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Preliminary Math:
Integration by parts: | -
If 0 => ≡ 0, ∈ ,
Consider the problem of curve fitting where one might wish to fit the function sin ,
for ∈ 0, . Let ̅ be a polynomial approximation. We try to find a, b and
c.
0.9
We require: 0 0.8
0.7
0.6
f(x)
0.5
For several w(x): w1(x), w2(x) ⋯ wi(x) 0.4
0.3
0.1
0, ∉ subdomain
(subdomain method)
1, ∈ subdomain
(method of moments)
1
Where, the dirac delta function has the property
δ dx for ∈ ,
0 0, /2 0, 0
Answer: It is to force the residual equal to zero at fixed points. To force R(x) at x = 0, x =
π/2, x = π to be zero.
Therefore,
∙0 ∙0 sin 0 0
∙ ∙ sin 0
∙ ∙ sin 0
1 0 0 sin 0 0
=> 1 sin =>
1 sin
Then ̅
Approximation
1
exact function
0.9 collocation fit
0.8
0.7
0.6
f(x)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x
2
Or we use the mixed weight function (collocation + subdomain):
0 , ∙1 ,
Therefore,
∙0 ∙0 sin 0 0
cos | 0
∙ ∙ sin 0
1 0 0 0
sin 0
=> 1 cos 0 cos =>
1 sin
Then ̅
Approximation
1
exact function
0.9 collocation fit
mixed fit
0.8
0.7
0.6
f(x)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x
3
Use the moment weight function:
, ∙ ,
Therefore,
cos | 0
cos | 0
2
=>
4
Matlab code:
syms PI;
exact function
u = K \ f;
moment fit
1
0.8
0.6
12 10 /
f(x)
=> 60 12 / 0.4
60 12 / 0.2
̅ -0.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x
4
Apply this Weighted Residual technique to differential equations:
B.C. 0 0, 1 0, ∀ ∈ 0,1
So we define the residual as
We try to minimize the error or residual by using the weighted residual method.
∅ ∅
∅ 0, ∅ 1 ,∅ 1
∅ ∅ 0 1
2 1 , 1
1 0
=>
2 1 1 0
=> 5/18
5
5 1
18
Approximation
0.08
exact function
0.07 one term Galerkin
0.06
0.05
u(x)
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x
∅ ∅ ∅ 0 1 1
2 6
1 0
1 0
=>
So, 1 1
Approximation
0.08
exact function
0.07 one term Galerkin
two term Galerkin
0.06
0.05
u(x)
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x
6
The finite element by the Garlerkin approach:
For the finite element method, as the finite difference method, the domain is firstly discretized
into subdomains (elements).
Linear Element
On an element x1 ≤ x ≤ x2, the primary variable is assumed to be of the form (for a linear
element)
To replace the constants and by nodal values of the function u, we evaluate at x1 and x2,
1
Or =>
1 1 1
Then
1
1 1 1
≡
7
0
=>
So,
1, 0, 0, 1
|
|
|
=>
=>
∙ ∙
∙ ∙
Define ∆
8
1 1
∆ ∆ 1 1
∙∆
1 1 ∆ 1 1
∆ ∆
∆ 1
2 1
1 1 ∆ 1
∆ 1 1 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 ∆ 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
∆ 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 ∆ 1
0 1 1 0 0 1
∆ 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Add up:
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 2 1 0 0 ∆ 2 0
0 1 2 1 0 2 0
∆ 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 0
0 0 0 1 1 1
=>
9
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0 ∆ 2
0 1 2 1 0 2
∆ 0 0 1 2 1 2 2
0 0 0 1 1 1
Iso-parametric Elements
Consider again the derivation of the linear function on the typical element. If we map the x
coordinate to a ξ coordinate that it ranges from -1 ≤ ξ ≤ 1 on the element. We would lie to give a
standard element irrelevant to , .
1 1
=>
1 1
1 1
=>
1 1
=>
1 1 1
Or
1 1
Therefore, we can rewrite shape function for the linear element:
2 2 1
∆ 2
10
2 2 2 2 1
∆ ∆ 2
Or simply
1
2
1
2
After the coordinate transformation, the integral of a function f(x) will be transformed to
1 1 1 1 ∆
≡
2 2 2 2 2 2
Hence
∆
2
11
The Quadratic Element
1 ∙ 1 ∙ 1
0 ∙ 0 ∙ 0
1 ∙ 1 ∙ 1
1 1 1
1 0 0
1 1 1
=>
1 0 2 0
1 0 1
2
1 2 1
=>
1 0 2 0
1 ∙ 1 0 1
2
1 2 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
2 2
12
Term (1)
2
∆
2
∆
1 1 1 1
2
2 2 2 2
2 1 1
2 2 2
∆ 2 2
1 1 1 1
2
2 2 2 2
7 8 1
8 16 8
3∆
1 8 7
where
1 1 2
1 1 ∆
2 2
Term (2)
Term (3)
∆ 1
4
6
1
13
Put three terms together
7 8 1 ∆ 1
8 16 8 4 0
3∆ 6
1 8 7 1
7 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8 16 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0
1 8 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
∆
∆
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 7 8 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 8 16 8 0 0 0 0 4 0
∆
∆
0 0 1 8 7 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Add up:
7 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8 16 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0
1 8 14 8 1 0 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 8 16 8 0 0 0 0 4 0
∆
0 0 1 8 14 8 1 0 0 2 0
∆
0 0 0 0 8 16 8 0 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 1 8 14 8 1 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 8 16 8 4 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 7 1
14
2D FEM
B.C.
Where ,
Geometric equation:
, ,
Hooke’s law:
1 0
1 0
1 1 2 1 2
0 0
2
For the plane stress problem:
1 0
1 0
1 1
0 0
2
Substitute geometric equation and Hooke’s law to the differential equation of equilibrium:
15
For the u, v approximation u ( x, y )
u
̅ u3 u2
u1
Substitute , , , , , to y
3
2
1
x
=>
1
1
1
A = [1 ;1 ;1 ];
B = inv(A);
=>
1
2
1
, 1
2
, , , , , ,
1
,
2
16
1
,
2
1
,
2
, 1, , 0, , 0
, 0, , 1, , 0
, 0, , 0, , 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
=>
17
The weak form
Note:
Therefore
18
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0
2
1 1
0 0 0 0
∆ ∆
1 ∆ 0 ∆ 0 0 0 1 1
0 ∆ 0 0 0 ∆ 0 0 0 0
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
∆ ∆ 0 ∆ ∆ 0
1 1 1 1
0 0
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
1 1
0
∆ ∆
1 1
0 1 1
∆ ∆
0 0 0 0
1 1 0 ∆ ∆
∆ ∆ 0 0 1 1
∆ 1 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 1 1 2 1 2 ∆ ∆
0 0 0 0
∆ 2 1 1 1 1
1 0 0
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
0 0
∆
1
0 0
∆
19
The order of assembly
1 2 3
(1) 1 2 3
(2) 3 2 4
20