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Effect of water to cementitious ratio on the strength development of unary blended

concrete – An overview

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Effect of water to cementitious ratio on the strength development of

unary blended concrete – an overview
P.JAGADESH,
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu,
India. Email:jaga.86@gmail.com,
A.RAMACHANDRAMURTHY,
Senior Scientist, Computational Mechanics Group, Structural Engineering Research Centre-CSIR,CSIR, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu, India. Email: murthycsdg@gmail.com,
R.MURUGESAN,
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IRTT, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: murugesan6ramin@gmail.com

Abstract: Concrete, second largest consumable material after water, with three tonnes used annually,
makes one of the biggest threats to the sustainability. For example, production of one tonne of cement, 1.7 tonnes of
basic resources (1.6 tons of limestone and clay with 0.1 tons of fuel) are required. Demographic growth, the need
for infrastructure and the dynamism of developing countries is boosting the production of cementing materials over
two billion tons on present scenario and it is growing 5% every year. Therefore, those involved with these industries
must develop new techniques for creating concrete with minimal use of its cement. For this purpose, Supplementary
Cementitious Materials (SCM’s) like Fly Ash (FA), Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Sugar Cane Bagase Ash (SCBA), Palm
Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), etc., are used to blend with cement in concrete in order to increase its properties aspects as
well as solve the environmental related problems. In present investigation an overview on the effect of different
types of Water to Cementitious (W/C) ratio on compressive Strength Active Index (SAI) of unary blended concrete
with different types of ashes are studied in order to understand the SCM’s behaviour in terms of SAI.
Keywords: Cement, Concrete, Natural resources, Supplementary Cementitious Materials, Fly Ash, Rice Hush Ash,
Sugar cane bagasse ash, Palm Oil Fuel Ash.

1. Introduction: materials are added to cement, the silica (SiO2) present

For designing a concrete structure, one of the most
important properties which has to be considered, is
structures ability to resist all loads. The usage of both
industrial and agricultural byproducts in concrete, leads
to solution for environmental pollution, effective solid
waste management, reduces usages of cement, reduces
energy in intensify process of concrete production,
strength gaining, as it goes on [23, 9,25, 11, 7] and
which ultimately aims at the positive effect on a
country’s economy are beyond dispute. The objective of
this study is aimed to overview the strength active index
of unary blended concrete by replacing OPC with
different kinds of ashes like FA, RHA, SCBA, POFA,
etc.
A pozzolana is a material, occurring either naturally
or artificially, and which contains silica, iron and
aluminium ions. According to ASTM C618 (1992), a
pozzolana is defined as a siliceous, irons and aluminous
material which in itself possess little or no cementitious
value, but one which in finely divided form and in the
presence of moisture, will chemically react with calcium
hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds
possessing cementitious properties. When pozzolanic
in these materials reacts with free lime released during
the hydration of cement and forms additional calcium
silicate hydrate (CSH) as new hydration products, which
improve the mechanical properties of concrete
formulation [8]. Concrete mixtures with high OPC
contents are susceptible to cracking and increased heat
generation and it can be controlled by using SCM’s
[24], furthermore their use reduces the consumption of
OPC per unit volume of concrete. OPC has high energy
consumption production process and CO2 emissions
associated with its manufacture, which is reduced when
the amount used in concrete is reduced [25]. In order to
understand the strength development of various
pozzolans mixed with OPC at two different ages to
elaborate the correlation exist between blended concrete
and strength development are studied in this
investigation. Strength Activity Index (SAI) is to note
down the development of strength gaining of various
pozzolans at various ages and it is defined by ASTM C
311 as
SAI = [A / B] x 100
Where, A = average compressive strength of
blended concrete cube
 B = average compressive strength of control concrete development of FA blended concrete seems to increase
cube with increase in W/C ratio.
Figure 1 indicates that SAI of FA blended concrete
2. Fly Ash: of various proportions with respect to that of W/C ratio
shows mostly SAI is increased from 7 days to 28 days
FA, as defined by ACI 116, is the finely divided for compressive strength. It is observed that for W/C
residue resulting from the combustion of ground or ratio above 0.30, the SAI will start increasing above
powdered coal and which is transported from the 20% for more than 40% of replacement but it will start
firebox through the boiler by flue gases. The properties decreasing after increasing in W/C ratio. The SAI for
of FA contribute to strength gain and improved FA blended concrete having W/C ratio of selected range
durability when used with OPC. FA concrete can shows that there is only positive effects in terms of SAI
provide equal or superior performance up to certain and age of concrete.
replacement limits [6, 38, 31], such as improved
workability, decreased water demand, reduced heat of
hydration, increased ultimate strength, reduced
permeability, and improved durability. From Table 1 it
is observed that the W/C ratio of blended concrete have
definite increase in strength gaining at earlier stage of
hardening process itself.
As W/C decreases the control mix of all researchers
strength gaining from 7 to 28 days are decreasing.
Similar trend is also observed when FA is replaced by
OPC. From this it is concluded that strength gaining of
FA incorporate concrete has been decreasing with
decreasing of W/C ratio. Strength gaining of FA
blended concrete having more than twice of strength of
7 days when compared to 28 days for higher W/C ratio
of 0.50, i.e., increase in percentage of compressive Figure 1: Effect of W/C on SAI of FA blended
strength us greater than 50%. The strength gaining of concrete
FA blended concrete decreases with decrease in W/C
ration with increase in replacement level. 80% of test
result shows that for 20% of OPC replacement 7days
shows minimum 85% and 28 days shows 90% of
strength compared to control concrete. The strength

Table 1: Strength development of Fly Ash blended Concrete

Compressive Strength Compressive Percentage of increase

References W/C (MPa) Strength (MPa) in Compressive strength
% FA ratio 7 days 28 days Strength Gaining
14.51 55.68
0 0.50 11.55 26.06
16.44 56.93
5 0.50 12.44 28.88
10 0.50 7.77 20.29 12.52 61.71
29
15 0.50 7.99 19.86 11.87 59.76
20 0.50 8.44 19.10 10.66 55.81
25 0.50 6.21 18.66 12.45 66.72
8.20 25.95
0 0.46 23.40 31.60
10 0.46 19.20 31.80 12.60 39.62
2
20 0.46 20.00 32.20 12.20 37.89
30 0.46 17.20 28.40 11.20 39.44
 40 0.46 12.40 19.80 7.40 37.37
50 0.46 11.80 19.00 7.20 37.89
60 0.46 6.20 14.40 8.20 56.94
0 0.35 64.60 80.00 15.40 19.25
20 0.35 62.80 85.00 22.20 26.12
14
40 0.35 51.10 83.50 32.40 38.80
60 0.35 37.30 75.80 38.50 50.79
0 0.32 52.20 62.10 10.20 16.43
10 0.32 51.90 61.70 9.80 15.88
20 0.32 46.60 58.60 12.00 20.48
30 0.32 36.50 44.20 7.70 17.42
44
0 0.27 61.20 71.80 10.60 14.76
10 0.27 56.60 67.70 11.10 16.40
20 0.27 50.50 65.00 14.50 22.31
30 0.27 40 51.90 11.90 22.93

3. Rice Husk Ash: as FA blended concrete, strength gaining is decrease

Of all the plant residues, the ash of rice husks
contains the highest proportion of silica. Rice plants
ingest orthosilicic acid from ground water, where upon
it is polymerised to form amorphous silica in the husks
[21]. Rice husk is a by-product in the process of
obtaining rice grain. It contains nearly 20% silica in
hydrated amorphous form. It constitutes 20% of the 500
million tons of paddy produced in the world [5]. The
increment in the compressive strength is related to
physical effects can be justified by the filler effect of
fine particles of RHA in concrete matrix [33]. The
addition of RHA not only improves the early strength of
concrete, but also forms a calcium silicate hydrate
(CSH) gel around the cement particles which is highly
dense and less porous [36]. This may increase the
strength of concrete against cracking.
The increase in strength gaining of RHA blended
concrete is maximum of 35% from 7 days to 28 days
[22]. RHA blended concrete also showing same tenure
Table 2: Strength development of Rice Hush Ash blended Concrete
with decrease in W/C ratio but the strength gaining
process is much lower than FA blended concrete. The
strength development of RHA blended concrete for
lower W/C ratio is lower and for higher W/C ratio it is
higher is observed from table. Strength development of
maximum 38% for 0.45 W/C ratio and it is reduced to
15% for 0.30 W/C ratio. The strength development of
RHA blended concrete has slower than strength gaining
of FA blended concrete.
The SAI for RHA blended concrete seems to be
having negative effects of SAI for W/C ratio of 0.40 as
observed from Figure 2. SAI decreases for every
increase in replacement of OPC for all W/C ratios.
Increase in SAI for W/C ratio 0.35 is twice than that of
W/C ratio of 0.30 is almost absorbed. It is also absorbed
that 10% of RHA replacement shows higher SAI
increase with respect to that of age when compared to
other replacements.

Compressive Strength Compressive Percentage of

Strength (MPa) increase in
W/C (MPa)
References % RHA Strength Compressive
ratio
7 days 28 days Gaining strength

0 0.45 27.2 37 9.8 26.49

10 0.45 27.8 42.8 15 35.05
22 11.5 28.89
20 0.45 28.3 39.8
30 0.45 27.4 37 9.6 25.95
 0 0.44 27.6 36 8.4 23.33
34 7.5 0.44 28 40.9 12.9 31.54
15 0.44 29.2 41.6 12.4 29.81
0 0.4 30 44.5 14.5 32.58
5 0.4 31.5 45.5 14 30.77
35 10 0.4 32.5 49.5 17 34.34
15 0.4 35.5 50 14.5 29
20 0.4 31 43 12 27.91
0 0.35 50 56 6 10.71
10 0.35 47 61 14 22.95
18
20 0.35 47 60 13 21.67
30 0.35 43 54 11 20.37
0 0.3 64 76 12 15.79
10 0.3 66 83.5 17.5 20.96
27 15 0.3 69 85 16 18.82
20 0.3 70 87 17 19.54
30 0.3 64.5 76.4 11.9 15.58

blended concrete, which induces higher hydration

reaction than those of 20%, 30% and other % of POFA
blended concretes. This is due to the high content of
SiO2 in OPC and the high fineness of ground POFA,
which helps to react with CaOH2 to produce an
additional calcium silicate hydrate, which improves the
compressive strength of concrete.

Figure 2: Effect of W/C on SAI of RHA blended

concrete

4. Palm Oil Fuel Ash:

The compressive strengths of concretes containing
POFA decreased when the percentages of POFA was
increased. This is due to the porosity of POFA, which
can cause the W/C ratio of the concrete to become
higher than that of OPC concrete when the slump of
fresh concrete is maintained in the same range, and thus
results in a low compressive strength [19, 26]. From
Table 3 the most of POFA blended concrete having
10% of POFA shows higher compressive strength. This
is due to the high content of OPC in 10% of POFA
Figure 3: Effect of W/C on SAI of POFA blended
concrete
Two different W/C ratio of POFA blended concrete
shows negative SAI as indicated in Figure 3, this may
due to low rate of formation of calcium silicate hydrate
in later strength developing stage of POFA blended
concrete. The strength development of POFA blended
concrete of W/C ratio of 0.50 seems to have strength
gaining of 52%. W/C ratio above or below of 0.5 POFA and lime to form calcium silicate hydrate bond which
blended concrete has slower strength development contributes to strength directly at harden stage.
which may leads to negative SAI also. From Figure 3,
the W/C ratio 0.50 become ideal W/C for SAI and
above or below these W/C ratio shows negative SAI is
appearing due to improper proportion of silica, water
Table.3 Strength development of Palm Oil Fuel Ash blended Concrete
Compressive Strength Percentage
Compressive
(MPa) of increase
% POFA W/C ratio strength (Mpa)
in strength
gaining
7 days 28 days gaining
0 0.70 24.00 32.70 8.70 26.61
10 0.70 22.90 31.20 8.30 26.61
45
20 0.70 19.50 27.40 7.90 28.84
30 0.70 17.50 24.70 7.20 29.15
0 0.60 27.50 35.50 8.00 22.54
10 0.60 27.43 35.50 8.07 22.74
20 0.60 22.70 29.50 6.80 23.06
43
30 0.60 18.70 25.50 6.80 26.67
40 0.60 13.78 20.20 6.42 31.79
50 0.60 12.03 17.78 5.75 32.34
0 0.50 23.03 37.04 14.01 37.83
5 0.50 24.36 37.55 13.19 35.13
15 0.50 23.45 38.80 15.35 39.57
10
25 0.50 22.89 37.07 14.18 38.26
35 0.50 12.76 23.55 10.79 45.82
45 0.50 8.04 16.86 8.82 52.32
0 0.45 28.07 36.89 8.82 23.91
10 0.45 29.41 35.63 6.22 17.46
41 20 0.45 27.71 32.70 4.99 15.26
30 0.45 23.04 28.44 5.40 18.99
40 0.45 18.59 23.48 4.89 20.83
0 0.32 54.90 64.70 9.80 15.15
10 0.32 55.60 67.50 11.90 17.63
42
20 0.32 54.60 69.40 14.80 21.33
30 0.32 53.20 66.10 12.90 19.52

5. Bagasse Ash compressive strength development of SCBA concretes

The compressive strength of a mortar tends to
decrease with an increase of SCBA in the SCBA
blended concrete as observed from Table 4. Increase in
percentage of strength gaining is observed with increase
in W/C ratio from Table 4. The reasons for early
and increase in compressive strength gaining of SCBA
blended concrete may be due to silica content, fineness,
amorphous phase, specific surface area, degree of
reactivity of SCBA and pozzolanic reaction between
calcium hydroxide and reactive silica in SCBA as
reported by previous works [15, 37, 16, 17, 30].
Negative effects of SAI when it is increased from 7 to
28 days are observed in except W/C ratio of 0.48 from
Figure 4. This indicates that the SAI of SCBA blended
concrete shows higher strength in earlier stage when
compared to that of later stage and also the increase in
negative effects is with decrease of W/C ratio of SCBA
blended concrete is observed. For SCBA blended
concrete having higher W/C ratio shows lower SAI and
for lower W/C ratio shows higher SAI.

Figure 4: Effect of W/C on SAI of SCBA blended

concrete

Table.4 Strength development of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash blended Concrete

Compressive Strength Compressive Percentage of
W/C
% SCBA (MPa) strength increase in strength
ratio
(MPa) gaining gaining
7 days 28 days
0 0.60 15.83 28.97 13.14 45.36
5 0.60 14.24 24.61 10.37 42.14
10 0.60 13.73 22.12 8.39 37.93
15 0.65 10.13 19.88 9.75 49.05
28 20 0.65 8.30 15.76 7.46 47.34
25 0.65 7.55 13.85 6.3 45.49
30 0.70 5.10 10.01 4.91 49.06
35 0.70 4.83 8.88 4.05 45.61
40 0.70 3.98 4.93 0.95 19.27
0 0.53 21.52 28.31 6.79 23.99
5 0.53 27.97 33.38 5.41 16.21
10 0.53 28.12 33.86 5.74 16.96
12 15 0.53 26.39 32.06 5.67 17.69
20 0.53 21.43 27.86 6.43 23.08
25 0.53 20.04 26.14 6.10 23.34
30 0.53 18.45 25.07 6.62 26.41
0 0.48 13.8 21.47 7.67 35.73
5 0.48 15.83 29.50 13.67 46.34
10 0.48 12.33 24.70 12.37 50.09
40
15 0.48 8.79 19.32 10.53 54.51
20 0.48 8.3 18.85 10.55 55.97
25 0.48 7.55 17.73 10.18 57.42
 0 0.45 14.02 31 16.98 54.78
10 0.45 13.68 25.85 12.17 47.08
32
20 0.45 9.82 19.56 9.74 49.8
30 0.45 6.77 10.04 3.27 32.57
0 0.4 17.29 24.8 7.51 30.29
10 0.4 15.76 22.13 6.37 28.79
39 20 0.4 18.57 23.45 4.88 20.82
30 0.4 14.86 17.14 2.28 13.31
40 0.4 14.56 17 2.44 14.36
6. Summary and Concluding Remarks: strength gaining with maximum
The SAI of all blended ashes shows different with replacement of 40% of POFA.
different W/C ratio. But all pozzolan discussed here  Maximum SAI of POFA blended concrete
shows the higher compressive strength gaining for is 10%, whereas for RHA blended concrete
higher W/C ratio. From above review on various is 15%, SCBA blended concrete is 25% and
pozzolan available it can be concluded that FA blended concrete is 35%.
Compressive Strength gaining of FA blended  The maximum negative SAI for POFA
concrete always shows higher gaining strength than the blended concrete is 10%, whereas for
controlled concrete SCBA blended concrete is 15% and RHA
 Strength gaining of FA blended concrete blended concrete is 7.5%.
shows initially increase with increase in FA  Increase in compressive strength gaining of
replacement level mostly upto 30%, it again SCBA blended concrete is much lower than
starts decreasing upto certain level and it the POFA blended concrete and RHA
starts again increasing. This indicates that blended concrete
FA blended concrete can be used in large  The strength development of various
volume and in late strength gaining pozzolans blended concrete shows that, the
requirement areas. strength gaining is very less at initial period
 RHA blended concrete shows medium rate but it is observed that on later stage it is
of gaining compressive strength percentage gaining strength which is indicated by
from range of 15% to 36%. negative SAI.
 The strength gaining of RHA blended  The negative SAI shows that at late ages
having more than 20% of replacement there is not enough formation of calcium
shows lesser gaining strength than the silicate hydrate bond formation when they
controlled concrete. are blended with various pozzolans which is
 RHA blended concrete shows increase in contributing to strength parameters.
SAI from 7 to 28 days with increase in W/C From a detailed studies on various pozzolans blended
ratio. concrete for selected W/C ratio, it can be concluded that
 W/C ratio of 0.35 is found out to be strength development and SAI various as concrete ages
optimum W/C ratio for FA blended concrete increases. The strength gaining process of various ashes
and RHA blended concrete, for SCBA in order of
blended concrete and POFA blended FA blended concrete > RHA blended concrete >
concrete W/C ratio around 0.50 is found to POFA blended concrete > SCBA blended concrete
be optimum based on development of SAI For the increase SAI from 7 days to 28 days of
from 7 days to 28 days. blended concrete is in order of
 Compressive strength gaining of POFA FA blended concrete > SCBA blended concrete >
blended concrete having more than 15% of RHA blended concrete > POFA blended concrete
replacement shows lesser gaining strength On the basis of water content used, blended concrete
than the controlled concrete. is in order of
 Percentage of increase in strength gaining of FA blended concrete > RHA blended concrete >
POFA blended concrete is slower, having SCBA blended concrete > POFA blended concrete
only 15% of increase in compressive
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