HMEC5113 - V2 Assignment

HMEC 5113_ V2 CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORIES
CONTENT
1. Introduction to your programme
2. Introduction to your Learning Kit
3. Introduction to your Course
4. Your Learning Resources
5. Your Learning Journey
6. Your Learning Milestones
7. Your Seminar
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INTRODUCTION TO YOUR
PROGRAMME
2
Welcome to the Masters in Early Childhood Education (MECHE).
This learning kit is one in a series of learning kits that form the basis of the MECHE programme.
This learning kit will be your guide and companion on your learning adventure in the MECHE
programme. This is your journey to becoming a better teacher and administrator in early
childhood education. Congratulations for being here.
In the MECHE journey, we will be exploring a wide range of foundational theories and
methods, gaining essential knowledge and practicing important skills in education specifically
in early childhood education.
You will be building your own understanding of this knowledge, structuring your own critique
of them, evaluating their worth and possibly even improving early childhood education in the
process.
MECHE will help you cultivate good values and build your arsenal of best practices.
In MECHE, you will research, reflect and learn. You sharpen your ability to make intelligent
and informed decisions.
Most importantly, you will be learning how to do the job of teaching young minds better.
In MECHE, you will be learning to be a force for change for the better.
We wish you all the best.
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LEARNING KIT
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Your learning kit is your learning companion.
In your learning kit, you will find the following:
1. Introduction to your Programme

2. Introduction to your Learning Kit
3. Introduction to your Course
4. Your Learning Resources
• Textbooks – the majority of the books that will be used in MECHE will be
from the digital library through services like Ebrary and Books 24/7.
These are important books and even the latest ones that are only available
online in the services mentioned. Each of the databases has their own
rules so please read them carefully. Hardcopies of some of these books
may also be available at the library. If needed, you may also borrow the
books from other libraries through inter-library loans. Please contact your
librarian for assistance.
• Audiovisual - MECHE will also be using audiovisual references to help

you understand the content better. These audiovisual materials will be
taken from sites like YouTube. Some will also be housed at OUM’s own
servers.
• Links to relevant and useful material online.
5. Your Learning Journey. This will guide you to the individual lectures and tutorials.
6. Your Learning Milestones. Assessment and evaluation is quintessential to a learning

process. Through MECHE’s assessment and evaluation process you will be able to see
how far you have progressed and even how much you have learnt.
7. Your Seminars. Seminar 1 - 4
 What you will explore. (Guideline for each seminar (eg: link, YouTube)
 Your Learning Material. Listing of the learning material that you will need to
explore in preparation for the classes.
o Journals
o 1-3 chapters from textbook (not more than 30%)
o Guideline for each seminar (eg: link, youTube)
o Activities
5
COURSE
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Welcome to course HMEC 5113_ V2 CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORIES.
Facilitator
Your course Facilitator : Dr. Wirawani binti Kamarulzaman
Email : wirawani@oum.edu.my
Mobile number : 019-3694774
INTRODUCTION:
In this course, we will be learning about the theories in child development. Child development
is a continuous process that involves the biological, psychological and emotional changes which
take place in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence, as the individual
progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy. This process has a predictable sequence,
nonetheless having a unique course for every child. Each individual child does not progress at
the same rate and each stage is influenced by the preceding developmental experiences. Because
these developmental changes may be strongly shaped by genetic factors and events during
prenatal life, genetics and prenatal development are usually included as part of the study of
child development. Related terms and theories include developmental psychology, referring to
development throughout the lifespan, and paediatrics, the branch of medicine relating to the
care of children.
As early childhood educator, we have the responsibility to educate, nurture and care for young
children. In order to successfully do that, we need to know their development milestones based
on theories of development. All these theories were developed based on years of research by
observing children’s development. Thus, in this course, we will learn what are the common
developmental process and milestones which enable us to compare them with the children
under our care.
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COURSE PURPOSE
This course is a required course for Master in Early Childhood Education. It is intended to assist
future early childhood managers, principals, educators, teachers and childcare providers in
managing learning and development in early childhood organisations.
The purpose of this course is to help teachers, and childcare providers and professionals to
understand the processes of human development and to apply this knowledge to provide a
developmental guidance so that teachers will be able to understand further of child
development and they can suggest for improvement if any developmental delays occur.
Hence, the teacher, childcare provider or professionals will understand how to nurture and care
for children based on their appropriate developmental milestones. Teachers should know how
to communicate effectively with families and establish collaborative relationship that can
enhance work with children. Lastly teachers, childcare providers or school counsellors can
understand and comply with the ethical, legal and professional standards relevant to the
profession.
OBJECTIVES
1. To provide learners with the knowledge and understanding of relevant theories in child
development
2. To provide learners with the ability to relate theories and issues in child development
3. To provide learners with the opportunities to practice their knowledge of child
development through various assessment methods
AT THE END OF THE COURSE, LEARNERS SHOULD BE ABLE TO
1. Apply theories learned to teaching practice used in early childhood education;

2. Justify children learning issues with theories learned;
3. Analyse current practices and modify for improvement.
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CONTENT OUTLINE
No Topic Remarks
1 Biological Processes All learning resources

 Genetic Foundation of Development can be found in the
 Reproductive Challenges learning kit. For
 In Vitro additional materials
 Heredity and Environment Interaction please refer to your
learning resources.
2 Prenatal Development & Birth

 Prenatal development
Birth process
 Assessing Newborn
 Postpartum period
 Bonding
3 Theories on Physical Development

 Body growth and change
 The brain
 Motor development
Sensory and perceptual development
4 Theories on Social Development

Family processes
 Sibling relationship
Friendship function
 Similarity and Intimacy
5 Theories on Emotional Development

 Emotions
 Emotional Development
 Temperament
 Attachment 

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YOUR LEARNING RESOURCES
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Resources Titles
Books  Santrock, J.W. (2012). Child development. (13th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
 Palaiologou,I. (2013). The early year’s foundation stage: theory and practice. London:
Sage
 Charlesworth, R. (2014). Understanding Child Development. (9th ed.). Cengage.
Journals/ https://www.verywellmind.com/child-development-theories-2795068
https://sielearning.tafensw.edu.au/MCS/CHCFC301A/12048/chcfc301a/lo/1
websites 2020/index.htm
https://www.gulfbend.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=7924
https://www.explorepsychology.com/child-development-theories/
https://www.learning-theories.com/category/child-development-theories
https://web.sonoma.edu/users/p/pollack/edu420/overview10.web.pdf
file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/9781461478065-c1.pdf
https://www.familyconsumersciences.com/wp-content/uploads/Lesson-17-
Child-Development-Theorists-and-Theories.pdf
https://www.distancelearningcentre.com/resources/Theories_and_Issues%
20_in_Child.pdf
http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~rakison/POCDclass7.pdf
https://www.learningrx.com/4-cognitive-stages-for-child-development-
faq.htm
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001474/147499e.pdf
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YOUR LEARNING JOURNEY
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Hi everyone,
This will be your study guide for this semester for HMEC5113_V2. This study guide will assist
you in monitoring your study so that you may do the necessary reading and preparation before
coming to class. Your Master’s programme will consist of 5 seminars. In every seminar, there
will be presentation and discussion on topics and questions based on current issues good
quality physical and educational environment for young children.
Date Seminar Activities Remarks

Seminar 1 Ice breaking
 Introduction to course
 Discussion on course assessment:
Assignment tasks & presentation
Biological Processes
 Genetic Foundation of Development
 Reproductive Challenges
 In Vitro
Heredity and Environmental Interaction
Prenatal Development & Birth
 Prenatal development
 Birth process
 Assessing Newborn
 Postpartum period
 Bonding
Seminar 2 Theories on Physical Development
 Body growth and change
 The brain
 Motor development
 Sensory and perceptual development
Theories on Social Development
 Family processes
 Sibling relationship
 Friendship function
 Similarity and Intimacy
13
Seminar 3 Theories on Emotional Development

Emotions
 Emotional Development
 Temperament
 Attachment
Theories on Cognitive Development
Piaget Theory
Vygotsky Theory
Attention
Memory
 Metacognition

Seminar 4 Theories on Moral Development
Thought ,emotions and social
interactional processes in moral
development
 Gender & morality
Moral Development in Early Childhood
and social interaction in the family
Culture & Diversity
The relevance of culture to the study of
children
Development and poverty
Differences & diversity
 Prejudice and discrimination
Revision
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YOUR LEARNING MILESTONES
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Hi everyone,
Your assessment format for HMEC5113_V2 is as follows:
 Coursework: 60% (Assignment and presentation)


 Final Examination: 40% 
For the assignment question, please refer to the COURSES MENU in the myINSPIRE.
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SEMINAR
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SEMINAR 1
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Seminar 1
Welcome to seminar 1, the following will be discussed during this

seminar; all students are advised to read before coming to class.
Ice breaking
 Introduction to course
 Discussion on assignment: assignment, on-line task, forum, self-
reflection and examination.
Seminar 1
 Topic 1: Biological Processes
 Topic 2: Prenatal Development and Birth
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TOPIC 1: BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

 GENETIC FOUNDATION OF DEVELOPMENT & REPRODUCTIVE
CHALLENGES
Learning Outcome
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
1. Define genes and analyse how genes are passed on;

2. Differentiate chromosome and gene-linked abnormalities.
3. Identify some important reproductive challenges and choices.
Think
As humans, we inherit the genes from our parents, and our children will also
inherit our spouse and our genes. Describe what are genes and how they
influence children’s development.
Prerequisite Reading
Please read the following articles before attempting the group task
Chapter 2 from Santrock,J.W. (2012). Child development. New York. (13th ed.) NY:
McGraw Hill.
And
Refer to these websites

https://study.com/academy/topic/biological-development.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biology
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Group Task
In your group, look at the picture below and discuss the following questions:
1. What causes Down syndrome?

2. Differentiate between chromosomal and gene-linked abnormalities
3. Explain how environment interacts with genes in gene-linked
abnormalities.
4. Identify some important reproductive challenges and choices.
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 HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
Learning Outcome
1. Identify behaviour genetics

2. Elaborate the concept of shared and non-shared environmental
experiences
3. Explain some of the ways heredity and environment interact to produce
individual differences in development.
Think
Heredity and environment, both play a part in a child’s development. By

examining your own development, which of those two have more influence on
your behaviour, personality and attitude?
Chapter 2 from Santrock, J.W. (2012). Child development. New York. (13th ed.) NY:
McGraw Hill.
https://www.ashg.org/education/everyone_1.shtml
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Group Task:
1. Imagine that someone tells you that he or she has analysed your genetic
background and environmental experiences and reached a conclusion that
the environment you grew up in as a child definitely had little influence
on your intelligence. What would you say about this analysis?
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TOPIC 2: PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH
 PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Learning Outcome
By the end of this session, you should be able to:
1. Describe prenatal development;

2. Discuss the birth process; and
3. Explain the changes that take place in postpartum period.
Think
Out of thousands of eggs and millions of sperm, a baby is born. What are the
processes of prenatal and birth in a child’s development?
McGraw Hill.
Refer to this website

https://www.verywellmind.com/stages-of-prenatal-development-2795073
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-psychology/chapter/stages-of-
development/
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Group Task:
1. What is teratology, and what are some of the main hazards to prenatal
development?
2. What are the three main stages of birth?
3. What are the outcomes for children if they are born preterm or with a low
birth weight?
4. What emotional and psychological adjustments characterise the
postpartum period?
5. Is bonding critical for optimal development? Why?
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SEMINAR 2
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Seminar 2
Seminar 2
 Topic 3: Theories on Physical Development
 Topic 4: Theories on Social Development
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TOPIC 3: THEORIES ON PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
 BODY GROWTH AND THE BRAIN
Learning Outcome
1. Discuss developmental changes in the body; and

2. Describe how the brain changes.
Think
As we grow, we go through many body changes. Can you describe the influence
of nature and nurture on the relationship between hormones and puberty?
McGraw Hill.

https://www.pgpedia.com/p/physical-development
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-physical-development-definition-
and-examples.html
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Group Task
Source: https://www.rainbowccc.com/supporting-physical-development/
5. How do height and weight change in infancy and toddlerhood?

6. What changes characterised puberty?
7. How does the brain change in infancy?
8. What characterises the development of brain in childhood?
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 MOTOR, SENSORY AND PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT
Learning Outcome
4. Describe how motor skills develop; and

5. Outline the course of sensory and perceptual development.
Think
If and when you become a parent, how would you evaluate the benefits and
drawbacks of allowing your 7-year-old to play for a soccer team in a competitive
league in your town or city?
McGraw Hill.
https://childdevelopment.com.au/resources/child-development-charts/gross-
motor-developmental-chart/
https://www.parents.com/toddlers-preschoolers/development/physical/child-
developing-motor-skills/
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http://www.schoolsparks.com/early-childhood-development/fine-motor
https://childdevelopment.com.au/resources/child-development-charts/fine-
motor-developmental-chart/
Group Task:
Stevie Wonder: Blind at Birth. Stevie Wonder was born Stevland

Hardaway Judkins on May 13, 1950, in Saginaw, Michigan. He was
born six weeks early with retinopathy of prematurity, an eye
disorder which was exacerbated when he received too much
oxygen in an incubator, leading to blindness
1. Relate gross motor skills and fine motor skills to Stevie

Wonder’s development.
2. Explain a number of reflexes. Did Stevie Wonder had them
too? Why?
3. What are sensation and perception? How would this differ between you
and Stevie Wonder?
4. What is intermodal perception, and how does it develop?
5. What roles do nature and nurture play in perceptual development?
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TOPIC 4: THEORIES ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
 FAMILY PROCESSES AND SIBLINGS RELATIONSHIPS
Learning Outcome
4. Discuss family processes;

5. Explain how parenting is linked to children’s development; and
6. Identify how siblings influence children’s development.
Think
Family is a system, what does that mean? In a family system, the role of
cognition and emotion are important to a child’s social development. How is this
possible?
McGraw Hill.

https://living.thebump.com/family-processes-affect-child-development-
15217.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4128411/
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Group Task:
6. What is reciprocal socialisation?

7. What are the five domain-specific socialisation practices?
8. What are some sociocultural and historical changes that have influenced
the family?
9. How can sibling relationships be characterised?
10. What role does birth order play in children’s development?
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 FRIENDSHIP FUNCTION AND SIMILARITY AND INTIMACY
Learning Outcome
6. Explain friendship; and

7. Describe similarity and intimacy in friendship.
Think
There are six functions of friendship; companionship, stimulation, physical

support, ego support, social comparison and intimacy/affection. Rank them from
most (1) to least (6) important to you as you were developing in three different
periods: early childhood, middle and late childhood, and adolescence.
McGraw Hill.
https://hvparent.com/early-friendships-profoundly-affects-childs-development
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-4880-4_3
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Group Task:
1. What are six functions of friendship?

2. What is Harry Stack Sullivan’s view of friendship?
3. What roles do similarity and intimacy play in friendship?
4. How does gender influence friendship?
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SEMINAR 3
36
Seminar 3

Seminar 3
 Topic 5: Theories on Emotional Development
 Topic 6: Theories on Cognitive Development
37
TOPIC 5: THEORIES ON EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
 EMOTIONS AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Learning Outcome
3. Discuss basic aspects of emotions; and

4. Describe the development of emotion.
Think
Think back to your childhood and adolescent years. How would you describe
your emotional competence as a child and adolescent?
McGraw Hill.
https://www.kidsmatter.edu.au/early-childhood/blog/emotional-development-early-
childhood
https://www.verywellmind.com/social-and-emotional-development-in-early-
childhood-2795106
http://www.child-encyclopedia.com/emotions/according-experts/emotional-
development-childhood
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED430678.pdf
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Group Task
Source: https://tinybuddha.com/blog/how-to-stop-being-a-slave-to-your-emotions/
9. How is emotion defined?

10. What constitute emotional competence according to Carolyn Saarni?
11. How does emotion develop in infancy?
12. What characterises emotional development in early childhood?
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 TEMPERAMENT AND ATTACHMENT
Learning Outcome
8. Characterise variations in temperament and their significance; and

9. Explain the development of attachment in childhood.
Think
Consider your temperament. Are you an easy child, difficult child or slow-to-
warm-up child? Has your temperament change as you gotten older? If yes, what
factors contributed to the change?
McGraw Hill.
http://psych.colorado.edu/~colunga/p4684/temperament.pdf
https://allpsych.com/personalitysynopsis/temperament/
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ftp://ftp.amberton.edu/_
SLatson/lifespan/lifespan%2520ch%25206.pptx
40
Group Task:
1. How can temperament be described and classified?

2. How is temperament influenced by biological foundations and
experience?
3. How does attachment develop in infancy?
41
TOPIC 6: THEORIES ON COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
 PIAGET’S & VYGOTSKY’S THEORY
Learning Outcome
7. Discuss the key processes and four stages in Piaget’s theory;

8. Identify the main concepts in Vygotsky’s theory; and
9. Compare Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of cognitive development.
Think
Do you consider yourself to be a formal operational thinker? Do you still

sometimes feel like a concrete operational thinker? Give examples.
McGraw Hill.

https://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html
https://www.simplypsychology.org/vygotsky.html
http://www.differencebetween.net/science/differenc-between-vygotsky-and-
piaget/
42
Group Task:
11. What are the key processes in Piaget’s theory?

12. What are the main characteristics of the sensorimotor, preoperational,
concrete operational and formal operational stages?
13. What is the zone of proximal development?
14. What are the similarities and differences between Vygotsky’s and Piaget’s
theories?
43
 ATTENTION, MEMORY AND METACOGNITION
Learning Outcome
1. Define attention outline its developmental changes;

2. Describe what is memory is and how it changes; and
3. Define metacognition and summarise its developmental changes.
Think
What is your earliest memory? Why do you think you can remember this
particular situation?
McGraw Hill.
https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/attention-memory-and-meta-cognition/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/attention-memory-and-meta-cognition-
development-in-middle-childhood.html
44
Group Task:
5. What is attention? What are four ways in which children allocate

attention?
6. How does attention develop in infancy and childhood?
7. What is memory and what are some important processes and types of
memory?
8. How does memory develop in infancy and changes in childhood?
9. What is metacognition?
10. What is theory of mind? How does children’s theory of mind change
developmentally?
11. How does metacognition change during childhood?
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SEMINAR 4
46
Seminar 4
Welcome to seminar 4 the following will be discussed during this

Seminar 4
 Topic 7: Theories on Moral Development
 Topic 8: Culture and Diversity
47
TOPIC 7: THEORIES ON MORAL DEVELOPMENT
 THOUGHT, EMOTIONS AND SOCIAL INTERACTIONAL

PROCESSES IN MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Learning Outcome
5. Discuss theory on the domain of moral development; and

6. Explain how parenting and school influence moral development.
Think
Which of the four approaches – cognitive, psychoanalytic, behavioural/social

cognitive and personality – do you think best describe the way you developed
morality. Explain. What type of discipline did your parents use with you? What
effect do you think this approach has had on your moral development?
McGraw Hill.

https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=orpc
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00797308.1966.11823252
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg%27s_stages_of_moral_develo
pment
48
https://www3.nd.edu/~dlapsle1/Lab/Articles%20&%20Chapters_files/Chapter%2
08%20%20Lapsley%20&%20HillFormatted.pdf
http://drlowenstein.com/2013/03/06/whats-your-discipline-style/
https://cyberparent.com/parenting/3-family-discipline-styles-which-most-
effective/
Group Task
Heinz’s wife was dying from a particular type of cancer. Doctors said a new drug
might save her. The drug had been discovered by a local chemist, and the Heinz tried
desperately to buy some, but the chemist was charging ten times the money it cost to
make the drug, and this was much more than the Heinz could afford.
Heinz could only raise half the money, even after help from family and friends. He
explained to the chemist that his wife was dying and asked if he could have the drug
cheaper or pay the rest of the money later.
The chemist refused, saying that he had discovered the drug and was going to make
money from it. The husband was desperate to save his wife, so later that night he
broke into the chemist’s and stole the drug.
Source: https://www.simplypsychology.org/kohlberg.html
13. What is moral development?

14. Relate the Piaget’s and Kohlberg theory to the above case study
15. What characterises moral personality?
16. How school curriculum can help shape moral development?
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 GENDER AND MORALITY
Learning Outcome
10. Discuss the main biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender;
and
11. Describe gender stereotypes, similarities and differences.
Think
How do you think your parents influenced your gender development? How do
you think your peers influenced your gender development? How is your gender
behaviour and thinking similar to or different from your mother’s / father’s and
grandmother’s/grandfather’s if you are a female/male?
McGraw Hill.

https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/women/wrgs/pages/genderstereotypes.aspx
https://www.gwern.net/docs/iq/2014-hyde.pdf
https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/early-childhood-moral-development/
http://www.earlychildhoodnews.com/earlychildhood/article_view.aspx?ArticleI
D=565
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226809616_Social_Role_Theory_and_t
he_Perceived_Gender_Role_Orientation_of_Athletes
50
https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/topics/freuds-psychoanalytic-theory-
gender-development
https://www.cairn.info/revue-recherches-en-psychanalyse-2014-1-page-63a.htm
https://scienceaid.net/psychology/gender/psychoanalytic.html
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/aac7/97414129d5c51c528e402a94d60a5786387d.p
df
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12741492_Social_Cognitive_Theory_of
_Gender_Development_and_Differentiation
Group Task:
4. What some of the ways that biology may influence gender?

5. What are three social theories of gender?
6. What are gender stereotypes? How extensive is gender stereotyping?
7. What are some gender similarities and differences in the areas of
biological, cognitive, and socioemotional development?
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TOPIC 8: CULTURE AND DIVERSITY
 THE RELEVANCE OF CULTURE TO THE STUDY OF CHILDREN &

DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY
Learning Outcome
10. Discuss the role of culture in children’s development; and

11. Describe how socioeconomic status and poverty affect children’s lives.
Think
What was the achievement orientation in your family as you grew up? How did
the cultural background of your parents influence this orientation? How do you
think the SES of your family influenced your development?
McGraw Hill.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=C0E0QF4tz0U
http://theconversation.com/how-culture-influences-childrens-development-99791
http://www.child-encyclopedia.com/culture/according-experts/culture-and-early-
childhood-learning
https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1196/annals.1425.023
https://www.livestrong.com/article/232889-poverty-child-development/
52
https://www.theobjectivestandard.com/issues/2012-spring/individualism-
collectivism/
Group Task:
Jennie worked as a hairdresser when she left school and then switched to
part-time work when she started a family. Her middle son, Mark, 13,
contracted meningitis when a baby and Jennie left work to care for him.
He is visually impaired and has Perthe’s disease, as a result of which he
cannot walk long distances. Jordan, 16, has attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) and Michael, 11, is also visually impaired with no
peripheral vision.
When Jennie separated from her husband in 1999, the family moved to a
women’s refuge, all four sharing one room for ten months. Since then the
family has always lived in temporary accommodation, seven different
homes in total. Jennie suffers from insomnia and stress.
For most of the children’s lives, the family has been poor. When filmed in
late 2011, the family lived on £243 a week, excluding housing benefit but
including jobseeker’s allowance, child benefit and child tax credit.
15. What is the relevance of culture to the study of children? Relate to the
above case.
16. What characterises individualistic and collectivistic culture?
17. What is socioeconomic status? Relate to the above case.
18. What are some socioeconomic variations in families, neighbourhoods, and
schools? Give example in relation to the above case.
53
 DIFFERENCES & DIVERSITY, AND PREJUDICE &

DISCRIMINATION
Learning Outcome
4. Explain how differences and diversity are linked to children’s

development; and
5. Discuss how prejudice and discrimination influence children’s
development.
Think
No matter how well intentioned children are, their life circumstances likely have
given them some prejudices. When you become a parent, how would you
attempt to reduce your children’s prejudices?
McGraw Hill.

https://www.simplypsychology.org/prejudice.html
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/sociology/race-and-
ethnicity/prejudice-and-discrimination
https://www.kidsmatter.edu.au/early-childhood/about-social-
development/about-welcoming-cultural-diversity/why-culture-matters
https://theconversation.com/diversity-in-the-classroom-means-children-develop-
differently-33899
54
Group Task:
12. How does immigration influence children’s development?

13. What is important to know about differences and diversity?
14. How do prejudice and discrimination affect children’s development?
55

HMEC5113 - V2 Assignment

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HMEC 5113_ V2 CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORIES

1. Introduction to your programme

2. Introduction to your Learning Kit

3. Introduction to your Course

4. Your Learning Resources

5. Your Learning Journey

6. Your Learning Milestones

Welcome to the Masters in Early Childhood Education (MECHE).

We wish you all the best.

Your learning kit is your learning companion.

In your learning kit, you will find the following:

1. Introduction to your Programme

• Audiovisual - MECHE will also be using audiovisual references to help

• Links to relevant and useful material online.

6. Your Learning Milestones. Assessment and evaluation is quintessential to a learning

7. Your Seminars. Seminar 1 - 4

Welcome to course HMEC 5113_ V2 CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORIES.

Your course Facilitator : Dr. Wirawani binti Kamarulzaman

Mobile number : 019-3694774

AT THE END OF THE COURSE, LEARNERS SHOULD BE ABLE TO

1. Apply theories learned to teaching practice used in early childhood education;

1 Biological Processes All learning resources

2 Prenatal Development & Birth

3 Theories on Physical Development

4 Theories on Social Development

5 Theories on Emotional Development

YOUR LEARNING RESOURCES

YOUR LEARNING JOURNEY

Date Seminar Activities Remarks

Seminar 3 Theories on Emotional Development

YOUR LEARNING MILESTONES

Your assessment format for HMEC5113_V2 is as follows:

 Coursework: 60% (Assignment and presentation)

Welcome to seminar 1, the following will be discussed during this

 Discussion on assignment: assignment, on-line task, forum, self-

reflection and examination.

 Topic 1: Biological Processes

 Topic 2: Prenatal Development and Birth

TOPIC 1: BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

By the end of this section, you should be able to:

1. Define genes and analyse how genes are passed on;

Refer to these websites

1. What causes Down syndrome?

 HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION

By the end of this section, you should be able to:

1. Identify behaviour genetics

Heredity and environment, both play a part in a child’s development. By

Refer to these websites

TOPIC 2: PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH

By the end of this session, you should be able to:

1. Describe prenatal development;

Refer to this website

 Topic 3: Theories on Physical Development

 Topic 4: Theories on Social Development

TOPIC 3: THEORIES ON PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

 BODY GROWTH AND THE BRAIN

By the end of this section, you should be able to:

1. Discuss developmental changes in the body; and

Refer to these websites

5. How do height and weight change in infancy and toddlerhood?

 MOTOR, SENSORY AND PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT

By the end of this section, you should be able to: