xkbM Vq n lkbdksykWth vkWi+Q yfu±x] vkWDli+QksMZ] baySaM_ U;w ;kdZ]
,u- okbZ- ch- CysdosyA
• fVDowQ] ,e- ,y- 2004] bZ- ,y- Vh- bu bafM;k] Uk;h fnYyh% vkWfj,aV ykaxesuA