Bohr e A Teoria Quantica em 90 - Paul Strathern

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visit us on the internet:

www.koch-glitsch.com
®
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Trays
®
FLEXITRAY
PROVALVE ®
SUPERFRAC ®
ULTRAFRAC ®
HARDWARE AND SERVICES
Tray Technologies
™
FLEXILOCK
HORIZON ™
Omni-Fit ™
SATURN ®
SPEED WAY - Manways ™
Random Packing
®
FLEXIMAX
IMTP ®
Metal Random Packing ™
Plastic Random Packing ™
Strutured Packing
® ™
FLEXIPAC HC
GAUZE STRUCTURED PACKING
STRUCTURED PACKING ™
SEVERE SERVICES ™
Packed Tower Internals

™
PACKED TOWER INTERNALS GUIDE
visit us on the internet: www.koch-glitsch.com

Previous Index Next
FLEXITRAY®
VALVE TRAYS
Koch-Glitsch Field Service
Depend on Koch-Glitsch Field Our crews frequently work
Service to provide expert installa- on various levels of a tower simul-
tion of custom-engineered Koch- taneously, removing equipment
Glitsch Mass Transfer products. from one level while installing new
Integrating design, fabrication and equipment on another. All vessel
installation ensures faster, safer modifications are made under
revamps with minimum down ASME code qualifications.
time.
For revamps or new construction,
Koch-Glitsch Field Service crafts- contact your Koch-Glitsch Field
men are extensively trained to Service experts.
handle any field installation service
need safely and efficiently.
Pilot Plant Capabilities

For more than 20 years, Koch- including: gas chromatography,
Glitsch has offered customers automatic titrimetry,
solutions to critical design spectrophotometric analysis, wet
problems through its Pilot Plant chemical analytical and physical
Service. Our facilities offer the property determinations.
flexibility to complete distillation Additionally, Koch-Glitsch can
studies on a wide variety of conduct customer tests in
compounds and systems.We absorption and stripping
provide customers with design applications in a variety of tower
data and commercial tower diameters from 6 inches to
designs based on sophisticated 8 feet.
analytical measurements,
Koch-Glitsch Corporate Offices

P.O. Box 8127 Koch-Glitsch Japan Corp.
WICHITA, KS 67208-0127 7th Floor, KSS Building
4111 E. 37th Street North 1-21-8, Nishi Gotanda
WICHITA, KS 67220 SHINAGAWA-KU,TOKYO
TEL (316) 828-5110 141-8538, JAPAN
FAX (316) 828-5263 TEL +81-3-5435-8560
FAX +81-3-3491-3523
Koch-Glitsch Italia S.r.l. For a complete listing of
Via Tonale 50, Koch-Glitsch offices,
Casella Postale13 visit us on the internet:
24061 Albano S. Alessandro www.koch-glitsch.com
BERGAMO, ITALY
TEL 011-39-035-328611 For emergencies:
FAX 011-39-035-328600 1-888-KOCH-911
NOTE:The information contained in this bulletin is believed to be accurate and reliable but is
not to be construed as implying any warranty or guarantee of performance.
®
Bulletin KT7-2 3M0500B Printed in U.S.A.

© Copyright 2000 Koch-Glitsch, Inc.
Versatile Valve Trays
FLEXITRAY® VALVE TRAYS

FLEXITRAY Valve Trays ® Previous Index Next
for Every Application

Proven performers in all liquid-vapor contacting
▼ T
▼
applications. Quality valve trays from Koch-Glitsch. Koch-Glitsch has the valve type º
for your service. A
The A,T and T valves can be supplied either with a flat
FLEXITRAY® Valve Trays combine high capacity Higher capacity, low pressure drop ˚
▼
periphery for tightest shutoff against liquid weepage
and excellent efficiency with a wide operating FLEXITRAY Valve Trays can handle loadings at turndown rates or with a three-dimpled periphery
range. With these product advantages plus up to 10% higher than sieve trays while providing
T
to minimize contact with the tray deck for
Koch-Glitsch technical expertise in design, higher efficiency. The contoured hole of the fouling or corrosive conditions.
manufacturing, and installation, it's no wonder T type valve provides the lowest pressure drop
Koch-Glitsch valve trays have been installed in ˚
per tray over a wide range of flow rates.
A Standard valve with integral legs
▼
tens of thousands of plants worldwide.Year after
used for most services, utilizing a sharp-
year, they continue to be the trays preferred by edged orifice in the tray floor; equivalent
plant operators. Cost-Effective to Ballast® unit V-1.
Initial purchase price, simple installation, and
reduced maintenance contribute to cost effective T Round valve retained by a fixed
▼
Uniform vapor distribution, wide operating
▼
holddown with a sharp-edged hole in the
T The same as "T" valve with a con-
range. FLEXITRAY Valve Trays are perforated projects when using FLEXITRAY® Valve Trays. º
toured, low-pressure drop hole in the
tray floor for all services including
sheet metal decks on which round, liftable fouling, slurry, and corrosive applications. tray floor.
valves are mounted. The vapor flows through Versatility
alternating rows of valves which are installed An existing tower equipped with FLEXITRAY®
parallel to the outlet weir. Valve Trays can often be used in a different
application with minimum modifications due to Other trays available
FLEXITRAY Valve Trays provide excellent the trays' wide operating range, high capacity, low
liquid/vapor contacting for high efficiency, permit pressure drop, and excellent efficiency.
from Koch-Glitsch
reduction of the reflux ratio for a given tower Sieve Tray is a perforated tray
diameter, or allow a smaller tower with typically 8% to 15% open area,
normally using 12.7mm-diameter holes.

diameter for a
given feed rate. Chimney Tray has risers and
The vapor hats for vapor flow while collecting
exiting a valve liquid for drawoff.
is directed Bubble Cap Tray has risers
horizontally, and fixed caps through which vapor
rather than flows and contacts the liquid on
vertically as in a the tray.
sieve tray, Tray Maintenance Services Post-supported Tray is used in
which reduces Koch-Glitsch provides comprehensive services to help you small diameter towers — typically
reduce costs and shorten scheduled turnarounds and less than 760 mm — where trays are
entrainment.This
emergency shutdowns for maintenance. Our Response Teams assembled one at a time over posts,
also allows longer run
are strategically located around the world, and ready to serve or in cartridge bundles.
times in fouling services you at any time. Services include inspection, hardware trailers
because horizontal radial vapor flow and lockers, AHOP (Automated Hardware Ordering Shed Rows are contacting devices
at the tray floor reduces "dead spots" Program), and Equipment Support Services technicians. for very heavily fouling service such
as coker or cat unit slurry zones.
where solids can settle, polymer growth can And we have the equipment to meet all of your hardware
start, or decomposition can occur. needs: bubble caps, stocked and specialty hardware, and tray
components for maintenance and replacement of both
FLEXITRAY® and BALLAST® trays.
Versatile Valve Trays

FLEXITRAY Valve Trays ® Previous
for Every Application

Proven performers in all liquid-vapor contacting
▼ T
▼
Index
applications. Quality valve trays from Koch-Glitsch. Koch-Glitsch has the valve type º
for your service. A
Next
The A,T and T valves can be supplied either with a flat

FLEXITRAY® Valve Trays combine high capacity Higher capacity, low pressure drop ˚
▼
periphery for tightest shutoff against liquid weepage
and excellent efficiency with a wide operating FLEXITRAY Valve Trays can handle loadings at turndown rates or with a three-dimpled periphery
range. With these product advantages plus up to 10% higher than sieve trays while providing
T
to minimize contact with the tray deck for
Koch-Glitsch technical expertise in design, higher efficiency. fouling or corrosive conditions.
manufacturing, and installation, it's no wonder The contoured hole of the T type valve provides
Koch-Glitsch valve trays have been installed in ˚
the lowest pressure drop per tray over a wide
A Standard valve with integral legs
▼
tens of thousands of plants worldwide.Year after range of flow rates.
used for most services, utilizing a sharp-
year, they continue to be the trays preferred by edged orifice in the tray floor; equivalent
plant operators. Cost-Effective to BALLAST® unit V-1.
Initial purchase price, simple installation, and
reduced maintenance contribute to cost effective T Round valve retained by a fixed
▼
Uniform vapor distribution, wide operating
▼
holddown with a sharp-edged hole in the
T The same as "T" valve with a
range. FLEXITRAY Valve Trays are perforated projects when using FLEXITRAY® Valve Trays. º
contoured, low-pressure drop hole
tray floor for all services including
sheet metal decks on which round, liftable fouling, slurry, and corrosive applications. in the tray floor.
valves are mounted. The vapor flows through Versatility
alternating rows of valves which are installed An existing tower equipped with FLEXITRAY®
parallel to the outlet weir. Valve Trays can often be used in a different
application with minimum modifications due to Other trays available
FLEXITRAY Valve Trays provide excellent the trays' wide operating range, high capacity, low
liquid/vapor contacting for high efficiency, permit pressure drop, and excellent efficiency.
from Koch-Glitsch
reduction of the reflux ratio for a given tower Sieve Tray is a perforated tray
diameter, or allow a smaller tower with typically 8% to 15% open area,
normally using 12.7mm-diameter holes.

diameter for a
given feed rate. Chimney Tray has risers and
The vapor exit- hats for vapor flow while collecting
ing a valve is liquid for drawoff.
directed Bubble Cap Tray has risers
horizontally, and fixed caps through which vapor
rather than flows and contacts the liquid on
vertically as in a the tray.
sieve tray, Tray Maintenance Services Post-supported Tray is used in
reducing Koch-Glitsch provides comprehensive services to help you small diameter towers — typically
reduce costs and shorten scheduled turnarounds and less than 760 mm — where trays are
entrainment.This
emergency shutdowns for maintenance. Our Response Teams assembled one at a time over posts,
also allows longer run
are strategically located around the world, and ready to serve or in cartridge bundles.
times in fouling services you at any time. Services include inspection, hardware trailers
because horizontal radial vapor flow and lockers, AHOP (Automated Hardware Ordering Shed Rows are contacting devices
at the tray floor reduces "dead spots" Program), and Equipment Support Services technicians. for very heavily fouling service such
as coker or cat unit slurry zones.
where solids can settle, polymer growth can And we have the equipment to meet all of your hardware
start, or decomposition can occur. needs: bubble caps, stocked and specialty hardware, and tray
components for maintenance and replacement of both
FLEXITRAY® and BALLAST® trays.
Previous Index Next
FLEXITRAY®
VALVE TRAYS
TM
KOCH-GLITSCH FIELD SERVICE
Depend on KOCH-GLITSCH Our crews frequently work on various
FIELD SERVICE to provide expert levels of a tower simultaneously,
installation of custom-engineered removing equipment from one level
Koch-Glitsch Mass Transfer while installing new equipment on
products. Integrating design, another. All vessel modifications
fabrication and installation ensures are made under ASME code
faster, safer revamps with minimum qualifications.
down time.
KOCH-GLITSCH FIELD SERVICE contact your KOCH-GLITSCH FIELD
craftsmen are extensively trained to SERVICE experts.

flexibility to complete distillation In addition, Koch-Glitsch can

TEL (316) 828-5110 141-8538, JAPAN
FAX (316) 828-5263 TEL +81-3-5435-8560
FAX +81-3-3491-3523
Koch-Glitsch Italia S.r.l. For a complete listing of
BERGAMO, ITALY
FAX 011-39-035-328600 1-888-KOCH-911
FLEXITRAY ® is registered in the following countries: Argentina, Benelux, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
® not to be construed as implying any warranty or guarantee of performance.
Bulletin KT7-2 3M0500B Printed in U.S.A.

© Copyright 2000 Koch-Glitsch, LP
Previous Index Next
PROVALVE® Valve Tray
Simply Better
The PROVALVE® valve tray by Koch-Glitsch PROVALVE® Valve vs. Conventional Valve
combines the best features of moving
valve trays and fixed valve trays.The Direction of Liquid Flow
result: A reliable, long-lasting tray that
simply works better.
The key to the PROVALVE tray is its
unique valve design.The tapered valve
cover imparts a forward-lateral push to
the liquid across the tray, improving liquid
distribution while at the same time pro-
tecting the tray deck from fouling.The
sheltered valve design also provides
greater open area and better turndown
than conventional sieve trays.
Process Advantages
• Improved capacity over sieve or valve
trays
• Lower pressure drop than sieve or
valve trays The PROVALVE tray offers the wide sieve trays or a given set of process a
• Turndown equal to typical moving operating range of conventional valve conditions—a distinction which promotes
valve trays trays…but with no moving parts.The valve lower presssure drop and protects against
• Equal or better efficiency than design prevents the likelihood of valve leg vapor surges.
conventional valve trays or deck wear while eliminating the poten- The cover, which extends beyond the
tial for popped, fouled or stuck valves. orifice, deflects and directs the vapor to a
Mechanical Advantages Unlike fixed valves punched from the greater degree than do moving valves or
• Reliable, low-maintenance design deck, the PROVALVE fixed valve features a other punched-from-the-deck valves.This
• Excellent fouling resistance uniquely tapered cover that shelters each phenomenon yields a low, even spray
vapor opening to effectively suppress height across the deck, suppressing jet
• Structural integrity
weeping, providing the high turndown flooding and permitting operation at
• Improved surge protection capability of the PROVALVE tray. The greater vapor rates.
• Easy and economical installation proprietary cover also allows a larger
orifice size than is feasible on conventional
Previous
This lateral-forward push promotes Efficiency as a Percentage of Jet Flood
uniform liquid and vapor distribution Efficiency
PROVALVE
® as a Percentage of Jet Flood
Valve Tray vs. Conventional Valve Tray
Provalve Tray vs. Conventional Valve Tray
across the entire deck, boosting the C /C Distillation Column
6 7
tray’s efficiency.The directed push Total Reflux, 60 psia
Index prevents liquid backflow and keeps
the liquid close to plug flow, which 90
eliminates dead areas where solids 80

can deposit and produces a cleansing
Point Efficiency, %
Next action that prevents materials from 70
fouling the tray deck.
60
PROVALVE trays use the same
supports as standard valve trays, 50
which minimizes installation cost and Provalve Valve
Provalve Tray Tray
Conventional
ConventionalValve
ValveTray
turn-around time in revamp situations. 40 Tray
In new designs or retrofits, PROVALVE

30
trays can replace any standard valve 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
trays on a one-for-one basis.
% Jet Flood
It’s simple:The PROVALVE tray Data reflects tests run on a stainless steel column with nine trays using a
performs better, lasts longer and is weir height of 2 in. and downcomer envelope + 0 in.
more reliable than conventional trays.
Relative
RelativePressure
Pressure Drop
Drop
Provalve Tray vs. Conventional Valve Tray
0.94
A - Weir Load = 1.0 gpm/in.
B - Weir Load = 5.0 gpm/in.
Conventional Tray Pressure Drop
0.92
Pressure Drop as Percent of
C - Weir Load = 10.0 gpm/in.
0.9
C
0.88
B
0.86
0.84
A Standard ProvalveFV2
Tray
Low Pressure Drop ProvalveFV3
Tray
0.82
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Hole Velocity Factor, fH

ft/sec
Worldwide Headquarters European Offices Koch-Glitsch (UK) Ltd Japan Office

Koch-Glitsch, LP Koch-Glitsch Italia S.r.l. King Street Koch-Glitsch Japan Corp.
P.O. Box 8127 Via Tonale 50, FENTON, STOKE-ON-TRENT 7th Floor, KSS Gotanda Bldg. 21-8
Wichita, KS 67208-0127 Casella Postale13 ST4 2LT England Nishi-Gotanda 1- chome
4111 E. 37th Street North TEL (44) 1782-744561 SHINAGAWA-KU,TOKYO
24061 Albano S. Alessandro
WICHITA, KS 67220 FAX (44) 1782-744330 141-8538, Japan
BERGAMO, ITALY
TEL (316) 828-5110 TEL 011- 81-3-5435-8560 & 8580
TEL 011-39-035-328611
FAX (316) 828-5263 FAX 011- 81-3-3491-3523
FAX 011-39-035-328600
For a complete listing of Koch-Glitsch offices,

visit us on the internet: www.koch-glitsch.com PROVALVE® is a registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch, LP.
NOTE: The information contained in this bulletin is believed to be accurate and reliable but is
For emergencies: not to be construed as implying any warranty or guarantee of performance.
1-888-KOCH-911
Bulletin KGVT-4 1M0503E Printed in U.S.A.

U.S. Patent No. 6,089,550
Previous Index Next
SUPERFRAC®
HIGH PERFORMANCE TRAYS
®
SUPERFRAC® Trays Previous Index Next
The Highest Capacity and Highest Efficiency

Crossflow Distillation Trays Available
KOCH-GLITSCH is proud to offer SUPERFRAC® Koch-Glitsch has targeted three major areas for enhanc-
trays to our customers in the hydrocarbon processing ing the performance of conventional trays:
industries. The patented technologies used in SUPER-
FRAC trays are the culmination of over ten years of 1. Active Area Enhancements
comprehensive tray development work. These trays are KOCH-GLITSCH has developed a variety of valve
a unique combination of patented technologies and styles and technologies to enhance the vapor-liquid
design strategies that produce the maximum capacity contacting which takes place on a tray deck. MINI-
AND the maximum vapor/liquid contact efficiency VALVE ® valves (fixed and floating, see Figs. 1 & 2),
achievable on a crossflow distillation tray. As a result, bubble promoters and proprietary design techniques
they afford the highest economic benefit to operators of enhance the effective bubbling activity on the tray, and
distillation columns seeking solutions for both new con- improve the flow of fluid across the tray. Improvements
SUPERFRAC® HIGH PERFORMANCE TRAYS
struction and revamp projects. to both hydraulic performance and mass transfer
efficiency are the result.
A well-designed conventional tray generally provides
the most economically attractive solution for grass- 2. Advanced Downcomer Technology
roots column construction projects. With the passage of A thorough understanding of downcomer flooding
time, the operator’s throughput and product require- mechanisms in a wide variety of services is critical to
ments typically increase to the point where the original successful application of high performance tray
trays become the primary constraint. Liquid and/or technology. Advanced downcomer technology devel-
vapor maldistribution can reduce tray efficiency and oped by KOCH-GLITSCH provides the capability to
lead to premature flooding due to entrainment. Less accurately size and shape the downcomer, thus maxi-
than optimal downcomer design ultimately results in mizing the active area available for vapor/liquid
premature downcomer flooding. Such performance contact. Other benefits include multi-chordal side
shortcomings of conventional trays have been recog- downcomer skirts and longer flowpath length for
nized for many years. Koch-Glitsch has invested signif- greater efficiency.
icant resources to understand these shortcomings and to
strategically address each one of them. SUPERFRAC 3. Inlet Area Enhancements
trays and the know-how to design and apply them are Such enhancements provide greater active area for
the products of that investment.(Fig. 3) improved capacity, and better froth initiation and
bubbling activity on the tray, thus increasing vapor liq-
uid contact efficiency.
A key design strategy of SUPERFRAC trays is to use

these enhancements to eliminate the vapor and liquid
maldistribution and stagnant zones that can occur on
conventional trays. These enhancements promote
uniform flow distribution at the tray inlet and the
perimeter areas, with great benefit to the hydraulic
performance and contact efficiency of the tray.( Fig. 4)
Fig. 1 MINIVALVE ® (VG-0) Fig. 2 MINIVALVE ® (MV-1)

SUPERFRAC trays employ these enhancements using a strategic approach to simultaneously maximize the
SUPERFRAC® HIGH PERFORMANCE TRAYS

vapor and liquid handling capacity AND to maximize the vapor/liquid contact efficiency. The Features and
Benefits of SUPERFRAC trays are presented below in tabular form.
FEATURES & BENEFITS Previous Index Next
FEATURES BENEFITS
®
Active Area Enhancements MINIVALVE Reduced entrainment
Higher capacity
Increased efficiency
Lower pressure drop
• MV-1 Better turndown
• VG-0 Better fouling resistance
• Flow-directional valves Reduced hydraulic gradient
Better liquid distribution
Special tray joint construction Better active unit coverage
Advanced Downcomer Multi-Chordal side Improved liquid distribution
Technology downcomer skirt due to increased downcomer
chord; increased efficiency
Increased active area Higher capacity
Increased flowpath length Increased efficiency
Inlet Area Enhancements Bubble promoters Better froth initiation
Fig. 3 SUPERFRAC Tray, Two-Pass Fig. 4 Tray Operating Regimes
Applications
SUPERFRAC trays can be applied in virtually any serv- For fouling services KOCH-GLITSCH offers SUPER-
ice that conventional sieve and valve trays are used, for FLUX ® trays, which can employ many of the features of
new construction or revamp opportunities. They are SUPERFRAC trays. SUPERFLUX trays are designed to
especially beneficial in applications requiring a large increase run-time in fouling applications using propri-
number of mass transfer stages, or where mass transfer etary technology to address the specific fouling charac-
efficiency is critical to the economics of the operation. teristics present in your operation. Contact your KOCH-
Examples include superfractionators (ethylene, propy-
GLITSCH representative for additional information.
lene), light hydrocarbon fractionators, splitters in chemi-
cal and petrochemical applications, and aromatics
services.
Previous Index Next

TM
Depend on KOCH-GLITSCH Our crews frequently work on various

FIELD SERVICE to provide expert levels of a tower simultaneously,
installation of custom-engineered removing equipment from one level
Koch-Glitsch Mass Transfer while installing new equipment on
products. Integrating design, another. All vessel modifications are
fabrication and installation ensures made under ASME code qualifications.
faster, safer revamps with minimum
down time.
KOCH-GLITSCH FIELD SERVICE contact your KOCH-GLITSCH
craftsmen are extensively trained to FIELD SERVICE experts.


P.O. Box 8127 Koch-Glitsch a Division of
WICHITA, KS 67208-0127 Koch-Asia Pacific, Inc.
4111 E. 37th Street North 7th Floor, KSS Gotanda Bldg. 21-8
WICHITA, KS 67220 Nishi-Gotanda 1- chome
TEL (316) 828-5110 Shinagawa-ku,
FAX (316) 828-5263 TOKYO 141-8538, JAPAN
TEL 011- 81-3-5435-8560
FAX 011- 81-3-3491-3523
Koch-Glitsch Italia S.r.l.
Via Tonale 50, For a complete listing of
Casella Postale13 Koch-Glitsch offices,
24061 Albano S. Alessandro visit us on the internet:
BERGAMO, ITALY www.koch-glitsch.com
TEL 011-39-035-328611
FAX 011-39-035-328600 For emergencies:
1-888-KOCH-911
SUPERFRAC ® is registered in the following countries: China, the Czech Republic, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United States.
® not to be construed as implying any warranty or guarantee of performance.
Bulletin KSF-2 3M0500B Printed in U.S.A.

Previous
Index
Next
Refinery Gas Plants

NGL Processing Plants
Fractionation Units with
High Capacity Demands
Gas Plants
High Pressure Distillations
High and Low Liquid
Rate Services
®
Previous Index Next
Expand your Capacity--Not your Vessel

Capacity Data
B efore the introduction of ULTRA-FRAC®

trays, appreciable capacity increases in light
hydrocarbon services could be achieved
only through new column construction. With
WHY ARE ULTRA-FRAC TRAYS BETTER?
• Superior Liquid Handling
The unique operating principle of ULTRA-FRAC trays
provides phenomenal capacity advantages above all
ULTRA-FRAC trays, existing columns can be
other trays as illustrated in the graph below.
retrofitted, resulting in significant capacity increases
without the major capital expenditures and space • Superior Vapor Handling
requirements of building new columns. ULTRA-FRAC trays function as a deentrainer.
Significantly higher vapor rates can be achieved
ULTRA-FRAC trays are the ultimate trays, without degrading efficiency. In fact, up to two
outperforming all other trays -- not only those in times the vapor rate at a given liquid rate.
the KGI arsenal -- but also all other crossflow and • Foam Suppression
counter flow trays. One-for-one change-outs of
existing trays are possible for many services. Recent laboratory results demonstrated that, at low
ULTRA-FRAC trays are the next logical step on the to medium liquid rates, ULTRA-FRAC trays exhibit
stairway to increased capacity in existing vessels. foam-suppression abilities.
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Call Koch-Glitsch. ULTRA-FRAC ® trays can save your vessel!

Previous Index Next
In Search of the Holy Grail

Efficiency Data
O perating data is critical for validation

of the capacity and efficiency of new
products. Koch Hydrocarbon Company
owns and operates a large natural-gas-liquids
Current Reflux Point - Tray 61
plant at Medford, Oklahoma. The 5-ft diameter

Trays 45 to 61 Run
Depropanizer tower was revamped in 1992 with Dry During Tests
Sample & P/T Points
ULTRA-FRAC® trays. This tower has recently
been upgraded to a Test and Demonstration unit New Reflux & Feed Point - Tray
with Research capabilities.
41
The Depropanizer is capable of running in both 35
production and R&D modes. The tower is Current Feed Point - Tray 32
equipped with new feed and reflux nozzles, ∆P 29
cells, temperature RTDs and sample collection
nozzles for precise matching of simulation results New Feed Point - Tray 20
24
with operating data. Highly accurate Micro 19
Motion mass flow meters on each of the feed,
distillate, bottoms and hot oil streams, allow the 14
heat and material balance closures that are so
8
necessary for accurate tray and packing efficiency
calculations. Additionally, these same meters 3
facilitate the precise determination of flood
points.
for ULTRA-FRAC trays. With this Test and
The empirical O’Connell correlation can be used Demonstration unit, we can confidently predict
to predict overall column efficiencies (Eoc) ULTRA-FRAC tray efficiencies.
Eoc = 0.492(αµL)-0.245
Service Relative Volatility Liquid Viscosity, Predicted Field Observed
cp Efficiency, % Efficiency, %
Demethanizer 4.03 0.040 77
Deethanizer 2.33 0.054 82 85
Depropanizer 2.14 0.066 79 78-82
Debutanizer 2.23 0.113 69 75-85
Deisobutanizer 1.42 0.110 78
C2 Splitter 1.39 0.057 91
C3 Splitter 1.14 0.077 89
Warning: Cocurrent flow tray design requires expertise and experience.

Trust no other large or small distillation equipment vendor.
Previous Index Next
®
ULTRA-FRAC High Capacity Trays Increase Tower
Handling Capacity by More Than 50%
Case Study
A n 8 / 11.5-foot diameter deethanizer was

revamped with ULTRA-FRAC high capacity
trays to debottleneck a fractionation train in
an NGL plant and to reduce the butane losses
handle the internal liquid and vapor traffic in the
column. The butane content of the E/P product
was significantly lowered. ULTRA-FRAC trays
also provided additional capacity to further
in the overhead ethane/propane (E/P) product. increase the feed rate to the deethanizer. As a
The proposed feed rate increase and processing result, the deethanizer is no longer the constraint
changes threatened to push the existing trays in the fractionation train and the NGL plant has
beyond their hydraulic limit. Installation of set new production records.
ULTRA-FRAC trays provided the capability to
Prior to Revamp Post Revamp

Diameter, ft 8.0 / 11.5 8.0 / 11.5
Tray Type Valve ULTRA-FRAC
Tray Spacing, inch 24 24
Column OVHD Pressure, psig 415 466
% Tray Efficiency 95 85
Butane in E/P Product, mol % 0.4 0.02
R/D 1.2 2.0
Feed Rate, % 100 135
Internal Traffic, % 100 >150
P.O. Box 8127 Koch-Glitsch Italia S.r.l. Koch-Glitsch Japan Corp.

WICHITA, KS 67208-0127 Via Tonale 50, 7th Floor, KSS Gotanda Bldg. 21-8
4111 E. 37th Street North Casella Postale13 Nishi-Gotanda 1- chome
WICHITA, KS 67220 24061 Albano S. Alessandro Shinagawa-ku,
TEL (316) 828-5110 BERGAMO, ITALY TOKYO 141-8538, JAPAN
FAX (316) 828-5263 TEL 011-39-035-328611 TEL 011- 81-3-5435-8560 & 8580
FAX 011-39-035-328600 FAX 011- 81-3-3491-3523
For a complete listing of Koch-Glitsch offices,

visit us on the internet: www.koch-glitsch.com
For emergencies: 1-888-KOCH-911 Bulletin KGUF-1 3M09/01B Printed in U.S.A.

NOTE:The information contained in this bulletin is believed to be accurate and reliable
but is not to be construed as implying warranty or guarantee of performance.
ULTRA-FRAC ® is registered in the following countries: Austria, Belgium,

Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Japan,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, the United
Kingdom, and the United States.
Previous Index Next
C KOCH-GLITSCH, INC — THE COMPANY THAT IS CONSTANTLY Previous
U REINVENTING ITSELF TO MEET YOUR HARDWARE NEEDS!

S Index
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Our experience as a global leader providing services costs and shorten time spent during scheduled
to the hydrocarbon processing industry has taught us maintenance turnarounds and emergency shutdowns.
that we can’t wait for the future. We’re inventing it.
The following pages describe our new services and
That’s why, once again, Koch-Glitsch, Inc. has provides a catalog of our extensive line of hardware.
re-engineered itself to meet your needs for the

competitive years ahead. We’ve expanded our
capabilities to bring you quality products and the
most comprehensive services to help you reduce
1
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ALWAYS THERE WHEN YOU U
NEED US! S
Koch-Glitsch Response Teams, T
strategically located, and as close as your O
phone, are ready 24 hours a day, 7 days a
M
week, including holidays, to respond to
your emergency needs. Help is only a
E
phone call away for mechanical design R
expertise during shutdowns, to man
hardware trailers and perform inspection
S
services.
E
GOOD-BYE GUESSWORK! R
Automated Hardware Ordering Program V
(AHOP)... Say good-bye to tray hardware I
nightmares during turnarounds. C
Our innovative computerized program takes
E
the guesswork out of what is inside your
towers before you open them. This free S
research service is custom tailored to your
tower hardware, providing a report that
details all the hardware contained in your
towers for both Koch-Glitsch and
non-Koch-Glitsch equipment. We also
provide recommendations for hardware
required during routine turnarounds.
WE’RE RIGHT
BESIDE YOU!
Hardware Trailers and Lockers,
filled with all the hardware items you need,
can come right to your site and stay with
you during your maintenance turnarounds.
No more wasted time as a result of
unexpected hardware needs. And if you
choose, you can have your trailer manned
with a Koch-Glitsch tower internals expert.
2
C STRATEGICALLY LOCATED WAREHOUSES! Previous Index Next
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C Our numerous warehouse locations, make shipping faster and easier than before
E Benicia, CA Buenos Aires, Argentina
Wichita, KS Singapore
S Erlanger, KY Arles, France
Baton Rouge, LA Aprilia, Italy
Dallas, TX Kirkby Stephen, UK
Pasadena, TX
Uxbridge, Canada
Our Equipment Support Service technicians
are available to you anywhere in the
world to observe and analyze
installation from start to finish!
At your work site, the Koch-Glitsch

technician will inventory the equip-
EQUIPMENT ment, witness each phase of the
project, and provide advice on
installing the equipment to
Koch-Glitsch’s specifications.
SUPPORT You can count on Koch-Glitsch
Equipment Support Services to
carefully monitor your project
from start to finish. By using an
SERVICES experienced technician for all
phases of the installation, the
project flows smoothly and your
problems can be cut to a minimum.
3
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U
FOR ALL YOUR HARDWARE NEEDS... S
Koch-Glitsch’s superior and innovative designs have made us the leading manufacturer of T
quality hardware items for the hydrocarbon processing industry. Because we fully O
understand the nuts and bolts of your business, you can count on Koch-Glitsch for all of M
your hardware needs including... E
R
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▲
BUBBLE CAPS: As the largest manufacturer of bubble caps,

Koch-Glitsch has more than 5,000 designs.
▲
STOCKED HARDWARE: Koch-Glitsch has more than 1,000 items

in stock.
▲
SPECIALTY HARDWARE: We carry an extensive line of specialty

hardware such as explosion resistant designs.
TRAY COMPONENTS: We can quickly fabricate and deliver decks,

▲
downcomers, beams and seal pans because we access the design

from our CAD system.
▲
NON-STOCKED HARDWARE: All types available on special order.
The items we offer and their descriptions can be found on the

following pages.
4
T CUSTOMER SERVICES PAGE NO. Previous Index Next
Preface 1-4
A Hardware Items Assembly Quick Reference Guide 6
B Material Symbols and Designations 7
STANDARD ITEMS PAGE NO.
L
Hex Nuts, Caged Nuts, Hex Head Bolts 8
E Washers (Frictional, Domed and Lock) 8
Bottom Tray Clamps Y 8
Bottom Tray Clamps YN and YB 9
OF Universal Lever Clamps #2 9
Tray Clamps, Manway Lock Clamps #2,3,20 9
Bottom Tray Clamps YD (Manway) 10
Manway Lock Clamps, Manway Seal Clamps 10
C Manway Pointers, Manway Lock Studs 10
O Seal Plates, Bottom Clamp #5, Single Bar Clamps 11
Clip Angles and Wedges 11
N Gasketing (Washers, Tapes and Ropes) 12
Valves, Flexitray Caps and Ballast Units 13-17
T
NON-STANDARD ITEMS PAGE NO.
E
N Heavy Hex Nuts, Heavy Hex Head Bolts 18
Carriage Bolts, Washers (Frictional and Eccentric) 18
T Bottom Tray Clamps #50-51 18
Bottom Tray Clamps #52-55 19
S Bottom Tray Clamps #20 Series 20
Bottom Tray Clamps #10A-10P and 12A-12N 20
Bottom Tray Clamps #13A-13P, and 7 21
Universal Lever Clamps #1 and 3 21
Single Lever Clamps 21
Top Tray Clamps #1and 2 22
Tray Floor Clamps #L-2 and L-4 22
Bottom Clamps #4,6,7,8,9 and 12 22
Double Bar Clamps 22
Double Lever Clamps 23
Manway Lock Clamps #65,30, #40A-40P ,50A-50N, and 55 23
Manway Lock Clamps #60, 2-K – 2-V, and 4 24
Manway Washer, Tee Bolts (Manway) 24
Manway Studs, Seal Plates 24
Support Grid Clamp #2 25
Grid Holddown Clip #3, Hook Bolt #1 25
Holddown Plates #1 and 2 25
Angle Hangers #10 and 20 25
Top Truss Hangers #6-10 and 12 26
C Clamps, Type A Washers, Type B Washers 26
Wedges #6 and 10 26
METRIC ITEMS PAGE NO.
Hex Nuts, Caged Nuts, Hex Head Bolts, Carriage Bolts 27

Manway Lock Clamps #2,3,20 and 65 27
Manway Clamps 27
Bent Manway Washers, Manway Lock Studs #5,7,9,10 and 11 28
Manway Studs, Bottom Tray Clamps Y and YD (Manway) 28
Bottom Tray Clamps YB and YN 29
Universal Lever Clamps #1 and 3 29
Single Lever Clamp 29
Seal Plates, Washers (Domed and Frictional) 30
5 Hook Bolt #1, Holddown Plates #1 and 2 30
Angle Hangers #161-163 30
H K
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HARDWARE ITEMS ASSEMBLY QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE

G
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F
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8 E
C B
ASSEMBLIES COMPONENTS PAGE NO.

A,B,D,F & I Hex Nut 8, 27
Hex Head Bolt 8, 27
Domed Washer(s) 8, 30

C&J Hex Nut 8, 27
Hex Head Bolt 8, 27
BTC “Y” 8, 28
Domed Washer 8, 30

E&H Hex Nut 8, 27
Hex Head Bolt 8, 27
Seal Plate 11, 30

G&K Hex Nuts 8, 27
Manway Lock Stud 10, 28
Manway Lock Clamps 9, 27
6
MATERIAL SYMBOLS AND DESIGNATIONS
Previous Index Next
To avoid confusion in identifying and locating the proper material type, Koch-Glitsch die stamps its hardware with specific symbols indicat-
ing material analysis. To properly identify each item when ordering, we ask that you insert the proper material type numerical code for the
material identification number (MMMM) and the abbreviated material name for the item description (Mat’l). The example below for a
Type 316L, 14 Ga. 1-3/4” Domed Washer, you would insert “361G” in the material identification number (MMMM) and “Ty-316L into the
Item Description (Mat’l).
Threaded item (Bolts, Nuts, Studs, & Rods) are normally supplied in AISI specification/materials.
Items are available in ASTM specification/materials on request.
GENERIC METAL TYPE
802-MMMM 102 Washer, Domed, Mat’l, 14 Ga., 7/16”id x 1-3/4” OD.

Insert abbreviated Material name from chart below.
Insert Material identification number from chart below.
Stamped Material Abbreviated Common Stamped Material Abbreviated Common

Symbol Ident. Name Name Symbol Ident. Name Name
(MMMM) (Mat’l) (MMMM) (Mat’l)
100G C.S. Carbon Steel* S 117G Copper Silicon Copper Silicon
410G Ty-410 Type 410 Stainless Steel* EB 261G E-Brite E-Brite
304G Ty-304 Type 304 Stainless Steel HB 864G Hast. B Hastelloy B-2
L 340G Ty-304L Type 304L Stainless Steel* HC 861G Hast. C Hastelloy C-276
316G Ty-316 Type 316 Stainless Steel HF 868G Hast. F Hastelloy F
L 361G Ty-316L Type 316L Stainless Steel* HG 866G Hast. G Hastelloy G-30
317G Ty-317 Type 317 Stainless Steel 830G Inconel 600 Inconel 600
L 5
S
371G Ty-317L Type 317L Stainless Steel 625G Inconel 625 Inconel 625
321G Ty-321 Type 321 Stainless Steel 820G Incoloy 800 Incoloy 800
347G Ty-347 Type 347 Stainless Steel 5 870G Incoloy 825 Incoloy 825
HARDWARE ITEMS
904G Ty-904L Type 904L Stainless Steel 675G Nickel Nickel
301G AL-6XN AL-6XN 600G Monel Monel**
205G 2205 2205 T2 516G Ti-Gr2 Titanium Grade 2
840G Alloy 20 Alloy 20 (Carpenter 20) T7 520G Ti-Gr7 Titanium Grade 7
A3 121G Alum 3003 Aluminum 3003 Z2 502G Zirc. 702 Zirconium 702
A6 119G Alum 6061 Aluminum 6061 Z5 505G Zirc. 705 Zirconium 705
2
D 116G Copr Deox Copper Deoxide H C 860G Hast.C22 Hastelloy. C22
2
S 635G 254 SMO 254 SMO A5 122G Alum 5052 Aluminum 5052
S 310G Ty-310S Type 310 Stainless Steel 118G AL. Bronze Aluminum Bronze
430G Ty-430 Type 430 Stainless Steel 115G Everdur Silicon Bronze
F 660G Ferralium Ferralium 255
7 *These materials are routinely stocked in all regional warehouses. **Routinely stocked in Dallas and Wichita warehouses.
NOTE: The “G” represents sheet and plate material (fabricated items). In most cases, for threaded items the material code for bolts, studs, rods and nuts will
have the letter “F” (340F).
Previous Index Next
891-MMMM 01 Nut, Hex, Mat’l, 3/8"-16 UNC-2B
HARDWARE ITEMS
Insert abbreviated Material name from p. 7.
Insert Material identification number from chart on p. 7.
Item No. Item Description HEX NUTS

891-MMMM 01 Nut, Hex, Mat'l, 3/8"-16 UNC-2B
891-MMMM 02 Nut, Hex, Mat'l, 1/2"-13 UNC-2B
Commonly stocked in: C.S., Monel, Ty-304L, Ty-316L and Ty-410. 891
Item No. Item Description CAGED NUTS

893-MMMM 21 Nut, Caged, Mat'l, for 14 Ga Tray Deck Thickness, 3/8"-16 UNC-2B
893-MMMM 31 Nut, Caged, Mat'l, for 12 Ga or 10 Ga Tray Deck Thickness, 3/8"-16 UNC-2B
893-MMMM 41 Nut, Caged, Mat'l, for 7 Ga or 3/16"t Tray Deck Thickness, 3/8"-16 UNC-2B
Commonly stocked in: C.S., Ty-304L, Ty-316L and Ty-410. 893
Item No. Item Description HEX HEAD BOLTS

896-MMMM 1104 Bolt, Hex. Head, Mat'l, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 1" LG
896-MMMM 1106 * Bolt, Hex. Head, Mat'l, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x1-1/2" LG
896-MMMM 1108 Bolt, Hex. Head, Mat'l, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A 2" LG
896-MMMM 0106 Bolt, Hex. Head, Mat'l, 1/2"-13 UNC-2A x 1-1/2" LG
896-MMMM 0110 Bolt, Hex. Head, Mat'l, 1/2"-13 UNC-2A x 2-1/2" LG
STANDARD
Commonly stocked in: C.S., Monel, Ty-304L, Ty-316L and Ty-410. 896
*Stocked in Ty-410 0nly
Item No. Item Description FRICTIONAL WASHERS

800-MMMM 010801 Washer, Frictional, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 7/16"id x 1" od
800-MMMM 030801 *Washer, Frictional, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 7/16"id x 1" od
800-MMMM 030101 *Washer, Frictional, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 7/16"id x 1-1/2" od
800-MMMM 020802 Washer, Frictional, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 9/16"id x 1" od
800-MMMM 030802 *Washer, Frictional, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 9/16"id x 1" od
Commonly stocked in: C.S., Monel, Ty-304L, Ty-316L and Ty-410.

*Available in C.S. 800
Item No. Item Description DOMED WASHERS

802-MMMM 101 Washer, Domed, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 7/16"id x 1-1/2" od
802-MMMM 301 * Washer, Domed, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 7/16"id x 1-1/2" od
802-MMMM 302 * Washer, Domed, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 7/16"id x 1-3/4" od
802-MMMM 103 Washer, Domed, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 7/16"id x 2" od
802-MMMM 303 *Washer, Domed, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 7/16"id x 2" od
Item No. Item Description SPLIT LOCK WASHERS
803-MMMM 02 Washer, Split Lock, Mat'l, 3/8"

803-MMMM 03 Washer, Split Lock, Mat'l, 1/2"
Commonly stocked in: C.S., Ty-304 and Ty-316.
Available in other materials. 803
Item No. Item Description BOTTOM TRAY CLAMPS "Y"

902-MMMM 01 Clamp, Bottom Tray "Y", Mat'l, 1/2" Hole, 11 Ga
902-MMMM 02 ** Clamp, Bottom Tray "Y", Mat'l, 1/2" Hole, 10 Ga
902-MMMM 03 * Clamp, Bottom Tray "Y", Mat'l, 1/2" Hole, 12 Ga
*Commonly stocked in: Monel, Ty-304L, Ty-316L and Ty-410.

**Commonly stocked in: C.S.
Bottom Tray Clamp "Y" designed for use with 1" maximum thickness supports. 8
902
Previous Index Next
946-MMMM 101 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray "YN", w/ Nut, Mat'l, 11 Ga, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A Nut, Mat'l
BOTTOM TRAY CLAMPS “YN” Item No. Item Description

946-MMMM 101 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray "YN", w/ Nut, Mat'l, 11 Ga, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A Nut, Mat'l
946-MMMM 201 MMMM ** Clamp, Bottom Tray "YN", w/ Nut, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A Nut, Mat'l
946-MMMM 301 MMMM *Clamp, Bottom Tray "YN", w/ Nut, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A Nut, Mat'l

Bottom Tray Clamp "YN" designed for use with 1" maximum thickness supports.
946
BOTTOM TRAY CLAMPS “YB” Item No. Item Description

932-MMMM 011 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray "YB",w/bolt, Mat'l, 11 Ga, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 2" Bolt, Mat'l
932-MMMM 012 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray "YB",w/bolt, Mat'l, 11 Ga, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 2-1/2" Bolt, Mat'l
932-MMMM 021 MMMM **Clamp, Bottom Tray "YB",w/bolt, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 2" Bolt, Mat'l
STANDARD
932-MMMM 031 MMMM *Clamp, Bottom Tray "YB",w/bolt, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 2" Bolt, Mat'l

Bottom Tray Clamp "YB" designed for use with 1" maximum thickness supports.
Other material types and bolt lengths are available upon request.
932
UNIVERSAL LEVER CLAMPS #2 Item No. Item Description

316-MMMM 0 Clamp, Universal Lever #2, Mat'l, 14 Ga
316-MMMM 1 *Clamp, Unversal Lever #2, Mat'l, 12 Ga
*Commonly stocked in: C.S., Monel, Ty-304L, Ty-316L and Ty-410.

316
HARDWARE ITEMS
TRAY CLAMPS Item No. Item Description

940-MMMM 0101 * Clamp, Tray, Mat'l, (for use w/ max support thickness of 5/8"), 12 Ga
940-MMMM 0102 **Clamp, Tray, Mat'l, (for use w/ max support thickness of 5/8"), 10 Ga
940-MMMM 0201 *Clamp, Tray, Mat'l, (for use w/ 11/16 and 3/4" support thickness), 12 Ga
940-MMMM 0202 **Clamp, Tray, Mat'l, (for use w/ 11/16 and 3/4" support thickness), 10 Ga
*Commonly stocked in: Ty-304L and Ty-410.

940 **Available in C.S.
MANWAY LOCK CLAMPS #2 & 3 Item No. Item Description

860-MMMM 4 Clamp, Manway Lock #3, Mat'l, 3/16"t
860-MMMM 5 *Clamp, Manway Lock #2, Mat'l, 1/4"t
Commonly stocked in: C.S., Monel, TY-304L, 316L and Ty-410.

*Available in C.S.
860
MANWAY LOCK CLAMPS #20 Item No. Item Description

861-MMMM 1 Clamp, Manway Lock #20, Mat'l, 3/16"t, for 3/8" Stud
861-MMMM 3 *Clamp, Manway Lock #20, Mat'l, 1/4"t, for 3/8" Stud
Commonly stocked in: C.S., Monel, Ty304L, 316L and Ty-410.

*Available in C.S.
861
9
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HARDWARE ITEMS
903-MMMM 01 Clamp, Bottom Tray "YD", Hole for 3/8" "D" shape Manway Stud, Mat'l, 11 Ga
Item No. Item Description BOTTOM TRAY CLAMPS "YD" (Manway)

903-MMMM 01 Clamp, Bottom Tray "YD", Hole for 3/8" "D" shape Manway Stud, Mat'l, 11 Ga
903-MMMM 02 **Clamp, Bottom Tray "YD", Hole for 3/8" "D" shape Manway Stud, Mat'l, 10 Ga
903-MMMM 03 *Clamp, Bottom Tray "YD", Hole for 3/8" "D" shape Manway Stud, Mat'l, 12 Ga

Bottom Tray Clamp "YD" designed for use with 1" maximum thickness supports.
Note: Other material types available on request for all BTCs.
903
Item No. Item Description MANWAY LOCK CLAMPS #45

863-MMMM 2 Clamp, Manway Lock #45, Mat'l, 12 Ga, for 3/8" Stud
863-MMMM 3 * Clamp, Manway Lock #45, Mat'l, 10 Ga, for 3/8" Stud

*Available in C.S.
863
Item No. Item Description MANWAY LOCK CLAMP #70
STANDARD
586
Item No. Item Description MANWAY POINTER #75

585-MMMM 3 Pointer, Manway #75, Mat'l, 10 Ga, for 1/2" Stud
585
Item No. Item Description MANWAY SEAL CLAMPS

583-MMMM 3 Clamp, Manway Seal, Mat'l, 10 Ga
Item No. Item Description MANWAY LOCK CLAMP

584-MMMM 3 Clamp, Manway Lock, Mat'l, 10 Ga
Item No. Item Description MANWAY CLAMP

938-MMMM 01 MMMM Clamp, Manway, Mat'l, 3/8"-16 UNC-2B Nut, Mat'l
Commonly stocked in: Ty-304L and Ty-410. 938
Item No. Item Description MANWAY LOCK STUDS #5, 7, 9, 10 & 11

865-MMMM 11 Stud, Manway Lock #5, Mat'l, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 2" LG
865-MMMM 12 Stud, Manway Lock #7, Mat'l, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 2-1/2" LG
865-MMMM 32 Stud, Manway Lock #10 Mat'l, 1/2"-13 UNC-2A x 2-1/2" LG
865-MMMM 33 Stud, Manway Lock #11, Mat'l, 1/2"-13 UNC-2A x 3" LG
587-MMMM 11 *Stud, Manway Lock #9, Mat'l, 1/2"-13 UNC-2A x 2" LG
587-MMMM 12 *Stud, Manway Lock #9A, Mat'l, 1/2"-13 UNC-2A x 2-1/2" LG
587-MMMM 15 *Stud, Manway Lock #9B, Mat'l, 1/2"-13 UNC-2A x 3" LG
*For use with Manway lock clamp #70 & Manway pointer #75
Commonly stocked in: C.S., Monel, Ty-304L, Ty-316L and Ty-410. 865/587
10
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909-MMMM 001 Seal Plate #10, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 3" LG
SEAL PLATES Item No. Item Description

909-MMMM 001 Seal Plate #10, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 3" LG
909-MMMM 002 Seal Plate #10A, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 3-1/2" LG
909-MMMM 003 Seal Plate #10B, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 4" LG
909-MMMM 004 Seal Plate #10C, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 4-1/2" LG
909-MMMM 005 Seal Plate #10D, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 5" LG Seal plates supplied in C.S.
909-MMMM 000 Seal Plate #10X2, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 2" LG are 10 Ga., the last three
7/16" Dia
LG 909-MMMM 006 Seal Plate, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 2-1/2" LG digits of the item No. is
909-MMMM 007 Seal Plate, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 6" LG different for example, 201
909-MMMM 008 Seal Plate , Mat'l, 14 Ga, 5-1/2" LG instead of 001 for Seal plate
#10, 202 instead of 002 for
909 Commonly stocked in: C.S., Monel, Ty-304L, Ty-316L and Ty-410. Seal plate #10A.
909 Replaced Item #848
BEAM PLATE Item No. Item Description

935-MMMM 01 Beam Plate, Mat'l, 14 Ga
935 Commonly stocked in: Ty-304L and Ty-410.

STANDARD
FRICTION PLATE Item No. Item Description

937-MMMM 01 Friction Plate, Mat'l, 12 Ga
SEAL PLATE Item No. Item Description

936-MMMM 01 Seal Plate, Mat'l, 16 Ga
BOTTOM CLAMPS #5 Item No. Item Description

841-MMMM 20 Clamp, Bottom #5, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 7/16" Hole
841-MMMM 30 * Clamp, Bottom #5, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 7/16" Hole
841 *Available in C.S.
HARDWARE ITEMS
CLIP ANGLES #8, 10 & 11 Item No. Item Description

826-MMMM 11 * Clip Angle # 8, Mat'l, 14 Ga
826-MMMM 31 ** Clip Angle #10, Mat'l, 10 Ga
827-MMMM *** Clip Angle #11, Mat'l, 1/4"t.
Commonly stocked in:
* 14 Ga: Monel, Ty-304L, Ty-316L and Ty-410.
** 10 Ga: C.S.
826/827 ***Available in C.S.
SINGLE BAR CLAMPS Item No. Item Description

321-MMMM 01 **Clamp, Single Bar, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 7/16" Hole
321-MMMM 02 Clamp, Single Bar, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 9/16" Hole
321-MMMM 11 * Clamp, Single Bar, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 7/16" Hole
321-MMMM 12 Clamp, Single Bar, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 9/16" Hole

321 **Commonly stocked in: C.S.
WEDGE #2 Item No. Item Description

821-MMMM Wedge #2, Mat'l, 16 Ga
821 Commonly stocked in: C.S., Monel, Ty-304L, Ty-316L and Ty-410.
WEDGE Item No. Item Description

939-MMMM 01 Wedge, Mat'l, 16 Ga
11
Previous Index Next
HARDWARE ITEMS
700-MMMM 110 * Gasket, Washer, Mat'l, 1/16"t x 3/8"id x 1"od
Insert abbreviated Material name from below.
Insert Material identification number from below.
Item No. Item Description WASHER GASKETS

700-MMMM 110 *Gasket, Washer, Mat'l, 1/16"t x 3/8"id x 1"od
700-MMMM 120 *Gasket, Washer, Mat'l, 1/16"t x 3/8"id x 1-1/2"od
700-MMMM 150 Gasket, Washer, Mat'l, 1/16"t x 3/8"id x 1-1/4"od
700-MMMM 210 Gasket, Washer, Mat'l, 1/8"t x 3/8"id x 1"od
*Commonly stocked in: D-8080.

Material Identification No: (775G)D-8080, (760G)Teflon, (797G)Neoprene,(790G)Greenguard, 700
(780G)TN-9000 and (791G)Grafoil-GHR
Item No. Item Description TAPE GASKETING

GKT-MMMM 062041 *Gasket, Tape, Mat'l, 1/16"t x 1"w
GKT-MMMM 06205 *Gasket, Tape, Mat'l, 1/16"t x 1-1/4"w
STANDARD
GKT-MMMM 06212 Gasket, Tape, Mat'l, 1/16"t x 3"w
GKT-MMMM 12505 Gasket, Tape, Mat'l, 1/8"t x 1-1/4"w
GKT-MMMM 12510 Gasket, Tape, Mat'l, 1/8"t x 2-1/2"w
*Commonly stocked in: Fiberglass

Material Identification No: (770G)Fiberglass, (760G)Teflon, (797G)Neoprene and (750G)Ceramic Fiber..
Note: All types except 1" wide are available in both Drop Warp (DW) and Non-Drop Warp (NDW) styles. GKT
Item No. Item Description GASKET ROPES (SQUARE & ROUND)
GKR-MMMM 2002* Rope, Gasket, Square, Mat'l, 1/8" x 1/8"

GKR-MMMM 2016* Rope, Gasket, Square, Mat'l, 1" x 1"
GKR-MMMM 2018* Rope, Gasket, Square, Mat'l, 1-1/8" x 1-1/8"
GKR-MMMM 1002* Rope, Gasket, Round, Mat'l, 1/8"
GKR-MMMM 1016* Rope, Gasket, Round, Mat'l, 1"
GKR-MMMM 1018* Rope, Gasket, Round, Mat'l, 1-1/8"
Material Identification No: (770G) Fiberglass, (760G)Teflon, (797G)Neoprene,

(750G) Ceramic Fiber and (798G)Gortex.
* Specify Last # "0"= Standard, "1" = Braided" GKR
12
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307-MMMM 111 Cap, Flexitray Type "AC-U", Mat'l, 11Ga (3mm), 7/16" (11.11mm) leg length
FLEXITRAY CAP TYPES AC-U - AE-U Item No. Item Description

307-MMMM 111 Cap, Flexitray Type "AC-U", Mat'l, 11 Ga (3mm), 7/16" (11.11mm) leg length
307-MMMM 112 Cap, Flexitray Type "AD-U", Mat'l, 11 Ga (3mm), 1/2" (12.7mm) leg length
307-MMMM 113 Cap, Flexitray Type "AE-U", Mat'l, 11 Ga (3mm), 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length
307-MMMM 121 Cap, Flexitray Type "AC-U", Mat'l, 12 Ga (2.5mm), 7/16" (11.11mm) leg length
307-MMMM 122 Cap, Flexitray Type "AD-U", Mat'l, 12 Ga (2.5mm), 1/2" (12.7mm) leg length
307-MMMM 123 Cap, Flexitray Type "AE-U", Mat'l, 12 Ga (2.5mm), 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length
307-MMMM 141 * Cap, Flexitray Type"AC-U", Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm), 7/16" (11.11mm) leg length
307-MMMM 142 * Cap, Flexitray Type "AD-U", Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm), 1/2" (12.7mm) leg length
307-MMMM 143 * Cap, Flexitray Type "AE-U", Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm), 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length
307-MMMM 161 * Cap, Flexitray Type "AC-U", Mat'l, 16 Ga (1.5mm), 7/16" (11.11mm) leg length
307-MMMM 162 * Cap, Flexitray Type "AD-U", Mat'l, 16 Ga (1.5mm), 1/2" (12.7mm) leg length
307-MMMM 163 * Cap, Flexitray Type "AE-U", Mat'l, 16 Ga (1.5mm), 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length
307-MMMM 181 Cap, Flexitray Type "AC-U", Mat'l, 18 Ga (1.2mm), 7/16" (11.11mm) leg length
307-MMMM 182 Cap, Flexitray Type "AD-U", Mat'l, 18 Ga (1.2mm), 1/2" (12.7mm) leg length
307-MMMM 183 Cap, Flexitray Type "AE-U", Mat'l, 18 Ga (1.2mm), 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length
S TANDARD
*Commonly stocked in: Ty-304L, Ty-316L and Ty-410.
307
FLEXITRAY CAP TYPES AC-Z - AE-Z Item No. Item Description

HARDWARE ITEMS
308-MMMM 111 Cap, Flexitray Type "AC-Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 11 Ga (3mm), 7/16" (11.11mm) leg length
308-MMMM 112 Cap, Flexitray Type "AD-Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 11 Ga (3mm), 1/2" (12.7mm) leg length
308-MMMM 113 Cap, Flexitray Type "AE-Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 11 Ga (3mm), 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length
308-MMMM 121 Cap, Flexitray Type "AC-Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 12 Ga (2.5mm), 7/16"(11.11mm) leg length
308-MMMM 122 Cap, Flexitray Type "AD-Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 12 Ga (2.5mm), 1/2" (12.7mm) leg length
308-MMMM 123 Cap, Flexitray Type "AE-Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 12 Ga (2.5mm), 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length
308-MMMM 141 *Cap, Flexitray Type "AC-Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm), 7/16" (11.11mm) leg length
308-MMMM 142 *Cap, Flexitray Type "AD-Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm), 1/2" (12.7mm) leg length
308-MMMM 143 *Cap, Flexitray Type "AE-Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm), 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length
308-MMMM 161 *Cap, Flexitray Type "AC-Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 16 Ga (1.5mm), 7/16" (11.11mm) leg length
308-MMMM 162 *Cap, Flexitray Type "AD-Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 16 Ga (1.5mm), 1/2"(12.7mm) leg length
308-MMMM 163 *Cap, Flexitray Type "AE-Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 16 Ga (1.5mm), 9/16"(14.29mm) leg length
308-MMMM 181 Cap, Flexitray Type "AC-Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 18 Ga (1.2mm), 7/16"(11.11mm) leg length
308-MMMM 182 Cap, Flexitray Type "AD-Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 18 Ga (1.2mm), 1/2"(12.7mm) leg length
308-MMMM 183 Cap, Flexitray Type "AE-Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 18 Ga (1.2mm), 9/16" 14.29mm) leg length
*Commonly stocked in: Ty-304L,

Ty-316L and Ty-410.
13 308
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HARDWARE ITEMS
600-MMMM 1620 Ballast Unit V-1 & GV-1, Mat'l, 3/8" (9.53mm) leg length, 20 Ga (1mm)
Item No. Item Description BALLAST UNITS V1, GV-1, V-1H, GV-1H, V-4 & V-4H
600-MMMM 1618 Ballast Unit V-1 & GV-1, Mat'l, 3/8" (9.53mm) leg length, 18 Ga (1.2mm
600-MMMM 1616 ** Ballast Unit V-1 & GV-1, Mat'l, 3/8" (9.53mm) leg length, 16 Ga (1.5mm)
600-MMMM 1614 ** Ballast Unit V-1 & GV-1, Mat'l, 3/8" (9.53mm) leg length, 14 Ga (2mm)
600-MMMM 1612 Ballast Unit V-1H & GV-1H, Mat'l, 3/8" (9.53mm) leg length, 12 Ga (2.5mm)*
600-MMMM 1718 Ballast Unit V-1 & GV-1, Mat'l, 7/16" (11.11mm) leg length, 18 Ga (1.2mm)
600-MMMM 1716 ** Ballast Unit V-1 & GV-1, Mat'l, 7/16" (11.11mm) leg length, 16 Ga (1.5mm)
600-MMMM 1714 ** Ballast Unit V-1 & GV-1, Mat'l, 7/16" (11.11mm) leg length, 14 Ga (2mm)
600-MMMM 1920 Ballast Unit V- 4 or V-1, Mat'l, 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length, 20 Ga (1mm)
600-MMMM 1918 Ballast Unit V- 4 or V-1, Mat'l, 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length, 18 Ga (1.2mm)
600-MMMM 1916 ** Ballast Unit V- 4 or V-1, Mat'l, 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length, 16 Ga (1.5mm)
600-MMMM 1914 ** Ballast Unit V- 4 or V-1, Mat'l, 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length, 14 Ga (2mm)
600-MMMM 1912 Ballast Unit V- 4H or V-1H, Mat'l, 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length, 12 Ga (2.5mm)*
STANDARD
600-MMMM 1020 *** Ballast Unit V-1 & GV-1, Mat'l, 5/8" (15.88mm) leg length, 20 Ga (1mm)
600-MMMM 1018 *** Ballast Unit V-1 & GV-1, Mat'l, 5/8" (15.88mm) leg length, 18 Ga (1.2mm)
600-MMMM 1016 *** Ballast Unit V-1 & GV-1, Mat'l, 5/8" (15.88mm) leg length, 16 Ga (1.5mm)
600-MMMM 1014 *** Ballast Unit V-1 & GV-1, Mat'l, 5/8" (15.88mm) leg length, 14 Ga (2mm)
600-MMMM 1012 *** Ballast Unit V-1H & GV-1H, Mat'l, 5/8" (15.88mm) leg length, 12 Ga (2.5mm)*
*12 Ga (2.5mm) equivalent weight.

**Commonly stocked in: Ty-304L, Ty-316L and Ty-410.
600
***Europe only.
Item No. Item Description BALLAST UNITS V-1X, GV-1X, V-1XH, GV-1XH, V-4X & V-4XH
601-MMMM 2620 Ballast Unit V-1X & GV-1X (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 3/8" (9.53mm) leg length, 20 Ga (1mm)
601-MMMM 2618 Ballast Unit V-1X & GV-1X (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 3/8" (9.53mm) leg length, 18 Ga (1.2mm)
601-MMMM 2616 ** Ballast Unit V-1X & GV-1X (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 3/8" (9.53mm) leg length, 16 Ga (1.5mm)
601-MMMM 2614 ** Ballast Unit V-1X & GV-1X (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 3/8" (9.53mm) leg length, 14 Ga (2mm)
601-MMMM 2612 Ballast Unit V-1XH & GV-1XH (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 3/8" (9.53mm) leg length, 12 Ga (2.5mm)*
601-MMMM 2716 ** Ballast Unit V-1X & GV-1X (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 7/16" (11.11mm) leg length, 16 Ga (1.5mm)
601-MMMM 2714 ** Ballast Unit V-1X & GV-1X (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 7/16" (11.11mm) leg length, 14 Ga (2mm)
601-MMMM 2712 Ballast Unit V-1XH & GV-1XH (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 7/16" (11.11mm) leg length, 12 Ga (2.5mm)*
601-MMMM 2812 Ballast Unit V-1XH & GV-1X H (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 1/2" (12.7mm) leg length, 12 Ga (2.5mm)*
601-MMMM 2920 Ballast Unit V-4X or V-1X (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length, 20 Ga (1mm)
601-MMMM 2918 Ballast Unit V-4X or V-1X (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length, 18 Ga (1.2mm)
601-MMMM 2916 ** Ballast Unit V-4X or V-1X (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length, 16 Ga (1.5mm)
601-MMMM 2914 ** Ballast Unit V-4X or V-1X (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length, 14 Ga (2mm)
601-MMMM 2912 Ballast Unit V-4XH or V-1XH (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 9/16" (14.29mm) leg length, 12 Ga (2.5mm)*
601-MMMM 2020 ***Ballast Unit V-1X & GV-1X (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 5/8" (15.88mm) leg length, 20 Ga (1mm)
601-MMMM 2018 ***Ballast Unit V-1X & GV-1X (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 5/8" (15.88mm) leg length, 18 Ga (1.2mm)
601-MMMM 2016 ***Ballast Unit V-1X & GV-1X (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 5/8" (15.88mm) leg length, 16 Ga (1.5mm)
601-MMMM 2014 ***Ballast Unit V-1X & GV-1X (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 5/8" (15.88mm) leg length, 14 Ga (2mm)
601-MMMM 2012 ***Ballast Unit V-1XH & GV-1XH (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 5/8"" (15.88mm) leg length, 12 Ga (2.5mm)*
*12 Ga (2.5mm) equivalent weight.

**Commonly stocked in: Ty-304L, Ty-316L and Ty-410.
***Europe only.
601
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303-MMMM 11 Cap, Flexitray Type "U", Mat'l, 11 Ga (3mm)
FLEXITRAY CAPS TYPE U (303)

FLEXITRAY CAPS HOLDDOWN TYPE M (311) Item No. Item Description
311 303-MMMM 11 Cap, Flexitray Type "U", Mat'l, 11 Ga (3mm)

303-MMMM 12 Cap, Flexitray Type "U", Mat'l, 12 Ga (2.5mm)
303-MMMM 14 Cap, Flexitray Type "U", Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm)
311-MMMM 11 Cap Holddown, Flexitray Type "M", Mat'l, 11 Ga (3mm)
311-MMMM 12 Cap Holddown, Flexitray Type "M", Mat'l, 12 Ga (2.5mm)
311-MMMM 13 Cap Holddown, Flexitray Type "M", Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm)
303
STANDARD
FLEXITRAY CAPS TYPE Z (304)

FLEXITRAY CAPS HOLDDOWN TYPE MQ (313) Item No. Item Description
313 304-MMMM 11 Cap, Flexitray Type "Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 11 Ga (3mm)
304-MMMM 12 Cap, Flexitray Type "Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 12 Ga (2.5mm)
304-MMMM 14 Cap, Flexitray Type "Z" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm)
313-MMMM 12 Cap Holddown, Flexitray Type "MQ", Mat'l, 12 Ga (2.5mm),"Q"
Type Holddown
313-MMMM 14 Cap Holddown, Flexitray Type "MQ", Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm),"Q"
Type Holddown
313-MMMM 121 Cap Holddown, Flexitray Type "MR", Mat'l, 12 Ga (2.5mm),"R"
Type Holddown
313-MMMM 141 Cap Holddown, Flexitray Type "MR", Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm),"R"
Type Holddown
313-MMMM 122 Cap Holddown, Flexitray Type "MM", Mat'l, 12 Ga (2.5mm),"M"
Type Holddown
313-MMMM 142 Cap Holddown, Flexitray Type "MM", Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm),"M"
HARDWARE ITEMS
304
Type Holddown
FLEXITRAY CAPS TYPE NRU & NRZ (305)

FLEXITRAY CAPS HOLDDOWN TYPE Q&R (310) Item No. Item Description
305-MMMM 121 Cap, Flexitray Type "NRU", Mat'l, 12 Ga (2.5mm),1

310
305-MMMM 141 Cap, Flexitray Type "NRU", Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm),1
305-MMMM 161 Cap, Flexitray Type "NRU", Mat'l, 16 Ga (1.5mm),1
305-MMMM 122 Cap, Flexitray Type "NRZ" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 12 Ga (2.5mm), 2
305-MMMM 142 Cap, Flexitray Type "NRZ" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm), 2
305-MMMM 162 Cap, Flexitray Type "NRZ" (Flush Seat), Mat'l, 16 Ga (1.5mm), 2
310-MMMM 012 Cap Holddown, Flexitray Type "Q", Mat'l, 12 Ga (2.5mm)
310-MMMM 014 Cap Holddown, Flexitray Type "Q", Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm)
310-MMMM 112 Cap Holddown, Flexitray Type "R", Mat'l, 12 Ga (2.5mm)
310-MMMM 114 Cap Holddown, Flexitray Type "R" , Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm)
305
15
Previous Index Next 610-MMMM 2118 Ballast Plate A-1, A-4, Mat'l, 18 Ga (1.2mm)
BALLAST® TRAVEL STOP (611)

TRAVEL STOP (611)
PLATE
(610) A-1 A-2 A-2X
Gage E=.074 E=.160 E=.160
1.9mm 4mm 4mm
16 1.5mm 1116 1216 1216

TAB 14 2mm 1114 1214 1214
E=DEPTH 12 2.5mm 1112 1212 1212
ORIFICE COVER (612)
BALLAST UNIT A-1,A-4 E = "Tab" Depth (limits Ballast Plate rise)
TRAVEL
STOP (611) BALLAST® PLATE (610)
STANDARD
A-1 A-2 A-2X

Gage A=7/32" A=3/32" A=0
5.5mm 2.4mm
A 18 1.2mm 2118 2218 2318

16 1.5mm 2116 2216 2316
14 2mm 2114 2214 2314
BALLAST® 12 2.5mm 2112 2212 2312
PLATE (610) BALLAST UNIT A-2, A-5
A= Ballast Plate Leg Length
TRAVEL
STOP (611) ORIFICE COVER (612) (A-1 Units Only)
Gage Flat Corrugated Dimpled

HARDWARE ITEMS
20 1mm - 3220 3320

18 1.2mm 3118 - -
16 1.5mm 3116 - -
14 2mm 3114 - -
BALLAST® BALLAST UNIT
PLATE (610) A-2X, A-5X (FLUSH SEAT)
BALLAST PLATE Item No. Item Description
610-MMMM 2118 *Ballast Plate A-1, A-4, Mat'l, 18 Ga (1.2mm)
610 *Specify from Ballast Plate (610) Chart.
TRAVEL STOP Item No. Item Description

611-MMMM 1116 *Travel Stop A-1, A-4, Mat'l, 16 Ga (1.5mm)
*Specify from Travel Stop (611) Chart.

611
ORIFICE COVER Item No. Item Description

612-MMMM 3118 *Orifice Cover A-1, Mat'l, 18 Ga (1.2mm)
17 *Specify from Orifice Cover (612) Chart.

612
Previous Index Next
HARDWARE ITEMS
934-MMMM 01 Ballast (Valve SI) Unit, Mat'l, 16 Ga (1.5mm)
Item No. Item Description BALLAST (VALVE SI) UNITS

934-MMMM 01 Ballast (Valve SI) Unit, Mat'l, 16 Ga (1.5mm)
934-MMMM 02 Ballast (Valve SI) Unit, Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm)
Commonly stocked in: Ty-304L and Ty-410.
934
Item No. Item Description MINI VALVES TYPES MV-1

620-MMMM 7518 Mini-Valve MV-1, Mat'l, 0.3375" (8.57mm) leg length, 18 Ga (1.2mm)
620-MMMM 7514 Mini-Valve MV-1, Mat'l, 0.3375" (8.57mm) leg length, 14 Ga (2mm)
620-MMMM 6518 *Mini-Valve MV-1, Mat'l, 0.3375" (8.57mm) leg length, 18 Ga (1.2mm)
620-MMMM 6514 *Mini-Valve MV-1, Mat'l, 0.3375" (8.57mm) leg length, 14 Ga (2mm)
620-MMMM 7614 Mini-Valve MV-1, Mat'l, 0.3925" (9.97mm) leg length, 14 Ga (2mm)
STANDARD
620-MMMM 6614 *Mini-Valve MV-1, Mat'l, 0.3925" (9.97mm) leg length, 14 Ga (2mm)
*Flush Seat. 620
Item No. Item Description MINI VALVES TYPE MV-9

622-MMMM 9518 Mini-Valve MV-9, Mat'l, 5/16" (7.94mm) leg length, 18 Ga (1.2mm)
622-MMMM 5518 *Mini-Valve MV-9, Mat'l, 5/16" (7.94mm) leg length, 18 Ga (1.2mm)
622-MMMM 9318 Mini-Valve MV-9, Mat'l, 3/16" (4.76mm) leg length, 18 Ga (1.2mm)
622-MMMM 9516 Mini-Valve MV-9, Mat'l,, 5/16" (7.94mm) leg length, 16 Ga (1.5mm)
*Flush Seat. 622
Item No. Item Description MINI VALVE TYPE VG-9

621-MMMM 8516 Mini-Valve VG-9, Mat'l, 16 Ga (1.5mm)
621
Item No. Item Description RECTANGULAR VALVE UNITS

630-MMMM 1720 Rectangular Valve Unit Type "R", Mat'l, 7/16" leg length, 20 Ga (1mm)
630-MMMM 1618 Rectangular Valve Unit Type "R", Mat'l, 3/8" leg length, 18 Ga (1.2mm)
630-MMMM 1816 Rectangular Valve Unit Type "R", Mat'l, 1/2" leg length, 16 Ga (1.5mm) 630
630-MMMM 1914 Rectangular Valve Unit Type "R", Mat'l, 9/16" leg length, 14 Ga (2mm)
631-MMMM 1720 Rectangular Valve Unit Type "HR", Mat'l, 7/16" leg length, 20 Ga (1mm)
631-MMMM 1618 Rectangular Valve Unit Type "HR", Mat'l, 3/8" leg length, 18 Ga (1.2mm)
631-MMMM 1816 Rectangular Valve Unit Type "HR", Mat'l, 1/2" leg length, 16 Ga (1.5mm)
631-MMMM 1914 Rectangular Valve Unit Type "HR", Mat'l, 9/16" leg length, 14 Ga (2mm)
631
Item No. Item Description CAPS FTC, FTD & FTE

397-MMMM 01 Cap FTC, Mat'l, 16 Ga (1.5mm), 0.47" (12mm) leg length
397-MMMM 02 Cap FTD, Mat'l, 16 Ga (1.5mm), 0.53" (13.5mm) leg length
397-MMMM 03 Cap FTE, Mat'l, 16 Ga (1.5mm), 0.59" (15mm) leg length
397-MMMM 11 Cap FTC, Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm), 0.47" (12mm) leg length
397-MMMM 12 Cap FTD, Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm), 0.53" (13.5mm) leg length
397-MMMM 13 Cap FTE, Mat'l, 14 Ga (2mm), 0.59" (15mm) leg length 397
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HARDWARE ITEMS
892-MMMM 01 Nut, Heavy Hex. Mat'l, 3/8"-16 UNC-2B
Item No. Item Description HEAVY HEX NUTS

892
Item No. Item Description HEAVY HEX HEAD BOLTS

885-MMMM 1204 Bolt, Heavy Hex. Head Mat'l, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 1" LG
885-MMMM 1208 Bolt, Heavy Hex. Head, Mat'l, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 2" LG
885
Item No. Item Description CARRIAGE BOLT

881-MMMM 0210 Bolt, Carriage, Mat'l, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A,*
*Represents the length of Bolt in 1/4" increments (10 x 1/4" = 2-1/2").

Available in other diameters and lengths. 881
NON-STANDARD
Item No. Item Description ECCENTRIC WASHERS
804-MMMM 1 Washer, Eccentric (1-1/2"od), Mat'l, 14 Ga
804-MMMM 4 Washer, Eccentric (1-1/2"od), Mat'l, 3/16"t
804-MMMM 5 Washer, Eccentric (1-1/2"od), Mat'l, 1/4"t
804

800-MMMM 021402 Washer, Frictional, Mat'l 12 Ga, 9/16"id x 1-3/8"od
800-MMMM 020101 Washer, Frictional, Mat'l 12 Ga, 7/16"id x 1-1/2" od
800-MMMM 050101 Washer, Frictional, Mat'l 1/4"t., 7/16"id x 1-1/2" od
800-MMMM 050201 Washer, Frictional, Mat'l 1/4"t., 7/16"id x 1-3/4" od
800-MMMM 050301 Washer, Frictional, Mat'l 1/4"t., 7/16"id x 2-1/4" od 800
Item No. Item Description BOTTOM TRAY CLAMPS #50

843-MMMM 20 Clamp, Bottom Tray #50, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 7/16" Hole
843-MMMM 30 * Clamp, Bottom Tray #50, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 7/16" Hole
843-MMMM 40 Clamp, Bottom Tray #50, Mat'l, 11 Ga, 7/16" Hole
Item No. Item Description BOTTOM TRAY CLAMPS #51

844-MMMM 21 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #51, Mat'l, 12 Ga, w/ nut 3/8"-16 UNC-2B, Mat'l
844-MMMM 41 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #51, Mat'l, 11 Ga, w/ nut 3/8"-16 UNC-2B, Mat'l
844-MMMM 31 MMMM * Clamp, Bottom Tray #51, Mat'l, 10 Ga, w/ nut 3/8"-16 UNC-2B, Mat'l
*Available in C.S.
844
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845-MMMM 21 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #52, Mat'l, 12 Ga, w/ bolt 3/8"x 2" LG, Mat'l
BOTTOM TRAY CLAMP #52 Item No. Item Description

845-MMMM 22 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #52, Mat'l, 12 Ga, w/ bolt 3/8"x 2-1/2" LG, Mat'l
845-MMMM 29 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #52, Mat'l,, 12 Ga, w/ bolt 3/8"x 3" LG, Mat'l
845-MMMM 31 MMMM * Clamp, Bottom Tray #52, Mat'l, 10 Ga, w/ bolt 3/8"x 2" LG, Mat'l
NON-STANDARD
845-MMMM 32 MMMM * Clamp, Bottom Tray #52, Mat'l, 10 Ga, w/ bolt 3/8"x 2-1/2" LG, Mat'l
845-MMMM 39 MMMM * Clamp, Bottom Tray #52, Mat'l, 10 Ga, w/ bolt 3/8"x 3" LG, Mat'l
*Available in C.S.
Bottom Tray Clamp #50, 51 and 52 are designed for use with 3/4" maximum thickness supports.
845
BOTTOM TRAY CLAMPS #55 Item No. Item Description

847-MMMM 31 MMMM *Clamp, Bottom Tray #55, Mat'l, 10 Ga, w/ bolt 3/8"x 2" LG, Mat'l
847-MMMM 32 MMMM *Clamp, Bottom Tray #55, Mat'l, 10 Ga, w/ bolt 3/8"x 2-1/2" LG, Mat'l
847-MMMM 39 MMMM *Clamp, Bottom Tray #55, Mat'l, 10 Ga, w/ bolt 3/8"x 3" LG, Mat'l
*Available in C.S.
Note: All Bottom Tray Clamps in the #50 series are available as a special order item.
Bottom Tray Clamp #53, 54 and 55 are designed for use with supports thicker than 3/4".
Our new Bottom Tray Clamp "Y" series replaces the old Bottom Tray Clamps #50 series:
*902 BTC "Y" replaces BTC #50 & 53 with open Hole.
*946 BTC "YN" replaces BTC #51 & 54 with welded Nut.
*932 BTC "YB" replaces BTC #52 & 55 with welded Bolt.
BTC "Y" Series are shown in the Standard Section.
HARDWARE ITEMS
847

837-MMMM 235 Clamp, Bottom Tray #53, Mat'l, 12 Ga, Tab length
837-MMMM 435 Clamp, Bottom Tray #53, Mat'l, 11 Ga, Tab length
837-MMMM 335 * Clamp, Bottom Tray #53, Mat'l, 10 Ga, Tab length

838-MMMM 21 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #54, Mat'l, 12 Ga, w/ nut, 3/8"-16 UNC-2B, Mat'l
838-MMMM 31 MMMM * Clamp, Bottom Tray #54, Mat'l, 10 Ga, w/ nut, 3/8"-16 UNC-2B, Mat'l
838-MMMM 41 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #54, Mat'l, 11 Ga, w/ nut, 3/8"-16 UNC-2B, Mat'l
*Available in C.S.
838
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HARDWARE ITEMS
850-MMMM 2050 Clamp, Bottom Tray #20-E, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 1/2" Tab, 7/16" Hole
Item No. Item Description BOTTOM TRAY CLAMPS #20 Series

852-MMMM 051 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #22-E, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 1/2" Tab, 3/8" Nut, Mat'l
853-MMMM 051 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #23-E, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 1/2" Tab, 3/8 x 2" Bolt, Mat'l
855-MMMM 051 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #26-E, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 1/2" Tab, 3/8" Nut, Mat'l
856-MMMM 051 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #27-E, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 1/2" Tab, 3/8 x 2" Bolt, Mat'l
Note: All Bottom Tray Clamps in the #20 series are available as a special order item.
Please specify part #, Ex. 20-E, 22-E, 23-E or tab height.
Our new Bottom Tray Clamps "Y" series replaces the old Bottom Tray Clamps #20 Series.
*902 BTC "Y" replaces BTC #20 series with open Hole.
850/852
*946 BTC "YN" replaces BTC #20 series with welded nut.
*932 BTC "YB" replaces BTC #20 series with welded bolt. 853/854
BTC "Y" series are shown in the standard section. 855/856
Item No. Item Description BOTTOM TRAY CLAMPS #10A-10P

857-MMMM 010 Clamp, Bottom Tray #10A, Mat'l, 3/8" Tab length, 7/16" Hole
857-MMMM 020 Clamp, Bottom Tray #10B, Mat'l, 7/16" Tab length, 7/16" Hole
NON-STANDARD
857-MMMM 030 Clamp, Bottom Tray #10C, Mat'l, 1/2" Tab length, 7/16" Hole
857-MMMM 040 Clamp, Bottom Tray #10D, Mat'l, 5/8" Tab length, 7/16" Hole
857-MMMM 050 Clamp, Bottom Tray #10E, Mat'l, 3/4" Tab length, 7/16" Hole
857-MMMM 060 Clamp, Bottom Tray #10F, Mat'l, 7/8" Tab length, 7/16" Hole
857-MMMM 070 Clamp, Bottom Tray #10G, Mat'l, 1" Tab length, 7/16" Hole
857-MMMM 080 Clamp, Bottom Tray #10H, Mat'l, 1-1/8" Tab length, 7/16" Hole
857-MMMM 090 Clamp, Bottom Tray #10J, Mat'l, 1-1/4" Tab length, 7/16" Hole
857-MMMM 100 Clamp, Bottom Tray #10K, Mat'l, 1-3/8" Tab length, 7/16" Hole
857-MMMM 110 Clamp, Bottom Tray #10L, Mat'l, 1-1/2" Tab length, 7/16" Hole
857-MMMM 120 Clamp, Bottom Tray #10M, Mat'l, 1-5/8" Tab length, 7/16" Hole
858-MMMM 130 Clamp, Bottom Tray #10N, Mat'l, 1-3/4" Tab length, 7/16" Hole
857-MMMM 140 Clamp, Bottom Tray #10O, Mat'l, 1-7/8"" Tab length, 7/16" Hole
857-MMMM 150 Clamp, Bottom Tray #10P, Mat'l, 2" Tab length, 7/16" Hole
Bottom Tray Clamp #10 is also available with 9/16" Hole.

857
Item No. Item Description BOTTOM TRAY CLAMPS #12A-12N

858-MMMM 011 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #12A, Mat'l, 3/8" Tab length, 3/8"x 16 UNC-2B Nut, Mat'l
858-MMMM 021 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #12B, Mat'l, 7/16" Tab length, 3/8"x 16 UNC-2B Nut, Mat'l
858-MMMM 031 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #12C, Mat'l, 1/2" Tab length, 3/8"x 16 UNC-2B Nut, Mat'l
858-MMMM 041 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #12D, Mat'l, 5/8" Tab length, 3/8"x 16 UNC-2B Nut, Mat'l
858-MMMM 051 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #12E, Mat'l, 3/4" Tab length, 3/8"x 16 UNC-2B Nut, Mat'l
858-MMMM 061 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #12F, Mat'l, 7/8" Tab length, 3/8"x 16 UNC-2B Nut, Mat'l
858-MMMM 071 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #12G, Mat'l, 1" Tab length, 3/8"x 16 UNC-2B Nut, Mat'l
858-MMMM 081 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #12H, Mat'l, 1-1/8" Tab length, 3/8"x 16 UNC-2B Nut, Mat'l
858-MMMM 091 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #12J, Mat'l, 1-1/4" Tab length, 3/8"x 16 UNC-2B Nut, Mat'l
858-MMMM 101 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #12K, Mat'l, 1-3/8" Tab length, 3/8"x 16 UNC-2B Nut, Mat'l
858-MMMM 111 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #12L, Mat'l, 1-1/2" Tab length, 3/8"x 16 UNC-2B Nut, Mat'l
858-MMMM 121 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #12M, Mat'l, 1-5/8" Tab length, 3/8"x 16 UNC-2B Nut, Mat'l
858-MMMM 131 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #12N, Mat'l, 1-3/4" Tab length, 3/8"x 16 UNC-2B Nut, Mat'l
Bottom Tray Clamp #12 is also available with other size welded nuts.
858
20
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859-MMMM 011 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #13A, Mat'l, 3/8" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 2" Bolt, Mat'l
BOTTOM TRAY CLAMPS #13A-13P Item No. Item Description

859-MMMM 011 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #13A, Mat'l, 3/8" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 2" Bolt, Mat'l
859-MMMM 021 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #13B, Mat'l, 7/16" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 2" Bolt, Mat'l
859-MMMM 031 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #13C, Mat'l, 1/2" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 2"" Bolt, Mat'l
859-MMMM 041 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #13D, Mat'l, 5/8" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 2-1/2" Bolt, Mat'l
859-MMMM 051 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #13E, Mat'l, 3/4" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 2-1/2" Bolt, Mat'l
859-MMMM 061 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #13F, Mat'l, 7/8" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 2-1/2" Bolt, Mat'l
859-MMMM 071 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #13G, Mat'l, 1" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 2-1/2" Bolt, Mat'l
NON-STANDARD
859-MMMM 081 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #13H, Mat'l, 1-1/8" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 3" Bolt, Mat'l
859-MMMM 091 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #13J, Mat'l, 1-1/4" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 3" Bolt, Mat'l
859-MMMM 101 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #13K, Mat'l, 1-3/8" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 3" Bolt, Mat'l
859-MMMM 111 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #13L, Mat'l, 1-1/2" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 3" Bolt, Mat'l
859-MMMM 121 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #13M, Mat'l, 1-5/8" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 3-1/2" Bolt, Mat'l
859-MMMM 131 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #13N, Mat'l, 1-3/4" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 3-1/2" Bolt, Mat'l
859-MMMM 141 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #13O, Mat'l, 1-7/8" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 3-1/2" Bolt, Mat'l
859-MMMM 151 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #13P, Mat'l, 2" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A x 3-1/2" Bolt, Mat'l
859 Bottom Tray Clamp #13 is also available with other size bolts.
BOTTOM TRAY CLAMP #7 Item No. Item Description

849-MMMM 1 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray #7, Mat'l,1/4"t, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A Stud, Mat'l
849
UNIVERSAL LEVER CLAMPS # 1 Item No. Item Description

315-MMMM 0 Clamp, Universal Lever #1, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 13/32" Hole
Item # 331
Single Lever Clamp # 1 is available with welded bolt. Specify bolt diameter and length when ordering.
Our new Bottom Tray Clamp "Y" series replaces the old Single Lever Clamp #1.
*902 BTC "Y" replaces the Single Lever Clamp #1 with open Hole (See Standard Section).
315/331 *932 BTC "YB" replaces the Single Lever Clamp #1 with bolt (See Standard Section).
HARDWARE ITEMS

317-MMMM Clamp, Universal Lever #3, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 13/32" Hole
Item # 333
Our new Bottom Tray Clamp ""Y"" series replaces the old Single Lever Clamp #3.
*902 BTC "Y" replaces the Single Lever Clamp #3 with open Hole (See Standard Section).
317/333 *932 BTC "YB" replaces the Single Lever Clamp #3 with bolt (See Standard Section).
SINGLE LEVER CLAMPS Item No. Item Description

322-MMMM 011 Clamp, Single Lever, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 5/16" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2B Tapped Hole
322-MMMM 012 Clamp, Single Lever, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 5/16" Tab length, 7/16" Hole
Single Lever Clamp is available with additional tab lengths and hole sizes upon request.
Our new Bottom Tray Clamp "Y" series replaces the old Single Lever Clamp.
*902 BTC "Y" replaces the Single Lever Clamp with open Hole (See Standard Section).
*946 BTC "YN" replaces the Single Lever Clamp with tapped Hole (See Standard Section).
322
21
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HARDWARE ITEMS
871-MMMM 210 Clamp, Top Tray #1, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 2-3/8" LG, w/ 7/16" Hole
Item No. Item Description TOP TRAY CLAMPS #1& 2

871-MMMM 310 *Clamp, Top Tray #1, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 2-3/8" LG, w/ 7/16" Hole
871-MMMM 320 *Clamp, Top Tray #2, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 2-7/8" LG, w/ 7/16" Hole
Item No. Item Description TRAY FLOOR CLAMPS #L-2 & L-4
870-MMMM 1 Clamp, Tray Floor #L-2, Mat'l, 14 Ga
870-MMMM 2 Clamp, Tray Floor #L-4, Mat'l, 12 Ga
870
Item No. Item Description BOTTOM CLAMPS #4

846-MMMM 21 Clamp, Bottom #4, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 5/16" Lip
846-MMMM 22 Clamp, Bottom #4-1, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 7/16" Lip
846-MMMM 23 Clamp, Bottom #4-2, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 9/16" Lip
846-MMMM 31 *Clamp, Bottom # 4, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 5/16" Lip
NON-STANDARD
846-MMMM 32 *Clamp, Bottom #4-1, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 7/16" Lip
846-MMMM 33 *Clamp, Bottom #4-2, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 9/16" Lip
Item No. Item Description BOTTOM CLAMPS #6, 7 & 8

836-MMMM 31 *Clamp, Bottom #6, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 1/8" Lip

842-MMMM 202 Clamp, Bottom #9, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 1/2" Tab length
842-MMMM 302 *Clamp, Bottom #9, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 1/2" Tab length
*Available in C.S.
842

872-MMMM 51 Clamp, Bottom #12, Mat'l, 1/4"t, 30 deg. Angle (SBC-1)
872-MMMM 52 Clamp, Bottom #12, Mat'l, 1/4"t, 45 deg. Angle (SBC-2)
*Available in other thicknesses.

872
Item No. Item Description DOUBLE BAR CLAMPS

341-MMMM 001 Clamp, Double Bar, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 3-1/2" Hole spacing, 3/8"-16 UNC-2B Tapped Hole
341-MMMM 011 Clamp, Double Bar, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 4" Hole spacing, 3/8"-16 UNC-2B Tapped Hole
341-MMMM 111 Clamp, Double Bar, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 4" Hole spacing, 3/8"-16 UNC-2B Tapped Hole
341-MMMM 121 Clamp, Double Bar, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 4-1/2" Hole spacing, 3/8""-16 UNC-2B Tapped Hole
Double Bar Clamps are available with additional hole spacings (please specify) and with open holes.
341
22
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343-MMMM 001 Clamp, Double Lever, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 3-1/2" Hole spacing, 5/16"Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2B Tapped Hole
DOUBLE LEVER CLAMPS Item No. Item Description

343-MMMM 0121 Clamp, Double Lever, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 4" Hole spacing, 7/16" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2B Tapped Hole
343-MMMM 1121 Clamp, Double Lever, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 4" Hole spacing, 7/16" Tab length, 3/8"-16 UNC-2B Tapped Hole
Double Lever Clamps are available with other hole spacings, tab lengths, and with 7/16" holes. Please specify when ordering.
343
NON-STANDARD
MANWAY LOCK CLAMP #65 Item No. Item Description

861
MANWAY LOCK CLAMPS #30 Item

Item No.
No. Item
Item Description
Description
862-MMMM 5 * Clamp, Manway Lock #30, Mat'l, 1/4"t, for 3/8" Stud
*Available in C.S.
862
MANWAY LOCK CLAMPS #40A-P Item No. Item Description

864-MMMM 201 Clamp, Manway Lock #40A, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 3/16" Lip
864-MMMM 204 Clamp, Manway Lock #40D, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 3/8" Lip
864-MMMM 209 Clamp, Manway Lock #40J, Mat'l, 12 Ga,1" Lip
864-MMMM 215 Clamp, Manway Lock #40P, Mat'l, 12 Ga,1-3/4" Lip
864-MMMM 301 *Clamp, Manway Lock #40A, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 3/16" Lip
864-MMMM 304 *Clamp, Manway Lock #40D, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 3/8" Lip
864-MMMM 309 *Clamp, Manway Lock #40J, Mat'l, 10 Ga,1" Lip
864-MMMM 315 *Clamp, Manway Lock #40P, Mat'l, 10 Ga,1-3/4" Lip
HARDWARE ITEMS
*Available in C.S.
Other sizes available in lip lengths with 1/16" increments.
903 BTC "YD" Replaces Manway Lock Clamp #40.

864 BTC "YD" is shown in the Standard Section.
MANWAY LOCK CLAMPS #50A-50N Item No. Item Description

828-MMMM 012 Clamp, Manway Lock #50A, Mat'l, 3/8" Tab length, Hole for 3/8" "D" shape Manway Stud
828-MMMM 022 Clamp, Manway Lock #50B, Mat'l, 7/16" Tab length, Hole for 3/8" "D" shape Manway Stud
828-MMMM 032 Clamp, Manway Lock #50C, Mat'l, 1/2" Tab length, Hole for 3/8" "D" shape Manway Stud
828-MMMM 042 Clamp, Manway Lock #50D, Mat'l, 5/8" Tab length, Hole for 3/8" "D" shape Manway Stud
828-MMMM 052 Clamp, Manway Lock #50E, Mat'l, 3/4" Tab length, Hole for 3/8" "D" shape Manway Stud
828-MMMM 062 Clamp, Manway Lock #50F, Mat'l, 7/8" Tab length, Hole for 3/8" "D" shape Manway Stud
828-MMMM 072 Clamp, Manway Lock #50G, Mat'l, 1" Tab length, Hole for 3/8" "D" shape Manway Stud
828-MMMM 082 Clamp, Manway Lock #50H, Mat'l, 1-1/8" Tab length, Hole for 3/8" "D" shape Manway Stud
828-MMMM 092 Clamp, Manway Lock #50J, Mat'l, 1-1/4" Tab length, Hole for 3/8" "D" shape Manway Stud
828-MMMM 102 Clamp, Manway Lock #50K, Mat'l, 1-3/8" Tab length, Hole for 3/8" "D" shape Manway Stud
828-MMMM 112 Clamp, Manway Lock #50L, Mat'l, 1-1/2" Tab length, Hole for 3/8" "D" shape Manway Stud
828-MMMM 122 Clamp, Manway Lock #50M, Mat'l, 1-5/8" Tab length, Hole for 3/8" "D" shape Manway Stud
828-MMMM 132 Clamp, Manway Lock #50N, Mat'l,1-3/4" Tab length, Hole for 3/8""D" shape Manway Stud
828
Available with other size holes.
MANWAY LOCK CLAMP #55 Item No. Item Description

829-MMMM 2 Clamp, Manway Lock # 55, Mat'l, for 3/8" Stud
23 829
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HARDWARE ITEMS

868-MMMM 5 *Clamp, Manway Lock #60, Mat'l, 1/4"t, for 1/2" Stud
Item No. Item Description MANWAY LOCK CLAMPS #2-K THRU 2-V
869-MMMM 012 Clamp, Manway Lock #2-K, Mat'l, 1/4"t, w/ 1/16" Dimple
869-MMMM 013 Clamp, Manway Lock #2-K, Mat'l, 3/16"t, w/ 1/16" Dimple
869-MMMM 042 Clamp, Manway Lock #2-N, Mat'l, 1/4"t, w/ 1/4" Tab
869-MMMM 043 Clamp, Manway Lock #2-N, Mat'l, 3/16"t, w/ 1/4" Tab
869-MMMM 062 Clamp, Manway Lock #2-P, Mat'l, 1/4"t, w/ 3/8" Tab
869-MMMM 063 Clamp, Manway Lock #2-P, Mat'l, 3/16"t, w/ 3/8" Tab
869-MMMM 082 Clamp, Manway Lock #2-R, Mat'l, 1/4"t, w/ 1/2" Tab
869-MMMM 083 Clamp, Manway Lock #2-R, Mat'l, 3/16"t, w/ 1/2" Tab
869-MMMM 122 Clamp, Manway Lock #2-V, Mat'l, 1/4"t, w/ 3/4" Tab
869-MMMM 123 Clamp, Manway Lock #2-V, Mat'l, 3/16"t, w/ 3/4" Tab
Other material types, Hole dimensions and tab length (in 1/16" increments) available upon request.
C.S. available in 1/4" thickness.
NON-STANDARD
869

873-MMMM 4 Clamp, Manway Lock # 4, Mat'l, 3/16"t
873-MMMM 5 Clamp, Manway Lock #4, Mat'l, 1/4"t
873
Item No. Item Description MANWAY WASHER

301-MMMM 306 Washer, Manway, Mat'l, 12 Ga., 2" od w/ hole for 3/8" "D" shape Manway Stud
Available with other outside diameters, hole sizes and thicknesses.

301
Item No. Item Description TEE BOLTS (MANWAY)

300-MMMM 1 Tee Bolt (Manway), Mat'l, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A
300-MMMM 2 Tee Bolt (Manway), Mat'l, 1/2"-13 UNC-2A
300
Item No. Item Description MANWAY STUDS

904-MMMM 02 Stud, Manway, Mat'l, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A, 2" LG
904-MMMM 04 Stud, Manway, Mat'l, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A, 2-1/2" LG
904-MMMM 07 Stud, Manway, Mat'l, 1/2"-13 UNC-2A, 2-1/4" LG
Other Stud lengths are available on request. 904
Item No. Item Description SEAL PLATES

302-MMMM 220 Seal Plate, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 2" LG
302-MMMM 225 Seal Plate, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 2-1/2" LG
Other size seal plates are available on request.

Seal Plates #909 replaces the Seal Plate #302 (See Standard Section). 302 24
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840-MMMM 011 MMMM Clamp, Support Grid #2, Mat'l, 3/16" Tab length, 4" LG Stud, 12 Ga, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A, Stud Mat'l
SUPPORT GRID CLAMPS #2 Item No. Item Description

840-MMMM 041 MMMM Clamp, Support Grid #2, Mat'l, 3/8"" Tab length, 4" LG Stud, 12 Ga, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A, Stud Mat'l
840-MMMM 061 MMMM Clamp, Support Grid #2, Mat'l, 5/8" Tab length, 4-1/2" LG Stud, 12 Ga,3/8"-16 UNC-2A, Stud Mat'l
840-MMMM 071 MMMM Clamp, Support Grid #2, Mat'l, 3/4" Tab length, 4-1/2" LG Stud, 12 Ga, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A, Stud Mat'l
NON-STANDARD
840-MMMM 081 MMMM Clamp, Support Grid #2, Mat'l, 7/8" Tab length, 4-1/2" LG Stud, 12 Ga, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A, Stud Mat'l
840-MMMM 091 MMMM Clamp, Support Grid #2, Mat'l, 1" Tab length, 4-1/2" LG Stud, 12 Ga, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A, Stud Mat'l
840-MMMM 101 MMMM Clamp, Support Grid #2, Mat'l, 1-1/8" Tab length, 5" LG Stud, 12 Ga, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A, Stud Mat'l
840-MMMM 131 MMMM Clamp, Support Grid #2, Mat'l, 1-1/2" Tab length, 5" LG Stud, 12 Ga, 3/8"- 16 UNC-2A, Stud Mat'l
840 Available in other thicknesses and stud diameters.
GRID HOLDDOWN CLIP #3 Item No. Item Description

878-MMMM Clip, Grid Holddown #3, Mat'l,
878
HOOK BOLT #1 Item No. Item Description

888-MMMM 14016 Hook Bolt # 1, Mat'l, 3/8"-16 UNC-2A, *,**
* Represents length of Hook Bolt in 1/4" increments (40 x 1/4" = 10")

**Represents length of threads in 1/4" increments (16 x 1/4" = 4")
Note: Specify Hook Bolt length and length of threads.

888
HARDWARE ITEMS
HOLDDOWN PLATES #1 & #2 Item No. Item Description

887-MMMM 11 Plate, Holddown #1, Mat'l, 14 Ga, 4" wide plate
887-MMMM 41 Plate, Holddown #1, Mat'l, 3/16"t, 4" wide plate
887-MMMM 51 Plate, Holddown #1, Mat'l, 1/4"t., 4" wide plate
887-MMMM 42 Plate, Holddown #2, Mat'l, 3/16"t, 2" wide plate
887-MMMM 52 Plate, Holddown #2, Mat'l, 1/4"t., 2" wide plate
887
ANGLE HANGERS #10, 10S, 20 & 20S Item No. Item Description
815-MMMM 21 Hanger, Angle #10, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 7/16" Hole, 5" LG.
815-MMMM 22 Hanger, Angle #20, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 7/16" Hole, 6" LG.
815-MMMM 31 *Hanger, Angle #10, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 7/16" Hole, 5" LG.
815-MMMM 32 *Hanger, Angle #20, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 7/16" Hole, 6" LG.
816-MMMM 21 Hanger, Angle #10S, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 7/16" Hole, 4-1/4" LG.
816-MMMM 22 Hanger, Angle #20S, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 7/16" Hole, 5-1/4" LG.
816-MMMM 31 *Hanger, Angle #10S, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 7/16" Hole, 4-1/4" LG
816-MMMM 32 *Hanger, Angle #20S, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 7/16" Hole, 5-1/4" LG.
*Available in C.S.
Note: the #10S and #20S has a 3/4" modification to accommodate design requirements. (See photo for details).
25 815/816
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HARDWARE ITEMS
833-MMMM 206 MMMM Hanger, Top Truss #6, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 3/8" Tab with Stud, Mat'l
Item No. Item Description TOP TRUSS HANGERS #6 THRU 10

833-MMMM 206 MMMM Hanger, Top Truss #6, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 3/8" Tab with Stud, Mat'l,
Note: Top Truss Hanger # 5 with an item 833-MMMM 205 or 833-MMMM 305 are without Studs. 833
Item No. Item Description TOP TRUSS HANGER #12

834-MMMM Hanger, Top Truss #12, Mat'l,
834
Item No. Item Description " C" CLAMPS #1 THRU 7
NON-STANDARD
875-MMMM 1 Clamp, "C", #1, Mat'l, 16 Ga, 11/16" Opening
875-MMMM 3 Clamp, "C", #3, Mat'l, 16 Ga, 1-5/16" Opening
875
Item No. Item Description TYPE "A" WASHERS

807-MMMM 21 Washer, Type A, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 1" Slot
807-MMMM 22 Washer, Type A-1, Mat'l, 12 Ga, 1-1/4" Slot
807-MMMM 31 Washer, Type A, Mat'l, 10 Ga, 1" Slot"
807-MMMM 32 Washer, Type A-1, Mat'l 10 Ga, 1-1/4" Slot
807
Item No. Item Description TYPE "B" WASHERS

808-MMMM 2 Washer, Type B, Mat'l, 12 Ga
808-MMMM 3 Washer, Type B, Mat'l, 10 Ga
808
Item No. Item Description WEDGE #6

823-MMMM Wedge # 6, Mat'l,
823
Item No. Item Description WEDGE #10

824-MMMM Wedge # 10, Mat'l,
824
26
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891-MMMM 03 Nut, Hex. Mat'l, M10 x 1.5-6H
HEX NUTS Item No. Item Description

Commonly stocked in: C.S., Monel, Ty-304(L), Ty-316L and Ty-410.
891
CAGED NUTS Item No. Item Description

893-MMMM 22 Nut, Caged, Mat'l, for 2mm Tray Deck Thickness, M10 x 1.5-6H
893-MMMM 32 Nut, Caged, Mat'l, for 2.5 or 3.5mm Tray Deck Thickness, M10 x 1.5-6H
893-MMMM 42 Nut, Caged, Mat'l, for 4.5 or 5.0mm Tray Deck Thickness, M10 x 1.5-6H
Commonly stocked in: C.S., Ty-304(L), Ty-316L and Ty-410.
893
HEX HEAD BOLTS Item No. Item Description

896-MMMM 1305 Bolt, Hex. Head, Mat'l, M10 x 1.5-6g 25mm LG
METRIC


896
CARRIAGE BOLT Item No. Item Description

881-MMMM 0210 Bolt, Carriage, Mat'l, M10 x 1.5-6g,
*Represents the length of Bolt in 5mm increments (10 x 5mm = 50mm).
Available in other diameters and lengths.

881
HARDWARE ITEMS

860-MMMM 4 Clamp, Manway Lock #3, Mat'l, 5mm t
860-MMMM 5 *Clamp, Manway Lock #2, Mat'l, 6mm t

*Available in C.S.
860

861-MMMM 1 Clamp, Manway Lock #20, Mat'l, 5mm t for M10 Stud
861-MMMM 2 Clamp, Manway Lock #65, Mat'l, 5mm t for M12 Stud
861-MMMM 3 *Clamp, Manway Lock #20, Mat'l, 6mm t for M10 Stud
861-MMMM 5 *Clamp, Manway Lock #65, Mat'l, 6mm t for M12 Stud

MANWAY CLAMP Item No. Item Description

938-MMMM 02 MMMM Clamp, Manway, Mat'l, M10 x 1.5-6H Nut, Mat'l
Commonly stocked in: Ty-304(L) and Ty-410.
938
27
Previous Index Next
HARDWARE ITEMS
386-MMMM 0 Washer, Bent Manway, Mat'l, 2mm t
Item No. Item Description BENT MANWAY WASHERS

386-MMMM 1 Washer, Bent Manway, Mat'l, 2.5mm t
386
Item No. Item Description MANWAY LOCK STUDS #5, 7, 9, 10 & 11

865-MMMM 21 Stud, Manway Lock #5, Mat'l, M10 x 1.5-6g x 50mm LG
587-MMMM 23 *Stud, Manway Lock #9M, Mat'l, M12 x 1.75-6g x 50mm LG
587-MMMM 24 *Stud, Manway Lock #9AM, Mat'l, M12 x 1.75-6g x 70mm LG
*For use with Manway Lock Clamp #70 and Manway Pointer #75
Commonly stocked in: C.S., Monel, Ty-304(L), Ty-316L and Ty-410. 865/587
METRIC
Item No. Item Description MANWAY STUDS
904-MMMM 01 Stud, Manway, Mat'l, M10 x 1.5-6g, 50mm LG
904
Item No. Item Description BOTTOM TRAY CLAMPS "Y"

902-MMMM 01 Clamp, Bottom Tray "Y", Mat'l, 13mm Hole, 3mm t
902-MMMM 02 ** Clamp, Bottom Tray "Y", Mat'l, 13mm Hole, 3.5mm t
902-MMMM 03 * Clamp, Bottom Tray "Y", Mat'l, 13mm Hole, 2.5mm t
*Commonly stocked in: Monel, Ty-304(L), Ty-316L and Ty-410.

Bottom Tray Clamp "Y" designed for use with 25mm maximum thickness supports. 902
Item No. Item Description BOTTOM TRAY CLAMPS "YD" (MANWAY)

903-MMMM 01 Clamp, Bottom Tray "YD", for M10 "D" shape Manway Stud, Mat'l, 3mm t
903-MMMM 02 ** Clamp, Bottom Tray "YD", for M10 "D" shape Manway Stud, Mat'l, 3.5mm t
903-MMMM 03 *Clamp, Bottom Tray "YD", for M10 "D" shape Manway Stud, Mat'l, 2.5mm t

Note: Other material types available on request for all BTC’s.
Bottom Tray Clamp "YD" designed for use with 25mm maximum thickness supports.
903
28
Previous Index Next
932-MMMM 013 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray "YB", w/ bolt, Mat'l, 3mm t, M10 x 1.5-6g x 50mm Bolt, Mat'l
BOTTOM TRAY CLAMPS "YB" Item No. Item Description

932-MMMM 023 MMMM ** Clamp, Bottom Tray "YB", w/ bolt, Mat'l, 3.5mm t, M10 x 1.5-6g x 50mm Bolt, Mat'l
932-MMMM 024 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray "YB", w/ bolt, Mat'l, 3.5mm t, M10 x 1.5-6g x 65mm Bolt, Mat'l
932-MMMM 033 MMMM * Clamp, Bottom Tray "YB", w/ bolt, Mat'l, 2.5mm t, M10 x 1.5-6g x 50mm Bolt, Mat'l

Other material types and bolt lengths are available upon request.
Bottom Tray Clamp "YB" designed for use with 25mm maximum thickness supports.
932
BOTTOM TRAY CLAMPS "YN" Item No. Item Description

946-MMMM 102 MMMM Clamp, Bottom Tray "YN", w/ Nut, Mat'l, 3mm t, M10 x 1.5-6g Nut, Mat'l
METRIC
946-MMMM 202 MMMM ** Clamp, Bottom Tray "YN", w/ Nut, Mat'l, 3.5mm t, M10 x 1.5-6g Nut, Mat'l
946-MMMM 302 MMMM * Clamp, Bottom Tray "YN", w/ Nut, Mat'l, 2.5mm t, M10 x 1.5-6g Nut, Mat'l
*Commonly stocked in: Monel, Ty-304(L),, Ty-316L and Ty-410.

946 Bottom Tray Clamp "YN" designed for use with 25mm maximum thickness supports.

315-MMMM 0 Clamp, Universal Lever #1, Mat'l, 2mm t, 11mm Hole
315-MMMM 1 Clamp, Universal Lever #1, Mat'l, 2.5mm t, 11mm Hole
315-MMMM 2 Clamp, Universal Lever #1, Mat'l, 3mm t, 11mm Hole
Item # 331
HARDWARE ITEMS
Our new Bottom Tray Clamp "Y" series replaces the old Single Lever Clamp #1.
315/331 902 BTC "Y" replaces the Single Lever Clamp #1 with open hole. (See Page 8)
932 BTC "YB" replaces the Single Lever Clamp #1 with bolt. (See Page 9)

317-MMMM Clamp, Universal Lever #3, Mat'l, 2mm t, 11mm Hole
Item # 333
Single Lever Clamp #3 is available with welded bolt. Specify bolt diameter and length when ordering.
Our new Bottom Tray Clamp ""Y"" series replaces the old Single Lever Clamp #3.)
902 BTC "Y" replaces the Single Lever Clamp #3 with open hole. (See Page 8)
317/333 932 BTC "YB" replaces the Single Lever Clamp #3 with bolt. (See Page 9)
SINGLE LEVER CLAMPS Item No. Item Description
322-MMMM 014 Clamp, Single Lever, Mat'l, 3.5mm t, 8mm Tab length, M10 x 1.5-6g Tapped Hole
322-MMMM 012 Clamp, Single Lever, Mat'l, 3.5mm t, 8mm Tab length, 11mm Hole
322-MMMM 134 Clamp, Single Lever, Mat'l, 2.5mm t, 14mm Tab length, M10 x 1.5-6g Tapped Hole
322-MMMM 132 Clamp, Single Lever, Mat'l, 2.5mm t, 14mm Tab length, 11mm Hole
322-MMMM 254 Clamp, Single Lever, Mat'l, 3mm t, 20mm Tab length, M10 x 1.5-6g Tapped Hole
322-MMMM 252 Clamp, Single Lever, Mat'l, 3mm t, 20mm Tab length, 11mm Hole
Single Lever Clamp is available with additional tab lengths and hole sizes upon request.
Our new Bottom Tray Clamp "Y" series replaces the old Single Lever Clamp.
902 BTC "Y" replaces the Single Lever Clamp with open hole. (See Page 8)
29 946 BTC "YN" replaces the Single Lever Clamp with tapped hole. (See Page 9)
322
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HARDWARE ITEMS
909-MMMM 001 Seal Plate #10, Mat'l, 2mm, 76mm
Item No. Item Description SEAL PLATES

909-MMMM 001 Seal Plate #10, Mat'l, 2mm t, 76mm LG
909-MMMM 002 Seal Plate #10A, Mat'l, 2mm t, 89mm LG
909-MMMM 003 Seal Plate #10B, Mat'l, 2mm t, 102mm LG
909-MMMM 004 Seal Plate #10C, Mat'l, 2mm t, 115mm LG
909-MMMM 005 Seal Plate #10D, Mat'l, 2mm t, 127mm LG
909-MMMM 000 Seal Plate #10X2, Mat'l, 2mm t, 51mm LG
909-MMMM 006 Seal Plate, Mat'l, 2mm t, 64mm LG
909-MMMM 007 Seal Plate, Mat'l, 2mm t, 152mm LG
909-MMMM 008 Seal Plate, Mat'l, 2mm t, 140mm LG Seal Plates supplied in C.S. are 3.5mm t., the last
three digits of the item no. is different for example,
201 instead of 001 for seal plate #10, 202 instead
Commonly stocked in: C.S., Monel, Ty-304(L), Ty-316L and Ty-410. of 002 for seal plate #10A.
909 Replaced Item #848 909
Item No. Item Description DOMED WASHERS

802-MMMM 101 Washer, Domed, Mat'l, 2mm t, 11mm id x 38mm od
802-MMMM 301 *Washer, Domed, Mat'l, 3.5mm t, 11mm id x 38mm od
METRIC

800-MMMM 010801 Washer, Frictional, Mat'l, 2mm t, 11mm id x 25mm od
800-MMMM 030801 *Washer, Frictional, Mat'l, 3.5mm t, 11mm id x 25mm od
800-MMMM 020802 Washer, Frictional, Mat'l, 2.5mm t, 14mm id x 25mm od
800-MMMM 030802 *Washer, Frictional, Mat'l, 3.5mm t, 14mm id x 25mm od
Item No. Item Description HOOK BOLT #1

888-MMMM 24016 Hook Bolt # 1, Mat'l, M10 x 1.5-6g, *, **
* Represents length of Hook Bolt in 5mm increments (40 x 5mm = 200mm)

**Represents length of threads in 5mm increments (16 x 5mm = 80mm)
Note: Specify Hook Bolt length and length of threads. 888
Item No. Item Description HOLDDOWN PLATES #1 & 2

887-MMMM 11 Plate, Holddown #1, Mat'l, 2mm t, 102mm wide
887-MMMM 21 Plate, Holddown #1, Mat'l, 2.5mm t, 102mm wide
887
Item No. Item Description ANGLE HANGERS #161 thru 163

916-MMMM 1 Hanger, Angle #161-A (75mm LG), Mat'l, 2.5mm t
916-MMMM 2 Hanger, Angle #162-A (75mm LG), Mat'l, 3 or 3.5mm t
916-MMMM 3 Hanger, Angle #163-A (75mm LG), Mat'l, 5mm t
917-MMMM 1 Hanger, Angle #161-B (150mm LG), Mat'l, 2.5mm t
917-MMMM 2 Hanger, Angle #162-B (150mm LG), Mat'l, 3 or 2.5mm t
917-MMMM 3 Hanger, Angle #163-B (150mm LG), Mat'l, 5mm t
918-MMMM 1125 Hanger, Angle #161-C (125mm LG), Mat'l, 2.5mm t
918-MMMM 2130 Hanger, Angle #162-C (130mm LG), Mat'l, 3 or 2.5mm t 916/917
918-MMMM 3135 Hanger, Angle #163-C (135mm LG), Mat'l, 5mm t 918 30
SEE STANDARD SECTION FOR VALVES, VALVE CAPS AND BALLAST UNITS.
Previous
Index
Next
NO NEED TO SEARCH FOR BUBBLE CAPS.

BUBBLE CAPS
KOCH-GLITSCH IS THE LARGEST MANUFACTURER

OF DRAWN BUBBLE CAPS IN THE WORLD.
WE MANUFACTURE OVER 5,000

DIFFERENT BUBBLE CAP DESIGNS.
31
Previous Index Next
CUSTOMER SERVICE PROGRAMS

KOCH-GLITSCH
FOR TROUBLE-FREE TURNAROUNDS!
• AHOP Automated Hardware Ordering Program
• Hardware Trailers & Lockers
• Koch-Glitsch Response Teams
• Satellite Warehouses
• Koch-Glitsch Field Service
• Wide Inventory of Quality Hardware and Tray Components
• Custom Fabricated Tray Components
Koch-Glitsch provides the most reliable equipment and services

in your market. You can rely on our problem solving skills and
expertise to save you time and money during your planned and
unplanned turnarounds.
32
Previous Index Next
NOTES
33
Previous Index Next
...Tower Hardware is Ready When You Are!

The Koch-Glitsch Team is ready 24 hours a day to meet your hardware needs
during your turnarounds or emergency shutdowns.
Only this team can provide you with this comprehensive array of services...
AHOP™... Don't Open Your Tower Without it! A Warehouse of Hardware at Your Site!
Using AHOP™ (automated hardware ordering program), our We'll package your hardware by unit and by tower, then
innovative computer research service, we will determine deliver it to your work-site in our specially designed hardware
exactly the correct type of hardware required for your lockers or trailers. Additional hardware you may need will be
towers before they are opened. restocked throughout your turnaround.
No Worries About Extra Costs for Hardware A Response Team Member can be Right Beside
You Don't Need! You On-site Throughout Your Turnaround!
Because most of our hardware is provided on consignment, To assure a smooth trouble-free turnaround, we can provide
you only purchase the hardware you need for your a member of our specially trained response team to be
turnaround. Unused hardware is returned to our inventory. on-site with you during the entire period of your turnaround,
manning our trailers and lockers, making sure that your hard-
ware, trays and tower internal needs are always met.
For more information about our services, call your local Koch-Glitsch representative.
Previous
ACROSS THE GLOBE KOCH-GLITSCH RESPONSE TEAMS
Index
ARE READY TO TAKE YOUR CALLS 24 HOURS A DAY!
Next NORTH AMERICAN LATIN AMERICA

CORPORATE
OFFICES & Koch-Glitsch Argentina
25 de Mayo 81
MANUFACTURING
FACILITIES C H Piso 5°
Buenos Aires (1002)
L ITS Argentina
Tel: +54-11-4343-7142/99
G
KOCH-
4900 Singleton Blvd.
Dallas, TX 75212 Fax: +54-11-4343-6424
Tel: (214) 583-3000
Fax: (214) 583-3377 Koch-Glitsch do Brasil
Av. Dr. Juão Ghilhermino n° 429,
4111 East 37th Street North Ed. Sain James
Wichita, KS 67220 Andar 18, Sala 181
Tel: (316) 828-5110 Sao Jose dos Campos, SP
Fax: (316) 828-5263 Brasil
Tel: 55-12-341-7662
For Emergencies: Koch-GlitschFrance S.a.r.l. Fax: 55-12-341-4155
1-888-KOCH-911 Chemin des Moines
BP 2027 - Z.I. Nord Koch-Glitsch Venezolana
18 Dallas St. 13646 ARLES CEDEX Centro Lido • Torre “C”
Uxbridge, Ontario CN L9PIC6 France Piso 13 • Of. 132
Tel: (905) 852-3381 Tel: +33-4-9018-4800 Av. Fco. de Miranda, El Rosal,
Fax: (905) 852-7821 Fax: +33-4-9018-4807 Caracus 1060 Venezuela
Tel: +58-2-952-9055
REGIONAL OFFICES Koch-Glitsch GmbH Fax: +58-2-952-7517
Voltenseestrasse 2
West Coast 6000 Frankfurt/M 60 Koch-Glitsch Mexico
536 Stone Road, Suite A Germany Melchor Ocampo #193, piso 3-B
Benicia, CA 94510 Tel: +49-6-109-3080 Col. Veronica Anzures,
Tel: (707) 746-0390 Fax: +49-6-109-34958 Miguel Hidalgo
Fax: (707) 746-0393 Tel: +52-5-254-2444
Koch-Glitsch Italia S.r.l. Fax: +52-5-254-2466
Gulf Coast Via Tonale 50, Casella Postale 13
12221 E Sam Houston Parkway N. 24061 Albano S Alessandro ASIA
Houston, TX 77044 Bergamo, Italy
Tel: (713) 427-7667 Tel: +39-035-328-611 Koch-Glitsch Japan Corp.
Fax: (713) 427-7674 Fax: +39-035-328-600 3-1-4, Ikegamishincho 3 Chome
Kawasaki-Ku
East Coast Koch-Glitsch Italia S.r.l. Kawasaki 210, Japan
1840 Airport Exchange Blvd. SS 148 Pontina Km 52 Tel: +81-44-287-1021
Suite #110 Casella Postale 7 Fax: +81-44-287-1029
Erlanger, KY 41018-3195 04010 Campoverde
Tel: (606) 647-3704 di Aprilia (LT) Koch-Glitsch Korea Co., Ltd.
Fax: (606) 647-3701 Italy 17-8 Yoido-dong
Tel: +39-06-928-911 Yongdungpo-ku
Southeast Fax: +39-06-925-3134 Seoul 150-010, Korea
6736 Langley Drive Tel: +02-369-4355
Baton Rouge, LA 70809 Koch-Glitsch, S.L. Fax: +02-780-1954
Tel: (225) 756-5146 c/Velazquez 150
Fax: (225) 756-5314 28002 Madrid, Spain Koch-Glitsch South Asia
Tel: +34-91-745-4380 260 Orchard Road
Canada Fax: +34-91-562-7302 #11-01/09 The Heeren
1400, 111th - 5th Ave SW Singapore 238855
Calgary, Alberta Koch-Glitsch (UK) Ltd Tel: +65-732-7555
T2P 3Y6, Canada Berryhill Industrial Estate Fax +65-835-2025
Tel: (403) 266-1830•(403) 716-7730 Berryhill Road
Fax: (403) 266-1832 Fenton, Stoke-on-Trent Koch-Glitsch Pacific, Inc.
ST4 2XT, United Kingdom Room 13-4, 202 Sec. 5
Tel: +44-1782-21-0100 Nanking East Rd.
EUROPE Fax: +44-1782-21-0101 Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Tel: +02-762-7060
Koch-Glitsch a.s. Koch-Glitsch (UK) Ltd Fax: +02-764-0390
Prikop 8 Hobsons Lane
60200 Brno, Czech Republic Kirkby Stephen,
Tel: +420-54-521-5916 Cumbria CAI7 4RN
Fax: +420-54-521-5904 United Kingdom
Tel: +44-176-837-1661 Bulletin HC99-2 5M0100B Printed in U.S.A.
Fax: +44-176-837-4412 © Copyright 1999 Koch-Glitsch, Inc.
™ Previous
Index
Next
FLEXILOCK tray construction is the

new tray joint from Koch-Glitsch that ….
Reduces hardware requirements
Improves valve coverage
Provides error-free deck installation
Lessens installation time
Strengthens joint and uplift tolerance
Promotes in-shop installations
Cancels vibration–induced panel shifting
Previous
FLEXILOCK™ Tray Construction
Index
This patented tray joint allows rapid installation of tray panels in vessel shops
or in the field. FLEXILOCK tray construction eliminates the requirement for
hardware between adjacent tray panels and provides for error-free deck
installations. Koch-Glitsch’s FLEXILOCK tray construction is the primary building
Next
block of the HORIZON™ technology. If you plan to shop-install trays, then

you need the insurance provided by the HORIZON technology.
P.O. Box 8127 Koch-Glitsch Italia S.r.l. Koch-Glitsch Japan Corp. Koch-Glitsch (UK) Ltd
WICHITA, KS 67208-0127 Via Tonale 50, 7th Floor, Kss Gotanda King Street
4111 E. 37th Street North Casella Postale13 Bldg 21-8 FENTON, STOKE-ON-TRENT
WICHITA, KS 67220 24061 Albano S. Alessandro Nishi Gotanda 1 – chome
TEL (316) 828-5110 SHINAGAWA-KU,TOKYO ST4 2LT England
BERGAMO, ITALY TEL +44-1782-744561
FAX (316) 828-5263 TEL +39-035-328611 141-8538, JAPAN
FAX +39-035-328600 TEL +81-3-5435-8560 FAX +44-1782-744330
4900 Singleton Blvd. FAX +81-3-3491-3523
DALLAS,TX 75212 For a complete listing of
TEL (214) 583-3000 Koch-Glitsch offices,
FAX (214) 583-3377 visit us on the internet:
FLEXILOCKTM is a trademark of Koch-Glitsch, LP.
Patent Pending
For emergencies:
1-888-KOCH-911
Bulletin FL-1 1M0503E Printed in U.S.A.
Previous Index Next
HORIZON CONSTRUCTION ENHANCEMENTS

Providing the ability to reliably install trays with the vessel
in the horizontal position
Balancing the risks and costs associated with tray installation
Risk Analysis
In Field Low risk LOSE

Install High cost
Conventionally-
Designed Trays
In Vessel High risk LOSE

Shop Low cost
There’s a better way. You can choose Low Risk and Low Cost. You can Win-Win.
The decision is clear. Choose Koch-Glitsch and HORIZON technology to provide
solutions before shop-installed conventionally-designed trays become problems.
Previous Index Next
Eliminates your risk

The HORIZON technology starts with a mechanical construction developed specifically
for in-shop tray installation with the vessel in the horizontal position. Koch-Glitsch’s
patented FLEXILOCKTM tray construction is the primary building block of the
HORIZON technology. If you plan to shop-install trays, then you need the insurance
provided by the HORIZON technology.
Special Mechanical Design Prevents the problems that occur when conventionally-
designed trays are installed in horizontal columns
(inefficient installation sequencing, part deforming/
breaking, panel shifting, joint dislodging, extra field
inspecting and field readjusting of tray parts)
Installation Cost Savings In the shop versus in the field
Work Around Conventional Short turnaround schedules, off-shore platform

Time and/or Space Constraints utilizations and no manhole constraints
during installation
FAX (316) 828-5263 TEL +39-035-328611 141-8538, JAPAN
FAX +39-035-328600 TEL +81-3-5435-8560 FAX +44-1782-744330
For emergencies:
1-888-KOCH-911
HORIZON™ is a trademark of Koch-Glitsch, LP.
not to be construed as implying any warranty or guarantee of performance. Bulletin H-1 1M0503E Printed in U.S.A.
Previous Index Next
Distillation Column Process Improvements

You Can’t Prosper Without Them!
Reduce the time, cost, and complexities of your next
revamp with
TM
Tray and tray support

designs that facilitate
column revamps
and performance
improvements
Previous
When distillation column process improvements require radical
changes to tower internals you need ….
Index
TM
Next
Omni-Fit is a toolbox of mechanical engineering designs for reducing the cost and down-time of revamps.
The toolbox includes expansion rings, pedestal supports, and innovative tray designs. Welding on the
existing tower can be minimized or eliminated. Efficiency and capacity enhancements can
be achieved by using Omni-Fit technology for your next turnaround project.
Transform your column

Before After
Omni-Fit technology
can be used to:
• Increase theoretical stages
• Change tray spacings
• Modify downcomer sizes or configurations
• Install multi-pass SUPERFRAC® trays
• Change tray orientation
• Eliminate welding
• Shorten turnarounds
• Replace packing
• And more
P.O. Box 8127 Koch-Glitsch Italia S.r .l. Koch-Glitsch Japan Corp. Koch-Glitsch (UK) Ltd
WICHITA, KS67220 24061 Albano S. Alessandro Nishi Gotanda 1 – chome
TEL (316) 828-5110 SHINA GAWA-KU , TOKYO ST4 2LT England
BERGAMO, I TALY TEL +44-1782-744561
FAX (316) 828-5263 TEL +39-035-328611 141-8538, JAP AN
FAX +39-035-328600 TEL +81-3-5435-8560 FAX +44-1782-744330
DALLAS, TX75212 For a complete listing of
www.k och-glitsch.com
For emergencies:
1-888-K OCH-911
Omni-FitTM is a trademark of Koch-Glitsch, LP.
not to be construed as implying any warranty or guarantee of performance. Bulletin OF-1 1M0503E Printed in U.S.A.
Previous Index Next
Optimized Design Technique for New Columns
Total new column

installed cost
will be reduced.
Very simple rings and

elimination of vertical Innovative
bolting bars tray design
SATURN
Technology
®
The patented technology that Koch-Glitsch calls “Saturn” can be used to reduce
the total installed cost of new distillation columns, especially those containing
multi-pass crossflow trays. The combination of simple tower attachments and an
innovative tray design equates to a lower total installed cost.
Previous Index Next
SATURN® TECHNOLOGY = $AVING$

The patented technology that Koch-Glitsch calls “Saturn” can be used to reduce the total installed cost of new
distillation columns, especially when those columns will contain multi-pass crossflow trays. The traditional
method for designing new towers was to develop the layout of the trays and then design the required support
structure. At Koch-Glitsch, we start with the simplest support structure and then use an innovative tray
mechanical design to capture the installation benefits of dualflow trays.
Up until now, the sole disadvantage of the use of crossflow trays in new towers has been the extra complexity
of the tray support structure/grid inside the towers. With conventional crossflow tray designs, horizontal ring
segments support the tray decks, and vertical bolting bars support the tray downcomers. The utilization of this
support structure requires time and money
When you can especially since all of the ring and bar pieces needs
Why do this?
do THIS! to be engineered, fabricated, installed and welded.
Saturn technology brings together

the following:
1. The high efficiency, high capacity,
low cost, and reliability of
crossflow trays
2. The simple rings of dualflow trays
The net result is that the Saturn technology provides the buyers of new distillation columns
with the ultimate low-cost installed solution.
FAX (316) 828-5263 TEL +39-035-328611 141-8538, JAPAN
FAX +39-035-328600 TEL +81-3-5435-8560 FAX +44-1782-744330
For emergencies:
1-888-KOCH-911
SATURN® is a registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch, LP • Patent Pending
NOTE:The information contained in this bulletin is believed to be accurate and reliable but is Bulletin SAT-1 1M0503E Printed in U.S.A.
Previous Index Next
At last, a design that allows you to
easily add quick-opening manways
without replacing your existing trays.

Previous Index Next
At last, a design that will allow you to easily add quick-

opening manways to your existing trays. Just remove the
existing manways, or active panels, and replace them with
SPEED-WAY panels.
Quick-opening manways are especially beneficial when:

TURNAROUND MANPOWER IS LIMITED
SHORT DOWNTIME IS CRITICAL
ROUTINE INSPECTIONS ARE REQUIRED
If you have a need to tunnel through your column on a

routine basis SPEED-WAY manways are a must.
We can fit SPEED-WAY manways to any tray design
that presently has manways.
Key SPEED-WAY Feature:

The feature that makes this technology most appealing
is the ability to retro-fit existing trays without welding
or making any modifications to the adjacent panels.
Simply replace the manway bolting devices with the
SPEED-WAY attachments and you’re done. It’s as
quick and easy to install as the original manway. From
that point on, you have the ability to tunnel, inspect and
clean quickly during future turnarounds, saving more
than 20% of the opening and closing time.
Koch-Glitsch LP Corporate Offices

WICHITA, KS 67208-0127 7th Floor, Kss Gotanda
4111 E. 37th Street North Bldg 21-8
WICHITA, KS 67220 Nishi Gotanda 1 – chome
TEL (316) 828-5110 SHINAGAWA-KU,TOKYO
FAX (316) 828-5263 141-8538, JAPAN
TEL +81-3-5435-8560
DALLAS,TX 75212
TEL (214) 583-3000 Koch-Glitsch (UK) Ltd
FAX (214) 583-3377
King Street
FENTON, STOKE-ON-TRENT
Via Tonale 50, ST4 2LT England
Casella Postale13 TEL +44-1782-744561
24061 Albano S. Alessandro FAX +44-1782-744330
BERGAMO, ITALY
TEL +39-035-328611 For a complete listing of
FAX +39-035-328600 Koch-Glitsch offices,
visit us on the internet:
SPEED-WAY™ is a trademark of Koch-Glitsch, LP • Patent Pending www.koch-glitsch.com
NOTE:The information contained in this bulletin is believed to be accurate and reliable but is For emergencies:
not to be construed as implying any warranty or guarantee of performance. 1-888-KOCH-911
Bulletin SW-2 3M0103B Printed in U.S.A.
Previous Index Next FLEXIMAX®
RANDOM PACKING
®
FLEXIMAX ®
Previous Index Next
High-Performance Random Packing

FLEXIMAX® Random Packing
Offers Capacity Improvements
of Up to 15% and Efficiency
Improvements of up to 30%.
FLEXIMAX® high performance random packing
provides improved performance in efficiency and/or
capacity and pressure drop relative to conventional
random packings. FM was designed to reduce the
form drag inherent with conventional packings and
produce radial spreading of gas and liquid in all
orientations. The unique ribbed metal saddle shape
of FM produces excellent spreading and places FM
in a performance class of its own. FM packing has
demonstrated capacity improvements of up to 15%
with no loss of efficiency and efficiency improvements
of up to 30% with no loss of capacity relative to
conventional PALL RING® packing*.
FLEXIMAX random packing’s superior mechanical
FLEXIMAX® RANDOM PACKING
integrity allows processors to specify deep beds

without packing deformation. Available in various
sizes and constructed of virtually any metallic
material, it is the most advanced random packing
design available today.
The graphs on these pages demonstrate pressure
drop capacity performance for all sizes of FLEXIMAX
random packing.
APPLIC ATIONS
Chemical Processing
Acetic Acid Amine Absorption
Ammonia Absorption Amine Scrubbing
Benzene Stripping Amine Contacting
Terpenes Distillation H2S Absorption
Ethylene Oxide Caustic Scrubbing
Stripping/Absorption
Gas Processing
Demethanizers Deethanizers
Depropanizers Debutanizers
Acid Gas Absorbers Strippers
Oil Refining
Light Ends Fractionators Crude Vacuum Towers
Naphtha Splitters FCC Absorbers
BENEFITS
FLEXIMAX® RANDOM PACKING

Previous Index Next
Higher capacity than

conventional random packings
Higher efficiency
High mechanical integrity
allows for deep beds without
packing deformation
Available in virtually any metallic
material of construction
Matching Internals With Packing

For Best Tower Performance
Every application is unique. The selection of internals
is as important as the selection of packing. Koch-
Glitsch process engineers have the know-how and
experience to optimize each design, selecting the
correct packing and matching it with appropriate
internals. Koch-Glitsch’s approach to meeting
heat and mass transfer requirements is based on
years of experience in the industry and a
commitment to provide customer solutions.
For more than 85 years, Koch-Glitsch has provided
mass transfer solutions, from simple tray designs
to complex structured packing systems. With the
technical knowledge gained from thousands of
installations, Koch-Glitsch professionals draw
upon an accumulated body of knowledge that
no one else in the industry can offer.
Koch-Glitsch’s breadth of experience, combined

with an intimate understanding of mass transfer
technology, has resulted in the development
of innovative FLEXIMAX high-performance
random packing.
We are available to assist you from any of our

worldwide locations.
Definition of Terms
Pressure Drop Capacity Curves
(ft/sec)
Where Vs is superficial vapor
velocity in ft/sec and ρv is vapor
density in lbs/ft3.
Previous Index Next
KOCH-GLITSCH FIELD SERVICETM

Advantages
Depend on KOCH-GLITSCH
FIELD SERVICE to provide expert Our crews frequently work
installation of custom-engineered on various levels of a tower
Koch-Glitsch Mass Transfer simultaneously, removing
products. Integrating design, equipment from one level while
fabrication and installation installing new equipment on
ensures faster, safer revamps with another. All vessel modifications
minimum down time. are made under ASME code
qualifications.
craftsmen are extensively trained
to handle any field installation For revamps or new construction,
service need safely and efficiently. contact your KOCH-GLITSCH
FIELD SERVICE experts.

compounds and systems. We absorption and stripping

P.O. Box 8127 Koch-Glitsch a division of
WICHITA, KS 67208-0127 Koch-Asia Pacific, Inc.
4111 E. 37th Street North 7th Floor, KSS Gotanda Bldg. 21-8
WICHITA, KS 67220 Nishi-Gotanda 1- chome
TEL (316) 828-5110 Shinagawa-ku,
FAX (316) 828-5263 Tokyo 141-8538, Japan
TEL 011- 81-3-5435-8560 & 8580
Koch-Glitsch Italia S.r.l. FAX 011- 81-3-3491-3523
Via Tonale 50,
Casella Postale13 For a complete listing of
24061 Albano S. Alessandro Koch-Glitsch offices,
BERGAMO, ITALY visit us on the internet:
TEL 011-39-035-328611 www.koch-glitsch.com
FAX 011-39-035-328600
For emergencies:
1-888-KOCH-911
FLEXIMAX ® is registered in the following countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium,
Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,
Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Note: The information contained in this bulletin is believed to be reliable but
*PALL RING is a registered trademark of BASE Aktiengesellschaft. is not construed as implying any warranty or guarantee of performance
Bulletin KMF-6 3M1100B Printed in U.S.A.

Previous Index Next
®
Introduction Previous Index Next
Chemical processors and petroleum refiners around the world are familiar
with the name INTALOX®. INTALOX is a "family" of tower packing
designs that sets the standard wherever process towers are equipped with
random or structured packing to effect heat or mass transfer. At the heart
of these designs is the INTALOX® Metal Tower Packing or IMTP® High
Performance Random Packing family. INTALOX Metal Tower Packing is the
first random packing designed especially for use in distillation operations.
The advantages realized in distillation have been abundantly applied in
absorption, stripping, liquid-liquid extraction and direct contact heat trans-
fer operations as well. Since its introduction in the late 1970’s, IMTP pack-
ing has been successfully used in thousands of mass transfer towers with
diameters ranging from 6 inches to 40 feet [150 mm–12m]. Simultaneously,
a line of high performance tower internals was developed to ensure the
maximum performance of each packed tower is achieved. Koch-Glitsch
engineers have extensive experience applying these technologies to a vari-
ety of processes, providing the best solution for each situation.
This booklet provides information for quick sizing of packed columns using
INTALOX Metal Tower Packing. The following charts provide information
for hydraulic ratings and relative packing efficiencies in terms of HETP based
on a standard hydrocarbon test system as well as KGa values for the absorp-
tion of CO2. In addition, Koch-Glitsch offers the hydraulic rating program,
KG-TOWER™ Software, that may be downloaded from the website.
Koch-Glitsch recognizes that not all applications, are demanding enough to

require the use of IMTP high performance random packing. For those appli-
cations, Koch-Glitsch offers a wide variety of additional tower packings such
as β-ETA RING®, CASCADE MINI-RING®, HY-PAK®, FLEXIRING®
and Raschig Ring Random Packings. For information on these packings please
refer to brochure KGMRP-1.
Emergency Delivery
Koch-Glitsch has IMTP as well as other random packings – metal or plastic

– to provide optimum performance whatever your application. In common
materials, most packings are in stock for immediate shipment to get you
back on line. For emergencies call the Hotline of your nearest Koch-Glitsch
office.
In the US call the Hotline 1-888-KOCH-911

In Europe call 0044 1782 744 561
or your local Koch-Glitsch office
1
IMTP High Performance Random Packing ® Previous Index Next
IMTP packing is applicable in as broad a range of

services as any mass transfer device. It is heavily used
in distillation towers: from deep vacuum towers, where
low pressure drop is crucial to high-pressure towers,
where capacity easily surpasses that of
conventional trays. Many absorption and stripping
towers, especially those aiming for high capacity or
close approach to equilibrium, rely on IMTP packing.
The low pressure drop, high specific heat-transfer
coefficient, as well as the fouling resistance of IMTP
packing contributes to its success in heat transfer tow-
ers, such as olefin plant quench columns.
In a distillation system, uniform liquid and vapor distri-

bution causes the HETP to be nearly independent of
liquid and vapor rates. However, at higher vapor rates
the packing exhibits a region of improved efficiency (low
HETP) where high vapor turbulence influences the liq-
uid surfaces and improves the mass transfer.
Note: Efficient Capacity is not the same as the hydraulic
capacity or flood point. Koch-Glitsch rates high performance
IMTP Packing Performance Under packings by both, Efficient Capacity and Hydraulic Flood.
Uniform Liquid and Vapor Distribution
The System Base HETP concept raises important
HETP (Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate)
questions:
Flood • What is the System Base HETP of a packing in
Point a given system? (See page 4).
• How much does liquid distribution quality affect
Maximum HETP? (See page 5)
Efficient Capacity • Which liquid distributors should be chosen to
make a tower perform near its System Base
HETP? (Consult the Tower Internals Guide
KGMTIG-1.)
System Base HETP
Material of Construction
Vapor Rate INTALOX Metal Tower Packings are offered in various
materials of construction.
• Carbon Steel
Koch-Glitsch defines two packing properties from a per- • Stainless Steels, including Austenitic, Ferritic,
formance curve: Martensitic; types 409/410/430, 304 and 316 are
1. The System Base HETP is the constant HETP value readily available
produced by uniform distribution. • Duplex Stainless Steel
2. The Maximum Efficient Capacity is at the highest • Nickel and nickel alloys
vapor rate where the packing maintains the • Aluminum
System Base HETP. • Copper and copper alloys
• Titanium and zirconium
2
Packing Capacity Previous Index Next
The Maximum Efficient Capacity of IMTP packing in a non-foaming system can be estimated as:
σ 0.16 µ -0.11
Maximum Efficient Capacity, Csc = Co 20 0.2
σ 0.16 µ -0.11
Csc = Co 1.03 for 20 0.2 > 1.03
Capacity Correlation
IMTP #70
IMTP 60 #
IMTP #15 IMTP #25 IMTP #40 IMTP #50
Nomenclature and Definitions

L : Liquid mass rate Data Range
Correlation Limits
G : Gas mass rate
ρ : Liquid density 3 < σ < 73
L
ρ : Gas density If µ > 0.07, use, µ = 0.07
G
V : Superficial gas velocity, ft/s or m/s 0.07 < µ < 3.0
ρ
L G
X = G ρL Flow parameter σ : Surface tension, dyne/cm
µ : Liquid viscosity, cp
ρ
Cs = V G Capacity Factor, ft/s or m/s
ρ L – ρG
Koch-Glitsch routinely designs towers up to 90% Maximum
ρ Efficient Capacity. This limit leaves an estimated 11%
Fs = V G F-Factor, ft/s • (lb/ft3)1/2 or m/s • (kg/m3)1/2 turn-up before the packing loses its design efficiency.
3
Packing Efficiency Previous Index Next
The efficiency of packing in most distillation towers In these systems, the System Base HETP of IMTP pack-
is expressed as HETP or height equivalent to a theoret- ing for distillation and reboiled stripping services can
ical plate. be estimated by:
The mass transfer efficiency of all mass transfer devices -0.16

System Base = A σ [1.78]µ
is system properties dependent. System properties that for µ < 0.4 cp
20
affect the efficiency are liquid viscosity and surface ten-
sion. The efficiency of a packed system also depends on
σ -0.19 µ 0.21
the uniformity of liquid and vapor distribution. System Base = B for µ > 0.4 cp
20 0.2
The concept of System Base HETP assumes that a spe-
cific separation receives uniform liquid and vapor
distribution. This concept is useful because it isolates The packing efficiency in other services or other sys-
the system’s effect on HETP away from the distribution tems must be estimated by other methods.
considerations.
Non-uniform liquid and vapor distribution will cause
As a first approach in projecting HETP values, Koch- actual HETP values to be substantially greater than the
Glitsch has developed a correlation for estimating HETP System Base HETP value. However, commercial towers
from the system properties. It is desirable to confirm with proper liquid and vapor distribution consistently
the projected HETP values with test data in columns approach the System Base HETP within 13%. For this
having uniform vapor and liquid distribution in the same reason, Koch-Glitsch designs often use HETP values 13%
system or a system having very similar properties. Koch- above the System Base HETP.
Glitsch has an extensive bank of operating data from a
wide variety of systems and can provide reference data What represents proper liquid distribution for a com-
to confirm final HETP values upon request. mercial tower? In towers requiring few theoretical
stages, traditional distributors can approach the System
The efficiency correlation applies to systems which: Base HETP value. Conversely, in towers requiring many
A) are non-aqueous theoretical stages Koch-Glitsch INTALOX distributors
B) are non-reacting and non-ionizing are required to approach the System Base HETP value.
C) have low to moderate relative volatility
(less than three)
Values of A and B
IMTP Packing Size No.15 No. 25 No. 40 No. 50 No. 60 No. 70
A-mm 272 330 401 526 616 758
A-in. 10.7 13.0 15.8 20.7 24.2 29.9
B-mm 296 366 439 579 678 827
B-in. 11.7 14.4 17.3 22.8 26.7 32.6
Correlation Limits Data Range
Relative Volatility < 3 2.0 < σ < 26.6

If σ > 27, use, σ = 27
0.06 < µ < 0.83
σ : Surface tension, dyne/cm

µ : Liquid viscosity, cp
4
INTALOX Packed Tower Systems
® Previous Index Next
The
Theeffect of of
effect liquid distribution
liquid quality
distribution on tower
quality performance
on tower
Koch-Glitsch INTALOX® Packed Tower Systems are isperformance
illustrated below:
is shown by these actual results:
predictable and reliable separation columns containing
well-matched high performance packing and state-of-the 20
art liquid and vapor distributors. Koch-Glitsch’s global 20
experience is second to none and includes thousands of 18 Stages Per Bed With
Stages perBase
System Bed with
HETP
columns in distillation, absorption, stripping, liquid-liquid 20
of Packing
16 System Base HETP
extraction and heat transfer applications. 16
14 16
Bedbed
The combination of INTALOX high performance internals
and IMTP high performance random packing provides the 12
Per per
12
highest random packing performance available in the 12
stages
industry. 10
Stages
88
Actual
Koch-Glitsch has developed a series of liquid distributors 8
with attributes to maximize packed tower performance.
Actual
6
These attributes are well understood and have been
incorporated into INTALOX high performance distribu- 4
4
tors. Koch-Glitsch introduced a distributor rating system
for quantifying distribution quality and performance. 2
Distribution uniformity is rated as a percentage, where
100% indicates ideal uniform distribution. A low percent- 0
age rating indicates a high variation of liquid flow over the 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
cross sectional area of the tower. In addition, the distrib- DistributionQuality
Quality(%)
(%)
Distribution
utor must provide a sufficient gas passage area to avoid a
high pressure drop or liquid entrainment. A tower containing deep beds of IMTP high efficiency ran-
dom packing, designed to achieve many theoretical stages
INTALOX distributors aim towards 100% distribution or transfer units, is very sensitive to liquid distribution
quality by applying the following criteria: quality.
A) Drip points are preferable on a uniform triangular
pattern, or alternatively on a square pattern Feed devices are critical to the performance of the
B) Drip points are uninterrupted by gas chimneys or liquid distributor and the packed column. Depending on
mechanical supports the specific service, Koch-Glitsch offers a wide range of
C) Drip points are properly spaced to the vessel wall INTALOX liquid, vapor, mixed phase and flashing feed
D) Equal liquid flow from each drip point devices.
The significance of the Koch-Glitsch distribution quality • INTALOX liquid phase feed pipes are designed to
rating system is the accurate prediction of tower prevent excessive liquid velocity in the distributor
performance. to minimize liquid gradients and momentum effects.
• INTALOX vapor phase feed devices are designed to
INTALOX distributors are applied in: reduce the kinetic energy of the vapor feed before
• Distillation services with high stage counts per bed entering the packed bed.
• Distillation services with low relative volatility • INTALOX mixed phase feed devices are designed to
• High purity product distillation services provide sufficient disengagement of vapor from the
• Distillation services operating near the minimum liquid prior to feeding the distributor.
reflux or close to a pinch point • INTALOX suppressed flashing feed devices are
• Absorption and stripping applications with close designed to avoid vaporization inside the pipe system
approach to equilibrium and to provide sufficient disengagement of vapor from
• Heat transfer services with close approach the liquid prior to feeding the distributor.
temperatures
5
Previous Index Next
Vapor distribution is an important part of INTALOX For more detailed information and descriptions regarding
Packed Tower Systems. A tower with poor vapor distri- Koch-Glitsch INTALOX high performance distributors as
bution will experience an unequal liquid-to-vapor ratio well as all other tower internals, please refer to our
over the tower cross sectional area, resulting in a reduc- brochure KGMTIG-1.
tion of tower performance. Koch-Glitsch can supply
a variety of vapor distributors to ensure that the high effi- Koch-Glitsch goes a step further by offering single suppli-
ciency packing meets its separation performance objec- er/installer benefits of turnkey solutions. At your request,
tives. the Koch-Glitsch Field Service team is always available to
provide faster, safer revamps with minimum down time.
IMTP® Packing Characteristics

IMTP® Packing Size
Nominal Size 15 25 40 50 60 70
mm 15 25 40 50 60 70
inch 5
/8 1 11/2 2 23/8 23/4
Void Fraction % 96 97 98 98 99 98
Bulk weight* kg/m3 283 224 153 166 137 141

lb/ft3 17.7 14.0 9.6 10.3 8.6 8.8
* for stainless steel with standard material thickness
IMTP® Packing Efficiency

Fs, m/s (kg/m3)1/2
•
IMTP #70
IMTP #60
HETP, inches
HETP, mm
IMTP #50
IMTP #40
IMTP #25
IMTP #15 HETP IMTP
System: i-octane/toluene at 740 torr
Diameter: 15.2 inches [386mm]
Packed Depth: 10 feet [3.05m]
Total Reflux Operation
Fs, ft/s (lb/ft3)1/2

•
Cs, ft/sec
6
IMTP Packing Performance ® Previous Index Next
Liquid Load, m /(m h) 3 2

•
#25
IMTP
K a, lb-mol/(h ft atm)
#40
K a, kg-mol/(h m atm)
IMTP
•
3
•
3
#50
IMTP
•
•
#60
IMTP
70
P#
IMT
G
KGa IMTP
CONDITIONS:
Liquid Concentrations: 4% NaOH
Conversion to Carbonate: 25%
Inlet Gas Concentration: 1% CO2
Temperature: 75 ºF [24 ºC]
Gas rate: 900 lb /(ft 2 hr) [1.22 kg/(m 2 s)]
Tower Diameter: 30in [0.76m]
Bed Height: 10ft [3.05m]
Liquid Load, gpm/ft 2
3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m ) Fs, m/s (kg/m ) 3 1/2
•
•
wc/ft)
∆p, in wc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p/Zin(inwc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p,
IMTP #15 IMTP #25

Liquid Loading Liquid Loading
Top Curve to Bottom Top Curve to Bottom
gpm/ft 2 m3/m 2 h gpm/ft 2 m3/m 2 h
20 49 50 122
18 44 40 98
15 37 30 73
10 24 20 49
4 10 10 24
0 0 4 10
0 0
System Air-Water, Ambient System Air-Water, Ambient

Tower: 30in. Diameter Tower: 30in. Diameter
3 1/2
Fs, ft/s (lb/ft ) 3 1/2
Fs, ft/s (lb/ft )
•
7
Previous Index Next
3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m )
•
3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m )
•
wc/ft)
wc/ft)
(inwc/ft
wc/ft)
∆p, mbar/m
wc/ft)
∆p, mbar/m
(inwc/ft
(in
∆p/Zin
(in
∆p/Zin
∆p/Z
∆p,
∆p/Z
∆p,
IMTP #40 IMTP #50
60 147 147
122 60
50 50 122
40 98 98
73 40
30 30 73
20 49 49
24 20
10 10 24
4 10 10
0 4
0 0 0
3 1/2
Fs, ft/s (lb/ft ) 3 1/2
•
Fs, ft/s (lb/ft )
•
3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m ) Fs, m/s (kg/m ) 3 1/2
•
•
wc/ft)
(in wc/ft)
wc/ft)
wc/ft)
(inwc/ft
∆p/Zin(inwc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p, mbar/m
∆p/Z
∆p, (in
∆p/Zin
∆p/Z
∆p,
IMTP #60 IMTP #70

60 147 60 147
50 122 50 122
40 98 40 98
30 73 30 73
20 49 20 49
10 24 10 24
4 10 4 10
0 0 0 0
Tower: 29.5in. Diameter Tower: 30in. Diameter
3 1/2
Fs, ft/s (lb/ft ) 3 1/2
Fs, ft/s (lb/ft )
•
8
Applications Previous Index Next
IMTP tower packing has been used in a wide range of increases the amount of foam generation due to the
applications from very low liquid rate services, such as resistance of the vapor on the liquid phase. Therefore, it
DMT purification and glycol separation, to high liquid rate is desirable to design the packed bed with low pressure
applications, such as hot carbonate absorbers and demeth- drop in foaming systems. IMTP tower packing offers the
anizers. IMTP tower packing’s lower pressure drop, com- lowest pressure drop per theoretical stage of any random
bined with high mass transfer efficiency, provides superior packing available.
performance in low liquid rate vacuum systems.
IMTP tower packing has a high void fraction compared to
The low pressure drop provided by IMTP tower packing other random packings of similar size. Large void fractions
makes it a good choice for foaming systems. The presence provide superior high liquid rate capacity as well as a
of foam in a packed bed results in a significant pressure lower pressure drop. Lower pressure drop in combination
drop increase.The foam represents a very low density liq- with the unique, self-draining shape reduces liquid holdup
uid phase that significantly reduces the void fraction and on the packing, which in turn, reduces the areas where
capacity within the packed bed. High pressure drop solids could deposit.
Acid Gas Removal

One of the most widely used commercial absorption Purified Gas
processes is the removal of CO2 and/or H2S from a gas
stream by contacting it with an amine solution such as
MEA, DEA, or MDEA. The activated forms of MDEA solu-
tion such as Ucarsol®, GAS/SPEC® and aMDEA® have also
been widely used in this process. Installation of INTALOX
Acid Gas
Metal Tower Packing in these towers offers lower pres-
sure drop which provides several benefits. This system
is moderately foaming and the lower pressure drop
provided by IMTP packing reduces foam generation and
the use of costly anti-foam agents. Lower pressure drop
also reduces energy consumption and solvent degradation
due to higher operating temperatures. The predictable
performance of IMTP packing, when used with INTALOX
High Performance Distributors, and the packing’s high
mechanical strength allow the use of very deep beds.
Koch-Glitsch has successfully packed amine absorbers and
regenerators with beds well over 40 feet [12m] deep.
Column height normally occupied by a redistribution sys-
tem can be utilized by additional packing.This reduces the Feed Gas
cost of additional tower internals when replacing existing
trays. These benefits can be extended to other gas treat-
ing systems such as hot carbonate (e.g. Benfield) and phys-
ical solvent (e.g. Selexol®) systems. Koch-Glitsch has
installed IMTP packing in practically all of the amine, hot
carbonate and physical solvent systems, as well as many
other gas treating systems. This vast experience can be
used to ensure maximal performance of any gas treating Absorber Regenerator
system.
Ucarsol® is a registered trademark of Union Carbide Corporation

GAS/SPEC® is a registered trademark of Dow Chemical Company
aMDEA® is a registered trademark of BASF Aktiengesellschaft
Selexol® is a registered trademark of Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics
9
Previous Index Next
Overhead
Demethanizer Product
One application that is common to both natural gas plants Feed

and olefins plants is the separation of methane from heavier
hydrocarbons. Generally, these columns are operated at high
pressure and low (cryogenic) temperature. Installation of
INTALOX Packed Tower Systems in demethanizer columns
provides several benefits. Well designed INTALOX Packed
Tower Systems take into account the close liquid and vapor Feed
densities and low surface tensions of this system. High per-
formance Intalox tower internals in combination with IMTP
high performance packing provide maximum separation effi-
Feed
ciency. Increased efficiency permits operation at lower reflux
ratios, reducing the condenser refrigeration requirement. In
addition, IMTP packing provides increased capacity or
throughput with low pressure drop. For new construction,
the column diameter is minimized, reducing the required
capital investment. In revamp projects, the use of IMTP pack-
ing allows maximum throughput for the existing column.
IMTP packing is available in a wide range of materials, includ-
ing aluminum, and in sizes ranging from #15 to #70. In some
cases, the benefits of INTALOX Packed Tower Systems can
be extended to deethanizer columns as well. Koch-Glitsch
has extensive experience packing hundreds of light hydro-
carbon distillation towers to maximize performance.
Bottom
Product
Acid Gas Sour Water Stripper
Sour water stripping is an important part of integrated indus-

trial aqueous waste management, particularly in petroleum
refineries. The sour water stripper is designed to remove H2S
and NH3 from process water. This can be achieved by con-
tacting the sour water with stripping steam in a packed bed.
IMTP packing provides very high stripping efficiency allowing
for shorter packed bed depths or the use of less stripping
steam. Revamping a sour water stripper from trays or con-
ventional random packing to IMTP packing can help refineries
meet today’s increasingly stringent effluent water quality reg-
ulations. Process water may contain contaminants that can
cause scaling, fouling or foaming problems. The very high void
fraction and low pressure drop of IMTP packing help to alle-
Steam viate these problems. Additionally the wider operating range
of IMTP packing provides the flexibility required
to meet the additional stripping requirements during peak
operation.
Sour Water
10
Koch-Glitsch Corporate Offices Previous Index Next
Worldwide Headquarters European Offices Asia Offices
Koch-Glitsch, LP Koch-Glitsch Italia S.r.l. Koch-Glitsch Japan Corp.

P.O. Box 8127 Via Tonale 50, 7th Floor, KSS Gotanda Bldg. 21-8
Wichita, KS 67208-0127 Casella Postale13 Nishi-Gotanda 1- chome
4111 E. 37th Street North 24061 Albano S. Alessandro SHINAGAWA-KU, TOKYO
WICHITA, KANSAS 67220 BERGAMO, ITALY 141-8538, JAPAN
Tel: (316) 828-5110 Tel: +39-035-328611 Tel: +81-3-5435-8560
Fax: (316) 828-5263 Fax: +39-035-328600 Fax: +81-3-3491-3523
North American Offices Koch-Glitsch UK Koch-Glitsch Korea Co., Ltd

Dongsung Bldg. 8th Floor
King Street, Fenton
Koch-Glitsch, LP 17-8 Yoido-dong
STOKE-ON-TRENT ST4 2LT
12221 E. Sam Houston Parkway N. Yongdungpo-ku
ENGLAND
HOUSTON, TEXAS 77044 SEOUL 150-010, KOREA
Tel: +44-1782-744561
Tel: (713) 427-7600 Tel: +82-2-3775-2650
Fax: +44-1782-744330
Fax: (713) 427-7613 Fax: +82-2-2780-1954
Koch-Glitsch, LP Koch-Glitsch India Ltd.

4900 Singleton Blvd. 42 Kalpataru Court
DALLAS, TEXAS 75212 G. Gidwani Marg., Chembur
Tel: (214) 583-3000 MUMBAI 400074, INDIA
Fax: (214) 583-3377 Tel: +91-22-2520-2050
Fax: +91-22-2520-2040
Koch-Glitsch, LP
5385 Orchardview Drive SE
EAST CANTON, OHIO 44730 For a complete listing of
Tel: (330) 488-1279 Koch-Glitsch offices,
Fax: (330) 488-1656 visit us on the internet:
Koch-Glitsch CanadaCo.
18 Dallas St. For emergencies in the USA:
UXBRIDGE, ONTARIO 1-888-KOCH-911
L9P 1C6, CANADA
Tel: (905) 852-3381
Fax: (905) 852-7821
INTALOX® , IMTP®, FLEXIRING®, HY-PAK®, CASCADE MINI RINGS® and β-ETA RING®
are registered trademarks of Koch-Glitsch.
IMTP® #60 U.S. Patent No. DES 379,096

High Strength FLEXIRING® U.S. Patent No. 5,314,645
β-ETA RING® U.S. Patent No. 5,885,489
The Fundamental Driving Force

IN MASS TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY
Bulletin KGIMTP-1 2M0303B Printed in U.S.A.
©Copyright 2003 Koch-Glitsch
Previous Index Next
Metal Random Packing
®
Previous Index Next
Introduction
For over 50 years random packings have been suc-
cessfully used as an inexpensive but very effective
means to increase a tower's capacity and/or efficien-
cy. The original Raschig Rings have been superceded
RASCHIG RING
Random Packing by new generations of improved products, and today
Pages 5 Koch-Glitsch offers the widest spectrum of random
packings available worldwide.
FLEXIRING® There are numerous process advantages that can be

Random Packing
Pages 5 and 7 realized by using packing in various applications. The
predominant reasons to use tower packings are to
reduce pressure drop through the column, increase
the capacity compared to trays at the same efficiency,
and/or reduce liquid holdup in the column.
This booklet provides information for quick sizing

HY-PAK® of packed columns for metal random packings.
Random Packing Information in the included charts enables hydraulic
Pages 5 and 9 rating and provides relative packing efficiencies
in terms of the KGa value for the absorption of CO2
into a standard caustic solution. In addition, Koch-
Glitsch offers the hydraulic rating program, KG-
TOWER™ Software, that may be downloaded from
CASCADE ®
MINI-RINGS the website www.koch-glitsch.com
Random Packing
Pages 6 and 11
β-ETA RING®
Emergency Delivery
Random Packing
Pages 6 and 13
Koch-Glitsch has the random packing – metal or
plastic – to provide optimum performance whatever
your application. In common materials, most packings
are in stock for immediate shipment to get you
back on line. For emergencies call the Hotline of your
IMTP® nearest Koch-Glitsch office.
Random Packing
Page 4 In the US call the Hotline 1-888-KOCH-911
Please ask for Brochure In Europe call 0044 1782 744 561
KGIMTP-1
or your local Koch-Glitsch office
1
Previous Index Next
Koch-Glitsch offers a wide variety of random packings

Koch-Glitsch is unsurpassed in offering the widest range
of sizes and styles of traditional and high performance
random packings. Koch-Glitsch recognizes that while
packings provide many valuable benefits, not all applica-
tions are demanding. The various packings in this
brochure are of ring type construction and offer a vari-
ety of performance levels from conventional to high per-
formance. Considerations in choosing a specific packing
style are:
• Meet specific process requirements

• Direct replacement of an existing packing
• Familiarity with the packing type and its performance
• Past experience using a specific packing in a
particular application
• Use in a licensed process
Each packing family offers several sizes to enable the

process engineer to optimize the system for efficiency
and cost. As the packing size increases within the family,
the packing offers greater capacity and lower pressure
drop at the expense of efficiency.
As there are differences in packing types, Koch-Glitsch

recognizes that packed tower applications have different
liquid and vapor distribution requirements. In the major- Typical Applications
ity of cases, traditional distributors are specified with
the packings in this brochure. Working with you, our
process engineers will help to select the proper packing, • Absorbers
and match it with the appropriate tower internals to - CO2 and H2S selective absorption
satisfy your process requirement. - Air pollution control scrubbers
- Ammonia absorption
When mass or heat transfer process requirements are - FCC absorbers
stringent, an INTALOX® Packed Tower Systems is • Strippers
recommended. For more information on INTALOX - EO / EG
Packed Tower Systems - the combination of high per- - Water deaeration and decarbonation
formance packing with state-of-the-art liquid and vapor - Sour water stripper
distributors - as well as other column internals, please • Heat Transfer
ask for brochure KGMTIG-1. - DC / AC
• Quench columns
Koch-Glitsch goes a step further by offering the single • Light ends fractionators
supplier/installer benefits of turnkey solutions. At your - Demethanizers
request, the Koch-Glitsch Field Service team is always - Deethanizer
available to provide faster, safer revamps with minimum • Degassing
down time. • Liquid/liquid extraction
2
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History and Technical Advances

The first ring type packing applied in mass transfer was In 1971, a new approach was taken to the slotted ring
the Raschig Ring. The original Raschig Ring is simply a packing concept with the introduction of CASCADE
cylindrical shaped tube with an aspect ratio of 1:1. The MINI RINGS® or CMR™ high performance random
aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the height to the packing. It was demonstrated that the slotted ring pack-
diameter. Introduced at the end of the 19th century, ings benefited from the way they are oriented in the
Raschig Rings continue to be used today. packed bed. When ring type packings are oriented with
the cylindrical axis in the horizontal direction, they do
The Pall Ring, an improvement to the Raschig Ring, was not provide the lowest pressure drop and most efficient
introduced in the 1950’s. The Pall Ring used the same use of the surface area. Random packings with an aspect
cylindrical dimensions employing two rows of punched ratio of 1:1 have no preferred orientation.
and formed fingers protruding inward from the cylinder
wall. Both packing elements are formed starting with a In order to improve this shortfall, the CMR random
piece of metal of identical dimensions and surface area. packing utilizes an aspect ratio of 1:3, (height of the
The two rows of punched fingers however provided a cylinder 1/3 of the diameter). As a result the packing
significant performance increase. The capacity and effi- elements preferentially orient themselves with the cylin-
ciency were both improved and the pressure drop was drical axis tending towards vertical. This preferential
reduced. The significant performance improvement orientation better exposes both the interior and exteri-
demonstrates that packing size, void fraction, packing or surfaces of the rings to the liquid and vapor, provid-
factor and surface area are not the only parameters ing more efficient use of the packing surface. At the
important in the determination of the hydraulic and same time, this orientation allows a less restricted flow
mass transfer performance of a packing. Simply stated, for the vapor resulting in increased capacity while reduc-
the slotted style ring utilizes its surface area much more ing pressure drop.
efficiently than the tubular shape.
Pall Rings are widely used today. They are specified in

a number of licensed processes and have been tested
by various researchers over the years. Koch-Glitsch
FLEXIRING® packing is the industry recognized Pall
Ring equivalent. Koch-Glitsch offers a unique High
Strength FLEXIRING packing, with lower weight and
improved mechanical strength, which provides an alter-
native to the 2-inch FLEXIRING packing. The mechani-
cal strength of the High Strength FLEXIRING packing is
attained through its engineered and patented shape.
An improvement to the FLEXIRING packing geometry is

in the HY-PAK® random packing, introduced to the
market in the late 1960’s. Maintaining a 1:1 aspect ratio,
the number of fingers were doubled. The mechanical
strength was enhanced through the introduction of cir-
cumferential stiffening ribs. The new geometry allowed
the rings to be made slightly larger, effectively providing
a new packing with increased capacity, reduced pressure
drop, and no noticeable reduction in efficiency. HY-PAK The low-aspect-ratio of CASCADE MINI-RINGS® high perform-
packing is widely used as a direct replacement for ance random packing (Top) favors orientation which exposes inter-
nal surfaces for excellent liquid film formation, intimate mixing
FLEXIRING or Pall Ring random packings of equivalent and vapor/liquid contact. The high-aspect-ratio of the Pall-Ring
size in many applications. random packing (Bottom), on the other hand, permits occlusion of
interior surfaces and increased pressure drop.
3
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CASCADE MINI RINGS random packing offers greater

fouling resistance because there is less stagnant liquid and
solids are more easily flushed through the packing by the
liquid. CMR packing was the first high performance ran-
dom packing introduced to the market and is preferred
and specified in many licensed processes.
More recently, β-ETA RING® or BETA RING™ high

performance random packing was introduced, providing an
improvement over CMR packing with an optimized aspect
ratio. The patented β-ETA RING random packing has an
additional row of fingers with alternating arrangement of
short and long tabs resulting in significantly more drip
points than most other random packings. The variation in
the length of the internal tabs ensures high efficiency and
optimal distribution.The result is an uninterrupted flow of
gas and liquid while providing additional drip points to IMTP® high performance random packing for best mass transfer
performance. Please request brochure KGIMTP-1.
enhance liquid film surface renewal for improved mass
transfer. In addition, circumferential flanges added to the
ring provide mechanical strength as well as enhanced liq-
uid spreading characteristics. Material of Construction
Ultimately, Koch-Glitsch INTALOX® Metal Tower
In addition to the size and style options, these packings
Packing or IMTP® high performance random packing has
are also offered in various materials of construction.
the best combination of performance properties today.
Developed in the late 1970’s, IMTP random packing com-
Metal
bines the advantages of the saddle shape packing with that
• Carbon Steel
of modern high performance ring type packings. The inher-
• Stainless Steels, including Austenitic, Ferritic,
ent shape provides a lower pressure drop at the same
Martensitic; types 409/410/430, 304 and 316
vapor and liquid loads. IMTP random packing has been
are readily available
applied in countless distillation and absorption columns
• Duplex Stainless Steel
around the world. If performance is most critical, an
• Nickel and nickel alloys
INTALOX Packed Tower Systems combining INTALOX
• Aluminum
high performance internals with IMTP random packing
• Copper and copper alloys
provides the highest random packing performance avail-
• Titanium and zirconium
able in the industry. For design information relating to IMTP
(not available for all types of packing)
random packing, please request brochure KGIMTP-1.
Plastic
Versions of many of these random packings are available in
most sizes in a wide variety of plastics. For information on
plastic random packing, please request brochure KGPP-1.
4
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Packing Characteristics
Raschig Ring Random Packing

Raschig Ring Packing Size*
Nominal Size 3
/8 1
/2 5
/8 3
/4 1 11/4 11/2 2 3
mm 10 13 16 19 25 32 38 50 75
inch 3
/8 1
/2 5
/8 3
/4 1 11/4 11/2 2 3
Void Fraction % 82 84 86 88 85 87 90 92 95
FLEXIRING® Random Packing

FLEXIRING® Packing Size High Strength
Nominal Size 5
/8 1 1 /2
1
2 3 /21
2
mm 16 25 38 50 90 50
inch 5
/8 1 11/2 2 31/2 2
Void Fraction % 93 96 97 98 98 98
Bulk weight** kg/m3 535 325 208 198 135 141

lb/ft3 33.4 20.3 13.0 12.3 8.5 8.8
HY-PAK® Random Packing

HY-PAK® Packing Size
Nominal Size 1 1.5 2 3
mm 30 45 60 90
inch 1.18 1.75 2.37 3.5
Void Fraction % 97 98 98 98
Bulk weight** kg/m3 262 180 161 181
lb/ft3 16.4 11.2 10.0 11.3
* various thickness’ and special sizes available

** for stainless steel with standard material thickness 5
Previous Index Next
CASCADE MINI-RINGS®
Random Packing
CMR™ Packing Size
Nominal Size 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5
mm 25 38 44 50 63 90 125
inch 1 11/2 13/4 2 21/2 31/2 5
Void Fraction % 97 96 97 97 98 98 98
Bulk weight** kg/m3 237 285 241 202 160 125 108
lb/ft3 14.8 17.8 15.0 12.6 10.0 7.8 6.7
β-ETA RING® Random Packing

β-ETA Ring ®
Packing Size
Nominal Size 1 2 2.5 3
mm 19 25 38 50
inch 3
/4 1 11/2 2
Bulk weight** kg/m3 297 219 162 148

lb/ft3 18.6 13.7 10.1 9.2
6
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•
5 /8
G#
XI RIN
FLE 1
•
G#
3
IRIN
•
3
•
X
FLE #1.5
•
IR ING
F LEX
2
G#
X IRIN
FLE
G
KGa FLEXIRING
G
CONDITIONS:
Temperature: 75 ºF [24 2ºC]
Gas rate: 450-500 lb/(ft hr) [0.61-0.68 kg/(m 2 s)]

3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m ) Fs, m/s (kg/m )3 1/2
•
•
wc/ft)
∆p, in(inwc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p, mbar/m
∆p, in wc/ft
∆p/Z
FLEXIRING#5/8 FLEXIRING #1
40 98 60 147
30 73 50 122
20 49 40 98
10 24 30 73
5 12 20 49
0 0 10 24
5 12
0 0
3 1/2 3 1/2
Fs, ft/s (lb/ft ) Fs, ft/s (lb/ft )
•
7
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3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m ) 3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m )
•
•
wc/ft)
∆p, mbar/m
∆p, mbar/m
∆p, in wc/ft
(inwc/ft
∆p/Zin
∆p,
FLEXIRING #1.5 FLEXIRING #2
2 3
gpm/ft m /m h2
gpm/ft 2 m3/m 2 h
60 147 60 147
50 122 50 122
40 98 40 98
30 73 30 73
20 49 20 49
10 24 10 24
5 12 5 12
0 0 0 0
3 1/2 3 1/2
•
•
3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m )
•
wc/ft)
∆p, mbar/m
∆p/Zin(inwc/ft
∆p,
FLEXIRING #3.5
Liquid Loading
Top Curve to Bottom
gpm/ft 2 m3/m 2 h
70 171
60 147
50 122
40 98
30 73
20 49
10 24
5 12
0 0
System Air-Water, Ambient
Tower: 30in. Diameter
3 1/2
Fs, ft/s (lb/ft )
•
8
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HY-PAK® Random Packing

•
KGa HY-PAK
CONDITIONS:

Gas rate: 900 lb /(ft 2 hr) [1.22 kg/(m 2 s)]

K #1
HY-PA
•
3
•
3
•
1.5
AK #
•
HY-P
2
AK #
HY-P
G
3
AK #
HY-P
3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m ) Fs, m/s (kg/m ) 3 1/2
•
•
∆p/Z (in wc/ft)
∆p, in wc/ft
∆p, in wc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p, mbar/m
HY-PAK #1 HY-PAK #1.5

60 147
50 122 100 240
40 98 80 196
30 73 60 147
20 49 40 98
10 24 20 49
0 0 10 24
0 0
3 1/2 3 1/2
•
•
9
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3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m ) 3 1/2 Fs, m/s (kg/m )
•
•
wc/ft)
wc/ft)
(inwc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p/Zin(inwc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p, in
∆p/Z
∆p,
HY-PAK #2 HY-PAK #3
gpm/ft 2 m3/m 2 h
gpm/ft 2 m3/m 2 h 100 240
100 240 80 196
80 196 60 147
60 147 40 98
40 98 30 73
20 49 20 49
10 24 10 24
0 0 0 0
System Air-Water, Ambient Tower: 30in. Diameter
3 1/2
3 1/2
•
•
10
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CASCADE MINI -RINGS ® Random Packing

•
1
R#
CM
1.5
R#
CM #2
R
CM
2.5
•
R#
3
•
3
CM
•
•
3
R#
CM
4
R#
CM
G
KGa CMR
CONDITIONS:
Gas rate: 970 lb/(ft 2 hr) [1.31 kg/(m 2 s)]
Tower Diameter: 3ft [0.91m]
3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m ) Fs, m/s (kg/m )3 1/2
•
•
wc/ft)
wc/ft)
∆p/Zin(inwc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p/Zin(inwc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p,
∆p,
CMR #1 CMR #1.5

CMR #1.5
gpm/ft 2 3 2
m /m h gpm/ft 2 m3 /m 2 h
70 171
60 147 60 147
50 122 50 122
40 98 40 98
30 73 30 73
20 49 20 49
10 24 10 24
5 12 5 12
0 0 0 0
Tower: 3-ft Diameter Tower: 3-ft Diameter
3 1/2 3 1/2
•
11
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3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m ) 3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m )
•
•
wc/ft)
wc/ft)
∆p/Zin(inwc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p/Zin(inwc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p,
∆p,
CMR #2 CMR #2.5

70 171 70 171
60 147 60 147
50 122 50 122
40 98 40 98
30 73 30 73
20 49 20 49
10 24 10 24
5 12 5 12
0 0 0 0
3 1/2 3 1/2
•
•
3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m ) Fs, m/s (kg/m ) 3 1/2
•
•
wc/ft)
wc/ft)
∆p/Zin(inwc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p/Zin(inwc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p,
∆p,
CMR #3 CMR #4
70 171 70 171
60 147 60 147
50 122 50 122
40 98 40 98
30 73 30 73
20 49 20 49
10 24 10 24
5 12 5 12
0 0 0 0
3 1/2
3 1/2
•
12
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β−ETA RING ® Random Packing

•
# 1
TA
β-E
# 2
•
3
TA
•
β-E
3
•
# 2.5
•
TA
β-E
# 3
TA
β-E
G
KGa β-ETA
CONDITIONS:
Liquid Concentrations: 4 NaOH
Temperature: 77 ºF [25ºC]
Gas Rate: 780 lb/(ft 2 hr) [1.06 kg/(m2 s)]
Tower Diameter: 29.5ft [0.75m)
Bed Height: 7.5ft [2.3m]
3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m ) 3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m )
•
•
wc/ft)
∆p/Zin(inwc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p, in wc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p,
β-ETA #1 β-ETA #2
70 171 70 171
60 147 60 147
50 122 50 122
40 98 40 98
30 73 30 73
20 49 20 49
10 24 10 24
5 12 5 12
0 0 0 0
Tower: 29.5in. Diameter Tower: 29.5in. Diameter
3 1/2 3 1/2
•
•
13
Previous Index Next
3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m )
•
3 1/2
Fs, m/s (kg/m )
•
wc/ft)
wc/ft)
(inwc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p/Zin(inwc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p, in
∆p/Z
∆p,
β-ETA #2.5
β-ETA #3
Liquid Loading
Top Curve to Bottom Liquid Loading
2 3 2 Top Curve to Bottom
gpm/ft m /m h
70 171 gpm/ft 2 m3/m 2 h
60 147 70 171
50 122 60 147
40 98 50 122
30 73 40 98
20 49 30 73
10 24 20 49
5 12 10 24
0 0 5 12
System Air-Water, Ambient 0 0
Tower: 29.5in. Diameter System Air-Water, Ambient
Tower: 29.5in. Diameter
3 1/2
Fs, ft/s (lb/ft )
•
3 1/2
Fs, ft/s (lb/ft )
Reasonable minimum wetting rates

Operating limits for a column are set by the wetting rate (lower limit) and flooding (upper limit). With CMR and
β-ETA RING high performance random packings, distillation towers operate successfully in the range of
20-90% of flood. Minimum wetting rates for aqueous systems are shown below. Packing efficiency remains rela-
tively constant over 80% of the operating range.
Surface gpm/ ft2 m3/m2h

Carbon steel or copper 0.3 0.7
Etched stainless steel 0.4 1.0
Stainless steel, tantalum, other alloys 1.2 3.0
The above values are based on a packing with a specific surface area >43 ft2/ft3 [140 m2/m3]. When operating below
these value - as in vacuum distillation - new packings should be chosen which have better wetting characteristics.
If materials with poorer wetting properties must be specified, the bed height may have to be increased and/or a
more efficient packing should be utilized. As an alternative, structured packing may also be considered. For more
information on Koch-Glitsch structured packing, please request brochure KGMSP-1.The minimum liquid rate also
depends on liquid distributor type and design. Please refer to the internals brochure KGMTIG-1.
14
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Wichita, KS 67208-0127 Casella Postale13 Nishi-Gotanda 1- chome
Tel: (316) 828-5110 Tel: +39-035-328-611 Tel: +81-3-5435-8560
Fax: (316) 828-5263 Fax: +39-035-328-600 Fax: +81-3-3491-3523

King Street, Fenton
ENGLAND
Tel: +44-1782-744-561
Tel: (713) 427-7600 Tel: +82-2-3775-2650
Fax: +44-1782-744-330
Fax: (713) 427-7613 Fax: +82-2-2780-1954

Tel: (214) 583-3000 MUMBAI 400074, INDIA
Fax: (214) 583-3377 Tel: +91-22-2520-2050
Fax: +91-22-2520-2040
Koch-Glitsch, LP
Koch-Glitsch CanadaCo.
18 Dallas St.
UXBRIDGE, ONTARIO
L9P 1C6, CANADA For emergencies in the USA:
Tel: (905) 852-3381 1-888-KOCH-911
Fax: (905) 852-7821
INTALOX® , FLEXIRING®, HY-PAK®, CASACADE MINI RINGS®, β-ETA RING®

and IMTP® are registered trademarks of Koch-Glitsch.
High Strength FLEXIRING® U.S. Patent No. 5,314,645

IMTP® #60 U.S. Patent No. DES 379,096

Bulletin KGMRP-1 2M0303B Printed in U.S.A.
©Copyright 2003 Koch-Glitsch
Previous Index Next
Plastic Random Packing
®
For more than 50 years, random packings have been used

successfully as an inexpensive but efficient means to increase a
INTALOX® ®
SNOWFLAKE
Random Packing
tower's capacity and/or efficiency. The original Raschig Rings
Pages 3 and 6 have been superceded by new generations of improved prod-
ucts and today, Koch-Glitsch offers the widest spectrum of
random packings available worldwide.
There are numerous process advantages that can be realized

by using packing in various applications. The predominant
CASCADE reasons for using tower packings are to reduce pressure
MINI-RINGS®
Random Packing drop throughout the column, to increase the capacity com-
Pages 3 and 7 pared to trays at the same efficiency, and/or to reduce liquid
holdup in the column. Plastic random packings are not as
bulky as their ceramic equivalents and therefore offer higher
capacity and lower pressure drop.
β-ETA RING® This booklet provides information for quick sizing of packed
Random Packing
Pages 3 and 9 columns using plastic random packings. The charts provide
hydraulic ratings and relative packing efficiencies (in terms of
the KGa value for the absorption of CO2 into a standard
caustic solution). In addition, Koch-Glitsch offers the hydraulic
rating program, KG-TOWER™ Software, that may be down-
FLEXIRING® loaded from our website: www.koch-glitsch.com
Random Packing
Pages 4 and 11
Koch-Glitsch also offers a number of FLEXIPAC® and FLEXI-
PAC® HC® Structured Packing types in various thermoplastic
materials. For more details, contact Koch-Glitsch.
Super INTALOX® Saddles

Pages 4 and 13
Emergency Delivery
Koch-Glitsch has the random packing – plastic or metal – to

provide optimum performance, whatever the application.
Most packings are in stock for immediate shipment. For
emergencies, call the Koch-Glitsch Hotline or your nearest
Koch-Glitsch office.
ETAPAK®
Random Packing In the US call the Hotline 1-888-KOCH-911
Page 4 In Europe call 0044 1782 744 561
or call your local Koch-Glitsch office
1
Koch-Glitsch Plastic Random Packings Previous Index Next
Koch-Glitsch is unsurpassed in offering the widest range

of sizes and styles of traditional and high performance
plastic random packings. Koch-Glitsch recognizes that
while packing provides many valuable benefits, not all
applications are equally demanding. The various pack-
ings presented in this brochure are of ring and saddle
type construction and offer a variety of performance
levels from traditional to high performance. Some con-
siderations in choosing a particular style of packing are:
• To meet specific process requirements

• Excellent past experience using a specific packing
in a particular application
• Familiarity of the process engineer with the packing
type and its performance
• Direct replacement of an existing packing
• For use in a licensed process where the licensor
specifies the equipment type
To enable the process engineer to optimize the system

for cost and performance, several sizes are offered within
each packing family. As the packing size increases within
the family, the packing offers greater capacity and lower GRP Flue Gas Condensing Scrubber
pressure drop at the expense of lower efficiency.
Plastic packings are used in corrosive applications with Typical Applications

low to moderate operating temperature and can offer
an economical advantage over metal materials. • Absorbers
- CO2 absorption
Where temperatures permit, plastic packings perform - SO2, HCl and HF absorption or stripping
better than ceramic packings and are often less expen- - Chlorine absorption in water or caustic
sive than metals, particularly when exotic metals and - Chlorine dioxide absorption
alloys are required. Consequently, plastic packings are - Chlorine drying
used mainly in absorption, scrubbing, stripping and heat - Hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan removal
transfer services. - Air pollution control scrubbers
- Fume scrubbing
- Odor control
- VOC removal
• Degassing
- Decarbonation
- Deaeration
• Liquid/Liquid Extraction
• Water treatment
- Waste water treatment
- Drinking water preparation
- Fish farming
• Heat Transfer
- Humidification
- Dehumidification
2
Packing Characteristics Previous Index Next
INTALOX® SNOWFLAKE® Random Packing

INTALOX® SNOWFLAKE® Packing
Void Fraction % 97
Bulk Weight* kg/m3 51

lb/ft3 3.2
CASCADE MINI-RINGS® Random Packing

CMR™ Packing Size
Nominal Size 1A 2 2A 3A
Bulk Weight* kg/m3 53 43 46 40

lb/ft3 3.3 2.7 2.9 2.5
β-ETA RING® Random Packing

β-ETA RING ®
Packing Size
Nominal Size 1 2 3
Void Fraction % 94 94 96
Bulk Weight* kg/m3 53 54 38

lb/ft3 3.3 3.4 2.4
* for polypropylene with standard material thickness
3
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FLEXIRING® Packing Size High Performance
Nominal Size 5
/8 1 1 /2
1
2 3 /2
1
2 4
mm 16 25 38 50 90 50 100
inch 5
/8 1 11/2 2 31/2 2 4
Void Fraction % 87 92 91 93 95 93 96
Bulk Weight* kg/m3 95 71 70 60 43 60 36

lb/ft3 5.9 4.4 4.3 3.8 2.7 3.8 2.2
Super INTALOX® Saddles

Super INTALOX® Saddles Size
Nominal Size 1 2 3
Void Fraction % 90 93 94
Bulk Weight* kg/m3 83 61 50

lb/ft3 5.2 3.8 3.1
ETAPAK ® Random Packing

ETAPAK® Packing Size
Nominal Size 210 120
mm 45 90
inch 13/4 31/2
Void Fraction % 85 95
Bulk Weight* kg/m3 59 39

lb/ft3 3.7 2.4
* for polypropylene with standard material thickness
4
Materials of Construction Previous Index Next
Plastic packings are often preferred because of their light-

weight construction and resistance to breakage. Further,
the availability of numerous types of plastic resins pro-
vides the designer with a broad range of chemical and
thermal resistant materials. Koch-Glitsch plastic packings
are made in a wide variety of thermoplastic materials.
Most of the Koch-Glitsch packings are available in the
materials listed in the table below. Other plastics are avail-
able by special request.
The mechanical strength of a plastic material decreases

over time. Temperature limits for long-term service life
depend on the load the packing must bear from its own
weight and from liquid holdup. The following table
shows the resin suppliers maximum recommend chemi-
cal resistance temperatures. The maximum operating
temperature depends on system environment, packing
size and bed height. In general, deep packed beds, weak-
er packing shapes and high liquid loads require lower Maximum
temperature limits. Packed heights can be increased Recommended
Type of Plastic Chemical Resistance
by using specially formulated filled resins. Typical fillers Temperature *
include glass fibers, carbon fibers and chalk. Contact
Koch-Glitsch to determine a specific load limit for ºF ºC
a particular Koch-Glitsch product at a certain tempera-
General Grade Polypropylene 220 104
ture.
LTHA Polypropylene 247 119
In addition to a wide range of plastics, Koch-Glitsch offers a LTHA Polypropylene (10% Glass reinforced) 260 127
complete range of metal random packings. For information on
metal random packings, please request brochures KGMRP-1 High Density Polyethylene 212 100
and KGIMTP-1.
Low Density Polyethylene 190 88
PVC 150 66
CPVC 185 85
KYNAR1 PVDF 290 143
HALAR2 E-CTFE 305 152
TEFZEL3 ETFE 300 149
TEFZEL3 ETFE (25% Glass reinforced) 392 200
PFA 482 250
* Maximum chemical resistance temperature according to resin

suppliers’ recommendations. Actual maximum operating temperature
limits depend on the system environment, packing size, packed bed
depth, etc. Please contact Koch-Glitsch for critical applications.
Registered Trademarks
1
Atofina Chemicals, Inc.
2
Ausimont U.S.A., Inc.
3
E. I. Du Pont De Nemours and Company
5
INTALOX® SNOWFLAKE® High Performance Random Packing
Previous Liquid Load, m3/(m2 • h)
Index
KGa, kg-mol/(h•m3•atm)
KGa, lb-mol/(h•ft3•atm)
Next
#1
LA KE
WF
S NO
KGa SNOWFLAKE
CONDITIONS:

Gas rate: 900lb/(ft 2 hr) [1.21 kg/(m2 s)]

Liquid Load, gpm/ft2
For maximum tower performance, INTALOX® SNOWFLAKE®

High Performance Random Packing offers a unique combina-
tion of superior separation efficiency and high capacity.
INTALOX SNOWFLAKE random packing is widely applied in Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2
the Chemical Processing Industry, including Chlorine and
Bromine production. INTALOX SNOWFLAKE random packing
is the preferred masstransfer device for emergency scrubbers
in processes involving halogens because of its superior per-
formance over a wide operating range. It is often used in envi-
ronmental applications, such as scrubbing and stripping.
Independent tests have proven that INTALOX SNOWFLAKE
packing can achieve removal efficiencies higher than 99% for
groundwater air stripping.
∆p, in wc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
The unique shape of this packing offers a lower pressure drop,
which substantially reduces energy consumption in applications CMR 1
requiring blowers or compressors. In typical system designs, SNOWFLAKE
INTALOX SNOWFLAKE packing can save more than 50% in Liquid Loading
Top Curve to Bottom
energy cost as compared to #1 plastic saddles. In new installa- gpm/ft 2 m3/m 2 h
90 126
tions, the pressure drop advantage of SNOWFLAKE packing 70
50
171
122
enables the designer to significantly reduce the size of the 30
11
73
26
tower and blowers. 4
0
10
0
The strong shape of SNOWFLAKE packing allows deep beds
for multiple-transfer-unit absorption. Contact Koch-Glitsch for
strength/depth ratings at a specific temperature. Fs, ft/s • (lb/ft3)1/2
6
CASCADE MINI-RINGS® Random Packing Previous Index Next
Liquid Load, m3/(m2 • h)
A
#2
R
CM
A
#3
R
CM
KGa CMR
CONDITIONS:

Gas rate: 970lb/(ft 2 hr) [1.31 kg/(m 2 s)]
Tower Diameter: 3ft [0.91m]

CASCADE MINI-RINGS® (CMR™) Random Packing The low aspect ratio of the CMR rings, along with this
was developed and introduced to the market in 1971. preferential orientation, brings about substantial improve-
It became the first commercially successful high perform- ments in process performance:
ance random packing. Since its introduction, plastic CMR
random packing has been utilized in thousands of success- 1. Lower pressure drop: Because the CMR ring’s largest
ful installations around the world in a wide variety of opening is predominantly in the direction of the vapor
absorption, stripping and heat-exchange columns. flow, vapor passes easily through the column, resulting
in lower pressure drop.
CASCADE MINI-RINGS packing achieves better capacity
and efficiency than standard Pall Rings. This improvement 2. Higher capacity: The lower flow rate resistance of the
in performance is a result of the low "aspect ratio" of 1:3 lower aspect ratio rings results in a higher capacity.
(height of the cylinder is 1/3 of the diameter).
3. Better fouling resistance: Any solids entering the
In a bed of Pall Rings, many of the rings are oriented with packed bed are more easily flushed through the
nearly-horizontal cylindrical axes. These rings impede packing matrix by the liquid.
vapor flow more than their nearly vertical neighbors.
However, when a bed of CMR packing is installed, the 4. Higher mechanical strength: The preferred orientation
lower aspect ratio causes most of the rings to lie with with the cylindrical axis in the vertical position
their axes nearly vertical. This preferred orientation bet- increases the mechanical strength of the packed bed.
ter exposes both the interior and exterior surface of the
rings to the liquid and vapor flows, providing more effi-
cient use of the packing surface. CMR packing attains
greater capacity for a given size/efficiency.
7
Previous Index Next
Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2 Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2
∆p, mbar/m
wc/ft)
∆p, in wc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
wc/ft
in (in
∆p,∆p/Z
CMR #1A CMR #2A
2 3
gpm/ft m /m h 2
gpm/ft 2 m3/m 2 h
60 147 70 171
50 122 60 147
40 98 50 122
30 73 40 98
20 49 30 73
10 24 20 49
5 12 10 24
0 0 5 12
0 0
Tower: 3ft Diameter Tower: 3ft Diameter
Fs, ft/s • (lb/ft3)1/2 Fs, ft/s • (lb/ft3)1/2
Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2 Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2

∆p, mbar/m
in(inwc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
in(inwc/ft
wc/ft)
wc/ft)
∆p/Z
∆p/Z
∆p,
∆p,
CMR #2 CMR #3A

2 3 2
gpm/ft m /m h gpm/ft 2 m3/m 2 h
70 171 70 171
60 147 60 147
50 122 50 122
40 98 40 98
30 73 30 73
20 49 20 49
10 24 10 24
5 12 5 12
0 0 0 0
Tower: 3ft Diameter Tower: 3ft Diameter
8
β-ETA RING® Random Packing Previous Index Next
KGa β-ETA
CONDITIONS:
Inlet Gas Concentration: 1% CO 2
Gas rate: 500lb/(ft 2 hr) [0.68 kg/(m 2 s)]
Tower Diameter: 29.5in [0.75m]
Bed Height: 7.5ft [2.29m]
# 1
TA
β-E
# 2
TA
β-E
#3
TA
β-E
Recently, β-ETA RING® (BETA RING™) High Performance

Random Packing was introduced, providing further improvement
Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2
over the CMR packing. The strategic, patented size and place-
ment of the slots and tabs provide an extremely effective use
of packing surface area. The variation in the length of the
internal tabs ensures high efficiency and optimal distribution.
The result is uninterrupted flows of gas and liquid while pro-
viding additional drip points to enhance liquid film surface
renewal for improved mass and heat transfer. Consequently
β-ETA RING random packing is particularly well suited for
applications where low pressure drop and high liquid handling ∆p, mbar/m
capacity is important.
∆p, in wc/ft
β-ETA
CMR 1#1
β-ETA RING and CMR packings have become the standard Liquid Loading
Top Curve to Bottom
packings for several proprietary processes and represent the gpm/ft 2 m3/m 2 h
majority of operational experience in many processes. 60
50
147
122
40 98
30 73
20 49
10 24
4 10
0 0
Fs, ft/s • (lb/ft3)1/2
9
Previous Index Next
Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2 Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2
∆p, mbar/m
∆p, mbar/m
∆p, in wc/ft
∆p, in wc/ft
β-ETA
CMR 1#2 CMR 1
Liquid Loading
Top Curve to Bottom β-ETA #3
gpm/ft 2 m3/m 2 h
100 240 Liquid Loading
80 196 Top Curve to Bottom
60 147 gpm/ft 2 m3/m 2 h
44 106 58
22 139
53 43 103
10 24 21
5 50
12 10 24
0 0 0 0
Tower: 29.5in. Diameter System Air-Water, Ambient
10
FLEXIRING® Random Packing Previous Index Next
KGa FLEXIRING
CONDITIONS:
5/
# 8
RI NG
E XI
FL
#1
ING 1.5
LEXIR NG #
F I
XIR #2
FLE ING
X IR
FLE
5
#3.
IRING
X
FLE
Plastic FLEXIRING® Random Packing and plastic Super
INTALOX® Saddles have been used for many years and
have become the standard for many designers and process-
es. Although these packings do not have the "high perform- Liquid Load, gpm/ft2
ance" characteristics of INTALOX SNOWFLAKE or β-ETA
RING packings, they have been used extensively and there-
fore their performance is widely known. Further, they are
less sensitive to liquid distribution quality and have higher Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2
liquid hold-up and residence time for those services that
benefit from such characteristics.
Generally, Super INTALOX Saddles are favored by designers

and industries that once used ceramic saddles but now want
the superior performance of plastic Super INTALOX Saddles.
FLEXIRING random packing is favored by designers and

industries that prefer metal FLEXIRING packing and other
wc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
metal packings but now need the corrosion resistance of
∆p,(ininwc/ft)
the plastic construction.

∆p/Z
FLEXIRING # 5/8
Koch-Glitsch offers two enhanced performance versions of Liquid Loading
FLEXIRING random packing: The 2-inch [50 mm] and 4-inch Top Curve to Bottom
gpm/ft 2 m3/m 2 h
[100 mm] High-Performance FLEXIRING random packing. 40 98
30 73
Extra vanes inside each of these rings produce more effi- 20
10
49
24
ciency than their standard counterparts, without sacrificing 5
0
12
0
any capacity. These two packings can be useful when a
designer wants maximum efficiency from a 2-inch [50 mm] System Air-Water, Ambient
FLEXIRING packing or extra capacity then a 3.5-inch [90
mm] FLEXIRING packing.
11
Previous Index Next
Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2 Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2
∆p, mbar/m
∆p, mbar/m
(in wc/ft
∆p/Zin(inwc/ft
wc/ft)
∆p/Zin
∆p, wc/ft)
∆p,
FLEXIRING #1 FLEXIRING #1.5
2 3 2
50 122 70 171
40 98 60 147
30 73 50 122
20 49 40 98
10 24 30 73
5 12 20 49
0 0 10 24
5 12
System Air-Water, Ambient 0 0
Tower: 30in. Diameter System Air-Water, Ambient
Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2 Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2
∆p, mbar/m
(in wc/ft
wc/ft)
∆p, mbar/m
∆p, in wc/ft
∆p/Z in
∆p,
FLEXIRING #2 FLEXIRING #3.5

70 171 70
60 171
147 60 147
50 122 50
40 122
98 40 98
30 73 30
20 73
49 20 49
10 24 10
5 24
12 5 12
0 0 0
System Air-Water, Ambient 0
Tower: 30in. Diameter System Air-Water, Ambient
12
Super INTALOX® Saddles Previous Index Next
Liquid Load, m3/(m2 • h) Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2
KGa SADDLES
CONDITIONS:


#1
DLE
D
SA
∆p, mbar/m
∆p, in wc/ft
2
E#
DDL SADDLES
CMR 1 #1
SA
Liquid Loading
Top Curve to Bottom
gpm/ft 2 m3/m 2 h
80 196
E #3 70
60
171
DL
147
D 50 122
SA 40 98
30 73
20 49
10 24
0 0
Liquid Load, gpm/ft2 Fs, ft/s • (lb/ft3)1/2
Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2 Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2

∆p, in wc/ft
∆p, in wc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p, mbar/m
CMR 1 #2
SADDLES SADDLES
CMR 1 #3
2 3 2
100 240 120 288
80 196 100 240
60 147 80 196
50 122 60 147
40 98 40 98
30 73 30 73
20 49 20 49
10 24 10 24
0 0 0 0
13
Column Internals Previous Index Next
Koch-Glitsch plastic column internals are available in both

thermoplastic and thermoset (e.g. Fiberglass-Reinforced
Plastic -- FRP) materials. Occasionally, thermoplastic inter-
nals have different temperature limits than packing of the
same material. Koch-Glitsch has anunsurpassed knowl-
edge in recognizing these instances and can provide
designs specific to any application.
FRP column internals use different designs than thermo-

plastic internals. FRP has better structural properties but
greater fabrication restrictions. The Koch-Glitsch standard
thermoset is one of the DERAKANE® brand resins, although
other resins are available to suit a wide range of chemical
and thermal requirements.
Model TP 804 Support Grid, PTFE/Carbon-Carbon
As with the packing type, Koch-Glitsch also recognizes
that not all packed towers require state-of-the-art liquid
and vapor distribution. In the majority of cases, traditional
and intermediate performance distributors are specified
with the packings in this brochure. For more information
on liquid and vapor distribution technology as well as
other column internals in thermoplastic or FRP, consult
brochure KGPTIG-1. Many times, plastic packings will be
combined with metal column internals (packing supports,
bed limiters, liquid distributors, etc.) to provide the opti-
mum combination of performance and cost. Koch-
Glitsch brochure KGMTIG-1 provides more information
about Koch-Glitsch metal column
internals.
Koch-Glitsch process engineers will help select the appro- Model TP 286 Thermoplastic Trough Distributor with Drip Tubes
priate style of packing and then match that packing to the
optimum tower internals to create the INTALOX®
Packed Tower System that best satisfies your specific
requirements. Koch-Glitsch goes a step further by offering
the single supplier/installer benefits of turnkey solutions.
At your request, the Koch-Glitsch Field Service team is
always available to provide faster, safer revamps with mini-
mum down time.
DERAKANE® is a registered trademark of Dow Chemical Company
Model TS 236 FRP Liquid Distributor with Side Orifices
14
Koch-Glitsch Corporate Offices Previous Index Next

Wichita, KS 67208-0127 Casella Postale13 Nishi-Gotanda 1- Chome
Tel: (316) 828-5110 Tel: +39-035-328-611 Tel: +81-3-5435-8560
Fax: (316) 828-5263 Fax: +39-035-328-600 Fax: +81-3-3491-3523

King Street, Fenton
UNITED KINGDOM
Tel: +44-1782-744-561
Tel: (713) 427-7600 Tel: +82-2-3775-2650
Fax: +44-1782-744-330
Fax: (713) 427-7613 Fax: +82-2-2780-1954

Tel: (214) 583-3000 MUMBAI 400074, INDIA
Fax: (214) 583-3377 Tel: +91-22-2520-2050
Fax: +91-22-2520-2040
Koch-Glitsch, LP
Koch-Glitsch Canada Co.
18 Dallas St.
UXBRIDGE, ONTARIO
L9P 1C6, CANADA For emergencies:
Tel: (905) 852-3381 1-888-KOCH-911
Fax: (905) 852-7821
INTALOX®, SNOWFLAKE®, FLEXIRING®, CASCADE MINI-RINGS®, β-ETA NOTE:

RING®, ETAPAK®, FLEXIPAC® and FLEXIPAC® HC® are registered trademarks
of Koch-Glitsch. The information contained in this bulletin is believed to be accurate
and reliable but is not to be construed as implying any warranty or
guarantee of performance.

SNOWFLAKE® U.S. Patent No. 4,511,519

Bulletin KGPP-1 2M050EE Printed in U.S.A.
©Copyright 2003 Koch-Glitsch, LP
FLEXIPAC® HC™
Previous Index Next
HIGH CAPACITY STRUCTURED PACKING

Service to provide expert on various levels of a tower
installation of custom-engineered simultaneously, removing
Koch-Glitsch Mass Transfer equipment from one level while
products. Integrating design, installing new equipment on
fabrication and installation ensures another. All vessel modifications
faster, safer revamps with mini- are made under ASME code
mum down time. qualifications.
Koch-Glitsch Field Service For revamps or new construction,

craftsmen are extensively trained contact your Koch-Glitsch Field
to handle any field installation Service experts.
service need safely and efficiently.


TEL (316) 828-5110 141-8538, JAPAN
FAX (316) 828-5263 TEL +81-3-5435-8560
FAX +81-3-3491-3523
For a complete listing of
BERGAMO, ITALY
FAX 011-39-035-328600 1-888-KOCH-911
Available exclusively form Koch-Glitsch, Inc. FLEXIPAC® HC™ structured packing

is protected by US Patent 5,632,934 and other patents worldwide assigned to
Praxair Technology, Inc. Koch-Glitsch, Inc. is the exclusive worldwide licensee of
Praxair Technology, Inc. for the manufacture and sale of this packing in all mar-
kets except for industrial gas separation.
NOTE:The information contained in this bulletin is believed to be accurate and

reliable but is not to be construed as implying any warranty or guarantee of performance.
.
Bulletin FPHC-3M0600B Printed in U.S.A.

Enhanced Structured Packing Systems for Previous region at the interface for FLEXIPAC HC structured to conventional FLEXIPAC structured packing. A vari-
Mass Transfer Applications packing enlarges the turning radius for vapor flow and ety of surface textures to enhance liquid spreading is
FLEXIPAC® HC™ HIGH CAPACITY STRUCTURED PACKING
reduces the pressure drop associated with the rotation also available. FLEXIPAC HC structured packing may
Lower Pressure Drop and up to 40% Higher Capacity than Index
between elements.The smooth transition between the replace conventional structured packing on a one-to-
elements enhances the vapor handling capacity.The effi- one ratio.
Conventional Structured Packing ciency for FLEXIPAC HC structured packing is the
same since the bulk region remains unchanged.The new For information on the variety of conventional
FLEXIPAC structured packing has been utilized
®
progresses upward until the entire element is flooded. Next packing can be utilized in any application where FLEXIPAC structured packing and material of construc-
successfully in commercial mass transfer applications Since successive elements are typically rotated by 90 increased capacity without loss of efficiency is required. tion for FLEXIPAC and FLEXIPAC HC structured pack-
since the mid seventies. An enhancement to the degrees, the vapor is forced to change direction Alternatively, by using a smaller crimp size with lower ing please contact Koch-Glitsch and request the cur-
geometric structure of conventional FLEXIPAC packing between the elements. The small turning radius for the HETP (higher NTSM) of FLEXIPAC HC structured rent bulletin on FLEXIPAC structured packing. For
has been developed and commercialized vapor flow in conventional structured packing results in packing, a higher column efficiency can be realized with- information on column internals please ask for the
for improved hydraulic capacity. The new style a relatively high pressure drop at the interfaces between out a loss in capacity. current bulletin on Column Internals.
FLEXIPAC® HC™ (High Capacity) structured packing, the elements.
incorporates a patented modification to the bottom FLEXIPAC HC structured packing is offered in a wide
and top edge of each individual corrugated sheet. Since FLEXIPAC HC structured packing is identical to con- range of crimp size and material of construction similar
1997, FLEXIPAC HC structured packing has been used ventional FLEXIPAC structured packing except for a
to increase even further the high capacities achieved subtle modification at the base and top regions of each
with structured packings. element consisting of vertical surfaces at the interfaces.
The bulk region in between remains the same.
This bulletin provides detailed information about the
high performance of FLEXIPAC HC structured packing This change at the interface where flooding begins
including capacity, pressure drop and efficiency informa- effectively reduces the drag of the vapor on the liquid
tion for use in preliminary tower design. allowing liquid to drain to the next lower element with-
out excessive accumulation. The liquid hold-up at the
With conventional corrugated structured packing, it is interface is reduced, and the open area for vapor flow is
difficult for liquid to drain from the base of one element increased. The liquid and vapor flow in a vertical coun-
to the top of the next element. As the vapor rate is tercurrent direction, reducing the shear effect at the
increased, liquid begins to accumulate at the base and bottom edge of each packing sheet.This results in a sig-
reduces the open area for vapor flow. At higher vapor nificantly higher flooding capacity and a reduced pres-
rates, flooding initiates at the base of the element and sure drop in the loading region. In addition, the vertical
Note the severe flooding for conventional FLEXIPAC ® 1Y at a gas flow The newly developed FLEXIPAC ® 1Y HC™ is not flooding at a gas flow
rate Fs of 1.8 English (2.2 metric) at 10 gpm/ft2 (25 m3/m2h) rate Fs of 2.3 English (2.8 metric) at 10 gpm/ft2 (25 m3/m2h) liquid
liquid load. load.The actual flooding can be visually observed only at an Fs of 2.5
English (3.1 metric).
LIQUID Flexipac® HC™ structured

STREAM packing enhances the liq- APPLICATIONS
uid drainage from
one element to the next, Distillation, Chemical Products Distillation, Oil Refineries Specialties
resulting in reduction of
liquid hold up at the EB/Styrene Crude Atmospheric and Vacuum Extractive Distillations
Towers Liquid/Liquid Extraction
interface. EO (Ethylene oxide)
Crude Stabilizers Columns with Vertical Separation
Glycols (EG, PG, etc.) FCC Main Fractionators Wall for Ternary Systems
TOWER Nitro-/Nitro-chloro-Aromatics Energy Saving Systems like
SHELL Amines (Ethylene, Ethanol-,TDA, Coupled Columns, Heat Pumps
MDA, etc.) Absorption/Gas Treatment
Isocyanates (TDI, MDI)
The smooth transition EO Absorbers/Strippers
Cyclohexanone/-ol,Caprolactam,
Caustic/Amine Absorbers &
between the packing Lauryllactam Strippers
elements with an DMT/PTA Wastewater Strippers
enlarged turning Phenols Glycol Contactors Definition of Terms
radius for the vapor Fatty Acids, Acetic Acid,Tall Oil Pressure Drop Capacity Curves
flow, reduces the Alcohols, Esters, Ethers
Heat Exchange
pressure drop and VAPOR Flavors and Fragrances F s = V s √ ρv ,
increases capacity. Silanes Ethylene Quench & Others
STREAM Where Vs is superficial vapor velocity in ft/sec or
H2O2
m/s and ρv is vapor density in lbs/ft3 or kg/m3.
Enhanced Structured Packing Systems for region at the interface for FLEXIPAC HC structured to conventional FLEXIPAC structured packing. A vari-
Previous
Mass Transfer Applications packing enlarges the turning radius for vapor flow and ety of surface textures to enhance liquid spreading is
reduces the pressure drop associated with the rotation also available. FLEXIPAC HC structured packing may
Lower Pressure Drop and up to 40% Higher Capacity than between elements.The smooth transition between the replace conventional structured packing on a one-to-
elements enhances the vapor handling capacity.The effi- one ratio.
Conventional Structured Packing ciency for FLEXIPAC HC structured packing is the
Index
same since the bulk region remains unchanged.The new For information on the variety of conventional
FLEXIPAC structured packing has been utilized
®
progresses upward until the entire element is flooded. packing can be utilized in any application where FLEXIPAC structured packing and material of construc-
successfully in commercial mass transfer applications Since successive elements are typically rotated by 90 increased capacity without loss of efficiency is required. tion for FLEXIPAC and FLEXIPAC HC structured pack- Next
since the mid seventies. An enhancement to the degrees, the vapor is forced to change direction Alternatively, by using a smaller crimp size with lower ing please contact Koch-Glitsch and request the cur-
geometric structure of conventional FLEXIPAC packing between the elements. The small turning radius for the HETP (higher NTSM) of FLEXIPAC HC structured rent bulletin on FLEXIPAC structured packing. For
has been developed and commercialized vapor flow in conventional structured packing results in packing, a higher column efficiency can be realized with- information on column internals please ask for the
for improved hydraulic capacity. The new style a relatively high pressure drop at the interfaces between out a loss in capacity. current bulletin on Column Internals.
FLEXIPAC® HC™ (High Capacity) structured packing, the elements.
incorporates a patented modification to the bottom FLEXIPAC HC structured packing is offered in a wide
and top edge of each individual corrugated sheet. Since FLEXIPAC HC structured packing is identical to con- range of crimp size and material of construction similar
1997, FLEXIPAC HC structured packing has been used ventional FLEXIPAC structured packing except for a
to increase even further the high capacities achieved subtle modification at the base and top regions of each
with structured packings. element consisting of vertical surfaces at the interfaces.
The bulk region in between remains the same.
This bulletin provides detailed information about the
high performance of FLEXIPAC HC structured packing This change at the interface where flooding begins
including capacity, pressure drop and efficiency informa- effectively reduces the drag of the vapor on the liquid
tion for use in preliminary tower design. allowing liquid to drain to the next lower element with-
out excessive accumulation. The liquid hold-up at the
With conventional corrugated structured packing, it is interface is reduced, and the open area for vapor flow is
difficult for liquid to drain from the base of one element increased. The liquid and vapor flow in a vertical coun-
to the top of the next element. As the vapor rate is tercurrent direction, reducing the shear effect at the
increased, liquid begins to accumulate at the base and bottom edge of each packing sheet.This results in a sig-
reduces the open area for vapor flow. At higher vapor nificantly higher flooding capacity and a reduced pres-
rates, flooding initiates at the base of the element and sure drop in the loading region. In addition, the vertical
Note the severe flooding for conventional FLEXIPAC ® 1Y at a gas flow The newly developed FLEXIPAC ® 1Y HC™ is not flooding at a gas flow
rate Fs of 1.8 English (2.2 metric) at 10 gpm/ft2 (25 m3/m2h) rate Fs of 2.3 English (2.8 metric) at 10 gpm/ft2 (25 m3/m2h) liquid
liquid load. load.The actual flooding can be visually observed only at an Fs of 2.5
English (3.1 metric).
LIQUID Flexipac® HC™ structured

STREAM packing enhances the liq- APPLICATIONS
uid drainage from
one element to the next, Distillation, Chemical Products Distillation, Oil Refineries Specialties
resulting in reduction of
liquid hold up at the EB/Styrene Crude Atmospheric and Vacuum Extractive Distillations
Towers Liquid/Liquid Extraction
interface. EO (Ethylene oxide)
Crude Stabilizers Columns with Vertical Separation
Glycols (EG, PG, etc.) FCC Main Fractionators Wall for Ternary Systems
TOWER Nitro-/Nitro-chloro-Aromatics Energy Saving Systems like
SHELL Amines (Ethylene, Ethanol-,TDA, Coupled Columns, Heat Pumps
MDA, etc.) Absorption/Gas Treatment
Isocyanates (TDI, MDI)
The smooth transition EO Absorbers/Strippers
Cyclohexanone/-ol,Caprolactam,
Caustic/Amine Absorbers &
between the packing Lauryllactam Strippers
elements with an DMT/PTA Wastewater Strippers
enlarged turning Phenols Glycol Contactors Definition of Terms
radius for the vapor Fatty Acids, Acetic Acid,Tall Oil Pressure Drop Capacity Curves
flow, reduces the Alcohols, Esters, Ethers
Heat Exchange
pressure drop and VAPOR Flavors and Fragrances F s = V s √ ρv ,
increases capacity. Silanes Ethylene Quench & Others
STREAM Where Vs is superficial vapor velocity in ft/sec or
H2O2
m/s and ρv is vapor density in lbs/ft3 or kg/m3.
Previous Index Next
Efficiency Type 1Y Type 1Y HC

Type 700Y Type 700Y HC

Type 2Y Type 2Y HC
Previous Index Next
Efficiency Type 1Y Type 1Y HC

Type 700Y Type 700Y HC

Type 2Y Type 2Y HC
Previous Index Next
FLEXIPAC® HC™
HIGH CAPACITY STRUCTURED PACKING

faster, safer revamps with mini- are made under ASME code
mum down time. qualifications.
Koch-Glitsch Field Service For revamps or new construction,

craftsmen are extensively trained contact your Koch-Glitsch Field
to handle any field installation Service experts.
service need safely and efficiently.


TEL (316) 828-5110 141-8538, JAPAN
FAX (316) 828-5263 TEL +81-3-5435-8560
FAX +81-3-3491-3523
For a complete listing of
BERGAMO, ITALY
FAX 011-39-035-328600 1-888-KOCH-911
Available exclusively form Koch-Glitsch, Inc. FLEXIPAC® HC™ structured packing

is protected by US Patent 5,632,934 and other patents worldwide assigned to
Praxair Technology, Inc. Koch-Glitsch, Inc. is the exclusive worldwide licensee of
Praxair Technology, Inc. for the manufacture and sale of this packing in all mar-
kets except for industrial gas separation.
NOTE:The information contained in this bulletin is believed to be accurate and

reliable but is not to be construed as implying any warranty or guarantee of performance.
.
Bulletin FPHC-3M0600B Printed in U.S.A.

Previous Index Next
KOCH-GLITSCH

Koch-Glitsch Field Service Advantage
faster, safer revamps with are made under ASME code
minimum down time. qualifications.
craftsmen are extensively trained For revamps or new construction
to handle any field installation contact your Koch-Glitsch Field
service need safely and efficiently. Service experts.


WICHITA, KS 67208-0127
Koch-Glitsch Mass Transfer
7th Floor, KSS Building
Koch International S.r.l.
4111 E. P.O.
37th Box
Street North
8127 1-21-8, Nishi
Via Gotanda
Tonale 50,
WICHITA, KS 67220
WICHITA, KS 67208-0127 SHINAGAWA-KU,TOKYO
Casella Postale 13
TEL (316) 828-5110
4111 E. 37th Street North 24061JAPAN
141-8538, Albano S. Alessandro
WICHITA,
FAX (316) 828-5263 KS 67220 BERGAMO,
TEL +81-3-5435-8560ITALY
TEL (316) 828-5110 TEL 011-39-035-328620
FAX (316) 828-5263 FAX +81-3-3491-3523
FAX 011-39-035-328600
P.O. Box 660053 For aFor
complete listing
listingofof
Via Tonale 50, TX 75212-0053
DALLAS, a complete
Koch-Glitsch offices,
Casella 4900
Postale13
Singleton Boulevard Koch-Glitsch offices, visit us
visit us
on on
the the internet:
internet:
24061 Albano
DALLAS,S. Alessandro
TX 75212-3395 www.koch-glitsch.com
www.koch-glitch.com
BERGAMO,TEL (214)
ITALY583-3000
FAX (214) 583-3344 For emergencies call:
For emergencies:
TEL 011-39-035-328611 1-888-KOCH-911
FAX 011-39-035-328600 1-888-KOCH-911
NOTE: The information contained in this bulletin

is believed to be accurate and reliable but is
not to be construed as implying any warranty
or guarantee of performance. FLEXIPAC¤
structured packing currently marketed in the
United States, Canada and Mexico only.
NYE TRAYS® is a registered trademark of Nye Trays, Inc.
IN MASS TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY Bulletin KGP-5 3M898DBulletin KGP-6

Printed in U.S.A.
© Copyright 2000 1998
© Copyright Koch-Glitsch,
Koch-Glitsch,Inc.
Inc.
Previous Index Next
Koch-Glitsch Wire Gauze Packing:
KOCH-GLITSCH GAUZE STRUCTURED PACKING

The original others try to imitate.
When your chemical process application requires
the most efficient commercial tower packing
available, Koch-Glitsch wire gauze packing is the
first choice. Koch-Glitsch woven gauze packing is
the recognized leader in processing solutions for Fig. 2 Flow of liquid over metal
low liquid-loading systems, temperature-sensitive sheet (left) and over a vertical

compounds, vacuum distillations, specialty surface of Koch-Glitsch wire
chemicals, and most highly refined, value-added gauze (right).
processing operations.
Koch-Glitsch wire gauze packing has a proven Figure 2 illustrates the self-wetting feature. When The angled corrugations of adjacent sheets of
track record of providing superior performance liquid is introduced at the top, it flows in a stream Koch-Glitsch wire gauze packing are reversed with
in thousands of diverse applications around the over the sheet metal (left photo). However, when respect to the vertical column axis, forming mixing
world. Koch-Glitsch Mass Transfer Technology has liquid is introduced on the woven wire mesh, a cells at every point where the corrugations
more than 85 years of combined experience. Our wide band of liquid is formed (right photo). Liquid intersect. Each subsequent element is oriented
process and design expertise, coupled with superior flows downward in a zigzag pattern and the capillary 90° from the previous one. Intimate mixing and
manufacturing and pilot plant test facilities, provide effect of the woven wire gauze assures complete radial distribution occur over the entire tower
Koch-Glitsch customers with solutions to mass surface wetting. cross-section. As shown in Figure 3, liquid and
transfer problems. gas streams enter a cell, mix, and form two new
streams that flow into another mixing cell down-
Matching this high-efficiency packing with our stream in the element. After passing through the
Fig. I Each layer in a stack of Koch-Glitsch wire
custom-designed internals offers our customers element, gas and liquid have been thoroughly mixed
gauze packing elements is oriented 90° from the Fig. 3 In Koch-Glitsch wire gauze packing elements,
complete systems engineered to maximize tower across the surface of the corrugated sheets.
previous one for intimate liquid and gas mixing, and liquid and gas streams enter a cell, mix and form
performance. Give us a call — we'll gladly provide
radial distribution. two new streams which flow to other mixing cells.
the details. Characteristics unique to Koch-Glitsch wire gauze
packing provide uniform liquid flow across the
entire column cross-section, even at very low
LIQUID liquid rates. Mass transfer takes place on both
Design Principles STREAM
sides of the wire gauze. Because the ordered
BENEFITS Koch-Glitsch wire gauze packing is a proprietary Corrugations
geometry of the packing eliminates form drag,
pressure drops per theoretical stage are
design formed from sheets of corrugated, surface- of adjacent
layers are extremely low.
High efficiency / high capacity - Smaller column treated, woven wire gauze. Packing elements can reversed
size – diameter and height. be fabricated in any material capable of being TOWER
SHELL
drawn into wire. It is available in a variety of
Low HETP - Greater number of theoretical metals, including stainless steel and exotics. Each
element
stages in a fixed column height. placed 90°
Formed of a woven wire fabric, Koch-Glitsch wire to previous
gauze packing is completely self-wetting. Wire elements
Low pressure drop - Energy savings, reduced diameter and mesh opening dimensions have been
operating cost; reduces bottom pressure, researched and selected to maximize capillary
improves key component relative volatility. forces. Thus, the self-wetting characteristic is GAS
STREAM
enhanced and pre-flooding is not required to
Excellent liquid-spreading characteristics - obtain the wetted condition.
Maintains high packing efficiency at low liquid
rates, even as low as 0.1 gpm/ft2.
Low liquid holdup and low pressure drop

combination - Optimizes performance for
Fig. 4 Koch-Glitsch wire gauze
temperature-sensitive compounds.
packing elements are formed in
sections to facilitate installation.
Previous Index Next
Koch-Glitsch Wire Gauze Packing:

The original others try to imitate.
When your chemical process application requires
the most efficient commercial tower packing
available, Koch-Glitsch wire gauze packing is the
first choice. Koch-Glitsch woven gauze packing is
the recognized leader in processing solutions for Fig. 2 Flow of liquid over metal
low liquid-loading systems, temperature-sensitive sheet (left) and over a vertical

compounds, vacuum distillations, specialty surface of Koch-Glitsch wire
chemicals, and most highly refined, value-added gauze (right).
processing operations.
Koch-Glitsch wire gauze packing has a proven Figure 2 illustrates the self-wetting feature. When The angled corrugations of adjacent sheets of
track record of providing superior performance liquid is introduced at the top, it flows in a stream Koch-Glitsch wire gauze packing are reversed with
in thousands of diverse applications around the over the sheet metal (left photo). However, when respect to the vertical column axis, forming mixing
world. Koch-Glitsch Mass Transfer Technology has liquid is introduced on the woven wire mesh, a cells at every point where the corrugations
more than 85 years of combined experience. Our wide band of liquid is formed (right photo). Liquid intersect. Each subsequent element is oriented
process and design expertise, coupled with superior flows downward in a zigzag pattern and the capillary 90° from the previous one. Intimate mixing and
manufacturing and pilot plant test facilities, provide effect of the woven wire gauze assures complete radial distribution occur over the entire tower
Koch-Glitsch customers with solutions to mass surface wetting. cross-section. As shown in Figure 3, liquid and
transfer problems. gas streams enter a cell, mix, and form two new
streams that flow into another mixing cell down-
Matching this high-efficiency packing with our stream in the element. After passing through the
Fig. I Each layer in a stack of Koch-Glitsch wire
custom-designed internals offers our customers element, gas and liquid have been thoroughly mixed
gauze packing elements is oriented 90° from the Fig. 3 In Koch-Glitsch wire gauze packing elements,
complete systems engineered to maximize tower across the surface of the corrugated sheets.
previous one for intimate liquid and gas mixing, and liquid and gas streams enter a cell, mix and form
performance. Give us a call — we'll gladly provide
radial distribution. two new streams which flow to other mixing cells.
the details. Characteristics unique to Koch-Glitsch wire gauze
packing provide uniform liquid flow across the
entire column cross-section, even at very low
LIQUID liquid rates. Mass transfer takes place on both
Design Principles STREAM
sides of the wire gauze. Because the ordered
BENEFITS Koch-Glitsch wire gauze packing is a proprietary Corrugations
geometry of the packing eliminates form drag,
pressure drops per theoretical stage are
design formed from sheets of corrugated, surface- of adjacent
layers are extremely low.
High efficiency / high capacity - Smaller column treated, woven wire gauze. Packing elements can reversed
size – diameter and height. be fabricated in any material capable of being TOWER
SHELL
drawn into wire. It is available in a variety of
Low HETP - Greater number of theoretical metals, including stainless steel and exotics. Each
element
stages in a fixed column height. placed 90°
Formed of a woven wire fabric, Koch-Glitsch wire to previous
gauze packing is completely self-wetting. Wire elements
Low pressure drop - Energy savings, reduced diameter and mesh opening dimensions have been
operating cost; reduces bottom pressure, researched and selected to maximize capillary
improves key component relative volatility. forces. Thus, the self-wetting characteristic is GAS
STREAM
enhanced and pre-flooding is not required to
Excellent liquid-spreading characteristics - obtain the wetted condition.
Maintains high packing efficiency at low liquid
rates, even as low as 0.1 gpm/ft2.
Low liquid holdup and low pressure drop

combination - Optimizes performance for
Fig. 4 Koch-Glitsch wire gauze
temperature-sensitive compounds.
packing elements are formed in
sections to facilitate installation.
Design Characteristics of Koch-Glitsch Wire Gauze Packing Previous
DX-EX Structured Packing DX-EX Structured Packing

Koch-Glitsch gauze packing is available in a variety of The mass transfer characteristics of Koch-Glitsch kg kg
standard types. BX gauze packing is designed for wire gauze packing are independent of diameter. The Fs-Factor ( m
s) Fs-Factor ( m
s)
Index m3 m3
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.91.0 2.0 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.91.0 0.2
applications requiring a high number of theoretical packing's uniform structure routes liquid and vapor 4.0 4.0 100
stages with very low pressure drop. CY gauze packing through ordered passages. Excellent transverse mixing 10
3.0
80
8
is designed for use in smaller diameter towers for is achieved and maldistribution does not occur.
Pressure Drop (mmHg/ft.)
Pressure Drop (mmHg/m)

2.0 6 60
separations which require a maximum number of Laboratory experiments with packing of 3", 10" and Next 4 50
2.0
HETP (mm)
theoretical stages. 20" diameters have confirmed that the number of 1.0
HETP (in.)
40
theoretical plates is independent of diameter. Because 0.8
2
0.6
DX and EX gauze packings are designed for laboratory of its low pressure drop and minimum holdup 30
use in columns with diameters as small as 0.8 inches characteristics, Koch-Glitsch gauze packing is an ideal 0.4
1
1.0
0.9
(20 mm) to 3.2 inches (80mm). EX gauze packing mass transfer medium for temperature-sensitive
0.8 0.8 20
offers a reliable scale-up, achieving a high number of systems. 0.2
0.6 0.7
theoretical stages with the same pressure drop as 0.4
0.6
0.1
BX gauze packing in laboratory columns. DX gauze Shown here are efficiency and pressure drop curves 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.91.0 2.0
0.5
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.91.0 2.0
10
packing is constructed with a coarser geometrical for BX, CY, DX, and EX packings. For the BX and ( fts ) lb lb
configuration and, therefore, a lower number of CY packings, total reflux data are shown for a 20-in.
Fs-Factor ft 3 Fs-Factor ( fts ) ft 3
theoretical stages. It provides low pressure drop at (508mm) diameter column using the system cis-trans Fs-Factor vs DX P
Fs-Factor vs EX P
Fs-Factor vs DX HETP (in.)
Fs-Factor vs EX HETP (in.)
higher load capacity. decalin at pressures of 5, 20, 300, and 700 mm Hg.
The pressure drop curves for these two packings are
Unlike other packings, Koch-Glitsch wire gauze packing shown for an operating pressure of 20 mm Hg. For
retains its operating efficiency as the liquid rate the DX and EX packings, total reflux efficiency and
decreases. In fact, HETP decreases (efficiency increases) pressure drop data are presented for the Typical Applications
at lower liquid loadings. There is no practical lower chlorobenzene/ethylbenzene system at a pressure of
limit for the liquid irrigation rate. 40 mm Hg obtained in a 1.2-in.(30mm) diameter Koch-Glitsch wire gauze packing can handle diverse Good initial distribution, together with systematic
tower. rectification problems. Its low pressure drop per redistribution, are critical to tower performance.
theoretical stage makes it ideally suited for vacuum Koch-Glitsch designs and manufactures various
BX Structured Packing CY Structured Packing rectification. Its superior performance over a wide internals to enhance distribution capabilities and
Fs-Factor ( m kg kg operating range makes it an excellent choice for use maximize tower performance.
s) m3
Fs-Factor ( m
s) m3
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0 3.0
8
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0 3.0 in multipurpose rectification as well.
300 200
7
10
6 150
9
5
HETP (mm)
HETP (mm)
8
HETP (in.)
HETP (in.)
200
APPLIC ATIONS
7 4 100
90
6
80
3
70
5
60 General Systems Organic Intermediates
4
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0
100 2
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0
50 • vacuum distillations • nitrochlorobenzene
Fs-Factor ( fts ) lb Fs-Factor ( fts ) lb • low liquid-loading systems • nitroorthoxylene
ft 3 ft 3
Fs-FACTOR vs HETP @ 5mmHg Fs-FACTOR vs HETP @ 5mmHg • specialty chemicals • nitrocumene
Fs-FACTOR vs HETP @ 20 mmHg
Fs-FACTOR vs HETP @ 300 mmHg • temperature-sensitive compounds • oxoalcohol
Fs-FACTOR vs HETP @ 720 mmHg Fs-FACTOR vs HETP @ 720 mmHg
• fine chemicals
Fatty Acids
BX-CY Structured Packing
Amines • various fatty acids
Fs-Factor ( m kg Definition of Terms • ethanolamine (mono-, di-, tri-) • esters
s)
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
m3 2.0 3.0 • diethylenetriamine • fatty alcohols
2.00 6.0 • dipropylenetriamine
4.0
Fragrances
1.00
G
0.80
0.60 2.0 Fs = Vv √ ρv = 3600ρvA √ ρv Glycols • menthol
0.40 • ethyleneglycol (mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-) • nerol/geraniol
1.0
0.8 Where: • glycerin
0.20 0.6
Vitamins
0.10
0.4
G = vapor rate in lbs/hr(kg/hr) Plastic Monomers
0.08
0.06 0.2 Vv = vapor rate in ft/sec(m/sec) • caprolactam Pharmaceuticals
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0
ρv = vapor density in lbs/ft3(kg/m3) • MDI (Methylenediphenyldiisocyanate)
lb
Fs-Factor ( fts ) ft 3
Fs-FACTOR vs BX P
A = cross-sectional area in ft2(m2)
Fs-FACTOR vs CY P
Design Characteristics of Koch-Glitsch Wire Gauze Packing Previous Index Next
DX-EX Structured Packing DX-EX Structured Packing

Koch-Glitsch gauze packing is available in a variety of The mass transfer characteristics of Koch-Glitsch kg kg
standard types. BX gauze packing is designed for wire gauze packing are independent of diameter. The Fs-Factor ( m
s) Fs-Factor ( m
s)
m3 m3
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.91.0 2.0 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.91.0 0.2
applications requiring a high number of theoretical packing's uniform structure routes liquid and vapor 4.0 4.0 100
stages with very low pressure drop. CY gauze packing through ordered passages. Excellent transverse mixing 10
3.0
80
8
is designed for use in smaller diameter towers for is achieved and maldistribution does not occur.

2.0 6 60
separations which require a maximum number of Laboratory experiments with packing of 3", 10" and 4 50
2.0
HETP (mm)
theoretical stages. 20" diameters have confirmed that the number of 1.0
HETP (in.)
40
theoretical plates is independent of diameter. Because 0.8
2
0.6
DX and EX gauze packings are designed for laboratory of its low pressure drop and minimum holdup 30
use in columns with diameters as small as 0.8 inches characteristics, Koch-Glitsch gauze packing is an ideal 0.4
1
1.0
0.9
(20 mm) to 3.2 inches (80mm). EX gauze packing mass transfer medium for temperature-sensitive
0.8 0.8 20
offers a reliable scale-up, achieving a high number of systems. 0.2
0.6 0.7
theoretical stages with the same pressure drop as 0.4
0.6
0.1
BX gauze packing in laboratory columns. DX gauze Shown here are efficiency and pressure drop curves 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.91.0 2.0
0.5
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.91.0 2.0
10
packing is constructed with a coarser geometrical for BX, CY, DX, and EX packings. For the BX and ( fts ) lb lb
configuration and, therefore, a lower number of CY packings, total reflux data are shown for a 20-in.
Fs-Factor ft 3 Fs-Factor ( fts ) ft 3
theoretical stages. It provides low pressure drop at (508mm) diameter column using the system cis-trans Fs-Factor vs DX P
Fs-Factor vs EX P
Fs-Factor vs DX HETP (in.)
Fs-Factor vs EX HETP (in.)
higher load capacity. decalin at pressures of 5, 20, 300, and 700 mm Hg.
The pressure drop curves for these two packings are
Unlike other packings, Koch-Glitsch wire gauze packing shown for an operating pressure of 20 mm Hg. For
retains its operating efficiency as the liquid rate the DX and EX packings, total reflux efficiency and
decreases. In fact, HETP decreases (efficiency increases) pressure drop data are presented for the Typical Applications
at lower liquid loadings. There is no practical lower chlorobenzene/ethylbenzene system at a pressure of
limit for the liquid irrigation rate. 40 mm Hg obtained in a 1.2-in.(30mm) diameter Koch-Glitsch wire gauze packing can handle diverse Good initial distribution, together with systematic
tower. rectification problems. Its low pressure drop per redistribution, are critical to tower performance.
theoretical stage makes it ideally suited for vacuum Koch-Glitsch designs and manufactures various
BX Structured Packing CY Structured Packing rectification. Its superior performance over a wide internals to enhance distribution capabilities and
Fs-Factor ( m kg kg operating range makes it an excellent choice for use maximize tower performance.
s) m3
Fs-Factor ( m
s) m3
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0 3.0
8
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0 3.0 in multipurpose rectification as well.
300 200
7
10
6 150
9
5
HETP (mm)
HETP (mm)
8
HETP (in.)
HETP (in.)
200
APPLIC ATIONS
7 4 100
90
6
80
3
70
5
60 General Systems Organic Intermediates
4
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0
100 2
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0
50 • vacuum distillations • nitrochlorobenzene
Fs-Factor ( fts ) lb Fs-Factor ( fts ) lb • low liquid-loading systems • nitroorthoxylene
ft 3 ft 3
Fs-FACTOR vs HETP @ 5mmHg Fs-FACTOR vs HETP @ 5mmHg • specialty chemicals • nitrocumene
Fs-FACTOR vs HETP @ 300 mmHg • temperature-sensitive compounds • oxoalcohol
Fs-FACTOR vs HETP @ 720 mmHg Fs-FACTOR vs HETP @ 720 mmHg
• fine chemicals
Fatty Acids
BX-CY Structured Packing
Amines • various fatty acids
Fs-Factor ( m kg Definition of Terms • ethanolamine (mono-, di-, tri-) • esters
s)
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
m3 2.0 3.0 • diethylenetriamine • fatty alcohols
2.00 6.0 • dipropylenetriamine
4.0
Fragrances
1.00
G
0.80
0.60 2.0 Fs = Vv √ ρv = 3600ρvA √ ρv Glycols • menthol
0.40 • ethyleneglycol (mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-) • nerol/geraniol
1.0
0.8 Where: • glycerin
0.20 0.6
Vitamins
0.10
0.4
G = vapor rate in lbs/hr(kg/hr) Plastic Monomers
0.08
0.06 0.2 Vv = vapor rate in ft/sec(m/sec) • caprolactam Pharmaceuticals
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0
ρv = vapor density in lbs/ft3(kg/m3) • MDI (Methylenediphenyldiisocyanate)
lb
Fs-Factor ( fts ) ft 3
Fs-FACTOR vs BX P
A = cross-sectional area in ft2(m2)
Fs-FACTOR vs CY P
Koch-Glitsch Grid Structured Packing
Koch-Glitsch Products Previous Index Next

Koch-Glitsch offers a variety of grid packings designed for high
performance and extended service life in fouling or dirty
Tower Internals services. Choose Style 2 grid structured packing for high capacity,
Style 3 for high efficiency. These two grid packings eliminate
The proper selection and design of packed tower distributors, the horizontal surfaces where liquids or solids can stagnate.
collectors, supports, and other column internals are essential Style EF-25A is one of the most fouling-resistant grid packings
for optimum packing performance. on the market. Style EF-25AP (plastic) is ideal for SO2 and H2S
At Koch-Glitsch we take special care to assure that liquid and vapor service. Fouling is reduced and maintenance costs are lower.
distribution to the packed bed are uniform and that the equipment is selected In dirty services, all styles increase run times and eliminate
to best handle any special process considerations, such as fouling or foaming. bottlenecks. (Bulletins KFG-3 and 207)
We offer a proven line of distributors and redistributors for a wide range

of flow rates, physical properties, and turndown requirements. Our internals
are available in a variety of styles and materials, including ceramic, graphite,
and many plastics. (Bulletin PTI-Series) Koch-Glitsch Static Mixers
The Koch-Glitsch Static Mixer, an in-line mixer with no moving
parts, is a simple, cost-effective solution to many mixing and
Koch-Glitsch Structured and Gauze Packings contacting problems. It consists of a series of stationary, rigid
elements placed lengthwise in a pipe. These form intersecting
FLEXIPAC® and GEMPAK® structured packings provide high capacity, higher channels that split, rearrange, and recombine component streams
efficiency and lower pressure drop than any random packing and most trays into smaller and smaller layers until one homogeneous stream exists.
available today. Revamping existing packed or trayed columns with structured
packing from Koch-Glitsch will increase the operation capacity of the tower, The unit is compact and easy to install. More affordable than
lower the pressure drop, and lower the energy cost of the distillation or dynamic agitator systems, Koch-Glitsch static mixers have long
absorption operation. Our structured packing elements may be fabricated lives and low pressure drops. They are fabricated from a variety
in a variety of metals and plastics, as well as in ceramic. (Bulletin KFP-5 and 5140) of plastics and metals. Koch-Glitsch static mixers are available
in virtually any size to fit pipes and vessels for a wide range of
Koch-Glitsch gauze structured packing is the most efficient commercial industrial applications. (Bulletin KSM-6)
tower packing available today. Fabricated of a woven metal wire or
plastic gauze, it is well-suited for applications where low pressure
drop is important and liquid rates are as low as 0.1 gpm/ft2. Koch-Glitsch, Otto York Mist Eliminators
HETP is generally 5 - 8", regardless of column size. Pressure drop
is as low as 0.2mm Hg per theoretical tray. (Bulletin KGGP-1) Fifty years ago, we introduced our first mist elimination equipment
in the form of mesh pads, known as DEMISTER® mist eliminators.
Later, we introduced FLEXICHEVRON® and FLEXIFIBER® mist
Koch-Glitsch Valve Trays eliminators. The DEMISTER mist eliminator is the most
economical for removal of mist particles down to 10 microns
These valve-type trays have replaced bubble cap and sieve trays as the or less. FLEXIFIBER mist eliminators capture submicron mist
industry standard. FLEXITRAY® and BALLAST® valve trays have a higher particles at collection efficiencies of up to 99.95%.
efficiency over a broader range of operating conditions than sieve trays and FLEXICHEVRON mist eliminators have the greatest resistance
can handle liquid loadings up to 10% greater than other tray types. Other to fouling or flooding. Koch-Glitsch is now recognized as the
advantages include low cost, simple installation, low pressure drop, excellent international leader in total entrainment separation technology.
turndown, and reduced maintenance. These trays have demonstrated superior (Bulletins KME-14 and 5601)
performance in more than 15,000 installations. (Bulletin KT-7)
Koch-Glitsch also manufactures sieve, bubble cap, tunnel, dualflow, chimney,
disc-and-donut, and other specialty trays to meet specific customer requirements.
High Performance Random Packing
Koch-Glitsch High Capacity Trays FLEXIMAX® and CASCADE MINI-RINGS® high-performance
random packings provide significant capacity advantages and
Koch-Glitsch Mass Transfer Technology is unsurpassed in its lower pressure drop than other random packings. These high-
offering of high performance distillation trays for the refining, performance random packings have consistently demonstrated
chemical and hydrocarbon processing industries. Bi-FRAC® trays, capacity improvements of up to 15% in a variety of applications
MAX-FRAC® trays, NYE TRAYS®, and SUPERFRAC® trays have without loss of efficiency. Superior mechanical integrity allows
unique features and performance benefits for increased capacity processors to specify deep beds without packing deformation.
in virtually any service. These technologically advanced trays Both high performance packings are available in several sizes
employ innovative downcomer designs and active area and virtually any metallic material. FLEXIMAX and CASCADE
enhancements to provide minimal pressure drop, optimum mass MINI-RINGS random packings are among the most advanced
transfer efficiency, and high capacity. Let Koch-Glitsch help you random packing designs offered today. (Bulletins KFM-3 and 345)
select the best solution to meet your processing requirements.
(Bulletins KBFT-1, KMFT-1, 5138, and Improving Column Performance/CP 12/96 )
For more information about any of these products, contact the Koch-Glitsch Representative nearest you.
See the back page of this brochure for listings.
Koch-Glitsch Grid Structured Packing
Koch-Glitsch Products Previous

Koch-Glitsch offers a variety of grid packings designed for high
performance and extended service life in fouling or dirty
Tower Internals Index services. Choose Style 2 grid structured packing for high capacity,
Style 3 for high efficiency. These two grid packings eliminate
The proper selection and design of packed tower distributors, the horizontal surfaces where liquids or solids can stagnate.
collectors, supports, and other column internals are essential Style EF-25A is one of the most fouling-resistant grid packings
for optimum packing performance. Next on the market. Style EF-25AP (plastic) is ideal for SO2 and H2S
At Koch-Glitsch we take special care to assure that liquid and vapor service. Fouling is reduced and maintenance costs are lower.
distribution to the packed bed are uniform and that the equipment is selected In dirty services, all styles increase run times and eliminate
to best handle any special process considerations, such as fouling or foaming. bottlenecks. (Bulletins KFG-3 and 207)
We offer a proven line of distributors and redistributors for a wide range

of flow rates, physical properties, and turndown requirements. Our internals
are available in a variety of styles and materials, including ceramic, graphite,
and many plastics. (Bulletin PTI-Series) Koch-Glitsch Static Mixers
The Koch-Glitsch Static Mixer, an in-line mixer with no moving
parts, is a simple, cost-effective solution to many mixing and
Koch-Glitsch Structured and Gauze Packings contacting problems. It consists of a series of stationary, rigid
elements placed lengthwise in a pipe. These form intersecting
FLEXIPAC® and GEMPAK® structured packings provide high capacity, higher channels that split, rearrange, and recombine component streams
efficiency and lower pressure drop than any random packing and most trays into smaller and smaller layers until one homogeneous stream exists.
available today. Revamping existing packed or trayed columns with structured
packing from Koch-Glitsch will increase the operation capacity of the tower, The unit is compact and easy to install. More affordable than
lower the pressure drop, and lower the energy cost of the distillation or dynamic agitator systems, Koch-Glitsch static mixers have long
absorption operation. Our structured packing elements may be fabricated lives and low pressure drops. They are fabricated from a variety
in a variety of metals and plastics, as well as in ceramic. (Bulletin KFP-5 and 5140) of plastics and metals. Koch-Glitsch static mixers are available
in virtually any size to fit pipes and vessels for a wide range of
Koch-Glitsch gauze structured packing is the most efficient commercial industrial applications. (Bulletin KSM-6)
tower packing available today. Fabricated of a woven metal wire or
plastic gauze, it is well-suited for applications where low pressure
drop is important and liquid rates are as low as 0.1 gpm/ft2. Koch-Glitsch, Otto York Mist Eliminators
HETP is generally 5 - 8", regardless of column size. Pressure drop
is as low as 0.2mm Hg per theoretical tray. (Bulletin KGGP-1) Fifty years ago, we introduced our first mist elimination equipment
in the form of mesh pads, known as DEMISTER® mist eliminators.
Later, we introduced FLEXICHEVRON® and FLEXIFIBER® mist
Koch-Glitsch Valve Trays eliminators. The DEMISTER mist eliminator is the most
economical for removal of mist particles down to 10 microns
These valve-type trays have replaced bubble cap and sieve trays as the or less. FLEXIFIBER mist eliminators capture submicron mist
industry standard. FLEXITRAY® and BALLAST® valve trays have a higher particles at collection efficiencies of up to 99.95%.
efficiency over a broader range of operating conditions than sieve trays and FLEXICHEVRON mist eliminators have the greatest resistance
can handle liquid loadings up to 10% greater than other tray types. Other to fouling or flooding. Koch-Glitsch is now recognized as the
advantages include low cost, simple installation, low pressure drop, excellent international leader in total entrainment separation technology.
turndown, and reduced maintenance. These trays have demonstrated superior (Bulletins KME-14 and 5601)
performance in more than 15,000 installations. (Bulletin KT-7)
Koch-Glitsch also manufactures sieve, bubble cap, tunnel, dualflow, chimney,
disc-and-donut, and other specialty trays to meet specific customer requirements.
High Performance Random Packing
Koch-Glitsch High Capacity Trays FLEXIMAX® and CASCADE MINI-RINGS® high-performance
random packings provide significant capacity advantages and
Koch-Glitsch Mass Transfer Technology is unsurpassed in its lower pressure drop than other random packings. These high-
offering of high performance distillation trays for the refining, performance random packings have consistently demonstrated
chemical and hydrocarbon processing industries. Bi-FRAC® trays, capacity improvements of up to 15% in a variety of applications
MAX-FRAC® trays, NYE TRAYS®, and SUPERFRAC® trays have without loss of efficiency. Superior mechanical integrity allows
unique features and performance benefits for increased capacity processors to specify deep beds without packing deformation.
in virtually any service. These technologically advanced trays Both high performance packings are available in several sizes
employ innovative downcomer designs and active area and virtually any metallic material. FLEXIMAX and CASCADE
enhancements to provide minimal pressure drop, optimum mass MINI-RINGS random packings are among the most advanced
transfer efficiency, and high capacity. Let Koch-Glitsch help you random packing designs offered today. (Bulletins KFM-3 and 345)
select the best solution to meet your processing requirements.
(Bulletins KBFT-1, KMFT-1, 5138, and Improving Column Performance/CP 12/96 )
For more information about any of these products, contact the Koch-Glitsch Representative nearest you.
See the back page of this brochure for listings.
Previous Index Next
KOCH-GLITSCH

Koch-Glitsch Field Service Advantage
faster, safer revamps with are made under ASME code
minimum down time. qualifications.
craftsmen are extensively trained For revamps or new construction
to handle any field installation contact your Koch-Glitsch Field
service need safely and efficiently. Service experts.


WICHITA, KS 67208-0127
Koch-Glitsch Mass Transfer
7th Floor, KSS Building
Koch International S.r.l.
4111 E. P.O.
37th Box
Street North
8127 1-21-8, Nishi
Via Gotanda
Tonale 50,
WICHITA, KS 67220
WICHITA, KS 67208-0127 SHINAGAWA-KU,TOKYO
Casella Postale 13
TEL (316) 828-5110
4111 E. 37th Street North 24061JAPAN
141-8538, Albano S. Alessandro
WICHITA,
FAX (316) 828-5263 KS 67220 BERGAMO,
TEL +81-3-5435-8560ITALY
TEL (316) 828-5110 TEL 011-39-035-328620
FAX (316) 828-5263 FAX +81-3-3491-3523
FAX 011-39-035-328600
P.O. Box 660053 For aFor
complete listing
listingofof
Via Tonale 50, TX 75212-0053
DALLAS, a complete
Koch-Glitsch offices,
Casella 4900
Postale13
Singleton Boulevard Koch-Glitsch offices, visit us
visit us
on on
the the internet:
internet:
24061 Albano
DALLAS,S. Alessandro
TX 75212-3395 www.koch-glitsch.com
www.koch-glitch.com
BERGAMO,TEL (214)
ITALY583-3000
FAX (214) 583-3344 For emergencies call:
For emergencies:
TEL 011-39-035-328611 1-888-KOCH-911
FAX 011-39-035-328600 1-888-KOCH-911
NOTE: The information contained in this bulletin

is believed to be accurate and reliable but is
not to be construed as implying any warranty
or guarantee of performance. FLEXIPAC¤
structured packing currently marketed in the
United States, Canada and Mexico only.
NYE TRAYS® is a registered trademark of Nye Trays, Inc.
IN MASS TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY Bulletin KGP-5 3M898DBulletin KGP-6

Printed in U.S.A.
© Copyright 2000 1998
© Copyright Koch-Glitsch,
Koch-Glitsch,Inc.
Inc.
Previous Index Next
Structured Packing
®
Commercialized in the 1970’s, structured packings of corru-

gated sheet metal were developed and introduced to the
market by Koch-Glitsch. FLEXIPAC® Structured Packing
has been the industry standard since that time.
INTALOX® Structured Packing, introduced in 1986,
demonstrated an increased capacity over other available
structured packings. The most recent development,
FLEXIPAC® HC® Structured Packing, was introduced in
1997. In addition to its high capacity, FLEXIPAC HC packing
offers a lower pressure drop when operating near its maxi-
mum capacity. Each type of structured packing has a
specific surface texture that contributes to its performance
characteristics.
INTALOX® Structured Packing
FLEXIPAC® HC® Structured Packing
Koch-Glitsch structured packings offer excellent capacity

and low pressure drop per theoretical stage. In order
to best predict the benefits that can be realized with
structured packing, it is recommended to use a rating
software that has been developed based on extensive
test data specific to each packing. KG-TOWER™
Software is available for download from the Koch-Glitsch
website: www.koch-glitsch.com to aid in the hydraulic
rating of Koch-Glitsch structured packings.
Materials of Construction
Stack of six layers of FLEXIPAC® Structured Packing
Koch-Glitsch structured packings are available in a variety

Structured packings are made out of corrugated sheets of materials of construction including:
arranged in a crisscrossing relationship to create flow chan-
nels for the vapor phase. The intersections of the corrugat- • Carbon steel (Koch-Glitsch does not recommend the
ed sheets create mixing points for the liquid and vapor use of carbon steel structured packing)
phases. Wall wipers are utilized to prevent liquid and/or • Stainless steel alloys
vapor bypassing along the column wall. Rotating each struc- • Aluminum
tured packing layer about the column axis provides cross • Titanium
mixing and spreading of the vapor and liquid streams in all • Nickel alloys
directions. All types of Koch-Glitsch structured packings • Copper alloys
are available in a variety of corrugation sizes, providing the • Zirconium
versatility to optimize the packing configuration to best
meet the efficiency, capacity and pressure drop require- FLEXIPAC structured packing is also available in a variety of
ments for any particular application. thermoplastic materials. For more information, please ask for
brochure KGPP-1.
1
FLEXIPAC® Structured Packing Previous Index Next
As the industry standard, FLEXIPAC structured packing has The plot below provides approximate efficiency information
been used in thousands of columns worldwide. FLEXIPAC for FLEXIPAC structured packing as typically seen in distilla-
packing provides a lower pressure drop per theoretical tion service of hydrocarbons operating under atmospheric
stage and increased capacity compared to trays and conven- to moderate vacuum conditions. From years of applications
tional random packings. Columns packed with FLEXIPAC experience, Koch-Glitsch has an extensive collection of effi-
packing have resulted in: ciency information for a wide variety of processes and
• Improved product yields operating conditions. Consult Koch-Glitsch for further
• Improved product purities information.
• Reduced reflux ratios
• Increased throughput
• Lower pressure drop FLEXIPAC® Structured Packing
• Reduced liquid holdup Approximate Efficiency in Atmospheric Distillation.
• Increased heat transfer
Specific Surface Area, ft2/ft3
FLEXIPAC structured packing is available in a variety of cor-
rugation crimp sizes, each at two inclination angles. The "Y"
designated packings have a nominal inclination angle of 45º
from the horizontal, and are the most widely used. The "X"
packings have a nominal inclination angle of 60° from hori-
zontal and are used where high capacity and low pressure
drop are the overwhelming requirements for a specific
application. The benefit of the "X" packings is that they pro-
HE
TP
vide a lower pressure drop per theoretical stage for the
TY
same surface area.
PE
HE
TP
X
TY
PE
Y
HETP, inches
NTSM, mm
Note: HETP values are typical for total reflux distillation of
low-alpha systems with good liquid and vapor distribution at
moderate vacuum to moderate pressure in the typical design
range of 50% to 80% of flood
FLEXIPAC® Structured Packing with perforated and textured sur-

face shown with attached wall wiper band Specific Surface Area, m2/m3
Increasing Capacity Increasing Efficiency
FLEXIPAC® Structured Packing

Surface Area
ft2/ft3 17 25 34 47 68 77 90 106 129 152 220
m2/m3 55 80 110 155 225 250 295 350 420 500 725
Inclination Angle
45° 4Y 3.5Y 3Y 2.5Y 2Y 250Y 1.6Y 1.4Y/350Y 1Y 500Y 700Y
60° 4X 3.5X 3X 2.5X 2X 250X 1.6X 1.4X/350X 1X 500X 700X
2
INTALOX High Capacity Structured Packing
® Previous Index Next
Introduced in 1986, INTALOX structured packing was

shown to have greater "efficient capacity" than other struc-
tured packings. A patented, aggressively textured surface,
combined with patented corrugation reversals in each packing
layer, along with other subtle proprietary geometric features,
give INTALOX structured packing a higher capacity.
Combining excellent performance characteristics with a

unique "efficient capacity" rating correlation, INTALOX
structured packing has been successfully utilized in a variety
of high liquid rate, high pressure systems besides the usual
applications in vacuum and atmospheric processes normally
reserved for structured packing. The aggressive surface
texture of INTALOX structured packing provides excellent
surface wetting, making this the preferred packing in aqueous
distillation applications.
The advantages of INTALOX structured packing are particu-

larly noticeable in the larger corrugation crimp sizes. Here,
the physical uniqueness of the INTALOX packing provides
superior efficiency compared to other structured packings
of similar surface area, while maintaining excellent capacity
and pressure drop characteristics.
Please refer to page 5 for recommended application INTALOX® Structured Packing – corrugation reversals and
guidelines and efficiency values. surface texture
INTALOX® Structured Packing
INTALOX® Structured Packing 5T 4T 3T 2T 1.5T 1T
Surface Area
ft2/ft3 27 41 52 65 77 95
m2/m3 90 135 170 215 250 310
3
Previous Index Next
FLEXIPAC® HC® High Capacity Structured Packing

Since its introduction in 1997, FLEXIPAC HC structured range of the packing. The advantages of FLEXIPAC HC
packing has been used in hundreds of columns to packing are particularly strong for smaller corrugation
increase capacity and reduce pressure drop both in new crimp size, higher surface area packings.
construction and for replacing standard sheet metal
structured packings, conventional random packings and
trays. Combining excellent capacity and efficiency char-
acteristics along with a lower pressure drop per theo-
retical stage, it is the preferred packing for use in vacu-
um distillation applications.
FLEXIPAC HC is similar in construction to standard

FLEXIPAC packing, except for a subtle modification in
the geometry of the corrugation at the top and bottom
of each packing layer. This relatively small change in
geometry eliminates the abrupt change in flow direction
of the liquid and vapor phases at the packing layer inter-
face.
Conventional structured packing capacity is limited by

flow interaction at the layer interface where the abrupt
directional change limits the amount of counter-flowing
liquid and vapor. As the liquid flow becomes restricted
by the upward-flowing vapor, the liquid begins to build
up at the layer interface which increases the pressure
drop and may ultimately lead to flooding. The geometry
of FLEXIPAC HC packing relieves this restriction. Since FLEXIPAC® HC® Structured Packing with a perforated
the premature build-up of liquid is eliminated, the low and textured surface showing corrugation configuration
pressure drop characteristics of structured packing are at layer interface
better maintained throughout the efficient operating
Please refer to page 5 for recommended application
guidelines and efficiency values.
LIQUID Flexipac® HC® structured

STREAM packing enhances the
liquid drainage from one
element to the next,
resulting in reduction
of liquid holdup at the
interface.
TOWER
SHELL
The transition
between the packing
elements is improved
due to the enlarged
turning radius for
the vapor flow that
reduces the pressure
drop and increases VAPOR
capacity. STREAM
FLEXIPAC® HC® Structured Packing 2Y 250Y 1.6Y 1.4Y/350Y 1Y 500Y 700
Surface Area
ft2/ft3 68 77 90 106 129 152 220
m2/m3 225 250 295 350 420 500 725
4
Previous Index Next
Choice and Application of Koch-Glitsch High Capacity Structured Packings

Each type of Koch-Glitsch structured packing has strong per- When choosing a high capacity structured packing, FLEXIPAC
formance characteristics. Under certain conditions or in spe- HC and INTALOX structured packings each offer distinct
cific applications, each has a particular strength which may advantages, depending upon the application. Through its wet-
make one style more desirable. Considerations in choosing a ting and liquid handling characteristics, the patented, aggres-
specific structured packing type are: sive surface texture of the INTALOX structured packing
offers extremely efficient use of the available packing surface.
• To meet specific process requirements For the larger corrugation size packings, INTALOX structured
• As a direct replacement of an existing packing packing provides a better efficiency than other structured
• Familiarity with the packing type and its performance packings with similar surface area.
• Past experience of using a specific packing type in a
particular application FLEXIPAC HC structured packing uses a less aggressive, per-
forated and textured surface style to provide excellent sur-
• Specified for use in a licensed process
face area utilization. This surface, along with the smooth
channel transition at the layer interface, provides a less
With more than thirty years of history, FLEXIPAC structured
restricted flow channel and results in lower pressure drop as
packing continues to be a strong performer in applications
the packing reaches the loading region. This is particularly
where the incremental capacity increase of high performance
true for the smaller corrugation packing sizes. The table
structured packing is not required.
below provides guidance in choosing the recommended high
capacity packing.
Increasing Capacity Increasing Efficiency
INTALOX® Structured Packing 5T 4T 3T 2T 1.5T 1T

FLEXIPAC® HC® Structured Packing 2Y 250Y 1.6Y 1.4Y 1Y 500Y 700Y
Approximate HETP*
inches 30 24 18 16 14 12.5 11 10 9 7.5
mm 762 610 457 406 356 318 279 254 229 191
* HETP values are typical for total reflux distillation of low-alpha systems with good liquid and vapor distribution at moderate vacuum to moderate
pressure in the typical design range of 50% to 80% of flood
All Applications
Aqueous Service, High Pressure or High Liquid Rate
Low Pressure Drop Requirement
Special Purpose Structured Packings

INTALOX® Structured Packing 5TX corrugation configurations. Applications include top
pumparound zones of Refinery Fractionators as well as
As the only high capacity, high efficiency packing available in Ethylene Water Quench Columns.
the "X" (60°) corrugation configuration, INTALOX structured
packing 5TX offers grid type packing capacity with good FLEXIGRID® and GLITSCH-GRID® structured packings
efficiency. INTALOX 5TX structured packing should be con- are the packings of choice for applications in severe services
sidered whenever fractionation or excellent heat transfer is subject to fouling, coking, erosion and high solids content,
required at the absolute maximum throughput. while providing a robust mechanical structure to resist damage
during upsets. FLEXIGRID and GLITSCH-GRID structured
FLEXIPAC® S, FLEXIGRID® and GLITSCH-GRID® packings are available in a wide variety of materials.
Structured Packings Applications for these packings include Crude Atmospheric
and Crude Vacuum Towers, FCC Main Fractionators, Coker
FLEXIPAC® S packing is similar in construction to FLEXIPAC Fractionators as well as Ethylene Plant Oil and Water Quench
packing but has a smooth surface and can be manufactured Columns. For further information on FLEXIGRID, GLITSCH-
using thicker material. The smooth surface enables the pack- GRID and FLEXIPAC S packings for use in severe service,
ing to be used in moderately fouling systems while the thicker please ask for brochure KGSS-1.
material gauge gives it greater mechanical strength and pro-
vides increased corrosion resistance. FLEXIPAC S packing is
available in various sizes and in both the X (45°) and Y (60°)
5
Wire Gauze Structured Packing Previous Index Next
Koch-Glitsch wire gauze packing is the recognized leader in Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2
distillation service for deep vacuum and low liquid rate appli- 1 2 3
12
cations. For processing specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals 300
and temperature sensitive materials, the very high efficiency HETP BX
and low pressure drop characteristics of this packing are System: o-/p-Xylenes
unsurpassed. Used in thousands of diverse applications Diameter: 8 in [203 mm]
around the world, BX wire gauze structured packing is the 10 Packing Depth:10 ft [3.05 m] 250
most widely used. For even greater efficiency requirements, Total Reflux Operation
Hg
CY wire gauze structured packing is also available. DX and mm
720
HETP, inches
EX wire gauze structured packings are available for laboratory Hg
HETP, mm
m m
and pilot testing applications. 8
20 200
Hg
mm
300 Hg
5 mm
6 150
4
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2

1 2 3
8 200
HETP CY
7 System: o-/p-Xylenes
Diameter: 8 in [203 mm]
Packing Depth: 6 ft [1.83 m]
Total Reflux Operation
6
inches
HETP, mm
HETP, mm
Hg
inches
Hg
5 mm m
HETP,
720 mm Hg m
20 Hg
300 m
HETP,
5m
4 100
Koch-Glitsch Wire Gauze Packing with attached wall wiper bands
3
Wire gauze structured packing is generally used in medium to
small diameter columns for separations where the require-
ment is to achieve the maximum number of theoretical stages 2
in the minimum column height. Because of the capillary effect, 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
the wire gauze material provides an extremely wettable sur- Fs, ft/s • (lb/ft3)1/2
face, resulting in excellent mass transfer efficiency, particularly
at very low liquid rates.
Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2
1 1 2
Random Packings and Tower Internals 4

HETP DX and EX
100
System: CB/EB 80
3
Koch-Glitsch is the world leader in the supply of mass transfer Total Reflux Operation
Pressure: 40 mmHg
equipment, offering a wide range of random packings in metal DX
HETP, inches
60
and plastic including IMTP®, CASCADE MINI-RINGS®,
HETP, mm
β−ETA RING® and SNOWFLAKE® High Performance Ran- 2

dom Packings. Please ask for brochures KGIMTP-1, KGRP-1, 40
and KGPP-1. EX
1
Koch-Glitsch offers a wide range of INTALOX High Performance 20
Distributors as well as traditional tower internals to ensure
optimal and predictable tower performance. Internals are avail-
0
able in various metals and plastic materials. Please ask for 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0
2.0
brochures KGMTIG-1 and KGPTIG-1.
6
Previous Index Next


Tel: (316) 828-5110 Tel: +39-035-328-611 Tel: +81-3-5435-8560
Fax: (316) 828-5263 Fax: +39-035-328-600 Fax: +81-3-3491-3523

King Street, Fenton
UNITED KINGDOM
Tel: +44-1782-744-561
Tel: (713) 427-7600 Tel: +82-2-3775-2650
Fax: +44-1782-744-330
Fax: (713) 427-7613 Fax: +82-2-2780-1954

Tel: (214) 583-3000 MUMBAI 400074, INDIA
Fax: (214) 583-3377 Tel: +91-22-2520-2050
Fax: +91-22-2520-2040
Koch-Glitsch, LP
18 Dallas St.
UXBRIDGE, ONTARIO
Tel: (905) 852-3381 1-888-KOCH-911
Fax: (905) 852-7821
NOTES:
INTALOX®, FLEXIPAC®, FLEXIPAC® HC®, GLITSCH GRID®, FLEXIGRID®, IMTP® ,
CASCADE MINI-RINGS®, β-ETA RING® and SNOWFLAKE® are registered trademarks Available exclusively form Koch-Glitsch, LP, FLEXIPAC® HC® Structured Packing
of Koch-Glitsch. is protected by US Patent 5,632,934 and other patents worldwide assigned to
Praxair Technology, Inc. Koch-Glitsch, LP is the exclusive worldwide licensee
of Praxair Technology, Inc. for the manufacture and sale of this packing in all
INTALOX® STRUCTURED PACKING: U.S. Patents No. 4,670,196 & 4,740,334 markets except for industrial gas separation.
The information contained in this bulletin is believed to be accurate and

reliable but is not to be construed as implying any warranty or guarantee of
performance.

Bulletin KGSP-1 2M0503E Printed in U.S.A.
Previous Index Next
Severe Services
®
Many refining separation processes as well as several fouling, the column operating conditions (temperature,
petrochemical and chemical processes are subject pressure, etc.) should be carefully optimized. In addition,
to severe operating conditions such as fouling, coking, it is often important to ensure that the mass transfer
erosion, corrosion and frequent upsets. Designing equipment is properly wetted to keep the equipment
tower internals capable of providing reliable unit opera- flushed clean. Proper equipment design will help to
tion in such severe conditions requires extensive expe- ensure that fouling accumulation is minimized.
rience.
Fouling Mechanisms
In order to properly design internals for severe services,
it is important to first identify the potential for the
severe conditions and then, develop a clear understand-
ing of the nature or cause of the problem. It is some-
times possible to modify operating conditions or the
process scheme to minimize the potential hazard.
However, in many cases the severe conditions cannot
be eliminated and the equipment has to be designed
accordingly.
Structured packing plugged with coke
There are also a few known processes where the solids

enter the column with the vapor or gas stream. In addi-
tion to fouling problems, these solid particles may also
result in an erosion problem for the equipment directly
exposed to the vapor stream.
Not all solids behave in the same manner inside the col-
umn. Solids in crystalline form are often easily removed
with sufficient liquid flow. Other solids, like coke and
polymers, once formed will stick to the mass transfer
device and will grow like a cancer. Performance (capaci-
ty, pressure drop and efficiency) of the equipment deteri-
orates over time as the amount of solids accumulate.
Dual Strainer designed to avoid fouling of the liquid Eventually, a column shutdown is required to clean or
distributor replace the fouled equipment.
There are a large number of known fouling mechanisms. Corrosion

Solid particles (such as pipe scale) often enter the col-
umn with the feed or reflux stream and can be easily Corrosion problems can often be properly corrected
removed with correct treatment of the liquid stream by with careful equipment material selection.
installing strainers or filters.
Packed bed systems subject to corrosion must also
In other instances, the solids are actually formed through allow for heavier gauge material designs than conven-
exposure to the operating conditions inside the column. tional packings which offer no allowance for corrosion.
Fouling of this nature can be created by a number of
mechanisms including coking, salt deposition, polymeriza-
tion, decomposition and other chemical or physical
interactions. To minimize the formation of this type of
1
Previous Index Next
Column Upsets
The operating conditions of some columns contain a
high risk for upsets or surges. A crude oil distillation
column with stripping steam is a good example of an
application that is subject to frequent upsets. The pres-
ence of any water (liquid phase) in the stripping steam
will result in a massive expansion of the volumetric flow
upon vaporization. This can create an upset force capa-
ble of damaging the tower internals, which will reduce
or completely eliminate equipment performance.
Proper startup, shutdown and operating procedures are

the best defense in eliminating equipment damage caused
by upsets. However, complete elimination of upsets is
not practical in many cases. The use of packings and
grids is often a good choice in these applications as the
extremely high open area of these devices (compared to
trays) allows the packing to better handle a sudden GLITSCH GRID® EF25A Structured Packing
increase in vapor rate. A full range of heavy-duty tower
internal designs is available from Koch-Glitsch to
increase the mechanical integrity of the equipment and This booklet provides information on quick sizing of
allow for improved unit reliability. packed columns for severe services. The following charts
provide information on hydraulic ratings. In addition,
History of Packing for Severe Service predictions of FLEXIGRID® and FLEXIPAC®
Structured Packing capacity and pressure drop can be
Koch-Glitsch pioneered the use of grid packing for obtained utilizing the KG-TOWER™ Software, which
severe service with the introduction of GLITSCH GRID® may be downloaded from the Koch-Glitsch website.
Structured Packing in 1962. Koch-Glitsch developed a www.koch-glitsch.com
number of different designs of grid packing that has
evolved over time based on years of commercial experi-
ence. Every detail of the grid design (including the grid
hardware), has been optimized to provide superior foul-
Severe Service Applications
ing resistance. As a result of these efforts, Koch-Glitsch’s
• Crude Atmospheric and Vacuum Tower Wash and
line of proven grid packings is the most fouling resistant.
Stripping Zones
• Lube Vacuum Tower Wash Zones
Koch-Glitsch has installed hundreds of grid packing
• Delayed Coker / Fluid Coker Scrubber Wash and
columns during the past forty years. This extensive
HCGO Pumparound Zones
experience list has also led to the steady and continuous
• FCCU Main Fractionator Slurry Pumparound Zones
development of packed tower internals (liquid distribu-
• Top Section of Refinery Fractionators
tors, vapor distributors, collectors, etc.) for severe servic-
• Visbreaker Fractionators
es. Reliable operation of the packed bed is not possible
• Pollution Control Scrubbers (SO2 and NOX Scrubbers)
without proper design of the internals. The packing
• Reactor Off-Gas Scrubbers
operates in conjunction with the internals as complete
• Ethylene Oil and Water Quench Columns
INTALOX® Packed Tower Systems.
• Acrylonitrile Quench and Absorption Columns
• Edible Oil Deodorizers
For more information regarding Koch-Glitsch column
internals, please ask for KGMTIG-1.
2
Previous Index Next
FLEXIGRID® and GLITSCH GRID® Structured Packing

FLEXIGRID and GLITSCH GRID structured packings are Fouling and Coking Resistance
specifically designed to provide reliable operation in severe
Blades of FLEXIGRID packing are bent out at an angle
services that are susceptible to fouling, erosion, coking and
from the vertical to induce turbulent contact between the
high solids content.
rising vapors and descending liquid. There are no horizon-
There are three distinct styles of FLEXIGRID structured tal surfaces on the packing so that the packing can drain
packing - FLEXIGRID packing styles 2, 3 and 4. Style 2 is freely and liquid and solids do not collect. This minimizes
optimized for maximum capacity, low liquid holdup and liquid residence time (or liquid holdup) which reduces the
minimum pressure drop and provides the greatest fouling potential for coking.
resistance. Style 3 provides improves efficiency because it
Coking in the wash zone of refinery fractionators (as well
has a larger projected area perpendicular to the gas flow
as polymerization in many other refinery and petrochemi-
(causing higher localized vapor velocities). Style 4 provides
cal applications) is often caused by dry-out due to vapor-
a greater specific surface area and higher heat transfer per-
ization from under-irrigated packing. Adequate wetting of
formance. GLITSCH GRID EF25A structured packing was
the packing is required to ensure that the packing is con-
one of the first grid packings ever applied and is still widely
tinually flushed clean. This allows for the removal of parti-
used in refineries around the world.
cles that can otherwise collect and begin the formation of
coke in this high temperature environment. The low sur-
face areas of FLEXIGRID and GLITSCH GRID packings
allow for excellent wettability at low liquid rates -- mean-
ing that the packing can remain adequately wetted at lower
liquid rates.
The large blade spacing provides large flow channels

through the grid so solid particles can be more easily
passed.
Corrosion and Erosion Resistance

FLEXIGRID and GLITSCH GRID packings are typically
manufactured from 16 gauge [1.5 mm] material, but upon
request are also available in 14 gauge [2 mm]. The stan-
dard 16 gauge [1.5 mm] packing thickness is 7 - 15 times
thicker than conventional sheet metal structured packings
and 3 - 5 times thicker than a typical random packing. This
FLEXIGRID® Style 3 High Efficiency Packing (Left) and increased packing thickness gives the packing a significantly
FLEXIGRID® Style 2 High Capacity Packing (Right) greater life in corrosive and/or erosive systems.
FLEXIGRID structured packing is constructed in 60" [1524 Materials of Construction

mm] long x 16" [406 mm] wide x 2.75" [70 mm] tall mod-
ules. The vertical, parallel blades of the packing are held in
Koch-Glitsch grid packings are available in a wide variety of
a fixed position with welded cross members. GLITSCH
materials including:
GRID EF25A packing is constructed in 60” [1524 mm] x
15” [381 mm] x 2.125” [54 mm] resistance welded mod- • Carbon Steel
ules. During installation in the tower, each successive layer • Stainless Steels, including Austenitic, Ferritic,
of the grid packing is rotated 45 degrees to the previous Martensitic; types 410/430, 304, 316 and 317 are
layer to achieve improved efficiency and enhance bed readily available
integrity. • Duplex Stainless Steel
• Nickel Alloys
3
Previous Index Next
FLEXIGRID® and GLITSCH GRID® Structured Packing

Resistance to Upsets High Capacity and Low Pressure Drop
Both the increased packing thickness and welded FLEXIGRID and GLITSCH GRID packings have an
construction provide a rigid framework that makes extremely high open area and thus provide higher
the packing very strong and resistant to damage dur- capacity and lower pressure drop than other packings
ing upsets. The top three layers of the grid are nor- (or trays). As a result, FLEXIGRID and GLITSCH
mally “J”- bolted together for increased mechanical GRID packings are used in pumparounds of refinery
strength. No other retaining device is usually required fractionator vacuum columns to increase throughput
because of the high open area and low pressure drop and minimize column pressure drop.
of FLEXIGRID and GLITSCH GRID packing.
When additional uplift protection is required, the

entire FLEXIGRID or GLITSCH GRID packing bed
can be held together with tie rods to form a continu-
ous structure which is highly resistant to mechanical
damage and upset.
FLEXIGRID® & GLITSCH GRID® FG 2 FG 3 FG 4 EF25A

Specific Surface Area 1)
ft /ft
2 3
13.7 13.7 20.4 11.3
m2/m3 45 45 67 37
Packing Weight2) lb/ft3 16.4 16.4 24.2 15.1
kg/m3 263 263 387 242
Layer Height inch 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.125
mm 70 70 70 54
1) Relative mass transfer efficiencies are highly dependent on packing geometry (blade design and angles) and can not be accurately
predicted using relative differences in the specific surface areas.
2) Packing weight is dependent on packing thickness and material type.
Droplet Removal Efficiency at V = 10.3 ft/sec [3.1 m/s] (Cs = 0.36 ft/s [0.11 m/s])
~12” [300mm] Thickness
120
100
Removal Efficiency, %
80
60 FLEXIGRID® 3
FLEXIGRID® 2
GLITSCH GRID® EF25A
FLEXIPAC® S™ 4Y
FLEXIPAC® S™ 3Y
40
0 20 40 60 80
Droplet Diameter, µm
4
Previous Index Next
Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2 Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2
FLEXIGRID 2 FLEXIGRID 3
gpm/ft 2 3
m /m h2 gpm/ft 2 m3/m 2 h
70 171 70 171
60 147 60 147
50 122 50 122
40 98 40 98
30 73 30 73
20 49 20 49
10 24 10 24
5 12
∆p, mbar/m
∆p, in wc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
∆p, in wc/ft
5 12
0 0 0 0
3 1/2
Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2 s,sm/s
FF , m/s• (kg/m
(kg/m)3 )1/2
•
FLEXIGRID 4 GLITSCH GRID EF25A

70 171 60 147
50 122 50 122
30 73 40 98
20 49 30 73
10 24 20 49
12 10 24
wc/ft)
5
0 5 12
wc/ft
0
∆p, mbar/m
mbar/m
0
wc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
0
∆p, in wc/ft

∆p,
∆p, in(in
∆p/Zin
∆p,
1/2
Fs, ft/s • (lb/ft3)1/2 Fss, ft/s

F (lb/ft3)3)1/2
ft/s •(lb/ft
•
5
FLEXIPAC® S Structured Packing Previous Index Next
FLEXIPAC® S Structured Packing is a minor adaptation

of conventional FLEXIPAC sheet metal structured packing.
It utilizes a smooth metal packing surface (as opposed to
conventional FLEXIPAC packing which contains surface
texturing) and is similar to the GEMPAK® AS Structured
Packing. The removal of the surface texturing eliminates
the small sites on the packing surface where fouling can
begin. FLEXIPAC S packing is suitable for moderately foul-
ing applications but does not provide the same reliability
and fouling protection as the FLEXIGRID and GLITSCH
GRID packing product lines.
FLEXIPAC S structured packing is also available in signifi-

cantly heavier gauge material than conventional FLEXIPAC
packing to provide improved corrosion and/or erosion
resistance.
FLEXIPAC® S 4Y/4X 3.5Y/3.5X 3Y/3X 2.5Y/2.5X

Normal Crimp Height inch 2 1.5 1 3
/4
mm 50 38 25 19
Specific Surface Area ft2/ft3 17 25 34 47
m2/m3 55 80 110 155
Available Thickness inch 0.008-0.080 0.008-0.080 0.008-0.016 0.008-0.016
mm 0.2-2.0 0.2-2.0 0.2-0.4 0.2-0.4
Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2 Fs, m/s • (kg/m3)1/2
FLEXIPAC S 3.5Y FLEXIPAC S 4Y

Liquid Loading
Liquid Loading Top Curve to Bottom
Top Curve to Bottom
50 122
50 122 98
98 40
40 30 73
30 73 49
49 20
20 10 24
10 24 12
12 5
5 0 0
0 0
∆p, in wc/ft

∆p, mbar/m
∆p, in wc/ft
∆p, mbar/m
System Air-Water, Ambient Tower: 3-ft Diameter

Tower: 3-ft Diameter
6
Model 943 Spray Nozzle Distributor Previous Index Next
Diameters 4 - 50 ft [1.2 - 15 m] Construction Details Design Options

and higher
Liquid rates 0.2 - 50 gpm/ft2 The header section is flanged for • Special piping design for fouling
[0.5 - 120 m3/ m2 h] and higher standard horizontal feed from the services
side of the tower. • Maximum free passage nozzles
Spray nozzle distributors are primarily used for for fouling services
heat transfer and refinery applications where good The Model 943 distributor is avail-
liquid coverage and complete wetting of the bed is able in any weldable metal for
necessary. They are commonly used in scrubbers which pipes, flanges and nozzles are
and in the wash and pumparound zones of refinery readily available. The inlet flange
fractionators. In heat transfer applications, the mates to a 150 psi [PN 10] flange.
liquid spray cone produced by the distributor Laterals attach to the main header
enhances heat transfer by providing contact with with flanged connections as the
the rising vapor before the liquid reaches the pack- standard.
ing.
For small diameter columns, the
Special design features are utilized by Koch-Glitsch ends of the header and laterals
are supported by clips as required.
when designing spray distributors in fouling servic- For larger diameter columns, later-
es such as the wash zones of refinery fractiona- als are attached to beams.
tors. These design features provide the following
benefits: Full cone spray nozzles with an
angle of 90° or 120° are the stan-
• Ensure high liquid velocities throughout the dard design for most applications.
distributor piping
• Eliminate dead areas in the distributor piping
where liquid can stagnate
• Provide free drainage of pipes and nozzles
• Allow for maximum plugging resistance of
the spray distributor by utilizing nozzles with
maximum free passage
• Optimize liquid coverage to the packing to
prevent dry spots (caused by low coverage),
and excessive flow to the tower wall (caused by
high coverage)
• Minimize entrainment by avoiding the formation
of mist and small droplets through careful
nozzle selection and design
The Model 943 spray nozzle distributor can be

designed for very low liquid rates because each
spray nozzle covers a large area of the tower. It
can utilize relatively large nozzle opening sizes so
each nozzle provides a reasonable flow, even at
low irrigation rates. This reduces the likelihood of
plugging compared to gravity style distributors that
utilize a greater drip point density and smaller
openings. The orifice size, in conjunction with the
significantly higher spray distributor liquid veloci-
ties, makes the spray distributor a more reliable
distributor in severe services operating at low liq-
uid rates.
The normal turndown ratio is 2 : 1. A typical

design pressure drop across the spray nozzles is
10 - 15 psi [0.7 - 1.0 bar].
7
Model 985 Trough Distributor with Weirs Previous Index Next
Diameters greater than 36 in. [900 mm] Construction Details Design Options
Liquid rates between 2 - 40 gpm/ft2
[5 - 100 m3/m2 h] The Model 985 distributor is fabri- • Clamped to support ring or
Weirs in troughs cated in sections for installation suspended from beams
Used for fouling services, preferably in through a vessel manway and can • Uplift resistant
combination with FLEXIGRID® Structured be designed with various support • Distribution notch shape
Packing methods, depending on specific • Guide channels
mechanical and process require-
The weir trough distributor is specifically designed ments.
for applications with severe fouling conditions and
high liquid flow rates. It is well suited for applica- For redistribution between packed
tions where the liquid feed stream contains solid beds, a separate liquid collector is
particles. This distributor is the preferred choice required.
for the slurry pumparound zone of an FCC Main
Fractionator.
Liquid is metered to the closed-end troughs by

large orifices or slots in the parting box(es). The
number of parting boxes required is dependent on
the tower diameter and the liquid flow rate.
Liquid discharges to the packing from large slots
in the troughs which are arranged in a uniform
pattern across the tower cross sectional area at a
typical pour point density of 2 - 4 points/ft2
[20 - 40 points/m2]. The vertical slots provide
improved flow distribution compared with V-
notches. In the event that the vertical slot
becomes plugged, the top portion of the slot is
equipped with a triangular-shaped emergency
overflow opening.
Liquid is proportionately metered to the closed-

end troughs by one or more parting boxes. The
normal turndown ratio is 2.5 : 1. Higher turn-
down ratios can be achieved with a special parting
box design.
8
Previous Index Next
Model 798 Vapor Distributor for FCC Main Fractionators

Diameters greater than 5 ft [1.5 m] Construction Details Design Options
Used for heavy fouling services, preferably
in combination with FLEXIGRID® The Model 798 vapor distributor • Corrosion and Erosion
Structured Packing is fabricated in sections for instal- allowance
lation through a vessel manway • High temperature resistant
The slurry vapor distributor is a Koch-Glitsch and is supported by tower wall design
proprietary vapor distribution device that was clips.
specifically designed for distribution of the FCC
Main Fractionator feed gas below the slurry
pumparound bed. The design was developed from CFD Modeling of FCC Feed Inlet Systems
experience and lessons learned from several
attempts to apply more conventional vapor dis-
tributor designs which were unable to withstand m/s
the severe conditions of erosion and coking.
Unlike other vapor distribution devices, this dis-

tributor is free of horizontal surfaces that will
allow liquid to collect and begin the formation of
coke. In addition, the sturdy design allows the
device to withstand the presence of catalyst fines
that will inevitably enter with the reactor vapor.
As a result, this is the only vapor distribution
device available that has been proven to withstand
these severe conditions over a long period of
time.
The vapor distributor for FCC Main Fractionators is

typically utilized when there is a concern about
severe vapor maldistribution of the feed gas to
the slurry pumparound bed. The cause of this
maldistribution is due to excessive inlet nozzle
velocities or a close spacing between the nozzle
inlet and the bottom of the packed bed. Improper
vapor distribution will result in areas with unbal- Vapor distribution without a Model 798 vapor distributor
anced vapor-to-liquid ratios across the tower.
Locally high vapor rates will displace the liquid
and will increase the potential for coking in the m/s
slurry pumparound bed.
The vapor distribution quality improvement creat-

ed by this device has been validated by commer-
cial experience as well as detailed Computational
Fluid Dynamic (CFD) modeling performed by
Koch-Glitsch.
Vapor distribution with a Model 798 vapor distributor
9
Model 758 Enhanced Vapor Horn Previous Index Next

Suitable for vapor-only, mixed
liquid-vapor or flashing feeds The enhanced vapor horn is avail- • Radial or tangential inlets
able in any weldable metal and is • Multiple feed inlets
Vapor horns have been utilized primarily for two designed for field welded assembly • Heavy-duty design for increased
phase inlets of refinery fractionators. These to provide maximum strength and uplift protection
devices are designed to provide both bulk phase reliability. • CFD analysis
separation of the vapor and liquid as well as initial • Wear plates
distribution of the feed vapor. Performance of This technology can be successfully
these feed inlet devices is critical to ensure ade- adapted to a wide variety of feed
quate gas oil quality and yield, maximum column inlet configurations including both
capacity and proper wash bed performance. Koch- radial and tangential feed nozzles as
Glitsch’s proprietary enhanced vapor horn, an well as the use of multiple feed
extension of conventional vapor horn technology, inlets.
provides improved vapor distribution and
de-entrainment of the feed.
For vapor/liquid phase separation, the open bot-

tom construction and the centrifugal action
induced to the feed stream will direct entrained
liquid particles to the column wall, where they will
flow down into the column sump or collector tray
below.
The patented enhanced vapor horn employs baf-

fles, in a proprietary arrangement, to avoid exces-
sive impingement and feed splashing which can
result in the formation of small liquid particles that
are more likely to be re-entrained. The baffles
help break the high feed inlet velocity for both
improved vapor distribution and de-entrainment.
Uniform velocity (in both the vertical and horizon-
tal direction) is desired to minimize re-entrain-
ment of liquid.
Once the bulk phase separation is complete and

the swirling motion is no longer desirable, patent-
ed anti-swirl baffles eliminate the cyclonic motion
of the vapor.
Koch-Glitsch has applied both large scale laborato-

ry testing and CFD analysis to evaluate, optimize
and validate the de-entrainment and vapor distri-
bution performance. Koch-Glitsch has hundreds of
commercial installations of this technology in
columns with diameters up to 50 ft [15 m].
10
Previous Index Next
Model 768 EVENFLOW™ Vane Type Vapor Distributor

Preferred for vapor-only feed
Multi-piece construction is sup- • Field welded construction
The Model 768 EVENFLOW™ vane type vapor plied for installation through a • Attachment to existing flange
distributor is used for high energy vapor inlet vessel manway. Flanged and bolt- • CFD analysis
streams entering through a radial inlet. Although ed construction is supplied as the
the device has been utilized in applications with standard. Field welded construc-
high velocity mixed phase feeds, the performance tion is an available option.
of the device is best when limited to vapor-only
feeds. The inlet attachment requires
welding to the vessel wall.
Baffles used in conjunction with a tapered configu- Additional support clips welded
ration provide vapor distribution with minimal to the vessel may be required.
pressure drop. The curved baffle plates partition As an option, attachment can
the inlet vapor stream into multiple small seg- be made to an existing
ments, reducing the velocity and directing the internal nozzle flange.
segmented streams horizontally across the column
area.
Performance of the EVENFLOW vapor distributor

has been validated using CFD analysis as well as
numerous successful commercial installations.
Model 622 Trough Style Liquid Collector for Fouling Services

Diameters greater than 3 ft [900 mm] Construction Details Design Options
Used for fouling services, preferably in
combination with FLEXIGRID® Structured At high operating temperatures, • Sump configurations
Packing the thermal expansion of the • Emergency overflow downpipe
metal is too great to permit • De-entrainment hats
The Model 622 trough collector is specially these collectors to be fully seal- • Thermal expansion design
designed for liquid collection below a packed bed welded without risk of cracking • High temperature resistant
in applications where liquid hold-up must be mini- or damage to the welds during design
mized to avoid coking or fouling. It is the pre- operation. For these applica-
ferred design for the overflash collector tray in tions, Koch-Glitsch offers a
Deepcut Crude Vacuum Towers. number of special mechanical
enhancements to allow the
The decks, hats and/or sumps are sloped to mini- necessary thermal expansion
mize the liquid residence time. A uniform riser without excessive leakage.
pattern is utilized to provide good vapor distribu-
tion to the packing. The open area of the riser is
carefully optimized to provide the lowest possible
pressure drop while still maintaining proper vapor
distribution.
This collector is often equipped with an emer-

gency overflow pipe to avoid excessive liquid resi-
dence time and/or spill-over down the vapor
chimneys in the event that the side draw is tem-
porarily lost.
11
CFD Modeling Services Previous Index Next
Good vapor distribution is essential to achieve superior No single device offered a pressure drop advantage. The
separation efficiency. Poor vapor distribution can be calculated pressure drop across all three devices was
a major source of coke formation resulting in frequent essentially the same (within 0.5 mm Hg of each other).
unit shutdowns. Koch-Glitsch uses modern Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling technology to analyze the The feed particle paths and velocity profiles in a number of
performance of existing equipment and to develop new different planes were carefully studied to determine the
improved designs. This involves computer modeling of the design having the best vapor distribution and estimated de-
3-dimensional configuration of the column internals to entrainment removal efficiency.
provide detailed predictions of fluid flow (velocity profiles,
etc.). A commercially available CFD software package is In this particular case, the enhanced vapor horn with the
used in conjunction with expertise developed by Koch- radial inlet nozzle produced the most uniform velocity
profile to the wash bed and was selected as the optimum
Glitsch to analyze vapor and liquid distributors as well as
configuration. The improved vapor distribution from this
packing performance. device eliminated the need to design the overflash collec-
tor tray with an increased pressure drop to further
Koch-Glitsch offers CFD services for the following tasks: improve vapor distribution to the packed bed.
• Development and optimization of new mass transfer
equipment
• Troubleshooting or analysis of existing equipment
• Confirmation of equipment designs prior to
fabrication and installation
CFD Feed Inlet Optimization

A CFD study was used to help determine the optimum
feed inlet design of a 29.5 ft [9.0 m] diameter Crude
Vacuum Tower. Three different designs were modeled for
the study:
• Model 758 Enhanced Vapor Horn with radial inlet

• Model 768 EVENFLOW Vapor Distributor
• Model 758 Enhanced Vapor Horn with tangential inlet
The entire flash zone design was modeled as a complete

system and included the design of the overflash collector
tray to predict the vapor distribution to the bottom of the
wash bed.
Model 768 EVENFLOW™ Vapor Distributor
Model 758 Enhanced Vapor Horn with radial inlet Model 758 Enhanced Vapor Horn with tangential inlet
Note: White areas in the CFD study indicate negative-downward-vapor flow
12
Uplift Resistant Internals Design Previous Index Next
The industry standard practice for the mechanical

design of tower internals is limited to a normal operat-
ing load and a maintenance load. This standard design
criteria does not consider upset or uplift design condi-
tions. For towers prone to upsets, it is recommended
that the design of the tower internals be upgraded for
a heavy-duty uplift resistance. The additional expense
for the upgraded design often pays for itself by reduc-
ing the risk of equipment damage that can lead to sig-
nificant losses in production, poor product quality
and/or an unplanned unit shutdown.
Since upsets are generally unsteady conditions, it is

extremely difficult to predict the force generated by a Hold down grid with through rod design for a structured
specific column upset. Two levels of uplift protection packing or grid bed
are generally offered depending on the amount of pro-
tection desired --1 psi and 2 psi [52 and 104 mmHg]
net uplift. Koch-Glitsch utilizes a "net" uplift force in
the design calculations -- meaning that the 1 or 2 psi
upset force is the total upward force used in the
calculation -- the 1 or 2 psi force is not reduced by
the downward force created by the weight of the
internals.
A variety of different hardware configurations is avail-

able to provide a given level of uplift protection. For Hold-Down Rod
packed systems, a high-strength hold-down grid
is typically used when uplift protection is needed.
A common design used for short beds of grid and Grid
structured packed beds utilizes rods through the
packed bed so the packed bed becomes a single struc-
tural element. This design often eliminates the need
for larger support structures that can interfere with
the vapor and liquid flow and increase the possibility of
fouling or coking.
Typical Applications
• Steam strippers or steam stripping sections of
refinery fractionators
• Wash sections of Crude Atmospheric, Crude Vacuum,

Lube Vacuum and Coker Main Fractionator Towers
• Slurry pumparound section of FCC Main

Fractionators
Special uplift protection design for a parting box of a liquid

distributor
13
KFBE™ Packing for FCC Strippers Previous Index Next
KFBE™ Structured Packing was specifically developed by

Koch-Glitsch to meet the demanding needs of gas-solid
fluidized bed systems. Robust and efficient, KFBE distrib-
utes gas and solid flows evenly, breaks up large gas bubbles
and enhances gas-solid contact without restricting flow or
creating areas of solids stagnation. The result is higher
capacity, increased efficiency and a stable fluidization profile
maintained over a wide range of operating conditions.
KFBE packing has been successfully applied in numerous

FCC Spent Catalyst Stripper applications. Although disc
and donut or shed-deck type trays have been traditionally
used, these designs can easily block 50% of the available
cross-sectional area, thereby restricting catalyst circulation
and overall unit performance. With more refiners facing
catalyst circulation and stripping efficiency limitations, there
is an increasing need for higher capacity and more efficient
stripper internals. KFBE packing has met this challenge by
allowing full use of the vessel cross-sectional area, eliminat-
ing catalyst stagnation and fully activating the available
stripper volume. Capacity, residence time and stripping effi-
ciency are simultaneously increased with a corresponding
improvement in overall unit performance and operating
flexibility. Stripping steam is also reduced resulting in less KFBE™ Structured Packing element
steam traffic to the FCC Main Fractionator and a reduc-
tion in sour water discharge. Additional benefits are:
• Increased hydrocarbon recovery
• Increased hydraulic stability
• Increased residence time
• Reduced regenerator oxygen demand
• Reduced regenerator operating temperature
KFBE packing provides operating flexibility and allows sys-
tem optimization to meet plant production requirements
for both retrofit and new installations. The KFBE packing is FCCU Reactor
free flowing and constructed to meet life cycle require-
ments.
Regenerator
KFBE™ Structured Packing
14
Crude Distillation Unit Previous Index Next
Atmospheric
Tower
LPG & LSR Naphtha
Flue Gas
Vacuum
Steam Tower
Vent Gas
Hvy Naphtha
Steam
LVGO
Kerosene
Steam
Diesel
HVGO
Crude Oil
Steam
AGO
Atmospheric
Heater Steam
Steam
Slop Wax
Atm Resid
Vacuum Vacuum Resid
Heater
Fouling, corrosion and equipment damage uppermost tower internals is critical for the wash section to provide further
due to upsets are common obstacles to corrosion protection. For most crude improvements in de-entrainment and
reliable operation in a Crude Distillation units, trays with fouling-resistant fixed valve fractionation for units operating with
Unit. Crude Vacuum Towers are almost units are recommended for the greatest heavy crudes or deep cut points.
exclusively packed to allow minimum protection from fouling and corrosion
pressure drop as well as high capacity and products. Packing can also be used when Through rods and/or heavy-duty hold-
product yields. Packing in the Crude necessary by utilizing proper equipment down grids are often recommended to
Atmospheric Tower is often employed in designs. A heavier, more corrosion-resist- increase the protection from damage due
the capacity-limited pumparound zones ant packing (such as FLEXIGRID, GLITSCH to an upset.
and in the wash section. FLEXIPAC GRID or FLEXIPAC S structured packing)
structured packing in the Atmospheric is generally recommended for these Model 943 spray nozzle distributors,
Tower wash zone offers improved de- cases. with the special anti-fouling design
entrainment and fractionation, greater features, are typically recommended for
capacity and effective operation at a sig- Wash Section distribution of the wash oil to the top
nificantly lower overflash rate compared of the bed. The larger spray nozzle
to trays. The wash zones in both the Atmospheric orifices, in conjunction with the signifi-
and Vacuum Crude Distillation Towers are cantly higher distributor velocities, make
Atmospheric Crude Tower subject to all types of severe conditions-- the spray distributor a more reliable
fouling/coking, frequent upsets and corro- distributor than other distributor types
Corrosion and fouling due to salt deposi- sion. FLEXIGRID style 3 or GLITSCH at the low wash oil rates.
tion in the top section of the crude GRID EF25A packing is the preferred
tower and other refinery fractionators packing of choice in crude unit wash For very light crudes,Vacuum Columns
is common due to the low overhead zones due to its resistance to fouling, with a low flash zone temperature and/or
operating temperatures. The severity heavy-duty construction and good Lube Vacuum Columns -- with moderate
is dependent on the specific operating de-entrainment capabilities. FLEXIGRID risk for fouling and coke formation -- a
conditions (temperature and pressure), packing is frequently used in conjunction Model 156 or 986 trough type liquid
crude type and crude desalter perform- with FLEXIPAC S structured packing in distributor may also be considered.
ance. Careful material selection for the
15
Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit Previous Index Next
FCC Reactor
/Regenerator
FCC
Main Fractionator
Steam
Rich Sponge Oil
Steam Fuel Gas

Air
LCO
Lean Sponge Oil
HCO Primary
Absorber
Sponge Oil
Absorber
Stripper
Slurry to Debutanizer
Flash Zone FCC Main Fractionator Slurry Pumparound

The Model 758 Enhanced Vapor Horn is Structured packing in the Fluid Catalytic The high temperature environment in
the preferred flash zone equipment for Cracking Main Fractionator Unit offers the slurry pumparound is prone to coke
optimum vapor distribution and feed de- increased capacity, lower pressure drop formation. In addition, catalyst fines
entrainement. and improved efficiency compared to from the reactor are introduced into the
trays. The lower pressure drop can offer Main Fractionator with the vapor feed.
Stripping Section a number of valuable benefits: The catalyst fines are often found as high
The stripping sections are prone to foul- up as the HCO pumparound and can
ing and have a high potential for upsets • Increased gasoline yields cause erosion problems and plugging of
due to the presence of steam. High per- • Reduced load on wet gas compressor, liquid distributor orifices.
formance fixed valve trays with heavy regenerator and/or air blower
duty uplift designs are generally recom- • Reduced coke formation on catalyst Koch-Glitsch pioneered the use of grid
mended for the stripping sections. Koch- • Improved octane number of gasoline packing in the slurry pumparound zone
Glitsch offers a full line of fouling resist- in FCC units and has the most installa-
ant fixed valve trays. Severe conditions in the lower sections -- tions of grid packing in this application.
particularly the slurry pumparound zone The superior fouling resistance and high
FCC Reactor/Regenerator -- require special equipment design con- capacity of the FLEXIGRID style 2 pack-
siderations. In addition, refiners that run ing make it the preferred packing selec-
KFBE packing maximizes stripper effi- unhydrotreated feeds, purchased feeds tion for the slurry pumparound zone.
ciency, residence time and catalyst circu- from a barge or tanker, or resid may also
lation in FCC Spent Catalyst Strippers. experience corrosion and fouling prob- Koch-Glitsch offers special liquid and
Regenerator temperature and after-burn lems in the upper most tower internals vapor distributor designs (Model 985
are reduced. Overall unit performance similar to problems seen in the top and 798) which have been developed
and operating flexibility are improved. section of other refinery fractionators. and enhanced specifically for this
application.
16
Delayed and Fluid Coker Units Previous Index Next
Coker
Main Fractionator C3/C4
Naphtha
Steam
LCGO
Steam
HCGO
Feed
Coke
Water
Steam
The Coker Main Fractionator is one of these higher capacity devices can also HCGO Pumparound
the most severe distillation services in a provide an increase in gas oil yield by
refinery. The heavy material processed allowing a lower coke drum pressure. The HCGO pumparound is usually the
in the high temperature environment is capacity bottleneck of the Coker
very prone to coking. In addition, the Cleanup/Wash Section Fractionator. The potential for fouling in
drum switches, resulting in drastic load this section remains very high. When
changes to the fractionator, increase the FLEXIGRID packing is more frequently high capacity trays can no longer provide
likelihood of damage to the tower inter- used in the wash section for towers the desired capacity, FLEXIGRID packing
nals. The top section of the Fractionator that require a higher quality heavy coker style 2 can be installed in the HCGO
is also prone to the corrosion and salt gas oil (HCGO) and operate at very pumparound section.
deposition problems that are seen in high vapor velocities. FLEXIGRID
other refinery fractionators. packing provides better efficiency than
spray chambers, thus allowing better
Most Coker Main Fractionators are ini- de-entrainment of coke fines and
tially designed with conventional valve or improved fractionation of the tail of the
sieve trays. However, there are many HCGO product. FLEXIGRID packing
cases where an expansion in capacity style 2 is recommended due to its supe-
requires the use of either high capacity rior fouling resistance and higher capaci-
trays or structured/grid packings. ty.
Pressure drop savings obtained with
17
Ethylene Quench Unit Previous Index Next
Primary Water
Fractionator Quench Column
Dilution Steam To Compressor
Train
Feedstock
Fuel Oil
Aromatics
Water
In Ethylene (Olefins) Plants, the potential While these devices are resistant to resulting in greater heat recovery from
for significant fouling exists in the fouling, they also have poor efficiency the Ethylene Quench Unit.
Quench Columns that are used to cool which can be improved by the use of
the hot process gas from the cracking FLEXIGRID and FLEXIPAC S packings. In the upper section of these columns,
furnaces. Coke fines from the cracking At the bottom of the column (nearest where fouling is less of a concern, high
furnaces are entrained with the vapor to the cracked gas inlet), FLEXIGRID performance IMTP® Random Packing is
to the first column in the Quench Unit. packing style 2 is often used to maxi- used to provide greater efficiency for
This first column will be an Oil Quench mize the column capacity and minimize additional fractionation or increased
(Primary Fractionator) or a Water the fouling from the entrained coke cooling of the process gas.
Quench Column, depending upon solids. As the vapor cools and the worst
whether the plant has been designed to fouling is eliminated, the packing type With the coke fines being washed from
crack naphtha liquids or ethane and can be changed to FLEXIGRID packing the process vapor, the liquid at the
propane gases. style 3 or 4, GLITSCH GRID EF25A or bottom of the quench column is usually
FLEXIPAC S packings for high efficiency dirty. Recirculating the liquid in the
In older Ethylene Units, the column sec- while retaining effective fouling resist- bottom pumparound calls for a fouling
tion above the cracked gas inlet will ance. As a result of the additional pack- resistant liquid distributor design such
often contain open-type trays such as ing efficiency, the liquid outlet tempera- as the Koch-Glitsch Model 943 spray
angle trays, baffle trays or splash decks. ture from the column can be increased, nozzle distributor or 985 trough distrib-
utor with weirs.
18
Previous Index Next


Tel: (316) 828-5110 Tel: +39-035-328-611 Tel: +81-3-5435-8560
Fax: (316) 828-5263 Fax: +39-035-328-600 Fax: +81-3-3491-3523

King Street, Fenton
UNITED KINGDOM
Tel: +44-1782-744-561
Tel: (713) 427-7600 Tel: +82-2-3775-2650
Fax: +44-1782-744-330
Fax: (713) 427-7613 Fax: +82-2-2780-1954

Tel: (214) 583-3000 MUMBAI 400074, INDIA
Fax: (214) 583-3377 Tel: +91-22-2520-2050
Fax: +91-22-2520-2040
Koch-Glitsch, LP
18 Dallas St.
UXBRIDGE, ONTARIO
Tel: (905) 852-3381 1-888-KOCH-911
Fax: (905) 852-7821
INTALOX®, IMTP®, FLEXIPAC®, FLEXIGRID®, GLITSCH GRID® and GEMPAK® NOTES:

The illustrations of column internals show one possible configuration
are registered trademarks of Koch-Glitsch. for each internal model and are intended to demonstrate the overall
function of each model. Actual internals are optimized in response to
Enhanced Vapor Horn U.S. Patents No. 5,106,544 & 5,605,654 specific process conditions and may have construction details that dif-
KFBE™ Structured Packing U.S. Patent No. 6,224,833 fer from those indicated in this brochure.
The information contained in this bulletin is believed to be accurate
and reliable but is not to be construed as implying any warranty or
guarantee of performance.

Bulletin KGSS-1 2M0503E Printed in U.S.A.
Previous Index Next
Packed Tower Internals
®
Packed Tower Internals Guide Previous Index Next
Koch-Glitsch’s dedication to provide For information regarding Koch-Glitsch random developed and acquired proven internals
state-of-the-art mass transfer equip- and structured packings, please ask for and technology for packed columns from
ment is demonstrated in a complete brochures KGRP-1, KGIMTP-1 and KGSP-1. Glitsch and Saint-Gobain NorPro. As a
line of packed tower internals, devel- result of these acquisitions, Koch-Glitsch
oped through extensive testing and Hydraulic flow testing is used to confirm has identified and now offers the best
years of experience with mass transfer the performance of INTALOX liquid dis- products and technology from each com-
equipment, such as INTALOX® High tributors. Computational Fluid Dynamics pany. Because of these changes, product
Performance Distribution Systems. By (CFD) analysis is available for verification model designations have also changed.
understanding the important role of liq- of vapor distribution designs. Ask your The column internals models listed in this
uid and vapor distribution, Koch-Glitsch Koch-Glitsch representative about these brochure represent the majority of rec-
can confidently design packed columns optional services. ommended column internals for use
to provide predictable performance. today.
Koch-Glitsch recognizes that not all
INTALOX® Packed Tower Systems com- packed towers require state-of-the-art Of course, exact replacements of any
bine INTALOX high performance liquid liquid distribution uniformity. Koch- column internal formerly sold by Koch,
and vapor distribution with high perform- Glitsch offers a wide range of traditional Glitsch or Norton (NorPro) are available
ance packings such as: style internals, used over many years in upon request and can be supplied, designed
less demanding services. This brochure and built to their original specifications.
- FLEXIPAC®, FLEXIPAC® HC®, describes the importance of liquid and
INTALOX® or Wire Gauze Structured vapor distribution and the circumstances Versions of many of the internals described
Packings in which INTALOX Packed Tower in this catalog are also available in a variety
- IMTP® or SNOWFLAKE® High Systems should be applied. of FRP and thermoplastic materials. For infor-
Performance Random Packing mation regarding these products, please ask
- CASCADE MINI RINGS® or Over the years, Koch Engineering for brochure KGPTIG-1.
β-ETA RING® Random Packings Company, Inc., now Koch-Glitsch, has
Table of Contents
Device Type and Description Old NorPro Old Koch Old Glitsch Page
Model Model Model Model
Liquid Distributors
INTALOX® High Performance Liquid Distributors
106 Pan distributor 106 7
116 Deck distributor 116 8
126 Channel distributor with bottom orifices 126 320 8
136 Channel distributor with drip tubes 136 321 9
141 Tubular distributor 330 POH-921 10
156 Trough distributor with enhanced baffle plates 312 NTD-721 10
186 Trough distributor with drip tubes 186 311 TNT-727 11
INTALOX High Performance Liquid Redistributors
®
107 Pan redistributor 107 7

117 Deck redistributor with bottom orifices 117 8
127 Channel redistributor with bottom orifices 127 8
137 Channel redistributor with drip tubes 137 9
Traditional Performance Liquid Distributors
905 Pan distributor with V-notch risers 798 306 NRD-651 12
906 Pan distributor with bottom orifices 845 DRO-601 12
916 Deck distributor with bottom orifices 816, 916 301 A,B,D RTD-551- 554 13
926 Channel distributor with bottom orifices 1016 13
976 Trough distributor with bottom orifices 14
985 Trough distributor with weirs 806 310, 302 VND-701,711 14
986 Trough distributor drip tubes TNT-727 15
996 Trough distributor with drip point multipliers TNS 34
Traditional Performance Liquid Redistributors
917 Deck redistributor with bottom orifice 817, 917 301 A,B,D RTD-552-554 13
927 Channel redistributor with bottom orifice 1017 301 A,B,D RTD-552-554 13
Enclosed Channel and Pressure Fed Liquid Distributors
941 Pipe-arm distributor with orifices 844 342, 304 POH-901 16
943 Spray nozzle distributor 1044 344, 305 SNH-951-X 16
961 Enclosed channel distributor for offshore applications 874 17
1
Previous Index Next
Device Type and Description Old NorPro Old Koch Old Glitsch Page
Model Model Model Model
Feed Devices
Liquid Feed Devices 18
119 INTALOX® High Performance Liquid Only Feed Pipe 119, 129 340 19
719 Liquid only feed pipe 719, 729 19
Mixed Liquid/Vapor and Flash Feed Devices
705 Flashing feed chamber 855 20
745 Flashing feed pipe 655 300 RFD-561 20
755 Flashing or mixed phase feed gallery 755 341 RFD-571 21
758 Enhanced vapor horn 192 360, 361 VDA-992 22
765 Suppressed flashing feed distributor 144 34
788 Enhanced V-baffle vapor inlet diffuser 350 VDV-994 21
798 Vapor inlet for FCC Main Fractionators 34
Vapor Feed and Distribution Devices
716 Deck type vapor distributor 896 CTD-531 23
746 Lateral arm vapor distributor 198 342 VDP-991 23
748 Vapor diffuser 196 24
768 EVENFLOW™ Vane Type Vapor Distributor 194 351 24
Liquid Collectors
611 Deck style liquid collector 833 501 CTD-501 25
613 Deck style liquid collector for offshore application 34
621 Trough style liquid collector 733 500 CTD-521 25
622 Trough style liquid collector for fouling services 34
633 Chevron vane liquid collector 633 510, 511 26
Packing Bed Limiters 27
803 Structured packing bed limiter, non-interfering 133 403 HDG-421 27
805 Random packing bed limiter, non-interfering 103 401 BLM-461 28
815 Anti-migration screen between different packing sizes 111 34
825 Random packing bed limiter 823 BLM-451 28
845 Bed limiter used in combination with spray distributors 822 34
883 Structured packing bed limiter/liquid distributor support 29
Packing Support Plates 30

802 S tructured packing support grid 134 102 HPS-121 30
804 Random packing gas injection support plate 804 101R UTS-201 31
814 Random packing gas injection support plate, small diameter 818 101 UTS-218 31
824 Light duty random packing support plate 809 103 UTS-209 32
General Details and Other Topics

Construction details 33
Special tower internals 34
2
Liquid Distribution Previous Index Next
Liquid Distribution As a general rule: Redistribution
Liquid distributors are used in packed • Koch-Glitsch INTALOX high perform- The decision of when to install more
columns above each bed of packing. ance distributors are used typically than one packed bed and redistribute the
The distributor, depending upon its with FLEXIPAC, FLEXIPAC HC, liquid is somewhat more involved.There
design features, is elevated between INTALOX and wire gauze structured are six major reasons to split a packed
0 to 8 in. [0-200mm] above the packing. packings or IMTP, SNOWFLAKE, bed and redistribute the liquid:
The space is determined by the distribu- CMR and β-ETA RING high perform-
tor type and the vertical height required ance random packings in the following • Feed introduction
to disengage the vapor phase from the services: distillation, processes • Product side draw
packing before it flows through the dis- approaching equilibrium or heat-trans- • High theoretical stage count
tributor gas passage area. fer applications with close approach • Desire to cross-mix the liquid
temperature. • Liquid maldistribution
An ideal distributor possesses the fol- • Physical weight of the packed bed
lowing attributes, each having a specific • Koch-Glitsch “traditional” distributors
effect on the overall performance of the are generally used with traditional Introduction of a liquid or vapor feed to
packed tower: packings (FLEXIRING® and HY-PAK® a column requires a space in the packing
Random Packings, plastic Super and redistribution of the liquid phase.
• Uniform liquid distribution INTALOX® Saddles, FLEXIGRID® Important factors to keep in mind with
• Proper operation through its and GLITSCH GRID® Structured the introduction of a liquid feed are the
turn-down range Packings) in general absorption, strip- temperature and composition of the feed
• Low vapor phase pressure drop ping and heat transfer applications. stream compared to the internal column
• Resistance to plugging or fouling Traditional distributors take advantage liquid. Normally, unless the feed rate is
• Optimal use of vessel height for of standardized, pre-engineered design small compared to the flow rate of the
and the optimal use of raw materials. internal column liquid, it is desirable to
proper performance
These distributors do not generally mix the feed with the internal liquid to
• Minimal liquid residence time provide liquid flow uniformity compa- provide compositional uniformity before
• Mixing capability for redistribution rable to INTALOX high performance distributing it to the packed bed below.
to the next bed distributors. It is also advisable to mix the feed
stream and internal liquid when their
The introduction of high performance As always, there are exceptions to the temperatures are significantly different.
tower packings in the 1970’s and 1980’s general rules. Occasionally… The degree of the thoroughness of the
accentuated the design deficiencies of mixing depends upon the magnitude of
distributors available at the time. In • High performance packing may be the differences and to what extent the
response, Koch-Glitsch introduced dis- used with traditional distributors in gradients are expected to affect the
tributors with features to correct these cases when only certain aspects of overall performance.
deficiencies. These important features a high performance packing are
are well understood by Koch-Glitsch and desired. An example would be to Liquid cross-mixing and maldistribution
have been incorporated in the family of take advantage of the high capacity correction often go hand-in-hand. When
INTALOX high performance distributors. of IMTP packing or the low pressure a packed column is designed with a large
drop of FLEXIPAC HC structured number of theoretical stages or transfer
Koch-Glitsch offers two categories of packing, when the separation efficiency units, a constant liquid to vapor ratio
liquid distributors to meet the require- demands are not high. (L/V) is needed to achieve the best over-
ments of specific applications. In deter- all column performance. Redistribution
mining which category to choose, it is • Traditional packing may be used with of the liquid ensures that the L/V ratio is
necessary to know the sensitivity of the high performance distributors in cases maintained, while cross-mixing between
process and whether the liquid distribu- when a process is licensed and speci- beds ensures uniform composition.
tion will significantly affect the overall fied with a certain type of packing.
tower performance. Based on Koch-Glitsch’s operating expe-
rience, a rule-of-thumb is to limit a single
packed bed to no more than 20 theoreti-
cal stages or transfer units. Consult a
Koch-Glitsch technical representative for
further details. Note that in some spe-
cial circumstances, Koch-Glitsch applies
more restrictive rules than those dis-
cussed above.
3
Liquid Distribution Quality Previous Index Next
Perfect liquid distribution is defined as The chart below demonstrates the overall properly meters liquid flow to the distrib-
providing equal liquid per unit area of the effect that can be expected with various utor without inducing excessive horizontal
packed bed surface. Theoretically this levels of distribution quality. The maxi- velocities, gradients in liquid head or
would require an infinite number of liquid mum maldistribution that can be tolerated turbulence. Pre-distribution is achieved
streams, all at identical flow. This is clearly in a packed bed is strongly dependent on by the use of feed pipes, pre-distribution
impossible. A number of factors such as the product composition, the relative channels and/or parting boxes. The design
orifice size, fouling potential and mechani- volatility, the liquid to vapor ratio, etc. of the pre-distribution system becomes
cal construction limit the ability to make Koch-Glitsch considers all these aspects increasingly complex as the specific
the "perfect" distributor. INTALOX high as well as others while designing packed liquid rate and/or the column diameter
performance distributors approach perfec- columns. increases.
tion by applying the following criteria:
Liquid Rate and Cross Flow
• Drip points located in a uniform Capability
pattern
• Drip point positions uninterrupted by As the liquid rate on a distributor is
vapor chimneys or mechanical supports increased, the cross flow capability of the
• Drip points properly spaced with distributor and its pre-distribution system
respect to the vessel wall become more critical. Since gravity fed
• Minimal variation in flow between drip distributors are dependent on liquid level
points to determine flow, the liquid must be
carefully balanced in order to provide
Koch-Glitsch "traditional" distributors point-to-point flow uniformity. It is
have less uniform distribution patterns important that the pre-distribution system
and liquid flow than the INTALOX high
performance distributors. This is due to
significant standardization and pre-engi-
The effect of liquid distribution quality on tower
neering of the traditional internals to opti-
mize their construction and to fit them The Effect ofis Liquid
performance shown byDistribution Quality
these actual results:
for a wide range of conditions. This opti-
mized, standardized design makes tradi- 20
tional distributors an economical alterna- 20
tive. Traditional distributors have been 18
used successfully for many years in a wide Stages Per Bed With
Stages per BedBase
System with HETP
range of applications. System Base HETP 20
bedof Packing
16
Koch-Glitsch developed a distributor rat- 16
ing system to quantify distributor per-
formance or "distribution quality". The
14 16
rating uses a percentage scale with theo-
Bed
retical perfection set at 100%. Low per- 12 12

12
Perper
centage ratings reflect areas of the column

that are receiving liquid flow significantly
stages
10
different from other areas.
Stages
Actual Actual
INTALOX high performance distributors 8 88

are always recommended for:
• Distillation services with high stage 6

count per bed
4
• Distillation systems with a low relative 4
volatility
• High purity product distillation services 2
• Distillation services operating near the
minimum reflux ratio or close to a pinch
0
point
• Absorption or stripping applications 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
with close approach to equilibrium DistributionQuality
Quality (%)
Distribution (%)
• Heat transfer applications with close
approach temperatures
4
Drip Point Density Previous Index Next
The drip point density has an influence on the

efficiency of the uppermost part of a packed
bed. With the most commonly used sizes of
random and structured packings, the effect of
Effect of Drip Point Density on HETP
the drip point density is relatively minor. In Drip Points/m2
actual laboratory testing, three packings tested
under identical conditions, with the exception 0 50 100 150 200
of drip point density, indicated the effect 30
shown on the right.
700
The change from 5.5 to 14.5 points/ft2 [60 to #50 IMTP Packing
®
155 pts/m2] has a relatively minor effect on 25

the Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate 600
(HETP). High drip point densities can greatly
affect the cost of a high performance distribu- 20
HETP, inches
500
HETP, mm
tor and can also limit the vapor capacity for
#25 IMTP® Packing
some distributor types. In addition, distribu-
tors with high drip point densities can be
prone to fouling due to small orifice 400
diameters (See page 6). 15
However, drip point density does have a con- INTALOX® Structured Packing 1T 300
siderable affect on the performance of high 10
surface area, very high efficiency packings. The
table below details the guidelines for drip point 200
count based on the high performance packing
to be used. 5
100
0 0
0 5 10 15 20
Drip Points/ft2
Minimum Recommended Drip Point Density

5.5 pts/ft2 8 pts/ft2 12 pts/ft2
Packing Type [60 pts/m2] [85 pts/m2] [130 pts/m2]
Wire Gauze Packing BX or CY
FLEXIPAC® and FLEXIPAC® HC® 250Y and larger 1.6Y & 1.4Y/350Y 1Y and smaller
Structured Packing
INTALOX® Structured Packing 1.5T and larger 1T and smaller
IMTP® Random Packing #25 and larger #15
CMR™ Random Packing #1.5 and larger #1
β-ETA Ring® Random Packing #2 and larger #1
5
Distributor Orifice Sizing Previous Index Next
Fouling Optional strainers and filter boxes can be Koch-Glitsch "traditional" distributors
provided to protect orifices from small allow greater flow variations than
For a distributor to perform correctly, it quantities of particulate matter such as INTALOX high performance distributors
is important that the metering devices do vessel wall or pipe scale. These devices and typically have a broader range of
not become fouled. There are several are not effective if the fouling material operation. For high turndown require-
mechanisms and sources of fouling mate- coats, pastes or sticks to metal surfaces. ments, multi-level orifices or slotted
rials: polymerization, coking, scale, con- Distributors with weirs for liquid meter- weirs may be used with some INTALOX
struction debris, sediment, rust flakes, etc. ing will not meet the criteria for flow distributor designs as well as traditional
All precautions should be taken to elimi- variation for an INTALOX high perform- distributor styles. It should be noted,
nate fouling materials outside of the col- ance distributor. however, that when using these metering
umn since external strainers and filters devices, the flow variation will be higher
are far easier to clean than distributors. Operating Range throughout all or part of the operating
In some cases it is not possible to elimi- range than with a single orifice. While
nate all external fouling sources. In other A distributor will give its best perform- the liquid level is in the area of transition
cases the source of the fouling material ance at and around 100% of the design between multi-level orifices, there will be
can be within the column itself. Therefore, liquid flow rate. As the rate decreases a zone of high flow variation that will sig-
the choice of the distributor should be and the liquid head drops, levelness of the nificantly exceed the limits allowable for
dependent on the nature of any fouling. distributor as well as gradients in liquid an INTALOX high performance distribu-
level become a larger percentage of the tor.
The list below ranks the fouling resist- operating liquid head. At some turndown
ance of various metering devices and rate, the flow variation from point-to- Orifice Size
arrangements for liquid distributors, point will fall outside of acceptable limits.
starting at the top with the most In gravity-fed distributors, the orifice size
resistant: INTALOX distributors are designed to is dependent upon the drip point density,
have a maximum flow variation, defined as the specific liquid rate and the height of
• V–notch weir the coefficient of variation (Cv), equal to the liquid. For a single level orifice, with
• Spray distributor no more than 3% at design rates and no an operating range of 60 to 120% of the
• Slotted weir more than 5% at turndown rates. Special design flow, the approximate orifice size
• Sidewall orifice designs are available for many INTALOX is indicated in the graph below.
• Bottom orifice high performance distributors that will
result in even lower flow variation.
Typical turndown ranges are given in the
description for the various distributor
models.
Approximate Orifice Size for Gravity Flow Distributors

Normal Flow Rate (m3/m2 h)
0 25 50 75 100 125 150
1.25
30
m]
2
po ints/
2 [60
s/ft
Orifice Diameter, (inches)
1.00 n t
i m]
2
po ints/
25
5.5 5 po
ft [8
Orifice Diameter, (mm)
o ints/
p s/m ]
2
8 i nt
2 [130
p o 20
0.75
p o ints/ft
12
15
0.50
10
0.25
5
0.00 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Normal Flow Rate (gpm/ft )
2
6
Liquid Distributors Previous Index Next
Depending on the flow rates, column con- Locating the distributor on existing sup- Trough Type Distributors
figuration and general mechanical prefer- port ring in revamp work often makes it
ences, there are several ways to achieve easy to determine the tower layout. Trough type distributors are usually hung
good liquid distribution. Supporting a channel type distributor on from beams. When used in conjunction
an annular ring generally requires a more with structured packings, in special cir-
complex design and construction in order cumstances, the trough distributor may be
Deck Type Distributors supported from an integral support sys-
to provide drip points at the proper
Deck style distributors are clamped on an proximity to the tower wall. This tem resting directly on the packing.
annular ring that is seal welded to the increased complexity can be avoided by Trough type distributors are easily
tower wall. For revamp applications of supporting channel type distributor with installed and leveled, do not require gas-
trayed columns, most often an existing the center channel resting on a seat and kets and have no annular ring below to
tray ring is utilized and seal welded seg- the channel troughs hung from beams or interfere with the distribution pattern.
ments are added as needed. In the case a ring above. Both beam and ring sup- Each trough is fed a metered amount of
where welding is not permitted, bolt-in ported channel distributors can be liquid from one or more parting boxes.
segments are available by special request designed to accommodate uplift condi- Because there is no flow communication
but provide a less reliable liquid seal. tions.The center channel of a channel between troughs, the performance of the
Leakage from and around bolt-in support type distributor provides cross flow parting box is critical. Koch-Glitsch’s
ring segments can be a significant portion capacity between troughs, to enable liquid years of experience ensure parting box
of the total liquid flow, resulting in poor head equalization. designs for proper flow metering.
distribution quality. In this case, a trough
or channel type distributor should be The addition of covers or hats over the When used between packed beds for re-
considered. gas riser area provides the ability to turn distribution, a trough type distributor
the device into a redistributor for use requires the use of a collector to catch
Channel Type Distributors between packed beds. This design is the liquid from the bed above. The use of
especially useful when tower elevation is a separate collector provides complete
The center channel is designed as a struc- tight and minimal height for redistribution cross mixing of the liquid before redistri-
tural member allowing the distributors to is required. bution and also allows mixing of feed
rest on a support ring and span columns streams with the internal column liquid.
up to 20 ft [6 m] without the need for A separate collector requires more
additional beams. column height than a channel type
redistributor.
Model 106 INTALOX® Pan Distributor (Model 107 Redistributor)

Diameters 6 - 36 in. [150 - 900 mm] Construction Details Design Options
Orifices in pan floor
Liquid rates above 2 gpm/ft2 [5 m3/m2 h] Standard connection to the tower • Orifice strainers
Limited fouling resistance wall is by bolting to clips. As an • Expandable and gasketed wall
option, the distributor can be sus- wiper (Model 107)
Orifices in the pan bottom are arranged to provide pended from clips or a ring trapped • Suspended mounting
optimum distribution quality, with gas risers posi- between body flanges. Setting the • Raised tube metering for high
tioned between the drip points. Small diameter pans distributor on an annular ring is not turndown or fouling concern
may not require gas risers as gas passage is provided recommended. • Anti-migration bars
in the gap between the pan and the vessel wall.
All joints in multi-piece pans are
When used for higher flow rates, this distributor will gasketed.
have large orifices that will tend not to foul. Orifice
strainer caps, raised orifices or a Model 136/137 The standard design for a
should be considered for low flow rates in combina- Model 107 redistributor includes
tion with fouling concerns. For rates lower than 2 gas riser covers and a weld-on wall
gpm/ft2 [5 m3/m2 h] a Model 136/137 should be con- wiper.
sidered first. This distributor has a standard turn-
down range of 2 : 1 and can be leveled during instal-
lation.
In towers less than 24 in. [600 mm] diameter, one-

piece construction, for installation through a body
flange, is standard. A special multi-piece construction
is available upon request.
7
Model 116 INTALOX® Deck Distributor (Model 117 Redistributor) Previous Index Next
Design Options
[10 - 200 m3/m2 h] The Model 116/117 distributor is • Orifice strainers
Orifices in deck clamped onto an annular ring that is • Anti-migration bars in gas risers
seal-welded to the tower wall, with • Raised tube metering for high
Orifices in the deck are arranged to provide opti- clamps provided. Hence, distributor turndown or fouling concern
mum distribution quality. The deck-type construc- levelness is determined by the ring • Construction for mounting
tion provides good liquid cross-flow between gas ris- levelness. Design of the Model between flanges
ers that are positioned between drip points. 116/117 distributor takes into
account support ring levelness
Because this deck style distributor is normally tolerances within ASME code or
designed to be used to handle higher liquid flow as otherwise specified. All joints are
rates, the orifices are usually large and do not gasketed.
tend to foul. For liquid rates below 8 gpm/ft2
[20 m3/m2 h], use of a channel or trough style For redistribution between beds, a
distributor is generally recommended. separate liquid collector is not
required. The standard design for
The standard turndown range is 2 : 1. a Model 117 redistributor
includes gas riser covers to
collect liquid.
Model 126 INTALOX® Channel Distributor with Bottom Orifices ( Model 127 Redistributor)
[5 - 40 m3/m2 h] The Model 126/127 distributor rests • Model 127 cross-mixing capability
Orifices in channel base on an annular ring or is suspended (extent is dependent on diameter
Limited fouling resistance from a ring or beams. All joints are and rate)
Structural center channel provides flow gasketed. • Orifice strainers
equalization • Leveling screws
The standard design for a Model 127 • Expandable and gasketed wall
Orifices in the base of the channels are positioned redistributor includes a weld-on wall wiper (small diameter Model 127)
to optimize distribution quality. Vapor passage is wiper and bolted gas riser covers,
provided by the space between the channels. Rates used to collect and redistribute
lower than 2 gpm/ft2 [5 m3/m2 h] can be accommo- liquid. The redistributor design uses
dated but a Model 136 sidewall orifice distributor less column height than a separate
should be considered first. For systems with liquid collector/distributor layout and is
rates in excess of 12 gpm/ft2 [30 m3/m2 h] a Model valuable where space is limited and
116 deck style distributor should be considered. total cross mixing of liquid between
beds is not critical.
The channel-type construction allows easy liquid
sealing and distributor leveling, which is essential in
large diameter towers. Because this distributor
normally handles intermediate liquid flow rates,
the orifices are usually large enough to allow low
to moderate fouling resistance.
The standard turndown range is 2 : 1.
8
Previous Index Next
Model 136 INTALOX® Channel Distributor with Drip Tubes (Model 137 Redistributor)
Liquid rates between 0.3 - 12 gpm/ft2
[0.75 - 30 m3/m2 h] The Model 136/137 distributor are • Cross-mixing capability (extent is
Structural center channel provides flow usually constructed as pans for diam- dependent on diameter and rate)
equalization eters below 30 in. [750 mm] and as • Orifice strainers
Liquid overflow protection channels for diameters above 30 in. • Leveling screws
Side-wall orifices [750 mm]. • Multi-level orifices
Fouling resistant • Expandable and gasketed wall
The Model 136/137 distributor rests wiper (small diameter Model 137)
Orifices in the sidewalls of the channels are positioned on an annular ring or is suspended • Removable drip tubes
to optimize distribution quality. Vapor passage is pro- from beams or clips. All joints are
vided by the space between the troughs. gasketed.
The fouling resistance of this distributor is higher than The standard design for the Model
that of deck-type distributors because it features a 137 redistributor includes a weld-on
debris collection zone below the sidewall orifices. The wall wiper and bolted gas riser cov-
center channel of the distributor provides structural ers to collect and redistribute liquid.
support as well as equalization of liquid between The redistributor design uses less
troughs. column height than a separate collec-
tor/distributor layout and is valuable
The liquid from each drip point is conducted into the where space is limited and total cross
lower vapor velocity region below the distributor mixing of liquid between beds is not
troughs. This results in low entrainment levels. In critical.
addition, overflow holes are provided at each conduc-
tor tube to ensure that if the maximum flow range of
the distributor is exceeded, the liquid will be con-
ducted to the packing in a controlled manner rather
than to randomly spill over the troughs.
The standard turndown for a single sidewall orifice is

2 : 1. Using multiple orifices at two or more levels of
the same discharge conductor can extend the turn-
down range. Turndown ratios up to 10 : 1 are achiev-
able. The flow variation will be higher throughout all
or part of the operating range with multi-level ori-
fices.
9
Previous Index Next
Model 141 INTALOX® Tubular Distributor
[0.75 - 20 m3/m2 h] As the standard, the Model 141 • Turndown ratio greater than 2 : 1
Enclosed tubular laterals distributor is supported and leveled • Non-standard mounting
High distribution point density from an integral distributor support arrangements
Clean service only grid (Model 883). • Diameters exceeding standard
range
The Model 141 distributor is most often used in con- For redistribution between packed
junction with wire gauze packings. Orifices in the beds, a separate liquid collector is
bottom of the tubular laterals are positioned to opti- required. The use of a separate liquid
mize distribution quality with a high drip point density. collector provides total cross mixing
Vapor passage is provided by the space between the of the liquid between beds.
laterals. The Model 141 INTALOX distributor is sug-
gested only for towers in extremely clean service
free of fouling materials and debris.
The standard turndown is 2 : 1. However, the turn-

down range can be extended to approximately 5 : 1 if
sufficient column height is available.
Model 156 INTALOX® Trough Distributor with Enhanced Baffle Plates

[0.75 - 20 m3/m2 h] The Model 156 is suspended from • Mount on packing with the
Sidewall orifice with enhanced baffle beams. The troughs are continu- • Model 883 bed limiter/support
Fouling resistant ous across the column diameter • Metering boxes
For use with structured packing and are fed with one or more
High vapor capacity parting boxes. Details of baffle
Low entrainment arrangement are variable depend-
ing upon specific liquid rates and
The Model 156 INTALOX distributor is designed for are determined at the time of
use only above structured packing. Orifices in the design. There are no joints to
sidewalls of the troughs are positioned to issue liquid seal, therefore, no gaskets are
against an enhanced baffle that spreads the liquid in a required for this distributor.
direction perpendicular to the orientation of the top
layer of the structured packing. The enhanced baffle For redistribution between
increases the effective drip point density by uniformly packed beds, a separate liquid
wetting each and every sheet of structured packing. collector is required. The use
This increase in effective drip point density provides of a separate liquid collector
the ability to use a larger orifice diameter, contribut- provides total cross mixing
ing to increased fouling resistance. of the liquid between beds.
The baffle plate distributor has excellent distribution

performance characteristics particularly at low liquid
rates. Total wetting of the packing surface is com-
pleted in only one layer of packing. Vapor passage is
provided by the space between the troughs. The baf-
fle also acts to shield the liquid from the vapor
stream to avoid entrainment, thereby making this an
excellent distributor choice when operating at high
vapor rates.
10
Previous Index Next
Model 186 INTALOX® Trough Distributor with Drip Tubes
[0.75 - 25 m3/m2 h] As the standard, the Model 186 dis- • Orifice strainers
Sidewall orifice tributor is suspended from beams. • Multi-level orifices
Liquid overflow protection By special request, and within a limit- • Metering Boxes
Fouling resistant ed range of diameters, provisions can • Mounted on support ring or
Low entrainment be made for the distributor to rest supported by Model 883
on an existing support ring. bed limiter/support
Orifices in the sidewalls of the troughs are posi-
tioned to optimize distribution quality. Vapor Model 186 troughs are continuous
passage is provided by the space between the across the column diameter and are
troughs. Special designs can handle liquid rates fed with one or more parting boxes.
above or below the above stated range. There are no joints to seal, therefore,
no gaskets are required.
The liquid from each drip point is conducted into
the lower vapor velocity region below the distribu- For redistribution between packed
tor troughs. This results in low entrainment levels. beds, a separate liquid collector is
In addition, overflow holes are provided at each required. The use of a separate liquid
conductor tube to ensure that if the maximum collector provides total cross mixing
flow range of the distributor is exceeded, the liquid of the liquid between beds.
will be conducted to the packing in a controlled
manner rather than to randomly spill over the
troughs.
The standard turndown for a single sidewall orifice

is 2 : 1. Using multi-level orifices at each discharge
conductor can extend the turndown range up to
10 : 1. The flow variation will be higher through-
out all or part of the operating range with multi-
level orifices.
11
Previous Index Next
Model 905 Pan Distributor with V-Notch Risers
Diameters 12 – 48 in. [300 - 1200 mm] Construction Details Design Options
[2.5 - 20 m3/m2 h] This distributor is supported either • One-piece construction for body
Weir in riser by a full support ring or by lugs. flanged columns
Gasketed joints are standard for
The Model 905 pan distributor is used for highly multi-piece pans when liquid rates
fouling services in towers with a diameter of less are below 4 gpm/ft2 [10 m3/m2 h].
than 48 in. [1200 mm]. Cylindrical risers with "V"
shaped weirs act as liquid downcomers as well as
vapor risers. A high liquid turndown ratio is possible
due to the weirs. However, the vapor velocity in the
riser limits both liquid and vapor flow rates since
both phases are flowing counter-currently in the
same passages.
Model 906 Pan Distributor with Bottom Orifices

Diameters up to 48 in. [1200 mm] Construction Details Design Options
[2.5 - 75 m3/m2 h] This distributor is supported either • One-piece construction for
Orifices in pan bottom by a full support ring or by lugs. body flanged columns
Gasketed joints are standard for • Gasketing for liquid rates above
The pan-type construction provides liquid level bal- multi-piece pans when liquid rates 4 gpm/ft2
ance. Vapor passage is provided by circular gas risers are below 4 gpm/ft2 [10 m3/m2 h]. • Raised tube metering for high
as well as around the periphery of the pan. For turndown or fouling concern
small diameters, all vapor passage may be provided This device is not available in a design • Anti-migration bars
by the gap between the pan and the vessel wall, suitable for use as a redistributor.
rather than gas risers.
For towers with diameters up to 20 in. [500 mm], the

standard is to construct the pan in one piece for
installation through a body flange. The standard
turndown range is 2.5 : 1.
12
Previous Index Next
Model 916 Deck Distributor with Bottom Orifices (Model 917 Redistributor)
[2.5 - 120 m3/m2 h] The distributor rests on an annular • Gasketing for liquid rates above
Orifices in deck ring and is secured with tray clamps. 4 gpm/ft2
• Parting box
The deck-type construction gives liquid level balance For redistribution between beds, a
around the periphery of the distributor and addition- separate liquid collector is not need-
ally across the mid-span beam in large diameter ed. The standard design for a Model
columns. Vapor passage is provided through long, 917 redistributor includes gas riser
rectangular gas risers. covers to collect liquid.
At lower liquid rates, as distribution orifice diame- Distributors in services with liquid
ters get smaller, this distributor provides minimal rates below 4 gpm/ft2 [10 m3/m2 h]
fouling resistance. If fouling resistance is important a are gasketed as standard.
trough type distributor with sidewall orifices should
be considered.
The maximum turndown range is determined by

the size of the manway access. The standard turn-
down range is 2.5 : 1.
Model 926 Channel Distributor with Bottom Orifices (Model 927 Redistributor)
[2.5 - 50 m3/m2 h] The Model 926/927 distributor rests • Cross mixing (Model 927)
Orifices in base on an annular ring. Gasketed joints • Clamped to support ring for
Limited fouling resistance are standard for liquid rates below uplift resistances
Structural center channel provides flow 4 gpm/ft2 [10 m3/m2 h]. • Leveling screws
equalization
The Model 927 redistributor includes
The Model 926 distributor is a channel type distribu- gas riser area covers to collect liquid
tor providing good cross flow and liquid handling as well as a wall wiper to be welded
capacity with low leakage compared to a deck style to the column wall.
(Model 916) distributor. The structural center sump
allows this distributor to be used in large diameter
columns, up to 26 ft [8 m], without the need for
additional support beams. The standard turndown
range is 1.8 : 1.
13
Previous Index Next
Model 976 Trough Distributor with Bottom Orifices
Liquid rates between 1 - 20 gpm/ft2 As the standard, the Model 976 dis- • Orifice strainers
[2.5 - 50 m3/m2 h] tributor is suspended from beams. • Mount on support ring
Orifices in troughs Within a limited range of diameters,
provisions can be made for the dis-
Orifices are located in the base of the troughs. tributor to rest on an existing sup-
Vapor passage is provided by the space between port ring.
the troughs.
For redistribution between packed
The trough-type construction allows easy liquid beds, a separate liquid collector is
sealing and distributor leveling. Troughs are fed required. The use of a separate liquid
with a parting box. collector provides cross mixing of
liquid between beds.
The standard turndown range is 2 : 1.
There are no joints to seal for this
distributor, therefore, no gaskets are
required.
Model 985 Trough Distributor with Weirs

[5 - 100 m3/m2 h] The Model 985 distributor rests on a • Clamped to support ring
Weirs in troughs full annular ring. • Uplift resistant
• Distribution notch shape
The Model 985 is a weir-trough distributor for ver- For redistribution between packed • Guide channels
satile liquid flow handling capability in towers with beds, a separate liquid collector is
diameters larger than 36 in. [900 mm]. This distribu- required.
tor is particularly effective in handling high liquid
flow rates in moderate and severely fouling services.
Model 985 distributors designed for the highest flow

rates employ triangular weirs, also called "V" notch-
es. If fouling is not severe, distributors designed for
lower flow rates employ vertical rectangular notches,
also called slotted weirs, for better flow control.
Vapor passage is provided by the space between
troughs.
Liquid is proportionately metered to the closed-end

troughs by one or more parting boxes. The normal
turndown ratio is 2.5 : 1. Higher turndown ratios can
be achieved with special parting box design.
14
Previous Index Next
Model 986 Trough Distributor with Drip Tubes
[0.75 - 50 m3/m2 h] As the standard, the Model 986 dis- • Orifice strainers
Sidewall orifice tributor is suspended from beams. • High turndown ratio
Liquid overflow protection Upon special request, and within a • Metering boxes
Fouling resistant limited range of diameters, provisions • Mount on support ring or
Low entrainment can be made for the distributor to supported by Model 883 bed
rest on an existing support ring. limiter/support
The construction and many features of this distribu-
tor are similar to the high performance Model 186 For redistribution between packed
liquid distributor, except that many aspects of the beds, a separate liquid collector is
construction are standardized, resulting in a distribu- required. The use of a separate liquid
tion pattern and/or point-to-point flow variation that collector provides total cross mixing
falls outside the INTALOX high performance criteria. of the liquid between beds.
Orifices are located in the sidewalls of the troughs.

Vapor passage is provided by the space between the
troughs. The Model 986 distributor is a versatile dis-
tributor with a wide range of applicability. It is partic-
ularly desirable for use where liquid rates are low or
in towers where fouling resistance and/or high turn-
down is required.
The liquid from each drip point is conducted into the

lower vapor velocity region below the distributor
troughs. This results in low entrainment levels. In
addition, overflow holes are provided at each conduc-
tor tube to ensure that if the maximum flow range of
the distributor is exceeded, the liquid will be con-
ducted to the packing in a controlled manner rather
than to randomly spill over the troughs.
The standard turndown for a single sidewall orifice is

2 : 1. Using multi-level orifices at each discharge con-
ductor can extend the turndown range up to 10 : 1.
The flow variation will be higher throughout all or
part of the operating range with multi-level orifices.
15
Previous Index Next
Model 941 Pipe-Arm Distributor with Orifices
[4 - 25 m3/m2 h] The header section is flanged for • Threaded header and laterals
standard horizontal feed from the (4" [100 mm] and under)
The Model 941 liquid distributor requires little col- side of the tower. • Vertical-feed header, on tower
umn elevation to accomplish its distribution task, and centerline
it provides high open area for high vapor flow. The Inlet flange mates to a 150 psi [PN 10] • Bayonet-style construction for
Model 941 distributor should be used only with flange. The end of the header oppo- small towers
clean liquids or with a filter designed to remove any site the flange connection as well as
particles that could block the orifices. the lateral ends are supported by
clips as required. Laterals attach to
The standard design of the Model 941 distributor the main header with flanged connec-
handles liquid rates up to 10 gpm/ft2 [25 m3/m2 h], tions as standard.
but special designs can handle higher rates. The nor-
mal turndown ratio for the Model 941 distributor When an external column feed is not
is 2.5 : 1. present and for using this device as a
redistributor, a total draw-off liquid
collector with an external pump loop
is required.
Model 943 Spray Nozzle Distributor

Liquid rates between 0.2 - 50 gpm/ft2 Construction Details Design Options
[0.5 - 120 m3/m2 h]
The header section is flanged for • Maximum free passage nozzles
Spray nozzle distributors are primarily used where standard horizontal feed from the for fouling services
good liquid coverage and complete wetting of the side of the tower. • Special piping design for fouling
bed is necessary. They are commonly used in scrub- service
bers and in the wash, pumparound and heat transfer The flange mates to a 150 psi [PN 10]
sections of refining columns. For further detail flange. Laterals attached to the main
regarding refining applications, please ask for header with flanged connections are
Brochure KGSS-1. standard.
The Model 943 spray nozzle distributor can be For small diameter columns, the
designed for very low liquid rates because each spray ends of the header and laterals
nozzle covers a large area of the tower. It can utilize are supported by clips as required.
relatively large nozzle opening sizes, so each nozzle For larger diameter columns, laterals
provides a reasonable flow, even at low irrigation are attached to beams.
rates.
Full cone spray nozzles with an angle of 90° or

120° are the standard design for most applica-
tions. Spray nozzles providing maximum free passage
and special distributor configurations to prevent liq-
uid stagnation are typically recommended for refin-
ing column wash beds or other applications where
complete wetting is critical to avoid fouling.
Turndown ratio is limited to 2 : 1 by the range of

effective operation of the spray nozzles.
16
Previous Index Next
Model 961 Enclosed Channel Distributor for Offshore Applications
[2.5 - 75 m3/m2 h] This distributor is hung from beams • Dependent on column
For off-shore columns subject to motion and is securely attached to withstand configuration and requirement.
the rigors of column motion.
The Model 961 is a distributor designed specifically
for off-shore column applications subjected to tilt and When located at the top of the
motion. Orifices are located in the base of the column with a reflux stream, the
enclosed channels. Liquid is fed to each channel using reflux pump pressure is used to
a pre-distribution header. Vapor passage is provided provide liquid head.
by the space between the channels.
For use as a redistributor, a separate
The enclosed channel construction allows the use of Model 613 liquid collector, (specifically
high liquid heads to minimize the flow variation due designed for motion column service),
to the tilt and the effects of motion and acceleration is used in conjunction with the Model
of swaying columns. 961 distributor to provide the neces-
sary liquid head.
Because of the unique nature and design of the
Model 961 distributor, a Koch-Glitsch representative The column height requirement is
should be contacted for these applications. dependent upon turndown range and
motion dynamics.
Testing of Model 961 enclosed channel distributor in the Koch-Glitsch test facility
simulating wave motion.
17
Feed Devices Previous Index Next
Obtaining desirable tower performance Vapor-Only Feeds CFD Modeling

requires the proper handling of liquid
and vapor entering the column. The Two factors must be considered in Good vapor distribution is essential to
types of feeds or inlets into a column choosing the proper device for a vapor achieve superior separation efficiency.
can generally be classified into four only feed. Particularly in refinery towers, poor vapor
major categories:
distribution can be a major source of
1. The kinetic energy of the inlet vapor
• Liquid only (contains less than must be considered in relation to the coke formation resulting in frequent unit
1% vapor by volume ) pressure drop in the packed bed, the shutdowns. Koch-Glitsch uses modern
• Mixed liquid and vapor, flashing or feed nozzle arrangement and the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
suppressed flash tower separation requirements. modeling technology to analyze the per-
• Vapor only formance of existing equipment and to
• Reboiler returns 2. If there is a gross mismatch in the develop new improved designs. This
composition and/or temperature involves computer modeling of the 3-
The selection criteria for each category between the inlet vapor stream and dimensional configuration of the column
of feed device is unique. bulk vapor flow, mixing of the two internals to provide detailed predictions
vapors optimizes the performance of
of fluid flow (velocity profiles, etc). A
Liquid-Only Feeds the packing above.
commercially available CFD software
Among the factors Koch-Glitsch consid- Specific equipment for vapor distribution package is used in conjunction with
ers in designing a liquid feed device are; may not be required if sufficient column expertise developed by Koch-Glitsch to
type of distributor, expected distributor height is available for equalization or if analyze vapor and liquid distributors as
performance, flow rate, operating range, the pressure drop in the packed bed is well as packing performance.
degree of sub-cooled liquid and whether sufficient to provide proper vapor distri-
mixing with overhead liquid is required. bution. Koch-Glitsch offers CFD services for the
following tasks:
When the feed or reflux liquid is signifi- Reboiler Returns
cantly sub-cooled, a specially designed
• Development and optimization of
feed arrangement may be required. To determine the need for and the type
A liquid with a wide temperature of device required for a reboiler return, new mass transfer equipment
gradient, even if properly distributed the first step is to consider the condition • Troubleshooting or analysis of
to a packed bed, can induce mal-distribu- of the stream and its kinetic energy. existing equipment
tion due to uneven condensation. • Confirmation of equipment designs
For vapor-only returns, the kinetic prior to fabrication and installation
The feed arrangement for these condi- energy of the inlet vapor must be
tions depends on the distributor type. considered in relation to the pressure
Please consult a Koch-Glitsch technical drop in the packed bed, the feed nozzle
representative for recommendations. size and arrangement, as well as the
tower separation requirements.
Liquid-Vapor and Flashing Feeds
For a mixed liquid-vapor or suppressed
For mixed liquid-vapor or flashing feed flash reboiler return stream, the selec-
devices above a distributor, the selection tion of the device depends on flow rate,
depends on the distributor type, liquid ratio of liquid and vapor flow, flow
and vapor flow rates, turndown, column regime, nozzle size and arrangement,
height needed for disengagement and column height needed for vapor disen-
vapor distribution as well as the degree gagement and the tower separation
of mixing of the inlet liquid with the requirements.
overhead liquid. In all cases, separating
the vapor and the liquid phases is a pri-
mary concern. In some cases the
requirements for additional pre-distribu-
tion may alter certain distributor designs.
18
Previous Index Next
Model 119 INTALOX® High Performance Liquid Only Feed Pipe
Feed to INTALOX high performance Construction Details Design Options
distributors
The Model 119 feed pipe is attached • Bayonet-style construction for
The Model 119 liquid only feed pipe is used when to an internal column flange with fur- limited applications
liquid is fed from outside the column onto a Koch- ther support by tower wall clips. • All-flanged construction
Glitsch INTALOX high performance distributor or • Special design for subcooled feed
redistributor. The incoming flow must contain less Branched piping is flanged as the
than 1% vapor by volume. standard, although, piping may have
threaded connections for pipe diame-
The Model 119 feed pipe is a metered piping system ters less than 4 in. [100 mm]. For
consisting of one or more headers in conjunction large diameter headers, where man-
with lateral branches, downpipes, and/or pre-distri- way access is limiting, field welding
bution channels or parting boxes that feed directly may be required.
to an INTALOX distributor. It is limited in turndown
to a 2 : 1 ratio. The Model 119 feed pipe meters
flow to one or more appropriate feed areas, match-
ing the hydraulic requirements of the distributor.
Excessive turbulence and horizontal flow velocity in
the distributor are eliminated.
Model 719 Liquid Only Feed Pipe

Feed to traditional liquid distributors Construction Details Design Options
The Model 719 liquid only feed pipe is used when The Model 719 feed pipe is attached • Bayonet-style construction
liquid is fed from outside the column onto a tradi- to an internal column flange with fur- • All-flanged construction
tional distributor or redistributor. The incoming flow ther support by tower wall clips.
must contain less than 1% vapor by volume.
Piping may have threaded connec-
The Model 719 feed pipe is a piping system consist- tions for pipe diameters less than
ing of one or more headers in conjunction with 4 in. [100 mm]. For large diameter
downpipes, pre-distribution channels or parting headers, where manway access is
boxes that feeds directly to a traditional style limiting, field welding may be
distributor. The standard turndown ratio is 2.5 : 1 required.
19
Previous Index Next
Model 705 Flashing Feed Chamber
Diameters up to 48 in. [1200 mm] Construction Details Design Options
Handles most two-phase feeds
For column diameters under 22 in. • Supply of bayonet inlet
The Model 705 is a two-phase feed device that is [530 mm], the Model 705 feed cham-
attached to a radial inlet. By using centrifugal force, ber is constructed in one piece. For
the vapor exits the top of the chamber and the larger diameters the chamber is con-
liquid is conducted out the bottom to a distributor structed in multiple pieces.
or pre-distributor located below.
For inlet pipe sizes less than 4 in.
One or more Model 705 chambers may be used [100 mm], the Model 705 feed cham-
in larger diameter columns if the flow rates are ber attaches to a threaded, bayonet
suitable. style pipe (supplied by others). Inlet
sizes 4 in. [100 mm] and larger
are attached with a flange as
standard.
Model 745 Flashing Feed Pipe

Feed device separates liquid and vapor of
flashing inlet streams The Model 745 feed pipe is connect- • Bayonet type feed pipe
ed to an internal column flange and • Vapor hood
The Model 745 feed pipe is used to handle flashing further supported by a wall clip. The
inlet streams by separating the phases. The liquid flash trough bolts to clips, seats or
impinges on an angled baffle trough, promoting dis- beams depending upon location and
engagement of the liquid and vapor phases. The size.
vapor exits above and the liquid is directed down-
ward. The liquid may be sent directly to a distribu- The inlet pipe flange is gasketed,
tor, a pre-distributor or to a collector located while the need for gasketing of the
between packed beds. An optional vapor hood is flash trough depends on the type
available to improve the mixing of the incoming device below it.
vapor with the bulk vapor flow.
This model uses less column height than the Model

755 feed gallery but is limited to feeds that are flash-
ing at the column inlet.
All pieces are designed to pass through vessel

manways.
20
Previous Index Next
Model 755 Flashing or Mixed Phase Feed Gallery
For liquid/vapor mixed or flashing feeds
Applicable for all liquid to vapor ratios The inside of the gallery is normally • Joint gasketing
polygonal, built in sections as neces- • Liquid collection from above
The Model 755 flashing feed gallery is a feed device sary for column access. The gallery is
to accommodate mixed liquid/vapor or flashing clamped to a support ring as the
feeds. Incoming flow is directed tangentially against standard attachment.
the tower wall. A gallery below the inlet deflector
collects liquid into a pool, allowing the vapor phase
to disengage. The liquid then flows directly to a
distributor or into a parting box in a controlled
manner.
In many cases the gallery can be fitted with covers
to collect liquid from a packed bed above, providing
a combination flash device with liquid collector.
Model 788 Enhanced V-Baffle Inlet Diffuser

Non-fouling
Suitable for vapor-only, mixed liquid-vapor This device is field welded to the • Erosion allowance
or flashing feeds vessel wall. • Anti-swirl baffle
The Model 788 V-Baffle is used for vapor-only, mixed

liquid/vapor feeds or flashing feeds where the flow
energy is excessive. This device reduces the inlet
stream energy and can often be designed to provide
a level of vapor distribution that eliminates the need
for a more complex vapor distributor. It is a very
effective phase separator for two phase feeds.
The vapor diffuser divides the inlet stream and then

directs the streams tangentially to each side. A
patented Enhanced V-Baffle design often provides
additional control of the incoming stream. The pres-
sure drop across this device is relatively low com-
pared to deck or pipe type vapor distributors.
21
Previous Index Next
Model 758 Enhanced Vapor Horn
Suitable for vapor-only, mixed liquid-vapor
or flashing feeds The enhanced vapor horn is available • Radial or tangential inlets
in any weldable metal and is designed • Multiple feed inlets
Vapor horns have been utilized primarily for two for field welded assembly to provide • Heavy-duty design for increased
phase inlets of refinery fractionators. These devices maximum strength and reliability. uplift protection
are designed to provide both bulk phase separation • CFD analysis
of the vapor and liquid as well as initial distribution of This technology can be successfully • Wear plates
the feed vapor. Performance of these feed inlet adapted to a wide variety of feed
devices is critical to ensure adequate gas oil quality inlet configurations including both
and yield, maximum column capacity and proper wash radial and tangential feed nozzles as
bed performance. Koch-Glitsch’s proprietary well as the use of multiple feed inlets.
enhanced vapor horn, an extension of conventional
vapor horn technology, provides improved vapor dis-
tribution and de-entrainment of the feed.
For vapor/liquid phase separation, the open bottom

construction and the centrifugal action induced to
the feed stream will direct entrained liquid particles
to the column wall, where they will flow down into
the column sump or collector tray below.
The patented enhanced vapor horn employs baffles,

in a proprietary arrangement, to avoid excessive
impingement and feed splashing which can result in
the formation of small liquid particles that are more
likely to be re-entrained. The baffles help break the
high feed inlet velocity for both improved vapor dis-
tribution and de-entrainment. Uniform velocity (in
both the vertical and horizontal direction) is desired
to minimize re-entrainment of liquid.
Once the bulk phase separation is complete and the

swirling motion is no longer desirable, patented anti-
swirl baffles eliminate the cyclonic motion of the
vapor.
Koch-Glitsch has applied both large scale laboratory

testing and CFD analysis to evaluate, optimize and
validate the de-entrainment and vapor distribution
performance. Koch-Glitsch has hundreds of commer-
cial installations of this technology in columns with
diameters up to 50 ft [15 m].
22
Previous Index Next
Model 716 Deck Type Vapor Distributor
The Model 716 vapor distributor is a deck type used The Model 716 vapor distributor is • Liquid draw sump
to correct poor vapor distribution below a packed clamped to a support ring and typi- • Pipe downcomers, if applicable
bed. This device can be used between packed beds cally requires bolting bars and seg- • Uplift specifications
where a vapor feed is introduced or above reboiler mental supports for its downcomer
return streams. and seal pan. Midspan beams may be
used for larger diameter towers.
The vapor is metered through vapor risers as liquid
is collected from a packed bed above. The liquid Standard construction will withstand
leaves the vapor distributor through a downcomer. 50 lbs/ft2 [0.024 bar] upward force.
To perform the task of vapor distribution, the Model However, special designs are available
716 will consume some pressure drop. which can withstand greater uplift
requirements.
The turndown ratio is generally about 4 : 1, provided
pressure drop is not excessive for the process.
Model 746 Lateral Arm Vapor Distributor

Vapor-only inlet streams
The main header attaches to an inlet • All flanged construction
The Model 746 lateral arm vapor distributor is used flange (supplied by others) and is fur- • Bayonet-type for small columns
when a vapor feed requires uniform distribution ther supported supplied by a wall
across the tower area. Typical applications include clip. The laterals are supported by
vapor feed at the bottom of the tower or between wall clips, as needed. Access diameter
beds. must be sufficient to accommodate
the header assembly. For large diame-
When used at the bottom of a tower it can save ter headers, where manway access is
tower elevation compared to a deck type (model limiting, field welding may be
716) vapor distributor. When used between beds, it required.
will ensure that the vapor feed is well distributed
and well mixed with the vapor from the bed below. Laterals are flanged as the standard,
but may have threaded connections
To achieve good distribution the required pressure for pipes 4 in. [100 mm] and less.
drop across the vapor distributor is determined by
the flow rate and size of the inlet. Turndown is gen-
erally 4 : 1, but can be higher or lower depending
upon the allowable pressure drop for the process.
23
Model 748 Vapor Diffuser Previous Index Next
Vapor-only inlet streams
This device is attached to an internal • Bayonet inlet construction
The Model 748 vapor diffuser is used for vapor-only tower inlet flange (supplied by
feeds where the flow energy is excessive. This others) and is further supported by
device is not a vapor distributor. It reduces the a vessel wall clip as the standard
vapor energy such that a more complex vapor construction.
distributor may not be necessary.
Optionally, the inside pipe can be
The vapor diffuser uniformly meters the vapor designed to bayonet into the vapor
stream out the upper area of the pipe and the inlet nozzle, in lieu of an internal
shroud and then directs the flow downward to each flange.
side. The pressure drop across this device is
relatively low compared to the Model 746 vapor One-piece construction is standard
distributor. provided column access diameter is
sufficient. Otherwise, multi-piece
Turndown is generally 4 : 1.
construction is provided. In some
cases, field welding of multi-piece
construction may be required.
Model 768 EVENFLOW™ Vane Type Vapor Distributor

Preferred for vapor-only feed
Multi-piece construction is • Field welded construction
The Model 768 EVENFLOW™ vane type vapor dis- supplied for installation through • Attachment to existing flange
tributor is used for high energy vapor inlet streams a vessel manway. Flanged and • CFD analysis
entering through a radial inlet. Although the device bolted construction is supplied
has been utilized in applications with high velocity as the standard. Field welded con-
mixed phase feeds, the performance of the device is struction is an available option.
best when limited to vapor-only feeds.
The inlet attachment requires weld-
Baffles used in conjunction with a tapered configura- ing to the vessel wall. Additional
tion provide vapor distribution with minimal pres- support clips welded to the vessel
sure drop. The curved baffle plates partition the may be required. As an option,
inlet vapor stream into multiple small segments, attachment can be made to an
reducing the velocity and directing the segmented existing internal nozzle flange.
streams horizontally across the column area.
Performance of the EVENFLOW vapor distributor

has been validated using CFD analysis as well as
numerous successful commercial installations.
24
Previous Index Next
Model 611 Deck Style Liquid Collector
All diameters Construction Details Design Options
For total or partial liquid draw-off
Suitable to feed a liquid distributor Joint construction details are vari- • Vapor riser height
or trayed section below able depending upon the degree of • Seal welded or gasketed
leakage allowable. Both gasketed construction
The Model 611 deck collector is versatile in design and seal welded construction are • Sump configurations
and construction depending on the application available for deck sections as well • Downcomer variations
requirements. With tall vapor risers, large holdup as for attachment inside the col- • Body flange mounting
volumes can be retained on the deck. One or more umn.
sumps, downcomers or downpipes can be provided.
If the deck sections exceed the
height permitting manway access,
due to tall vapor riser height, the
vapor risers are supplied as sepa-
rate pieces. These can be supplied
as flanged, bolted and gasketed con-
struction or to be field seal welded
to the decks during installation.
Model 621 Trough Style Liquid Collector

Permits thermal expansion
Minimizes field welding All trough joints are bolted and gas- • Sloped construction for drainage
Total or partial liquid draw keted. The troughs rest on a 360º • Gasketed and clamped wall wiper
25 - 40% open area support ring. • Manway access through collector
The Model 621 trough collector is a good choice The center sump must be partially
where thermal expansion is a concern. The trough welded to a seat. The wall wiper is
arrangement rests on a support ring permitting free welded to the vessel as the standard.
expansion while minimizing the amount of welding to Vapor riser covers are bolted above
the vessel wall. A wall wiper above the troughs the riser area and drain into the cen-
collects and directs liquid to the troughs. Liquid ter sump.
flows from the troughs into a center sump.
The troughs and sump sizes are variable and are If the sump size required for process
designed to meet the application needs. conditions exceeds the size of man-
way access, these pieces are supplied
This collector can be used for total or partial in sections, to be field welded.
draw-off and/or to feed a liquid distributor below.
25
Model 633 Chevron Vane Liquid Collector Previous Index Next
High vapor capacity
Low pressure drop The collector vanes are supported by • Vane shape and size
Can be used for draw-off or collection channels bolted to an annular sump. • Supply of annular sump
of liquid between packed beds The annular sump is seal welded to • Mount between vessel body
the vessel and is supplied by others. flanges
The Model 633 chevron-type vane collector can be For small diameter columns with
used as a collector for liquid draw-off or as part of a body flanges, the ring of the annular
liquid collector/redistribution system between sump may be supplied as sandwiched
packed beds. between body flanges.
When used as a collector between packed beds, it is As there are no joints to seal, no
chosen because it has low vapor phase pressure gaskets are needed for the collector
drop. itself. Gaskets may be required for
flanged connections of downpipes as
In addition to collection and mixing between beds, required.
a liquid-only feed entering the column can be intro-
duced with a simple inlet into the collector annulus.
This enables the feed to be totally mixed with the
bulk column liquid while eliminating the need for a
separate feed pipe for the inlet stream.
Due to the wide range of applications for this type

collector, the construction details are quite variable.
All equipment is designed to pass through vessel

manways for installation.
26
Bed Limiters Previous Index Next
Structured Packing Random Packing Bed limiters attached to the vessel either
by clips or clamped to a support ring gen-
Bed limiters for structured packing are A packing retention device is recommend- erally require integral structural members
recommended when there is the potential ed whenever there is the potential for that can interfere with the liquid distribu-
for packing displacement during upset sufficient vapor load to fluidize the top of tion pattern. These types are not recom-
conditions. Many columns operate at a a packed bed. mended for use with high performance
low pressure drop and a low percentage liquid distributors. Only a non-interfering
of flood and are not prone to sudden As packing approaches and enters an bed limiter design should be used with
vapor surges. In these cases, bed limiters upset or flooding condition, the pressure INTALOX high performance distributors.
are not required. drop rises quickly and often uncontrol-
lably. If a packed column goes into flood, Another method of retaining packing is to
In some cases, where upset conditions are this rate will nearly always result in the use anti-migration bars at the base of the
not a concern, the Model 883 bed top of the bed being fluidized. Because vapor risers of a liquid distributor. For
limiter/liquid distributor support for conditions that result in the fluidization of most distributor designs using round or
structured packing may act as a support some or all of the packing at the top of a rectangular vapor risers, this option is
for a trough type liquid distributor. bed are difficult to predict, a packing available provided the distributor is not
Except in the case of the Model 883, the retention device is always recommended continuously subjected to high vapor load.
bed limiter is not included as part of any for random packings.
other support device. The anti-migration devices will not pre-
The two basic ways to prevent the vent the packing from becoming fluidized
Only a non-interfering bed limiter design upward movement of random packing are and unleveled at the top of the bed, but
should be used with INTALOX high to use bed limiters or anti-migration will keep the packing from being blown up
performance distributors. devices. through the vapor risers.
Bed limiters confine the packing move-
ment and either attach to the vessel wall
or rest on top of the packing. Sometimes,
locator bars are used to limit movement.
Model 803 Structured Packing Bed Limiter, Non-Interfering

For all column diameters Construction Details Design Options
Minimizes interference of high performance
liquid distributors Standard construction will withstand • Greater uplift resistance
50 lbs/ft2 [0.024 bar] upward force. • Jack screws for diameters under
The Model 803 bed limiter is designed for use with 36 in. [900 mm]
sheet metal or gauze type structured packing. The
bed limiter is bolted to vertical wall clips attached to
the vessel wall.
When used to restrict small diameter, one-piece

packing layers, the bed limiter is normally integrated
with the liquid distributor (see Model 883 bed lim-
iter). In this case, the uplift protection provided is
limited by the allowable method of attachment to
the vessel.
27
Model 805 Random Packing Bed Limiter, Non-Interfering Previous Index Next

Requires no vessel attachments
Minimizes interference of drip point from Standard construction will withstand • Increased uplift resistance
high performance liquid distributors 50 lbs/ft2 [0.024 bar] upward force.
The Model 805 bed limiter is used to retain random

packing when used in conjunction with an INTALOX
high performance liquid distributor. The structural
components of this bed limiter are designed to mini-
mize the interference of the liquid flow from the dis-
tributor.
Model 825 Random Packing Bed Limiter

Fastens to vessel wall
For use with traditional distributors The bed limiter is designed to with- • Increased uplift resistance
stand 50 lbs/ft2 [0.024 bar] uniform • Jack screws or clamps for
The Model 825 bed limiter is used with most ran- uplift. diameters up to 36 in. [900 mm]
dom packing when traditional liquid distributors are • Clip mounted to vessel
used. To provide uplift resistance, this bed limiter is The standard method of attachment
attached to the column. to the vessel is to clamp to an annu-
lar ring welded in the column. As an
option, the attachment method may
be with clips welded to the vessel
wall.
28
Previous Index Next
Model 883 Structured Packing Bed Limiter/Liquid Distributor Support

For all column diameters with structured Construction Details Design Options
packing
Supports tubular, channel or trough Standard construction is to have the • Jack screws for diameters under
type liquid distributors Model 883 bed limiter rest directly 36 in. [900 mm]
Used for large diameter columns to reduce on the structured packing with the • Attach to vessel wall clips for
structural components weight of the distributor limiting the uplift resistance
Provides limited uplift resistance bed movement.
Eliminates interference of high performance
liquid distributors As an alternative, the Model 883 bed
limiter can be attached to the vessel
The Model 883 bed limiter is primarily used for with wall clips. When attached with
large diameter columns where the tower is not clips, standard construction will with-
subject to process upsets or flooding. The bed stand 50 lbs/ft2 [0.024 bar] upward
limiter acts as a structural support and leveling force.
device for the liquid distributor. The weight of
the distributor retains the packing while simplifying
the mechanical structure needed to support the
distributor.
The Model 883 bed limiter is also applied in small

diameter columns with one-piece packing layers,
where no vessel support rings, clips or other inter-
nal protrusions from the wall are permitted.
29
Support Plates Previous Index Next
Every packed bed will need a support. Pressure drop calculations for all Koch- The inherent construction of structured
Two critical factors to be considered in Glitsch packings include the pressure drop packing allows it to be supported by a
the design of a packing support are: of the properly designed support. All sup- simple open grid structure.
ports are designed to handle the flow
• It must physically retain and support rates specified at the time of order place- FLEXIGRID structured packing may
the packed bed under operating ment and will not limit the capacity of the utilize a beam and/or an open grid
conditions in the column including but packing they retain. structure.
not limited to packing type and size,
design temperature, bed depth, Random packing uses a gas-injection type
operating liquid holdup, material of support that provides separate passages
construction, corrosion allowance, for liquid and vapor flow so that the two
material buildup in the bed and surge phases do not compete for the same
conditions. opening. Packing elements are retained
with specific slot openings while the con-
• It must have a high percentage of free tour of the support provides a high per-
area to allow unrestricted counter- centage of open area.
current flow of downcoming liquid and
upward flowing vapor.
Model 802 Structured Packing Support Grid

All column diameters Construction Details Design Options
Supports all sheet metal or wire gauze
packings For very small diameter columns, the • Support ring clamps
support rests on lugs. For all others, • Uplift resistance
The open grid type structure of the Model 802 sup- the Model 802 support grid rests on
port grid allows free and uniform passage of the liq- a 360º support ring. Support ring
uid and vapor so the packing capacity is not limited. load calculations are the responsibili-
ty of others.
The supports for smaller columns having body flange
access are generally supplied as one-piece units. All Midspan beams may be required,
others are supplied for installation through vessel depending upon column diameter and
manways. load requirements.
Grid sections are bolted together but
are not clamped to the support ring
as the standard.
30
Previous Index Next
Model 804 Random Packing Gas Injection Support Plate
Gas injection design
The support rests on a 360º support
The Model 804 gas injection support is designed to ring. Support ring load calculations
support the desired packing under the specified are the responsibility of others.
operating conditions while not limiting the capacity
of the packing. Therefore, beam height, material Columns with diameters larger than
thickness and slot size will vary depending on pack- 14 ft [4.2 m] generally require the
ing size, bed weight and process conditions. use of midspan beams. Smaller
diameter columns may require
Sections are clipped together and the assembly is midspan beams depending upon
clamped to the vessel support ring as the standard. material of construction, design load
and temperature.
Model 814 Random Packing Gas Injection Support Plate

Gas injection design
This support rests on a 360º support • One piece construction
The Model 814 support combines a high percentage ring. Support ring load calculations • Support ring clamping
free area with excellent mechanical strength. Two to are the responsibility of others.
four piece construction is supplied as the standard,
depending on diameter. Optional one-piece construction (for
body flanged columns only) may rest
on tower clips.
31
Model 824 Light Duty Random Packing Support Plate Previous Index Next

Low hydraulic loading
Low support strength requirements Expanded metal is utilized in the con- • Support ring clamps for towers
struction of the Model 824 support greater than 12 in. [300 mm]
The Model 824 light duty support should only be plate and its availability may limit the • One-piece construction
used for columns with low operating bed weights materials of construction offered for
and low to moderate hydraulic loads. Typically, it is this support.
used with plastic packings or short beds of metal
random packings.
32
Construction Details Previous Index Next
Metal
In some cases for pipe connections with diameters under 4 in.
Tower internals are available in any formable, weldable sheet [100 mm], threaded connections may be used. Please include
metal material. Where pipe is involved in the design, the choice specific requirements concerning flange type, rating or pipe
must be any weldable metal for which pipe and flanges are read- schedule specifications at the time of inquiry.
ily available. The following materials are most often used for
tower internals: Manway Access
• Carbon steel (not recommended for All tower internals are designed in sections to pass through
liquid distributors) vessel manways. Tower internals are designed to pass through
• Stainless steel (low carbon content is a vessel manway of 18 in [450 mm] minimum inside diameter,
preferred); Ferritic, Austenitic, unless otherwise specified. Larger manways often provide the
Duplex, Martensitic ability to increase turndown ratio on distributors and/or to
• Nickel alloys optimize the design of components for faster, easier installation.
• Copper alloys Please provide manway locations and sizes at the time of
• Titanium, Zirconium inquiry.
Internals are not stress relieved or annealed and do not typically Scope of Supply
conform to pressure vessel standards.
For the fabricated internals in this brochure, Koch-Glitsch sup-
Internals fabricated from sheet metal materials will be supplied plies all removable parts. The internals do not include vessel
in "as-sheared" condition. attachments, unless specifically stated in the item description, for
connection or support, although these may be quoted/supplied
Designs including corrosion allowances are available for many separately. Examples of such attachments that may be required
tower internals. Designs with corrosion allowances are not are:
recommended for liquid distributors since corrosion of the • Support rings
metering device will affect performance. Designs for INTALOX • Sump frames
high performance liquid distributors are not available with • Internal flanges at feed inlet nozzles
corrosion allowances. • Wall clips for support
• Ring channel (Model 633)
Bolting
With the exception of specific sizes for pipe flanges, all fasteners Minimum Support Ring Widths
will be 3/8 in. [10 mm] unless otherwise specified. Bolting will
conform to AISI standards. Bolting conforming to ASME specifi- all dimensions are expressed in inches [millimeters]
cations is available by special request. Internals Resting on Internals
Tower I.D. or Clamped to Through-Bolted or
Certification Support Ring Using Leveling
Screws
Material certification is available for all fabricated internals. Up to 18 0.75 1.5
Positive Material Identification (PMI) testing is available by spe- [up to 457] [20] [40]
cial request.
18.1 - 24.24 1.0 1.5
Gasketing [458 - 615] [25] [40]
For multi-piece tower internals requiring gasketed joints, many 24.25 - 48.24 1.5 2.0
choices of gasket material are available. Where gasketing is [616 - 1225] [40] [50]
required, braided fiberglass tape is supplied as the standard for
linear joints. Depending on the service, FLEXITALLIC® SF2400, 48.25 - 72.24 2.0 2.0
expanded PTFE or spiral wound stainless steel with flexible [1226 - 1835] [50] [50]
graphite filler gaskets are supplied as the standard for flanged
72.25 - 96.5 2.5 2.5
connections. Other gasket materials are available by special
[1836 - 2450] [65] [65]
request.
96.6 -144.5 3.0 3.0
Flanges [2451 - 3670] [75] [75]
For tower internals using pipe sections or branches and where 144.6 - 168.7 3.5 3.5
the connections are inside the column pressure boundary, the [3671 - 4285] [90] [90]
standard connections use flanges. These flanges may be standard
machined pipe flanges with 150 psi [PN 10] rating or flanges fab- 168.8 - 216.3 4.0 4.0
ricated by Koch-Glitsch from plate, depending on material of [4286 - 5495] [100] [100]
construction, size and availability.
216.4 - 240.5 4.5 4.5
[5496 - 6110] [115] [115]
If the support ring size is other than these listed above, special
consideration must be given to the plate diameter and vessel tolerances.
FLEXITALLIC is a registered trademark of Flexitallic Limited Corporation.
®
33
Special Tower Internals Previous Index Next
The following is a partial list of other tower internals not specifically covered in detail in this brochure. For further information
concerning these models, please contact a Koch-Glitsch representative.
Device Model Description
Liquid Distributors 996 Trough type distributor with drip point multipliers for very low liquid load
Feed Devices 765 Suppressed flash vapor feed distributor for flashing feed or suppressed vaporization
reboiler return
798 Vapor inlet designed for FCC Main Fractionators for extreme fouling application
Liquid Collectors 613 Deck style liquid collector for off-shore columns subject to tilt and motion
622 Trough style liquid collector for fouling services
Bed Limiters 815 Anti-migration screen used to separate two different random packing sizes in a single bed
845 Bed limiter designed for random packed beds using spray nozzle distributors to
minimize disruption of spray pattern at the top of the bed
Liquid / Liquid 534 Packing support/disperser plate for use when light phase is dispersed
Extraction Internals
535 Packing support/disperser plate for use when heavy phase is dispersed
544 Feed pipe for dispersed phase to be used in conjunction with Models 534 or 535 above
545 Feed distributor for the continuous phase
Supports and 800 Annular support ring or support ring segment

Tower Attachments
801 Free Flow support ring
810 Support beam – fabricated channel or I-beam
811 Free Flow support beam
820 Support truss – fabricated truss or lattice beam
828 Drip ring
830 Beam seats and clips
858 Rosette style wall wiper
34
Previous Index Next


Tel: (316) 828-5110 Tel: +39-035-328-611 Tel: +81-3-5435-8560
Fax: (316) 828-5263 Fax: +39-035-328-600 Fax: +81-3-3491-3523

King Street, Fenton
UNITED KINGDOM
Tel: +44-1782-744-561
Tel: (713) 427-7600 Tel: +82-2-3775-2650
Fax: +44-1782-744-330
Fax: (713) 427-7613 Fax: +82-2-2780-1954

Tel: (214) 583-3000 MUMBAI 400074, INDIA
Fax: (214) 583-3377 Tel: +91-22-2520-2050
Fax: +91-22-2520-2040
Koch-Glitsch, LP
18 Dallas St.
UXBRIDGE, ONTARIO
Tel: (905) 852-3381 1-888-KOCH-911
Fax: (905) 852-7821
INTALOX® , FLEXIRING®, HY-PAK®, CASCADE MINI RINGS®, β-ETA RING®, NOTES:

IMTP®, FLEXIPAC®, FLEXIPAC® HC®, FLEXIGRID® and GLITSCH GRID® The illustrations of column internals show one possible configuration
are registered trademarks of Koch-Glitsch. for each internal model and are intended to demonstrate the overall
function of each model. Actual internals are optimized in response to
Enhanced Vapor Horn U.S. Patents No. 5,106,544 & 5,605,654
specific process conditions and may have construction details that dif-
fer from those indicated in this brochure.
Enhanced V-Baffle U.S. Patent No. 5,632,933
Trough Distributor with Drip Tubes U.S. Patent No. 4,909,967 The information contained in this bulletin is believed to be accurate
Channel Distributor U.S. Patent No. 5,597,655 and reliable but is not to be construed as implying any warranty or
Trough Distributor with Flow Multiplier U.S. Patent No. 5,192,465 guarantee of performance.

Bulletin KGMTIG-1 2M0503E Printed in U.S.A.

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Bohr e A Teoria Quantica em 90 - Paul Strathern

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visit us on the internet:

Packed Tower Internals

visit us on the internet: www.koch-glitsch.com

Pilot Plant Capabilities

Koch-Glitsch Corporate Offices

Bulletin KT7-2 3M0500B Printed in U.S.A.

FLEXITRAY® VALVE TRAYS

for Every Application

normally using 12.7mm-diameter holes.

FLEXITRAY® VALVE TRAYS

for Every Application

The A,T and T valves can be supplied either with a flat

normally using 12.7mm-diameter holes.

Pilot Plant Capabilities

Koch-Glitsch Corporate Offices

Bulletin KT7-2 3M0500B Printed in U.S.A.

PROVALVE® Valve Tray

eliminates dead areas where solids 80

In new designs or retrofits, PROVALVE

C - Weir Load = 10.0 gpm/in.

Hole Velocity Factor, fH

Worldwide Headquarters European Offices Koch-Glitsch (UK) Ltd Japan Office

For a complete listing of Koch-Glitsch offices,

Bulletin KGVT-4 1M0503E Printed in U.S.A.

HIGH PERFORMANCE TRAYS

The Highest Capacity and Highest Efficiency

A key design strategy of SUPERFRAC trays is to use

Fig. 1 MINIVALVE ® (VG-0) Fig. 2 MINIVALVE ® (MV-1)

SUPERFRAC® HIGH PERFORMANCE TRAYS

FEATURES & BENEFITS Previous Index Next

Fig. 3 SUPERFRAC Tray, Two-Pass Fig. 4 Tray Operating Regimes

KOCH-GLITSCH FIELD SERVICE

Depend on KOCH-GLITSCH Our crews frequently work on various

Pilot Plant Capabilities

Koch-Glitsch Corporate Offices

Bulletin KSF-2 3M0500B Printed in U.S.A.

Refinery Gas Plants

Expand your Capacity--Not your Vessel

B efore the introduction of ULTRA-FRAC®

Call Koch-Glitsch. ULTRA-FRAC ® trays can save your vessel!

In Search of the Holy Grail

O perating data is critical for validation

plant at Medford, Oklahoma. The 5-ft diameter

Warning: Cocurrent flow tray design requires expertise and experience.

A n 8 / 11.5-foot diameter deethanizer was

Prior to Revamp Post Revamp

P.O. Box 8127 Koch-Glitsch Italia S.r.l. Koch-Glitsch Japan Corp.

For a complete listing of Koch-Glitsch offices,

For emergencies: 1-888-KOCH-911 Bulletin KGUF-1 3M09/01B Printed in U.S.A.

ULTRA-FRAC ® is registered in the following countries: Austria, Belgium,

U REINVENTING ITSELF TO MEET YOUR HARDWARE NEEDS!

re-engineered itself to meet your needs for the

At your work site, the Koch-Glitsch

BUBBLE CAPS: As the largest manufacturer of bubble caps,

STOCKED HARDWARE: Koch-Glitsch has more than 1,000 items

SPECIALTY HARDWARE: We carry an extensive line of specialty

TRAY COMPONENTS: We can quickly fabricate and deliver decks,

downcomers, beams and seal pans because we access the design

NON-STOCKED HARDWARE: All types available on special order.

The items we offer and their descriptions can be found on the

METRIC ITEMS PAGE NO.

Hex Nuts, Caged Nuts, Hex Head Bolts, Carriage Bolts 27