Back ground

This project design paper gives the brief design steps of low thermal sensitivity notch filter of
center frequency 50Hz and 4Hz(-3db)bandwidth that lock the center frequency with 50Hz +
0.1Hz.

Introduction

Filters are electric circuits, that remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to
enhance wanted ones, or both. Depending on the type of signal processed, filters can be
classified as Analog and Digital filters. Analog filters can further be divided into

1. Passive filters:- are built of passive components such as resistors, inductors and
capacitors. In these filters the maximum gain that can be attained is unity and they are applicable
in all frequency ranges.

2. Active filters:- are built of operational amplifiers that employ both positive and negative
feedback. These filters are more efficient than passive filters because they are able to
filter out or attenuate undesired frequencies much better and can also increase the gain.
Active filters are applicable in the lower frequency range (1 Hz to 1 MHz). At
frequencies greater than 1MHz active components gain bandwidth product droops
quickly.

There are also other categories of filters .Low pass filter(high cut filter) that passes low-
frequency signals but attenuates signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. While
a high pass filter(low cut filter) is an LTI filter that passes high frequencies well but attenuates
frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency. Band pass filter designed to transmit a particular
band of frequencies (bandwidth frequencies)while excluding those of higher or lower
frequencies. On the other hand all pass or phase shift filter is a signal processing filter that passes
all frequencies equally, but changes the phase relationship between various frequencies, A band-
stop filter (band-rejection filter) in signal processing is a filter that passes frequencies unaltered,

1
but attenuates those in a specific range to very low levels. It is the opposite of a band-pass

filter.

The above figure is an ideal band reject filter with corner frequencies wL and wH\.

The main aim of this project is the design and analysis of 50 Hz active notch filter. A
notch filter is a band-stop filter that passes all frequencies except those in a stop band centered
on a center frequency. Notch filter is sometimes known as band limit filter, T-notch filter ,band
elimination filter or band-reject filter. The amplitude response of a notch filter is flat at all
frequencies except for the stop band on either side of the center frequency. The standard
reference points for the roll-offs on each side of the stop band are the points where the amplitude
has decreased by 3dB, or 70.7% of its original amplitude. The -3dB points and -20dB points are
determined by the size of the stop band in relation to the center frequency, in other words the Q
of the filter. The Q knowledgebase item will have additional information, but it is hard to talk
about the roll-off points of a notch filter without defining the Q, which is the center frequency
divided by the bandwidth. Many people think that the higher the Q, the deeper the notch, This is
not true, The depth of the notch depends on the matching of components. The Q affects only the
location of the -3dB points, the stopband width.

A notch filter has transfer function of the form

k(s2 +b2 )
H(s) = w
s2 + o s+wo 2
Q

Depending on the relationship of the pole frequencies wp and the zero frequencies
wo notch filters are divided into standard notch, low pass notch and high pass notch. If the
zero frequency is equal to the pole frequency standard notch exists. A low pass notch
occurs when the zero frequency is greater than the pole frequency. In practical sense this
means the filter response below wp will be greater than the response at w0. These results

2
in an elliptic low pass filter.A high pass notch filter occurs when the zero frequency is
less than the pole frequency. This means that the response below wp will be less than the
response above w0.

In this project Twine T networks are used for the realization of the designed filter.

Twine T network

The original twine-T filter, shown in the figure below is passive RC network with
a quality factor of Q=0.25.To increase Q , the passive filter is implemented into the
feedback loop of an amplifier, thus turning into an active band-reject filter.

Fig. active twine T network

The network consists of two RC T networks. The first T network consists of

C1,C2 and R3 and it is a high pass filter. That is, the lower frequency ranges are
prevented from reaching the input of the op amp due to the high reactance of C1 and C2.
On the other hand, the higher frequencies can pass and reach the op amp easily because
the reactance of C1 and C2 is low at higher frequencies. The second T network is made
up of R1, R2 and C3 and forms a low pass filter. Here the lower frequencies find C3's
high reactance to be essentially open, so they pass to the op amp input. On the other hand,
the higher frequencies are essentially shorted to the ground by the low reactance of C3.
Therefore Both the low and high frequencies get through the (+) input of the op amp and
pass through the output. If the cutoff frequencies of the two T networks do not overlap
there is frequency (fo) that results in a net voltage of 0 at the (+) terminal of the op amp.
The figure given bellow is an active notch filter. The detail analysis of this network is
given in appendix І.

3
 Application of notch filter

.-Used in live sound reproduction (Public Address systems also known as PA systems )

-Instrument amplifier (especially amplifiers of preamplifiers for acoustic instruments

such as acoustic guitar, mandolin, bass instrument amplifier ,etc.)

-To reduce or prevent feedback, while having little noticeable effect on the rest of the
frequency spectrum.

-The FM Notch filter is designed to trap out single FM broadcast station energy from
cable, MATV, television, or minor FM translator receiver applications.

-Cable TV “notch filters” that blank out frequencies corresponding to two consecutive
channel on the FCC channel spectrum.

-TV notch filters:-are used to remove unwanted carrier signals from TV channels, such as the
annoying “beep-beep-beep”. But, they can also be used to remove entire channels.

-Mainly notch filters are used for power supply interference filtering which are 50/60Hz
filters.

4
Design procedures

1. Design brief:-This part includes the analysis and identification of the necessary
parameters required for the design of the network. This includes the pass band
frequencies, stop band frequencies and pass band and stop band attenuations.
2. Transfer function approximation:-This part includes the approximation of the
network function which can satisfy the given specifications. The approximation was
done first by calculating the low pass equivalent of the notch filter then applying
frequency transformation techniques the low pass prototype was transformed to a
notch filter. Different approximation functions such as butterworth, elliptic, inverse
chebyshev ,Bessel Thomson or chebyshev І approximations were the candidates of the
transfer function approximation in our project , chebyshev І was choose for its sharp
stop band characteristics.
3. Synthesis(Realization):-The realization part was done using the coefficient
matching technique. Twine-T network with known transfer function was selected, and
matched with the approximated transfer function to give the required component
values.
4. Analysis:- the maximum power drop across each component was messured using
the setup in multism 10.and the sensitivity analysis was also performed using multism
10.

Methods of component Selection

Resistors and capacitors are probably the most common and well known
of all electrical components. Applying a resistor and capacitors to a circuit normally
requires

 calculating the nominal values needed in the circuit application (resistance,

power rating, etc.) then
 developing acceptable tolerances for the resistor that ensure it will function
properly in all extremes of the application.

The first design consideration is relatively simple, typically based on straight

forward theory and linear calculations. The second design task can be more difficult

5
because resistors and capacitors have several characteristics that alter their value when
used in a practical circuit. . Resistors and capacitors are often designated as "precision"
or "power". Precision are designed for applications where tight tolerance and stability
are primary considerations. They generally have restricted operating temperature limits
and power dissipation ratings. Power are designed for the applications where tight
tolerance and be quite stable, but their design emphasis is to optimize power
dissipation. generally they have extended operating temperature limits

6
 Network Design
Given

Fc =50Hz=314.16 rad/sec

Bw=4Hz=25.13 rad/sec

Wp1=48Hz=301.44 rad/sec

Wp2=52Hz326.56 rad/sec

αp=3dB

assumptions

αs=25 dB

ws1=49Hz=307.72 rad/sec

ws2=51.02Hz=320.28 rad/sec

Approximation

First find the equivalent low pass filter prototype

Let the pass band frequency of the lowpass prototype be wp=1 rad/sec

−1 wp1 wp2 −(ws2 )2 −1

The stop band frequency is given by ws= (bw )
ws2

−1 48∗52−(51)2 −1
 Ws=( 4 )
51

 Ws=2 rad/sec

Calculation for order

The Chebycheve I approximation is used to approximate the transfer function that fulfill the
specifications.

7
 αp
⁄10
ε2=10 -1=0.995

The order for Chebycheve I approximation is given by

10αs⁄10 −1 1025⁄10 −1
cosh−1 √ cosh−1 √
ε2 0.9952
n= ws = 2 =2.771
cosh−1 ( ) cosh−1 ( )
wp 1

 n=3

2
A
(T(w))2 =1+ε2max
Cn2 (w)

Where Cn2(w)=cos(n cos-1(w))

For n=3 Cn becomes

Cn(w)=cos(3 cos-1(w)) expanding this expression gives

Cn(w)=4w3-3w

 Cn2(w)=16w6-24w4+9w2
 1+ε2Cn2(w)=1+0.995(16w6-24w4+9w2)
=15.92w6-23.88w4+8.955w2+1
2
max A
 (T(w))2=15.92w6 −23.88w 4 +8.955w2 +1
substituting w=-js gives
2
max A
 (T(s))2=15.92s6−23.88s 4 +8.955s2 +1

Solving the denominator and taking the left hand side poles
k
T(s)=(s+0.2986i)(s+0.1493+0.9038i)(s+0.1493−0.9038i)
k
 T(s)=s3 +0.597s2 +0.02835s+0.25059

If the Dc gain=α
T(s)|s=0=α
k
 α=0.25059

 k=0.25059α
0.25059α
 T(s)=s3 +0.597s2 +0.02835s+0.25059 Select α=31.645
7.92997958
 T(s)=s3 +0.597s2 +0.02835s+0.25059

8
 Applying frequency transformation technique to transform T(s) to notch filter substitute

Bw∗S
S=s2 +w 2
where w0=central frequency, Bw=band width
0

Applying frequency scaling by wo gives

Bw
s 0.08s
w0
S= 2 = s2 +1
s +1

7.92997958(s2 +1)3
 Tn(s)=0.2506s6 +0.0743s5 +0.7556s4+0.1490s3+0.7556s2 +0.0743s+0.2506
7.92997958(s2 +1)(s2 +1)(s2 +1)
 Tn(s)=
(s2 +0.2678s+1)(s2 +0.0148s+1.09)(s2 +0.0136s+0.9174)

This can be written as a product of three functions

1.8661(s2 +1)
T1(s)=s2 +0.2678s+1 => Active notch filter

2.155(s2 +1)
T2(s)= s2 +0.148s+1.09 => High pass notch

1.97192268(s2 +1)
T3(s)= s2 +0.136s+0.9174 => low pass notch

Figure: magnitude and phase plot of T(s)

Bode Diagram
0

-50
Magnitude (dB)

-100

-150

-200

-250

-300
720

540
Phase (deg)

360

180

0
-1 0 1
10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
9
Component Selection

1.Active notch

R/2

C C

R R

R1

2C R2

1
μ(s2 + )
(CR)2
H(s)= 2 1
s2 +2k( k −1)s+
(CR)2

k(s2 +1)
T(s)=s2 +0.2678s+1

To find the value of C and R

First we equate the value of the constant in T(s) and H(s)

1
⟹1=(CR)2

1
⟹1=(CR)

1
If we assume R=2kΩ then c=2kΩ=0.5mF

When we denormalizes it by ω0 =50*pi ,then C=1.5915µF =1.6 µF

1
=> R=(1.6)(2∗π∗50) =1.98kΩ

To find the value of k we equate the coefficient of s in T(s) and H(s)

i.e 2(2-k)= 0.2678

10
 4-2k=0.2678

4−0.2678
k= 2

k=1.8661

Using the value of k we can determine R1 and R2 since k is the gain

R
k=1+R1
2

R
1.8661-1=R1
2

R
0.8661=R1
2

R1=0.8661R2

If we assume the value of R2=2 kΩ

R1=1.74kΩ

2 Low Pass Notch

k/k+1

C C/k

1 k

k+1
c c
k

R2

k(s2 +1)
T(s)=s2 +.0136s+0.9174

μ 1
(1+αk+α)
(s2 + 2 )
C
H(s) = 2−μ
1 ( +α)(1+k)s
+ k + s2
c2 (1+αk+α) c(1+αk+α)

11
To find The value of C we equate the zero frequency of T(s) and H(s)

1
1=C2

If we assume the value of C= 1F

And demoralizing it by ω0 =50*pi , C= 3.18mF

The closest standard value is C=3.3mF

To find the value of  we let k=1.96 kΩ and

Nornalizeing C with the new standard value C=1.03672558F

Then equating the value of the constant in T(s) and H(s)

1
i.e =0.9174
C2 (1+αk+α)

1
=(1 + αk + α)
C2 ∗.9174

1
2∗.9174 −1
 =C k+1

1.417617157∗10−2
= k+1

1.417617157∗10−2
= 1.96 kΩ +1

=7.229*10-6

 C =7.855µF

When we denormalizes C= 24nF

C⁄ =1.68µF , the closes standard value is 1.6 µF

k

k
=.9994 , the closes standard value is 1Ω
k+1

k+1
k
C = 3.3 mF

12
We can get the value of µ by equate the coefficient of s in T(s) and H(s)

2−μ
( +α)(1+k)
k
i.e .0136= c(1+αk+α)

.0136C(1+(k+1))
µ=2-( (1+k)
− )

µ=1.99987679

R
µ=1+R1
2

R
.99987679=R1
2

If we assume R 2 =3.6kΩ then R1 =3.6kΩ

High Pass notch

k/k+1

 /k

𝑘+1
1 k ∝ R1
𝑘

R2

k(s2 + 12 )
α
H(s)= 1 1 k 1+k 1+ki 2 1 µ
( + +1)+ ( + − )s +s2
α2 R R α α k R k

k(s2 +1)
T(s)=s2 +.04148s+1.09

To find The value of  we equate the zero frequency of T(s) and H(s)

1
=1
α2

 α = 1F

13
When we denormalize α = 3.183mF ≈ 3.3mF

Normalizing by wo α=1.03672558F

To find the value of k we equate the denominator of the constant of T(s) and H(s)

1 1 k
 (R+ + 1)=1.09
α2 R
1 k
 (R+ + 1) = 1.09 ∗ α2
R

1 k
+ =0.17153719
R R

1+k
=0. 17153719
R

K=0.17153719R -1

Let K= 1.96KΩ

Then R =11.4.32KΩ

The closest standard value R=11.5KΩ

α(k+1)
= 3.3mF
k

k
= 1Ω
k+1

To find µ we equate the coefficient of s in T(s) and H(s)

1+k 2−μ 1
i.e. ( + R ) = .0148
α k

0.0148α− 1 2−μ
 =
1+k R k
.01489α 1
 k( − R) =2-µ
1+k
.01489α 1
 2 − k( − R) =µ
1+k

 2-(-0.155) =µ
 µ=2.155
R
 µ =1+R1
2

14
  R1=1.155R2

assume R2 =20Ω then R1 =23.2Ω

The value of R2 and R1 are selected in ohms to minimize the Dc offset.

OP AMP selections

Let the circuit be operator until fmax=10Mhz

fvG =Av*f

=6.45*10MHz

=64.5MHz

Slew Rate (min)=π* fmax* V0 (max)

=3.14*10MHz*350mv

=10.9v/µs

When we look at the data sheet THS4011 satisfies the above conditions therefore we select it

Component tolerance calculation

15
 The assumption made while calculating the component tolerance is, If we keep the
center frequency of each section of the network to vary only by one third of 0.1Hz the overall
variation of the central frequency would be only 0.1Hz.

The following steps calculate the tolerance of each section with the above assumption.

Low pass notch

1
Wo=√c2 (1+α(K+1))

Where C=3.3mF,K=1.96K,α=7.229*10-3

1
 W0=√(3.3∗10−3 )2 (1+7.299∗10−6 )(1.96∗103 =300.905rad/sec
+1))

1
 W0+∆wo=√(c−∆c)2 (1+α((K+∆k)+1)

0.2∗2∏
∆wo= =0.2094, wo+∆wo=301.1144
3

Let Tc=2%, c-∆c=3.3*10-3(1-0.02)=3.234*10-3

1
 (301.114*3.234*10-3)2=(1+α(K(1+T
k )+1)

 1.0269029-1=α(k(1+T k ) +1)
 0. 0269029=7.2999*10-3(1.96 *103)(1_+Tk)+1)
 3.7214*10-3=1.96*103(1+TK)+1
 1.898169=(1- TK)
 0.898169=TK
This is the maximum value of the tolerance that we can use for the resistor K.
So Choose the tolerance for K, Tk=2%.
High pass notch
1 1+k
W0=∝2 √ + 1 where a=3.3*10-3F
R

R=11.5*103
K=1.96*103
Wo=327.85rad/sec
Wo=.20944rad/sec
 Wo=327.85 rad/sec

16
 .1∗2π
 Wo= =.2094
3

 Wo+Wo=301.1144
Let Tc=2% , c-C=3.3*10-3(1-.02)=3.234*10-3
1
(301.114*3.234*10-3)2=1+a (k(1+T
k )+1)

=> 1.0269029-1= (k(1+Tk)+1)

=> 0.269029=7.229*10-3(1.96*103(1+Tk)+1)
=> 3.7214*103=1.96*103(1+Tk)+1
=> 1.898169=(1-Tk)
=> 0.898169=Tk
This is the maximum value of the tolerance that we can use for the resistor K.
So Choose the tolerance for K, Tk=2%
Therefore Tc=2%
Tk=2%
High pass notch
1 1+k
W0=a2 √ +1 Where a=3.3*10-3F
R

R=11.5*103
K=1.96*103
Wo =327.85rad/sec
∆Wo=0.20944rad/sec
 Wo=327.85rad.sec

1 1+(k+∆k)+1
Wo+∆Wo=a−∆a √ R+∆R

Let To=2%=0.02

Tk=2%=0.02

 a -∆a=3.234 *10-3
 k+∆k= 1.9992*103
 Wo+∆wo=328.05944

1+1.9992∗103
 (328.05944*3.234 *10-3)=√ +1
𝑅+∆𝑅

17
 9.961615∗1.993∗103
 =1-TR
11.5∗103

 0.37987 = T𝑅

This is the maximum tolerance SO we can choose TR=1%

Active notch

𝟏
Wo=𝑹𝑪 Where R=2*103

C=1.6*10-6

Wo+ Wo=312.5+0.20944

Let Tc=2%=0.02

1
=> 312.70944 =0.0032(1+𝑅
𝑅 )(1−𝑅𝑅 )

=> 1.000670208=(1 + 𝑅𝑅 )(1 − 𝑅𝑅 )

1.000670208
=> =(1 + 𝑅𝑅 )
0.98

=>𝑇𝑅 =0.0219

This is the maximum tolerance that can be used for R therefore choose TR=2%

Besides the above tolerance calculation to minimize the variation of components with
temperature more temperature insensitive components such as ceramic capacitors and resistors
are used.

- To build the active notch filter we cascade the above filters ( i.e the high pass, the low
pass, and the active ) notch together with the input buffers .

18
 R11
V5
C9 C8 1Ω 12 V V1
R6
V3
5 12 V 12 V
XFG1 1
3.3mF 1.6uF 4 9 1Ω
U6 C5 C4
7 13 10
R12 6 R13 U5
3 7 3.3mF 1.6uF
8 12
1Ω 1.96kΩ THS4011CD 6 3
U3
2 THS4011CD 17 R7 15 R8 7
6
4 7 3
R16 2 1Ω 1.96kΩ
C10 11.5kΩ 4 THS4011CD 6
0 3.3mF R15
3 2 2
4
R14 23.2Ω 19 16
3.6kΩ
V6 R9 11 R10
20Ω 12 V V2 C7
12 V C6 V4 3.6kΩ
0 24nF 12 V
3.3mF
0
14

V9
XBP1 12 V V7
R1 XSC1
28 12 V
IN OUT U2 C2 C1 1kΩ Ext Trig
+
7 24 18
0 _

3 1.6uF 1.6uF A
_
B
_
+ +
THS4011CD 6
U1
27 R2 R3 23 7
2 26
4 3 25
2kΩ 2kΩ THS4011CD 6
29 22
2
4 R5
V10 C3 R4
12 V 21
3.3uF 3.74kΩ V8 2kΩ
12 V
0

19
Simulation results

The simulation was performed using software (Multism10) and the simulation set up was given
in the previous figure

From the simulation the following points can be noticed

-The circuit can be operated until maximum frequency of 10.39MHz -3dB frequency.

-The maximum attenuation occurs at 48.97Hz and this is equal to -50.237dB. The

Attenuation at 50Hz is equal to -37.905dB and the attenuation at the stop band

Frequency ws1=49Hz is -50.005dB and at ws2=51Hz is -18.82dB.

-The maximum input voltage that results in undistorted output voltage is 50mV peak.

-The gain of the circuit is 6.37.

The simulation result Circuit simulated with the non standard components is given as
follows

-The voltage level at the central frequency W0=50Hz=-61.115db

-The -3db frequencies are wo=51.918Hz and Wo=47.85Hz.

-The maximum output voltage level is at 2.455MHz =27.09db

-The phase response of the circuit is non linear specially around the central frequency and at high
frequencies.

20
 Figure The magnitude response of the non standard component circuit

Figure The. phase response of the non standard component circuit

The frequency response of the circuit can be obtained from it’s bode plot and this is given in the
following figure.

21
Figure: The magnitude response of the standard component circuit

Figure: The. phase response of the standard component circuit

22
 Analysis

The maximum power drop across each component is measured from the simulation set up at
frequency of 1Khz and input voltage of 50mv(the maximum input voltage level) and is tabulated
as follows.

low pass Active

High pass notch notch notch
power power
Component Dissipation Component power Dissipation component Dissipation
R12 1.247mvw R7 5.772mW R2 10.98µW
R13 650nvW C5 45.375µW C2 8.94nW
C4 96PW R8 2.88µW R3 10.9µW
C8 1.6pW C6 19.6pw C4 51.53nw
R11 1.683m C4 0W R1 6.27µW
R16 111.03n R6 13.429µW C3 61.4nw
R14 63.6µ R9 1.623µW R4 63µW
R15 137.3µ R10 1.638µW R5 3.27µW
c10 1.02µW C7 0W

Sensitivity

The sensitivity of with respect to each component was simulated in multism 10 and the resulting
plot is given below.

Legend

23
Magnitude sensitivity for the low pass part

phase sensitivity for the low pass notch part

Legend

Magnitude sensitivity for the high pass notch section

24
Phase sensitivity for the high pass notch part

25
 Legend

Magnitude sensitivity of the active notch part

Phase sensitivity of the active notch part

From the above plots we can observe that the magnitude of the output voltage varies very little
with the change in the capacitor values due to ambient conditions.

But the phase changes significantly. This implies that the filter does not good phase response and
Ait can not be used for phase sensitive applications.

26
 Bill of materials

Quantity Description RefDes Type Price Manufacturer

Suzhou Yangjie Electron
2 RESISTOR, 1Ω 1% R11, R12 Ceramic $0.50 Co..Ltd
Suzhou Yangjie
1 RESISTOR, 1.96kΩ 1% R13 Ceramic $0.50 Electronics Co..Ltd.
Suzhou Yangjie Electron
1 RESISTOR, 20Ω 0.5% R14 Ceramic $0.50 Co..Ltd
Suzhou Yangjie Electron
1 RESISTOR, 23.2Ω 1% R15 Ceramic $0.50 Co..Ltd
CAP_ELECTROLIT, 3.3mF Suzhou Yangjie Electron
3 2% C9, C5, C6 Fan capacitor $0.50 Co..Ltd
CAP_ELECTROLIT, 3.3mF Suzhou Yangjie Electron
1 2% C10 Fan capacitor $0.50 Co..Ltd
V6, V3, V4,
V1, V2, V7,
V8, V9, V10,
10 DC_POWER, 12 V V5
Suzhou Yangjie Electron
1 RESISTOR, 11.5kΩ 1% R16 Ceramic $0.50 Co..Ltd
Suzhou Yangjie Electron
2 RESISTOR, 1Ω 0.5% R6, R7 Ceramic $0.50 Co..Ltd
Suzhou Yangjie Electron
1 RESISTOR, 1.96kΩ 0.5% R8 Ceramic $0.50 Co..Ltd
Suzhou Yangjie Electron
2 RESISTOR, 3.6kΩ 1% R9, R10 Ceramic $0.50 Co..Ltd
CAP_ELECTROLIT, 1.6uF C4, C1, C2, Suzhou Yangjie Electron
4 2% C8 Ceramic $0.50 Co..Ltd
CAP_ELECTROLIT, 24nF Suzhou Yangjie Electron
1 2% C7 Ceramic $0.50 Co..Ltd

27
 Suzhou Yangjie Electron
$0.50 Co..Ltd
Suzhou Yangjie Electron
1 RESISTOR, 1kΩ 0.5% R1 Ceramic $0.50 Co..Ltd
Suzhou Yangjie Electron
2 RESISTOR, 2kΩ 0.1% R2, R3 Ceramic $0.50 Co..Ltd
Suzhou Yangjie Electron
1 RESISTOR, 3.74kΩ 1% R4 Ceramic $0.50 Co..Ltd
Suzhou Yangjie Electron
1 RESISTOR, 2kΩ 1% R5 Ceramic $0.50 Co..Ltd
CAP_ELECTROLIT, 3.3uF Suzhou Yangjie Electron
1 2% C3 Ceramic $0.50 Co..Ltd
5 op amp THS4011 u1,u2,u3,u4,u5 $1 Texas Instruments

28
Conclusion And Suggestion

In conclusion we decide to use twin-t notch filters with standard components that
wound reduce the sensitivity of the system while still maintaining the simplicity of the design
process. We hoped that this design will be as close as possible to ideal filter. As we all know the
goal of any filter design is to design it in such a way that it will be as close as possible to the
ideal filter. We accomplished this by increasing the order of the filter. The disadvantage of
increasing the order of the filter is that it will become more costly because more components
are needed for higher order filter. High order filter could be realized by breaking it in smaller
order sections that are easier to design and cascading this sections with the use of buffer.

In our project the given specification was accomplished to satisfactory live. But it was
not satisfied 100% some design factors limit the satisfaction of the the design brief. One of the
factors that limit us was the use of standard components. Each components calculated from the
design has to be approximated to standard components this resulted in slight shift of the central
frequency from the required value. Another limitation is the biquad sections used to design the
filter has gain limitation. the gain of each sections has to be set according to the calculated values
from the design ,it was not possible to set this gains at will.

Active Notch filter can be extremely helpful when used properly, however it is not right for
every system . in correct placement of the notch can cause instability and a notch filter puts extra
overhead on the cpu of the controllers.

They are applicable many areas such as :-in live sound reproduction

-In Instrument amplifier

-In FM broadcast station energy from cable, MATV,

television,

- In Cable TV “notch filters” that blank out

Frequencies corresponding to two consecutive channel on

the FCC channel spectrum.

29
 -In TV notch filters
-In power supply interference filtering which are 50/60Hz filters

After designing each section for the resistor and capacitor values ,the high order filter
circuit could then be implemented by connecting all sections together .the design in this report
has successfully approximated the ideal notch filter using a sixth order chebysheve filter.

30
Appendix

Chebyshev approximation

Chebyshev approximation approximate the constant value unity through out 0<ω<1

in oscillatory manner rather than in a monatomic manner.

The attenuation functions for chebysheve approximation is selected as

2 𝜔
(ω)=10log [1+ 2 Tn2(𝜔 )
𝑝

Using the identity cos2nx=cos2(nx-1) we havType equation here.e

2 𝜔
(ω)=10log [1- +2Tn2 (𝜔 )]
2 𝑝

It is standard practice to neglect 2/2 , which leads us to

𝜔
(ω)=10log [1+2Tn2 (𝜔 )]
𝑝

For chebyshev approximation the transfer function is

𝜔
|H (jω)|=1+2Tn2 (𝜔 )
𝑝

1
|T (jω)|= 𝜔
1+2 𝑇𝑛 2 ( )
𝜔𝑝

𝜔
Tn (ω)=cos(ncos-1(𝜔 )…………………………. ω/ωp<1
𝑝

𝜔
=cosh (ncosh-1(𝜔 )…………………………. ω/ωp>1
𝑝

The specification for low pass is filter are given by

𝜔𝑝
=>p(ω)= 10log[1+2Tn2 (𝜔 )
𝑝

𝜔
=>s(ω)= 10log[1+2Tn2 (𝜔 𝑠 )
𝑝

=> = √ 10.1𝛼𝑝− 1

31
 𝜔
=>s(ω)= 10log[1+2 cosh2(ncosh-1(𝜔 𝑠 )]
𝑝

𝜔
=>10.1s -1=2cosh2(ncosh-1(𝜔 𝑠 )
𝑝

10.1𝛼𝑝 −1 𝜔
=>√ =cosh(ncosh-1(𝜔 𝑠 )
2 𝑝

10.1𝛼𝑝 −1 𝜔
=>cosh-1√ = ncosh-1(𝜔 𝑠 )
2 𝑝

10 .1𝛼𝑝 −1
cosh−1√
2
=>n= 𝜔
cosh−1( 𝑠 )
𝜔𝑝

Table used to find Tn (ω) for various values of n

N Tn (ω)
0 1
1 Ω
2 2 ω2-1
3 4 ω3-3 ω
4 8 ω4-8 ω2+1
5 16 ω5-20 ω3+5 ω
6 32 ω6-48 ω4- 18 ω2 -1
7 64 ω7-112 ω6+56 ω3-7 ω
8 128 ω8-256 ω6+160 ω4-32 ω3+1
9 256 ω9-576 ω7+476 ω5-120 ω3+9 ω
10 512 ω10-1280 ω8+1120 ω6-400 ω4+50 ω2-1

32
Frequency Transformation

Most approximation methods use to find the transfer function of low pass filter therefore
we transform low pass transfer function to required filter using the following

Form :-Low pass to high Pass………………. S→ S/ωo

:-Low pass to Stop Pass………………. S→ BWS/S2+1

:-Low pass to Band Pass………………. S→S2+1/ BW

Active notch analysis

𝑘
𝑘+1

C b C

a i

1 R

𝑘+1
𝛼 R2 R1
𝑘

kcL at node a

2
(𝑣 − 𝑣𝑎 ) + (𝑣𝑖 – 𝑣𝑎 )𝑐𝑠 = (𝑣𝑎 − 𝑣𝑖𝑛 )𝑐𝑠
𝑅 𝑜

2 −2
𝑣0 +( 𝑅 − 2𝑐𝑠)𝑣𝑎 + 𝑐𝑠𝑣𝑖 + 𝑐𝑠𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝑅

2
𝑣 +𝑐𝑠𝑣𝑖 +𝑐𝑠𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝑅 𝑜
𝑣𝑎 = 2
( +2𝑐𝑠)
𝑅

33
 2 𝑐𝑠𝑅 𝑐𝑠𝑅
𝑣𝑎 = 𝑣 + 2+2𝑐𝑠𝑅 𝑣𝑖 + 2+2𝑐𝑠𝑅 … … … … eq(1)
2+2𝑐𝑠𝑅 𝑜

Kcl at node b

𝑣𝑖𝑛 −𝑏 𝑣𝑏 −𝑣𝑖
= 2𝑐𝑠 𝑣𝑏 +
𝑅 𝑅

𝑣𝑖𝑛 −2 1
+ ( 𝑅 − 2𝐶𝑆) 𝑉𝐵 + 𝑅 𝑉𝑖 = 0
𝑅

𝑣𝑖𝑛 1
+ 𝑣𝑖 𝑣
𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖
𝑅 𝑅
𝑣𝑏 = 2 = 2+2𝑐𝑠𝑅 + 2+2𝑐𝑠𝑅 … … … …. eq(2)
+ 2𝑐𝑠
𝑅

Kcl at node → 𝑖

𝑣𝑏 − 𝑣𝑖
= 𝑐𝑠(𝑣𝑖 − 𝑣𝑎 )
𝑅

𝑣𝑏 = 𝑐𝑠𝑅𝑣𝑖 + 𝑣𝑖 − 𝑐𝑠𝑅𝑣𝑎

𝑣𝑏 = (𝑐𝑠𝑅 + 1)𝑣𝑖 − 𝑐𝑠𝑅𝑣𝑎 ……………………eq(3)

Equating equation 3 and 2

𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝑣
=>(CSR +1 )𝑣𝑖 − 𝑐𝑠𝑅𝑣𝑎 = + 2+2𝐶𝑆𝑅
2+2𝐶𝑆𝑅

−𝑣𝑖𝑛 1
-CSR𝑣𝑎 = + (2+2𝑐𝑠𝑅 − 𝑐𝑠𝑅 − 1)𝑣𝑖
2+2𝑐𝑠𝑅

−𝑣𝑖𝑛 1 1
𝑣𝑎 = − ( − 𝑐𝑠𝑅 − 1)𝑣𝑖
(𝑐𝑠𝑅)(2 + 2𝑐𝑠𝑅) 𝑐𝑠𝑅 2 + 2𝑐𝑠𝑅

−𝑣𝑖𝑛 1 1
𝑣𝑎 = (𝑐𝑠𝑅)(2+2𝑐𝑠𝑅)
+ (− (𝑐𝑠𝑅)(2+2𝑐𝑠𝑅) + 1 + 𝑐𝑠𝑅)𝑣𝑖 ……………….. eq(4)

Equating equation 1 and 4

34
 2 𝑐𝑠𝑅𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑠𝑅
𝑣𝑜 + + 𝑣
2 + 2𝑐𝑠𝑅 2 + 2𝑐𝑠𝑅 2 + 2𝑐𝑠𝑅 𝑖𝑛
−𝑣𝑖𝑛 −1 1
= +( +1+ )𝑣
(𝑐𝑠𝑅)(2 + 2𝑐𝑠𝑅) (𝑐𝑠𝑅)(2 + 2𝑐𝑠𝑅) 𝑐𝑠𝑅 𝑖

𝑐𝑠𝑅 2 −(2𝑐𝑠𝑅)𝑣𝑜 − (𝑐𝑠𝑅 2 )𝑣𝑖 − 𝑣𝑖 + (𝑐𝑠𝑅)(2 + 2𝑐𝑠𝑅)𝑣𝑖 + (2 + 2𝑐𝑠𝑅)𝑣𝑖

)𝑣𝑖𝑛 =
𝑐𝑠𝑅)(2 + 2𝑐𝑠𝑅) (𝑐𝑠𝑅)(2 + 2𝑐𝑠𝑅)

(𝑐𝑠𝑅)2 + 1)𝑣𝑖𝑛 = −2𝑐𝑠𝑅𝑣𝑜 − (𝑐𝑠𝑅)2 + 1 − (𝑐𝑠𝑅)(2 + 2𝑐𝑠𝑅) − (2 + 2𝑐𝑠𝑅)𝑣𝑖

=-2csR𝑣𝑜 − (𝑐𝑠𝑅)2 + 1 − 2𝑐𝑠𝑅 − 2𝑐𝑠𝑅 2 − 2 − 2𝑐𝑠𝑅)𝑣𝑖

=-2csR𝑣0 − (−(𝑐𝑠𝑅)2 − 1 − 4𝑐𝑠𝑅)𝑣𝑖

1
=-2csr𝑣0 + (𝑐𝑠𝑅)2 + 1 + 4𝑐𝑠𝑅)𝐾𝑣0 where K= 𝑅𝑓
(1+ )
𝑅𝑖

=(-2csR +(𝑐𝑠𝑅)2 + 1 + 4𝑐𝑠𝑅)𝐾)𝑣𝑜

=(k(𝑐𝑠𝑅)2 + 4𝑐𝑠𝑅𝑘 − 2𝑐𝑠𝑅 + 𝑘)𝑣𝑜

𝑣𝑖𝑛( 𝑠𝑐𝑅)2 +1)=(𝑘(𝑐𝑠𝑅2 + 2𝑐𝑠𝑅(2𝑘−1)+ 𝑘)𝑣𝑜

𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑠𝑅 2 + 1
=> =
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑘(𝑐𝑠𝑅)2 + 2𝑠𝑅(2𝑘 − 1)𝑠 + 𝑘

𝑣 𝑐𝑅 2 𝑠2 +1
=>𝑣 𝑜 =
𝑖𝑛 𝑘(𝑐𝑅 2 𝑠2 +2𝑐𝑅(2𝑘−1)𝑠+𝑘

1
𝑣0 𝑠2 + 𝑘
𝑐𝑅2
= 2(2𝑘−1) + 𝑐𝑅2
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑠2 + 𝑠
𝑐𝑅

1 2 1
𝑣0 (𝑠 + 2 )
𝑘 𝑐𝑅
= 2(2𝑘−1)𝑠 1
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑠2 + + 2
𝑘𝑐𝑅 𝑐𝑅

1
𝑣𝑜 𝐺0 (𝑠2 + )
𝑐𝑅2
= 2 1 Where G0=1/k
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑠2 +2𝐺𝑜 ( −1)𝑠+ 2
𝐺0 𝑠𝑅

1
𝐺0 (𝑠2 + )
𝑐𝑅2
= 1
𝑠2 +2(2−𝐺0 )𝑠+
𝑐𝑅2

35
High pass notch analysis

Kcl at node a

𝑠𝑎 𝑘+1
(𝑣𝑖𝑛 − 𝑣𝑎 )𝑠𝑎 + (𝑣𝑖 − 𝑣𝑎 ) + (𝑣𝑜 − 𝑣𝑎 ) =0
𝑘 𝑘

𝑠𝑎 𝑘 + 1 𝑠𝑎 𝑘+1
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎 − (𝑠𝑎 + + ) 𝑣𝑎 + 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑣𝑜 = 0
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘

𝑠𝑎 𝑘+1
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎 + ( +( ) 𝜇) 𝑣𝑖
𝑘 𝑘 = 𝑣𝑎
1 ……………. 𝑒𝑞1
(𝑠𝑎 + 1) (1 + )
𝑘

Kcl at node B

𝑣𝑏 − 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑎 𝑘 + 1
𝑣𝑖𝑛 − 𝑣𝑏 = + 𝑣𝑏
𝑘 𝑘

𝑣𝑖 1 (𝑘 + 1)
𝑣𝑖𝑛 + = 𝑣𝑏 (1 + + 𝑠𝑎 )
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘

𝑣𝑖𝑛 + 𝑣𝑖 ⁄𝑘
𝑣𝑏 = … … … … … . 𝑒𝑞2
1
(1 + ) (1 + 𝑠𝑎)
𝑘

36
 Kcl at node i

𝑣𝑏 − 𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑎
= + (𝑣𝑖 − 𝑣𝑎 )
𝑘 𝑟 𝑘

𝑣𝑏 𝑘 1 𝑠𝑎 𝑠𝑎
= 𝑣𝑖 ( + + ) − 𝑣𝑎
𝑘 𝑟 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘

𝑘
=>𝑣𝑏 = 𝑣𝑖 (𝑟 + 1 + 𝑠𝑎) − 𝑠𝑎 𝑣𝑎 … … . . 𝑒𝑞3

Equating Eq2 and eq3

𝑣𝑖𝑛 + 𝑣𝑖 ⁄𝑘 𝑘
= 𝑣𝑖 ( + 1 + 𝑠𝑎) − 𝑠𝑎 𝑣𝑎
1 𝑟
1 + )(1 + 𝑠𝑎)
𝑘

𝑣𝑖𝑛 1 𝑘
+ 𝑣𝑖 ( − ( + 1 + 𝑠𝑎) = −𝑠𝑎 𝑣𝑎
1 1 𝑟
(1 + ) (1 + 𝑠𝑎) 𝑘 (1 + ) (1 + 𝑠𝑎)
𝑘 𝑘

𝑘
−𝑣𝑖𝑛 + 1 + 𝑠𝑎 1
=> 𝑣𝑎 = + 𝑣𝑖 ( 𝑟 − … … … . 𝑒𝑞4
1 𝑠𝑎 1
𝑠𝑎 (1 + ) (1 + 𝑠𝑎) 𝑠𝑎𝑘 (1 + ) (1 + 𝑠𝑎)
𝑘 𝑘

Equating eq1 and eq4

𝑘 𝑠𝑎 𝑘+1
𝑠𝑎)2 +1 𝑟
+1+𝑠𝑎 1 ( +𝜇(
𝑘 𝑘
)
1 𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝑣𝑖 ( − 1 − )
1
𝑠𝑎(1+ )(1+𝑠𝑎) 𝑠𝑎 𝑠𝑎𝑘(1+ )(1+𝑠𝑎) (𝑠𝑎+1)(1+
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘

𝑘 𝑠𝑎 𝜇
+1+𝑠𝑎)(𝑘+1)(1+𝑠𝑎)−1−𝑠𝑎 𝑘( + (𝑘+1)
=𝑣𝑖 (𝑟 1
𝑘 𝑘
𝑠𝑎 𝑘(1+ )(1+𝑠𝑎)
𝑘

𝑘 𝑘
𝑠𝑎( + +1+2𝑠𝑎+(𝑠𝑎)2 (𝑘+1)−1−(𝑠𝑎)2 −𝑠𝑎(𝑘+1)𝜇
𝑟 𝑟
=𝑣𝑖 ( 1
𝑠𝑎 𝑘(1+ )(1+𝑠𝑎)
𝑘

𝑘 𝑘2 𝑘
( + +𝑘)+𝑎(1+𝑘)( +2−𝜇)𝑠+𝑘(𝑠𝑎)2
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
=𝑣𝑖 ( 1
𝑠𝑎 𝑘(1+ )(1+𝑠𝑎)
𝑘

1 𝑘 1 𝑘
𝑘( + +1)+𝑘𝑎(1+ )( +2−𝜇)𝑠+𝑘(𝑠𝑎)2
𝑟 𝑟 𝑘 𝑟
=𝑣𝑖 ( 1 )
𝑠𝑎 𝑘(1+ )(1+𝑠𝑎)
𝑘

37
 𝑣 (𝑠𝑎)2 +1
=>𝑣 𝑖 = 1 𝑘 1 𝑘
𝑖𝑛 ( + +1)+𝑎(1+ )( +2−𝜇)𝑠+(𝑠𝑎)2
𝑟 𝑟 𝑘 𝑟

𝑣𝑜 𝜇(𝑠𝑎)2 + 1)
=
𝑣𝑖𝑛 (1 + 𝑘 + 1) + 𝑎 (1 + 1) (𝑘 + 2 − 𝜇) 𝑠 + (𝑠𝑎)2
𝑟 𝑟 𝑘 𝑟
1
𝜇(𝑠2 + 2 )
𝑎
=1 1 𝑘 𝑘+1 1 2 𝜇
( + +1)+ ( + – )𝑠+(𝑠)2
𝑎2 𝑟 𝑟 𝑎 𝑟 𝑘 𝑘

1
𝜇(𝑠2 + 2 )
𝑎
=1 1 𝑘 𝑘+1 1 2−𝜇
( + +1)+ ( + )𝑠+𝑠2
𝑎2 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑘

Low Pass Notch analysis

K/K+1

C C/k

a i

1 R

𝑘+1
C C R1
𝐾

R2

kCl at node A

𝑘+1 𝑐𝑠
(𝑣𝑖𝑛 − 𝑣𝑎) 𝑠𝑐 + (𝑣0 − 𝑣𝑎 ) + (𝑣𝑖 − 𝑣𝑎 ) 𝑘 = 0
𝑘

𝑘+1 𝑐𝑠 𝑘+1 𝑐𝑠
Sc𝑣𝑖𝑛 − (𝑠𝑐 + + 𝑘 ) 𝑣𝑎 + 𝑣0 + 𝑣𝑖 = 0
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘

𝑘+1 𝑐𝑠
𝑠𝑐𝑣𝑖𝑛 + 𝑣0 + 𝑣𝑖
𝑘 𝑘 = 𝑣𝑎
1 1
𝑠𝑐 (1 + ) + (1 + )
𝑘 𝑘

38
 𝑠𝑐𝑘𝑣𝑖𝑛 +((𝑘+1)𝜇+𝑐𝑠)𝑣𝑖 𝑅
𝑣𝑎 = 1 ……………………𝑒q(1) where 𝜇 =1+𝑅1
𝑘(𝑠𝑐+1)(1+ ) 2
𝑘

Kcl at node B

𝑘+1 𝑣𝑏 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑣𝑖𝑛 − 𝑣𝑏 = 𝑠𝑐 𝑣𝑏 +
𝑘 𝑘

𝑣𝑏 𝑘+1 𝑣𝑖
-𝑣𝑏 − − 𝑠𝑐 𝑣𝑏 = −𝑣𝑖𝑛 −
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘

1 𝑘+1 𝑣𝑖
𝑣𝑏 (1 + ) + 𝑠𝑐) = 𝑣𝑖𝑛 +
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘

𝑣
𝑣𝑖𝑛 + 𝑖 𝑘𝑣 +𝑣
𝑣𝑏 = 1
𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑖
= (𝑘+1)(𝑠𝑐+1)………………..eq(2)
(1+ )(1+𝑠𝑐)
𝑘

Kcl at node i

𝑣𝑏 −𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑠
=(𝑉𝑖 − 𝑣𝑎 ) 𝑘 + 𝑣𝑖 𝛼𝑐𝑠
𝑘

𝑣𝑏 1 𝑐𝑠
= 𝑣𝑖 ( + + 𝛼𝑐𝑠) − 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑠
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘

𝑣𝑏 = 𝑣𝑖 (1 + 𝑐𝑠 + 𝛼𝑐𝑠𝑘) − 𝑣𝑎 𝑐𝑠 ………………..eq(3)

Equating eq(2) and eq(3)

𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝑘 𝑣 +𝑣
=>𝑣𝑖 (1 + (𝑐 + 𝛼𝑐𝑘)𝑠) − 𝑣𝑎 𝑐𝑠 = (𝑘+1)(𝑠𝑐+1

𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑣 1
-𝑣𝑎 𝑐𝑠 = (𝑘+1)(𝑠𝑐+1 + 𝑣𝑖 ((𝑘+1)(𝑠𝑐+1) − (1 + (𝑐 + 𝛼𝑐𝑘)𝑠)

−𝑘𝑣𝑖𝑛 1 + (𝑐 + 𝛼𝑐𝑘)𝑠 1
𝑣𝑎 = + 𝑣𝑖 ( −
𝑠𝑐(𝑘 + 1)(𝑠𝑐 + 1) 𝑠𝑐 𝑠𝑐(𝑘 + 1)(𝑠𝑐 + 1)

−𝑘𝑣
𝑖𝑛 (𝑘+1)𝑠𝑐+1)+(𝑐+𝛼𝑐𝑘)𝑠(𝑘+1)(𝑠𝑐+1)−1
𝑣𝑎 =𝑠𝑐(𝑘+1)(𝑠𝑐+1) + 𝑣𝑖 ( )…………..eq(4)
𝑠𝑐(𝑘+1)(𝑠𝑐+1)

39
Equating eq(4) and eq(3)

𝑠𝑐𝑘 𝑣
𝑖𝑛 𝑘+1)𝜇+𝑐𝑠)𝑣 −𝑘𝑣 (𝑘+1)(𝑠𝑐+1)+(𝑐+𝛼𝑐𝑘)𝑠
=>(𝑠𝑐+1)(𝑘+1) + (𝑠𝑐+1)(𝑘+1)𝑖 = 𝑠𝑐(𝑘+1)(𝑠𝑐+1)
𝑖𝑛
+ 𝑣𝑖 ( )
𝑠𝑐(𝑘+1)(𝑠𝑐+1)

𝑠𝑐𝑘 𝑘 (𝑘+1)(𝑠𝑐+1)+(𝑐+𝛼𝑐𝑘)𝑠(𝑘+1)(𝑠𝑐+1)−1− ((𝑘+1)𝜇+𝑐𝑠)

((𝑠𝑐+1)(𝑘+1) + 𝑠𝑐(𝑘+1)(𝑠𝑐+1))𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝑣𝑖 ( ) − (𝑠𝑐+1)(𝑘+1)
𝑠𝑐(𝑘+1)(𝑠𝑐+1)

(𝑠𝑐)2 𝑘+𝑘 (𝑘+1)(𝑠𝑐+1)(1+(𝑐+𝛼𝑐𝑘)𝑠)−1−𝑠𝑐((𝑘+1)𝜇+𝑐𝑠)

)𝑣
(𝑠𝑐+1)(𝑘+1)𝑠𝑐 𝑖𝑛
= 𝑣𝑖 ( )
𝑠𝑐(𝑘+1)(𝑠𝑐+1)

𝑣𝑖 (𝑠𝑐)2 𝑘 + 𝑘
=
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑘 + 𝑐((2 − 𝜇) + 𝛼𝑘)(1 + 𝑘)𝑠 + 𝑘𝑐 2 (1 + 𝛼𝑘 + 𝛼)𝑠 2

1 1
𝑘(𝑠2 + 2 )×
𝑐 𝑘(1+𝛼𝑘+𝛼)
=𝑘 1
+ (2−𝜇+𝛼𝑘)(1+𝑘)𝑠+𝑘(1+𝛼𝑘+𝛼)𝑠2
𝑐2 𝑐

Data sheet for THS4011CD

THS4011
Ro(out resitance) 12
Io (output current) 75 -110mA
Vo(output volatge) ±3.7 - ±13.5
Vn(voltge noise) 7.5nv/Hz
unity gain bandwidth 270-290Mhz
vcc (Supply volatge) ±5-±15V
SR (slow rate) 310v/us
Setting time 37ns
Ri(input resitance) 2M
Ci(input capictor) 1.2pF
CMMR 110dB
input offset volatge 1mv

40
Glossary

 -Aliasing – refers to an effect that causes different signals to become indistinguishable

when sampled.

-the distortion or artifact that results when the signal reconstructed from

samples is different than the original continuous signal.

 -Attenuates –reduces amplitude of the signal

 Data acquisition – is the process of sampling of real world physical conditions and
conversion of the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated
by a computer.
 Stop band- is a band of frequencies between specified limits
 Corner frequency are the frequencies where the stop-band and the transition bands meet
in a filter specification.
 Acoustic instruments:- electronic musical instruments
 FCC- federal communication commission office of engineering and technology policy
and rules division

 LTI :- linear time invariant system
 Component :-A device with two or more terminals into which, or out of which, charge
may flow.
 Transfer function:- The relationship of the currents and/or voltages between two ports.
Most often, an input port and an output port are discussed and the transfer function is
described as gain or attenuation.

41
Reference

1) V.K Aater. Network Theory and Filter Design, 1985

2) F.F Kuo, Network Analysis and synthesis ,
3) Gobind Daryanani Principles of active network synthesis and design,1976
4) www.national.com
5) James D. McCabe, network analysis, Architecture, and Design,2007
6) Steven T. Karris, Signals and Systems, with MATLAB® Applications,2003
7) Wai-Kai Chen, Passive, active and digital filters,
8) Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia
9) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch_signaling_pathway
10) www.thefreedictionary.com/notch
11) www-k.ext.com
12) www.myspace.com/notchonline
13) www.satsignal.eu
14) www.discovercircuit.com
15) www.me.cmu.edu

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