Power Factor Dry Type Transformer Testing

12/25/2018 Performing power factor test on dry-type transformer during commissioning | EEP
Maintenance / Testing and Commissioning / Transformers
Performing power factor test on

dry-type transformer during
commissioning
Power factor test
The power factor test is a maintenance test used to
determine the insulation system dielectric power
loss by measuring the power angle between an
applied AC voltage and the resultant current.
Performing
Performing power
power factor
factor test
test on
on dry-type
dry-type transformer
transformer during
during
commissioning (photo credit: sgb-smit.com)
commissioning (photo credit: sgb-smit.com)
https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/dry-type-transformer-power-factor-test 1/12
Power factor is defined as the ratio of the

power dissipated divided by the input
volt-ampere multiplied by 100%.
This test may be required to be performed during the

acceptance testing stage to establish a baseline
reading for future test comparison.
Figure
Figure 11 –– Insulation
Insulation System
System Equivalent
Equivalent Circuit
Circuit and
and Power
Power Factor
Factor
Vector Diagram
Vector Diagram
Dielectric losses in and power factor can be

calculated by:
Watts = E × IT × Cosine Ө
Power factor = Cosine Ө = Watts / (E ×
IT)
Power factor test is performed for detecting

insulation deterioration or degradation usually
caused by moisture, carbonization or other forms of
contaminants of the winding and bushing. Winding
distortions results in a change in winding capacitance
and short-circuited and partially short-circuited turns
result in abnormally high excitation current.
Types of transformers that are normally subjected

to the power factor test are:
1. Two winding transformers

2. Three winding transformer
3. Auto-transformers
4. Instrument transformers
Other test names synonymous with the

power factor test are dielectric loss angle,
dissipation factor test, tan delta or doble
test.
General conditions required for testing

transformers are:
1. The unit must be de-energized and isolated from

the power system including the neutral
connection from ground.
2. Transformer enclosure must be properly
grounded and applicable to when testing spare
units.
3. All terminal of each winding are short-circuited
together including the neutral terminals. This will
minimize the effect of winding inductance
during testing.
4. Load tap changer (LTC) should be set of neutral
if it has arrester-type elements that are not
effectively short circuited in the neutral position.
The power factor test typically applies a test voltage

less than the stress working levels of the equipment.
Refer to Table 1.
Table 1 – Recommended power factor test voltage

for dry-type power transformer connected in delta
and ungrounded-wye
Winding Test Voltage

rating Line-to-ground, kV
Line-to-line,
kV
Above 14.4 2 and 10
12 to 14.4 2, 10 and at operating line-to-ground
voltage
5.04 to 8.72 2 and 5
2.4 to 4.8 2
Below 2.4 1
Note // Transformer windings provided with neutral

insulation rating which is less than the line insulation
rating should be tested below the neutral insulation
rating level.
The required tests are noted in Table 2 and its

connection is shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. The
difference between the high voltage winding tests and
the low voltage winding tests are the placement of the
test leads and the test voltage levels. Test 3 and test
8 of Table 2 should generate the same value as they
both measure the same capacitance between the
windings.
Table 2 – Power Factor test connection for two

winding dry-type transformer
Test Test Energized Ground Guard UST Measure

number mode winding
1 GST High Low – – CH+CHL
2 GST High – Low – CH
3 UST High – – Low CHL
4 Calculate Test 1 minus Test 2 CHL
5 GST Low High – – CL+CHL
6 GST Low – High – CL
7 UST Low – – High CHL
8 Calculate Test 5 minus Test 6 CHL
HV winding power factor test

1. Isolate transformer
2. Isolate Neutral Connection
3. Install shorting jumpers on H1, H2 and H3
4. Install shorting jumpers on X1, X2, X3 and X0
5. Apply Specified test voltage at ramp rate in 15
seconds
6. Test at specified voltage for 1 minute
7. Reduce test voltage to zero at ramp rate in 5
seconds
Figure
Figure 22 –– Power
Power Factor
Factor High
High Voltage
Voltage Winding
Winding Test
Test Connection
Connection
LV winding power factor test

1. Isolate transformer
2. Isolate Neutral Connection
3. Install shorting jumpers on H1, H2 and H3
4. Install shorting jumpers on X1, X2, X3 and X0
5. Perform a GST test
6. Perform a Guard test
7. Perform an UST test
8. Confirm capacitance value from GST test minus
Guard test equal UST test
Figure
Figure 33 –– Power
Power Factor
Factor Low
Low Voltage
Voltage Winding
Winding Test
Test Connection
Connection
Caution //
Always ground to the previously energized
terminal with a grounding stick before
making any connection changes to bleed
off any electrical charge that may be
present. Leave the grounding connected
until connection changes is completed and
before the start of the next test.
Power factor test procedure (Two

winding dry-type transformer)
1. Isolate the equipment, apply working grounds to
all incoming and outgoing cables and disconnect
all incoming and outgoing cables from the
transformer bushing terminals. Disconnected
cables should have sufficient clearance from the
switchgear terminals greater that the phase

spacing distance.
Use nylon rope to hold cable away

from incoming and outgoing terminals
as required.
2. Isolate the neutral bushing connection if

applicable from the transformer grounding bar.
3. Short-circuit all high voltage bushing terminals
together.
4. Short-circuit all low voltage bushing terminals
and the neutral bushing terminal together.
5. Connect the power factor test set. Refer to Table
2 for the test measuring mode and associated
test number.
6. Apply the specified test voltage levels as noted in
Table 2.
7. Record power factor and watts loss values.
8. Repeat step 5 to 7 until all tests are completed
Table 2 -Standard kVA Ratings for Dry-Type

Transformers
Single Three phase Single phase Three phase

phase
2 6 333 1000
3 9 500 1500
5 15 667 2000
10 30 833 2500
15 45 1000 3000
25 75 1250 3750
37 112 1667 5000
50 150 2500 7500
75 225 3333 open-ended
100 300 5000
— 450 open-ended
167 500 –
250 750 –
Measuring capacitance and power

factor or dissipation factor
The condition of the bushings and the overall
insulation of power transformers can be investigated
by measuring the capacitance and dissipation factor,
also known as the tangent delta, or power factor.
Aging and decomposition of the insulation, or the

ingress of water, increases the losses and thus
more energy is turned into heat in the insulation. The
level of this dissipation is expressed by the dissipation
factor or power factor.
Power factor testing

In this video you will learn about means to measure
the quality of the insulation of power transformers and
bushings, such as power factor or dissipation factor
measurement, and measuring capacitance.
Possible causes for a reduction in insulation

quality are also explained.
TanDelta/Power Factor Testing
Reference // Substation commissioning course – Dry-

type transformers by Raymond Lee, Technical Trainer
Edvard Csanyi
Electrical engineer, programmer and founder of EEP.
Highly specialized for design of LV/MV switchgears
and LV high power busbar trunking (<6300A) in power
substations, commercial buildings and industry
fascilities. Professional in AutoCAD programming.
Present on Google+

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12/25/2018 Performing power factor test on dry-type transformer during commissioning | EEP

Maintenance / Testing and Commissioning / Transformers

Performing power factor test on

Power factor is defined as the ratio of the

This test may be required to be performed during the

Dielectric losses in and power factor can be

Power factor test is performed for detecting

Types of transformers that are normally subjected

1. Two winding transformers

Other test names synonymous with the

General conditions required for testing

1. The unit must be de-energized and isolated from

The power factor test typically applies a test voltage

Table 1 – Recommended power factor test voltage

Winding Test Voltage

Note // Transformer windings provided with neutral

The required tests are noted in Table 2 and its

Table 2 – Power Factor test connection for two

Test Test Energized Ground Guard UST Measure

HV winding power factor test

LV winding power factor test

Power factor test procedure (Two

switchgear terminals greater that the phase

Use nylon rope to hold cable away

2. Isolate the neutral bushing connection if

Table 2 -Standard kVA Ratings for Dry-Type

Single Three phase Single phase Three phase

Measuring capacitance and power

Aging and decomposition of the insulation, or the

Power factor testing

Possible causes for a reduction in insulation

TanDelta/Power Factor Testing

Reference // Substation commissioning course – Dry-

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