TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

LITERATURE 3

METHODS 7

SKILL ANALYSIS 16

Front View

Side View

Back View

Table 1.1 Upper Extremity Analysis (Front)

Table 1.2 Upper Extremity Analysis (Back)

Table 2.1 Lower Extremity Analysis (front)

Table 2.2 Lower Extremity Analysis (Back)

Table 3 Preparatory phase

Table 4 Execution phase

Table 5 Follow Through/Recovery phase

Conclusion 25

REFERENCES 28
DOCUMENTATION 29

CURRICULUM VINTAE 30
 1
2
INTRODUCTION 1
2

Table tennis, or Ping-Pong, is an enjoyable sport but it can be highly

competitive. Each player tries to outscore his opponent through the use of

skill, strength, speed, stamina and strategy. The game is somewhat similar to

tennis, where players hit the ball back and forth over a net. The game is

played on a table surface with the use of paddles and a Ping-Pong ball. The

objective in the game is to be the first to score 11 points. Table tennis is a game

played by many people around the world. Games of table tennis are played in

schools as well as homes. People young and old alike enjoy this fast-paced

and action-packed game. For the serious player, there are many associations

and organizations that sponsor competition. In addition, table tennis is an

Olympic sport.

Table tennis is governed by the worldwide organization International

Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), founded in 1926. ITTF currently includes 226

member associations. The origin of table tennis has never been exactly

pinpointed, even though it’s a relatively young sport. The sport is younger

than lawn tennis and not much older than basketball. The earliest known

form of the sport, called indoor tennis, was played in the early 1880s by

British army officers in India and South Africa. They played the game by

using lids from cigar boxes as paddles and rounded corks from wine bottles

as balls. They set up a row of books across the middle of a table to establish

the net.
 2
2
1
The forehand stroke has changed drastically over the last 10 years
2
Today's players seldom use the traditional forehand but the modern topspin

forehand stroke Changes in the forehand technique have been attributed to

new racket designs, Better physical fitness of the players, and increasing

speed of the game.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the forehand drive

technique of table tennis athletes and to develop a well-designed training

protocol to improve the performance of table tennis athletes; a Pre- and post-

test design was employed in this study to examine the effectiveness of a

training protocol that was based on the outcome of the pre-test.

Conducting this research is a way to observe and study about the table

tennis forehand spin, the analysis and proper learning in this kind of rocket

games. Wider our knowledge and imagination in this technique to help us

learn and improve our idea in table tennis forehand drive/spin.

 LITERATURE

Today’s popular sport of table tennis has grown considerably since its

birth late in the nineteenth century by the upper class in England. It began as

a recreational activity and social diversion during the 1880’s when adherents

of lawn tennis adapted their pastime to be played indoors during the winter

season. Referred to as Whiff-Whaff or Gossamer the game was played with

balls made of cork or rubber and wooden paddles covered with dried animal

skins (Wikipedia, 2009). After J. Jacques & Son introduced the name Ping-

Pong (an imitation of the sound of the ball contacting the table and paddle),

the game’s popularity began to rise (Robbins, 2004). Parker Brothers

copyrighted the name “ping-pong” in 1926 and it was to be used exclusively

for games manufactured by their company (Boggan, 2000).

Table tennis, also called (trademark) Ping-Pong, ball game similar in

principle to lawn tennis and played on a flat table divided into two equal

courts by a net fixed across its width at the middle. The object is to hit the ball

so that it goes over the net and bounces on the opponent’s half of the table in

such a way that the opponent cannot reach it or return it correctly. The

lightweight hollow ball is propelled back and forth across the net by small

rackets (bats, or paddles) held by the players. The game is popular all over the

world. In most countries it

is very highly organized as a competitive sport, especially in Europe and

Asia, particularly in China and Japan (Barna, 1998).

 In line with this, the research aims to focus on the forehand drive as the

primary topic for this research. The forehand smash and loop shots are two of

the most dynamic and aggressive strokes in the game of table tennis and next

to the serve they are likely the most commonly played strokes by experts. For

this reason alone, it is important to discuss the mechanics of these two similar

strokes. The forehand loop shot is a heavy topspin shot executed by a long

sweeping upward stroke and can be used as a rallying stroke to later set up a

smash or sometimes as a put away shot. The smash, on the other hand, is the

fastest shot in table tennis and is almost impossible to return, reaching speeds

around 60 mph and upwards of 100 mph. The forehand loop and smash can

be broken down into five distinct phases including the preparatory

movements, the backswing phase, force producing phase, critical instant and

follow through. Before a player can successfully execute any stroke in table

tennis, the proper footwork and body positioning is necessary. This

movement before the stroke begins makes up the preparatory phase. As

mentioned earlier, table tennis is a reaction sport where a player must try to

acquire as much information as possible from his or her opponent before the

opponent contacts the ball. This allows a player to accurately anticipate the

opponent’s shot and prepare earlier

to return the ball. Recognizing the opponent’s shot early allows more time to

position the feet and body in a position ideal to return the ball and create a

chance to score a point. Before preparing to hit the forehand loop or smash

shots in particular, the trunk should already be flexed forward into a relaxed
position that will later help to facilitate trunk rotation. Then, the feet should

be positioned with the right foot further away from the end of the table (for

right handed player), and the left foot slightly forward creating an open angle

to the end of the table of about 45-degrees. The right foot should be planted

almost parallel to the end of the table and far enough back so that a wide base

of support is achieved and the player is in a balanced position that will later

allow for a transfer of weight onto the back foot once in this position, the

stroke can begin (USATT, 2004).

Angular momentum is equal to the moment of inertia of the body

times it’s angular velocity. Therefore, if some of the momentum of the much

heavier torso is transferred to the striking arm, the arm will be able to rotate

with a very high angular velocity. A study by Neal (1991) examining the

mechanics of the forehand loop and smash shots in table tennis suggests that

the timing of the upper limb segments would be consistent with the

summation of speed principle. This principle suggests that the contribution of

the arm segment would precede the forearm and the hand, while these two

segments are also timed in such a way that the proximal one contributes to

the distal one. The study showed the hand to have the greatest peak velocity,

followed by the forearm and then the upper arm. This pattern was seen in

both the smash and loop shots, with the loop shot a scaled down version of

the smash in regards to magnitude. However, the summation of speed

principle suggests that the peak velocity of the proximal segment should be

reached just prior to that of the more distal segment and this was not seen in
the study. Neal (1991) found that all three segments peaked simultaneously at

the instant of impact. Therefore, there is some doubt as to whether or not the

speed principle holds true in the case of high speed table tennis shots (Neal,

1991).

Neal (1991) reported the smash shot of several Chinese players to have

a large decrease in the vertical velocity component compared to the loop shot,

and an increase in horizontal velocity. The vertical velocity of the loop shot at

contact was approximately 8 m/s and decreased in the smash to around 5

m/s. Horizontal velocity on the other hand increased from just below 6 m/s

in the loop to nearly 12 m/s in the smash. These measurements give a good

indication of the differing path that the paddle follows when performing

these two strokes. Neal (1991) calculated the ratio of horizontal to vertical

velocity to be 2.2 in the smash and 0.6 in the loop. He suggests that a ratio of

less than one is required to produce balls with a high rate of top spin (Neal,

1991).
 Upper Extremity Analysis

Table 1.1 Front Arm

Shoulder Shoulder Elbow / Wrist/Hand Trunk

joint girdle Forearm

Flexion Abduction Flexion Flexion Medial

+
+
+
Depression Adduction Pronation Adduction Rotation
+
5
6
2
3
2
3
4
Table 1.2 Back Arm 4
1
2
Y
1
Shoulder Shoulder Elbow / Wrist/Hand Trunk
2
joint girdle Forearm 2
1
Flexion Adduction Flexion Flexion Medial 2
9
Abduction Pronation Abduction Rotation 7
8
REFERENCES:

Chow, J., Carlton, L., Lim, Y., Shim, J., Chae, W., & Kuenster, A. (1999).

Muscle activation during the tennis volley. Medicine and Science in Sports

and Exercise, 31, 846–854. Elliott, B.C., & Marsh, T. (1989). A biomechanical

comparison of the topspin and backspin forehand approach shots in tennis.

Journal of Sports Sciences, 7, 215–227. Elliott, B.C., Marsh, T., & Overheu, P.

(1989). A biomechanical comparison of the multisegment and single unit

topspin forehand drives in tennis. International Journal of Sport

Biomechanics, 5, 350–364. Jacobson, J., Miller, B.S., & Morag, Y. (2005). Golf

and racquet sports injuries. Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology, 9, 346–

359. Johnson, C.D., & McHugh, M.P. (2006). Performance demands of

professional male tennis players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40, 696–

699. Ando, S., Kida, N., & Oda, S. (2002). Practice effects on reaction time for

peripheral and central visual fields. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 95(3), 747-

752. Boggan, T. (2000). History of USA Table Tennis, vol 1. Retrieved May 19,

2004, 2004, from http://www.usatt.org/articles/history/history01.shtml

Boggan, T. (2009). The History of Table Tennis. Retrieved February 18, 2009,

from http://www.robbinstabletennis.com/history.htm Brebner, J. T., &

Welford, A. T. (1980). Introduction: an historical background sketch. New

York: Academic Press. Broadbent, D. E. (1971). Decision and Stress. London:

Academic Press. Fieandt, K., V., Huhtala, A., Kullberg, P., & Saarl, K. (1956).

Personal tempo and phenomenal time at different age levels. Helsinki,

Finalnd
 Methods

The purpose of conducting a research bout table tennis forehand drive

is by knowing and on how to apply techniques in playing table tennis because

as a player we should have to know the following; I wanted to know more

about the said specific drive. I wanted to get some idea or technique in doing

this. I wanted to improve my skill/s in forehand drive by the help of this

research. We as a player we should have this concrete knowledge for us to

become who really want in the near future.

We have these to kind of subject the skilled and unskilled person. The

two subjects can execute the forehand drive but there are many differences

during, the execution. A skilled person or a person with strong forehand

drive can execute the proper way of holding the grip and proper position in

doing the forehand drive. It was easy to theme to execute the serving because

they have much knowledge, ideas and techniques on how the service done.

Unlike the unskilled person or a person without knowledge of what drive

he/she doing. It is not easy for the researcher to find the skilled person to

execute the said specific drive because most of the player or skilled person has

that kind of phobia when they are in front of the camera.

My subject was named Mark John Basong , 18 years of age a college

student in the University of Mindanao Tagum City. He is a 2nd year regular

BPE student. During his elementary days he was being trained by his own

father to develop his skills. at the age of 9 in his 3rd grade he qualify to play in
City Meet by the help of his father he is being declared as a 1st runner up in

the said event.

After, in his secondary days he continued playing table tennis and one

of the representatives in his school. Within 4yrs. in Junior high school he was

being selected 3times player to represent his school for a DAVRAA meet.

Before his achievement he undergoes obstacle such trainings, self-disciplines

to maintain his good posture.

During his college time at University of Mindanao he was one who

represented their department in the course of Education for the Intramurals.

During the intramural the table tennis coach discovered his ability so that

table tennis coach recommended him to play in PRISAA meet, and luckily he

won the PRISAA meet and one of the qualifier for Regional PRISAA.

The equipment required to play table tennis are a ping-pong table, a

net, paddles and ping-pong balls.

Table

The table should be 274 cm. x 152.5 cm. (9 ft x 5 ft) in size and 76 cm. (2

ft. 6 in.) above the floor. It is usually painted with a dark green matte finish

and has a white 2 cm. (3/4 inch) line along each edge. There is also a white 3

mm. (1/8 in.) line down the center of the table for use in doubles games.
Net

The net divides the playing surface into two courts of equal size. The

net should be 15.25 cm. (6 in.) high, with the post being at most 15.25 cm. (6

in.) outside the side lines. The bottom of the net should be as close as possible

to the playing surfball.

Ball

The ball should have a diameter of 40 mm., weigh 2.7 gm. and be made

of celluloid or similar plastic material. It can be white or orange.

Paddle

The paddle or racquet may be of any size, shape or weight but the

blade shall be flat and rigid. A side of the blade used for striking the ball shall

be covered with either pimpled rubber or sandwich rubber having a total

thickness including adhesive of not more than 4 mm. The surface should be

flat and pimples distributed evenly to avoid unusual returns.ace.

 Lower Extremity Analysis

Table 2.2 Front Leg

Hip Knee Ankle

Flexion Flexion Dorsi Flexion

Abduction

Lateral rotation Extension

Medial rotation

Table 2.3 Back Leg

Hip Knee Ankle

Flexion Flexion Dorsi Flexion

Abduction

Lateral rotation Extension

Medial rotation
 Table 3.1 Preparatory Phase

Joint Involved Articulating Action Muscle Involved

Bones

Shoulder joint Clavicle Flexion Supraspinatus ,

Scapula Spine of scapula,

Deltoid ,

Infraspinatus,

Teres minor

Long head of

triceps brachii

Wrist joint Carpals Flexion

Metacarpals

phalanges

Elbow joint Humeris, Adduction Biceps brachii,

Ulna, Brachialis,

radius Extensor carpi,

Triceps brachii

Flexor carpi
 Table 4.1 Execution

Joint Involve Articulating Action Muscles Involved

Bones

Spinal column Thoracic Lateral flexion Trapezius

Vertebrae, Latissimus dorsi,

Lumnar Infraspinatus,

Vertebrae

Knee joint Femur, Extension Quadriceps

Patella, Femoris group,

Fibula, Sartoruis,

Hamstring group

Elbow joint Humeris, Flexion Biceps brachii

Ulna, Brachialis,

Radius Extensor carpi

Triceps brachii

Flexor carpi
 Table 5.1 Follow-Though

Joint Involved Articulating bones Action Muscle involved

Knee joint Femur Flextion Quadriceps

Patella Femoris group

Fibula Sartoruis

Hamstring group

Elbow joint Humeris Flexion Biceps brachii

Ulna Brachialis

Radius

Extensor carpi

Triceps brachii

Flexor carpi

Hip joint Pelvic Flexion

Girdle Lateral rotation

Lump Abduction

Vertebrae
 FOREHAND SPIN/DRIVE (Table tennis)

Introduction to Biomechanics and Movement Education

MOVEMENT ANALYSIS

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree bachelor of Physical Education

Major in School Physical Education

Submitted by:

KASANDREW C. MANGAO

Submitted to:

SARAMIE S. BELLEZA, MAED

 Movement Analysis

The forehand drive is one of the four basic table tennis strokes. The

other three are the backhand drive, backhand push and forehand push the

forehand drive is an attacking stroke played with a small amount of topspin.

It is a drive shot and not a topspin loop! The forehand drive is played against

long or medium length topspin or float balls. You can’t play a forehand drive

off a short ball (that would be a flick) and you can’t play a forehand drive off

a backspin ball (that would go into the net).The forehand drive is usually

played from the forehand side but players are also encouraged to use their

forehand drive against balls that come to their middle. Advanced players will

even sometimes move around to play a forehand drive from their backhand

side, if they see the ball early enough! I’ve team up the DAVRAA meet

qualifier athlete to analyze how forehand drive executed, a forehand drive is

light topspin stroke in table tennis there are 4 steps in doing forehand drive.

The Stance (Preparatory phase) feet should be slightly wider than

shoulder width apart. If right-handed, the right foot should be slightly further

back than the left knees should be slightly bent body should be leaning

forward both arms should be in abduct position about 90-110 degree bend at

the elbow stand quite close to the table, An arm’s length away weight

distributed on both feet and on the balls are in dorsiflexion, not heels. (see

picture in front, side and back view)

 Secondly, the subject performs the Backswing (execution phase).Rotate

your body to the right, from your hips elbow and bat rotate back with you bat

angle closes weight shifts onto the back foot, right foot for a right-handed

player the body is moving the arm, not the other way round, Followed by the

Strike hips and shoulders rotate forwards to meet the ball. The arm moves

forward with the body. Accelerate the forearm slightly as you make contact,

similar to doing a military salute. Weight transfers to the front foot, left foot

bat angle stays closed throughout the shot. Take the ball at the peak of the

bounce and out in front of you. Keep a small gap between the elbow and the

body.

Lastly, the Finish (Recovery phase) forward and upward your bat

should finish roughly pointing where you have hit the ball Always get back to

the ready position One of the most important strokes in table tennis is the

forehand or forehand counter From the ready position, players should try to

have their upper arm near their side with their elbow bent at a 90° angle.

When your opponent strikes the ball, you begin your backswing. From the

ready position, let your arm relax to a position below the height of the ball

and, at the same time, twist your waist so that your racket (paddle) arm

moves away from the ball and put your weight on your back leg. The back leg

is the one farthest from the table

 However, the open stance forehand was once believed to be poor

technique. Table tennis instruction experts are now advocating it. The studies

of the open and square tennis forehand have been limited to the kinematics of

the strokes and tend to show non-significant trends in racket, and ball

rebound velocity advantages over the traditional square stance technique

In striking skills in table tennis, the fastball should be observed,

because the ball might lead one to believe that this is an easy task, but this

task makes high temporal demands. Although these tasks require a short time

to deal with, the players must strike the ball with a suitable velocity and good

orientation.
Documentation
Front view
Side view
Back view