Short Keys in Keyboard Ctrl+K- Insert hyperlink for selected text

Ctrl+P- Print the current page or document.

Alt+F - File menu options in current program.
Home - Goes to beginning of current line.
Alt+E - Edit options in current program
Ctrl+Home - Goes to beginning of document.
Alt+Tab - Switch between open programs
End - Goes to end of current line.
F1 - Universal Help in almost every Windows program.
Ctrl+End - Goes to end of document.
F2 - Rename a selected fileF5Refresh the current program
window Shift+Home - Highlights from current position to beginning of
line.
Ctrl+N - Create a new, blank document in some software
programs Shift+End - Highlights from current position to end of line.

Ctrl+O – Open a file in current software program Ctrl+Left arrow - Moves one word to the left at a time.

Ctrl+A - Select all text. Ctrl+Right arrow - Moves one word to the right at a time.

Ctrl+B - Change selected text to be Bold Ctrl+Esc - Opens the START menu

Ctrl+I - Change selected text to be in Italics Ctrl+Shift+Esc - Opens Windows Task Manager

Ctrl+U - Change selected text to be Underlined Alt+F4 - Close the currently active program

Ctrl+F - Open find window for current document or window. Alt+Enter - Open the Properties for the selected item (file,
folder, shortcut, etc.)
Ctrl+S - Save current document file.
Alt+0224 - à
Ctrl+X - Cut selected item.
Alt+0232 - è
Shift+Del - Cut selected item.
Alt+0236 - ì
Ctrl+C - Copy selected item.
Alt+0242 - ò
Ctrl+Ins - Copy selected item
Alt+0241 - ñ
Ctrl+V- Paste
Alt+0228 - ä
Shift+Ins – Paste
Alt+0246 - ö
Ctrl+Y - Redo last action
Alt+0252 - ü
Ctrl+Z – Undo last action
Alt+0248 - ø application, where as another may use F6 to underline. Examples
of functional keys are: F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F10, F11
Alt+0223 - ß and F12.
Alt+0198 - Æ
SPECIAL PURPOSE KEYS: This are keys used to enter,
Alt+0231 - ç delete, edit etc, data and to execute commands, below are list of
some special keys of the keyboard.
Alt+0191 - ¿
Alt+0176 - ° (degree symbol)  ESC (escape) is used to cancel a command or terminate
program execution, it can be used to return back to
Alt+0177 - ± (plus/minus symbol) previous window or proceed.
 ENTER (return) send information to the processing unit
Alt+0153 - ™
of the computer. It tells the computer to accept data. It can
Alt+0169 - © also be used to start a new line.
 CTRL (control) is a control key and a short cut key. It can
Alt+0174 - ® be combine with other keys to perform a task.
Alt+0128 - € (Euro currency)  SHIFT key has no effect on itself until another key is
depressed. To save your document press shift+s
Alt+0162 - ¢ (Cent symbol)  ALT (alternate) key work in combination with another
key to produce an effect.
Alt+0163 - £ (British Pound currency)
 CAPLOCK key is used to turn on the and off the cap light
Alt+0165 - ¥ (Japanese Yen currency) which changes the appearance your text from capital to
small and vice versa.
 PRT SCRN(print screen) is used to print everything on
Parts of the Computer Keyboard the screen or the desktop/screen shot.it is activated by
pressing Alt or Ctrl key and print screen key.
The keyboard has five parts or divisions, namely:  INS (insert) used to insert a text, character and symbols
in a document.
 Functional key.  DEL (delete) is used to delete one character at the cursor
position.
 Special purpose keys/computer keys.
 TAB key tab key depends on the software use.it is use to
 Cursor keys. go around a document.
 Numeric keys.  HOME is use to return to the previous page.
 Alphanumeric keys.  END is use to go to the end of a particular page or number.
 PG UP (page up) is use to scroll up, or go to a previous
FUNTIONAL KEYS: Are positioned along the top of the page.
keyboard. They are used to execute commands specific to the  PG DN (page down) is use to scroll down the document
software being used for example F6 is used to exit a file in some of a page, or used to go down to a page.
  SCROLL LOCK: is use to turn on and off the scroll lock LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors
light. The LCD monitor
incorporates one of the
CURSOR KEYS are usually located in between the standard most advanced
section and the numeric pad on computer keyboards. It is made technologies available
up of four keys: the left arrow (back arrow), up arrow, down today. Typically, it
arrow, and the right arrow (forward arrow). consists of a layer of
color or monochrome
NUMERIC KEYS is a 17-key keypad usually found on the far pixels arranged
right side of a typical IBM 101 / 2-key keyboard. schematically between a
couple of transparent
ALPHANUMERIC KEYS are all of the letters and numbers electrodes and two
on the keyboard. A-Z and 0-9 polarizing filters. Optical
effect is made possible by polarizing the light in varied amounts
Types of computer monitors and making it pass through the liquid crystal layer. The two
CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors types of LCD technology available are the active matrix of TFT
These monitors employ CRT and a passive matrix technology. TFT generates better picture
technology, which was used quality and is more secure and reliable. Passive matrix, on the
most commonly in the other hand, has a slow response time and is slowly becoming
manufacturing of television outdated.
screens. With these monitors,
a stream of intense high energy The advantages of LCD monitors include their compact size
electrons is used to form which makes them lightweight. They also don’t consume much
images on a fluorescent screen. electricity as CRT monitors, and can be run off of batteries
A cathode ray tube is basically which makes them ideal for laptops.
a vacuum tube containing an
electron gun at one end and a Images transmitted by these monitors don’t get geometrically
fluorescent screen at another end. distorted and have little flicker. However, this type of monitor
does have disadvantages, such as its relatively high price, an
While CRT monitors can still be found in some organizations, image quality which is not constant when viewed from different
many offices have stopped using them largely because they are angles, and a monitor resolution that is not always constant,
heavy, bulky, and costly to replace should they break. While they meaning any alterations can result in reduced performance.
are still in use, it would be a good idea to phase these monitors
out for cheaper, lighter, and more reliable monitors.
LED (light-emitting diodes) monitors IDE / PATA (Integrated Drive Electronics Drive / Parallel
LED monitors are the Advance Technology Attachment Drive)
latest types of monitors
on the market today.
These are flat panel, or
slightly curved displays
which make use of light-
emitting diodes for back-
lighting, instead of cold
cathode fluorescent
(CCFL) back-lighting
used in LCDs. LED monitors are said to use much lesser power
than CRT and LCD and are considered far more
environmentally friendly.  IDE/PATA Drives have usually 40 pins.
 IDE/PATA Drives offer 133 MB/sec transfer rate.
 It sends 8 bit data at a time.
The advantages of LED monitors are that they produce images  PATA Cables are used to connect PATA HDD. Two drives
with higher contrast, have less negative environmental impact can be connected in a single pata cable. One as master and
when disposed, are more durable than CRT or LCD monitors, other as slave. The configuration of master and slave is
and features a very thin design. They also don’t produce much done by different combination of jumpers in the hdd.
heat while running. The only downside is that they can be more
expensive, especially for the high-end monitors like the new SATA (Serial Advance Technology Attachment Drive)
curved displays that are being released.

Different types of Hard Disk Drive

It is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded
data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surface.

Types of HDD :

1. IDE : Integrated Drive Electronics. IDE drives are also

known as PATA drives( Parallel advance technology
attachment )
2. SATA : Serial advance technology attachment
3. SCSI : Small Computer System Interface. SCSI is
pronounced as scuzzy.
4. SAS : Serial Attached SCSI
 SATA Drives have usually 7 pins, 4 pins in pair of two for
sending and receiving data and rest 3 pins are grounded.
 SATA Drives offers generally 300MB/sec transfer rate.
 It sends data bit by bit.
 SATA Cables are used to connect SATA HDD. Only one
drive can be connected in a single sata cable.
 SCSI (Small Computer System Interface Drive)
TYPES OF MOUSE
WIRELESS MOUSE:

The Mouse without wire or

cord is called wireless mouse
or cordless mouse. Most
wireless mice use
radiofrequency (RF)
technology to communicate
information to your
computer. Since RF devices
require two main
 SCSI Drives have usually 50 to 68 pins. components: a transmitter
 SCSI Drive offers generally 640MB/sec transfer rate. and a receiver,thats why wireless mouse also requires it.
 This drives are hot swappable.
 SCSI cables are used to connect SCSI HDD. Maximum of Working :
16 drives can be connected in a single scsi cable. Each hdd • The transmitter is housed in the mouse. It sends an
have a 8 bytes hexadecimal code known electromagnetic (radio) signal that encodes the information
as WWN (worldwide name) for its identification in the about the mouse’s movements and the buttons you click.
cable. • The receiver, which is connected to your computer, accepts the
signal, decodes it and passes it on to the mouse driver software
SAS(Serial Attached SCSI Drive) and your computer’s operating system.
• The receiver can be a separate device that plugs into your
computer, a special card that you place in an expansion slot, or a
built-in component.
GSTICK MOUSE:
Gordon Stewart designed the
Stick to add a more authentic and
natural feel to artistic
manipulations on both Macs and
PCs. These mice are Wireless and
pocket-sized. It looks like a pencil.
 SAS Drives generally offers 805 MB/sec transfer rate. gStick mouse is like a pencil. It
 This drives are hot swappable. can be used for web browsing,
 SAS Cables are used to connect SAS Drives. Maximum of office work or whatever you do
128 drives can be connected in a single sas cable. with your traditional mouse, with
more comfort. It also features a scroll wheel that can be A TRACKBALL MOUSE:
manipulated with a finger or thumb a button on either side of A trackball mouse is a
the wheel. It’s claimed that a single AAA battery will power the pointing device.It
gStick for between three and five months. consists of a ball held
by a socket containing
OPTICAL MOUSE:
sensors to detect a
An optical mouse is an computer
rotation of the ball.
pointing device that uses a light-
The user rolls the ball
emitting diode an optical sensor,
with the thumb,
and digital signal processing (
fingers, or the palm of
DSP ).This mouse doesn’t have
the hand to move a
mouse ball and electromechanical
pointer. the operator
transducer. Movement is detected
just continues rolling
by sensing changes in reflected
with trackball but a mouse would have to be lifted and re-
light, instead of interpreting the
positioned. Some trackballs, such as Logitech’s optical-pickoff
motion of a rolling sphere.
types, have notably low friction, as well as being dense (glass),
An optical mouse does not have so they can be spun to make them coast. Large trackballs
moving parts thats why there is are common on CAD workstations.
no need of cleaning .Also there is no mechanical fatigue and
MECHANICAL MOUSE OR BALL MOUSE:
failure in this type of mice. The optical mouse takes microscopic
In 1972, Bill English
snapshots of the working surface at a rate of more than 1,000
(builder of
images per second. If the mouse is moved, the image changes .
Engelbart’s original
The best surfaces reflect but scatter light; an example is a blank
mouse) invented the
sheet of white drawing paper. Some surfaces do not allow the
ball mouse, while
sensor and DSP to function properly because the irregularities
working for Xerox
are too small to be detected. An example of a poor optical-
PARC. In this, a
mousing surface is unfrosted glass.
single mouse was
replaced by the
external wheels,
which could roll in
any direction.
Mechanical mouse is a device integrated with an internal metal
or rubber ball, which can spin in all directions (left, right, up and
down). Thus, the display cursor moves as the mouse detects the
direction. The ball in the mechanical mouse spins when it comes
in contact with surface on which it is placed.