1.

Power supply:- (12 V) with 7812

Component list:-

(1) Piece of PCB

(2) Four 1N4001 diodes

(3) LM7812 regulator

(4) Transformer that has an output of 14v - 35v AC with an output current between 100mA to 1A,
depending how much power you will need. (I found a 16v 200mA transformer in a broken alarm
clock.)

(5) 1000uF - 4700uF capacitor

(6) 1uF capacitor

(7) Two 100nF capacitors

(8) Jumper wires (I used some plain wire as jumper wires)

Circuit Diagram:-

2. Power supply:- (5 V) with 7805

Components list:-
1.............. L7805

heat sink ( a small aluminium plate from scrap)

1...............10uf 25v (electrolytic capacitor)

1................1uf 25v(electrolytic capacitor)

green LED (optional)

1k resistor(brown black red) (optional)

soldering iron

wires

common circuit board

Circuit Diagram:-
3. Dual power supply :-

Here is the standard symmetric power supply using the Positive and Negative Voltage
regulator ICs. It can give +12 volt and – 12 volt DC with a common ground. This power
supply is ideal to power amplifier circuits that require well regulated symmetrical power
supply. It can give 1 ampere current to the circuit.

14-0-14 volt 1 Ampere step down transformer is used to drop 230 volt AC to 14 volt DC
which is then rectified using the standard full wave bridge rectifier comprising D1 through
D4. Smoothing capacitors C1 and C2 remove the ripples from low volt AC. Two regulator ICs
are used to generate +12 volt and -12 volt DC. IC1 is 7812 positive regulator giving +12 volt
regulated output .

IC2 is 7912 negative regulator and its pins are slightly different from 7812. See the
connection in the symmetric power supply schematic. Regulated outputs from the regulator
ICs are available from pin 3 which can be used to power the circuit. Capacitors C3 and C4 act
as noise filters to give clean DC.

4. Variable single power supply:-

Followed circuits below, the transformer T1 is changed a AC 220V down as AC 24V to the
bridge diode rectifier D1(1N4001) to D4(1N4001) there is dc voltage into the filter capacitor
C1 equal to DC35V
The output voltage from IC1 Depending on the Voltage Adj pin of the IC. Or to adjust the
VR1.
The VR1 is control output dc voltage 0V(1.25V) to 30V(32V) or 37V maximum voltage at
1.5A max all range.
 Calculate the LM317 output voltage

And we can calculate output voltage equal to:

Vout = 1.25 x {1+ (Rp/R1)
- Vref = 1.25V
- Typically R1 is 220 ohms or 240 ohms as datasheet. I use 220 ohms.
- Normally as datasheet I see them use VR= 5K (Pontentiometer) But I have VR-10K only
since it easy to use.
Rp = {(VR1 x R2) / (VR1 + R2)}

Then we test it,Suppose, rotate VR1 to lowest resistance cause Rp = 0 hms. put it in formula
above:
Vout = 1.25 x {1+(0/220)}
= 1.25V
But when adjust VR1 to maximum resistance VR1 and R2 are parallel together. Rp = 5.46K =
5460 ohms. test it in formula above:
Vout = 1.25 x {1+(5460/220)}
= 32.2V

Then the capacitor C3 is Better performance filter of IC1.

The diode D5 and D6 ( both is 1N4007) is the protector from external voltage to reverse to
makes the damage to the IC1.

5.Variable dual power supply:-

Description
This is the circuit diagram of a dual adjustable power supply using IC’s LM 317 & LM
337.LM 317 is able to deliver a maximum of 1.5 A at a range of 1.2 V to +30V .LM 337 is
the negative complement of LM317.They also have a built in short circuit protection.
Here the circuit is wired to produce a dual adjustable output of ( +15 , 0 , -15 ).The
capacitors C1 to C8 provides filtering and ripple rejection.Resistors R1 & R2 controls
output of LM 317.Resistors R3 & R4 controls the output of LM 337 .R1 and R4 can be
turned to vary the positive and negative voltages.This circuit is a must on an electronic
hobbyists workbench.
 Notes
1. The transformer should be anything that produces a min of 3 A with (24 0 24 ) output
voltage.
2. The voltage range can be further increased by increasing transformer output within the
limits of IC.
3. Do not connect a load drawing more than 2A at output.The IC,s must be fitted with heat
sinks for better protection.
Parts List
C1, C2 2200 uF 50V Electrolytic Capacitor
C3, C4, C5, C7 2.2 uF 50V Electrolytic Capacitor
C6, C8 100 uF 50V Electrolytic Capacitor
R1, R4 5K Potentiometer
R2, R3 220 Ohms 1/4 W Resistor
D1 to D4 IN 4007 Diodes
U1 LM317 U2 LM337 T1 24 0 24 Center Tapped 2 Ampere Transformer
S1 SPST 2 Ampere Switch
Extra Heat sinks for two IC’s , Power Cord, Casing, Wire etc

Dual Adjustable Power Supply Circuit Diagram.

Dual power supply circuit

6. Comparator:-

How to Build an LM339 Quad Voltage Comparator Circuit

We will go over how to build a quad voltage comparator circuit using an LM339.

The LM339 is a quad op amp comparator.

This means it is made up of 4 independent op amps.

This means that up to 4 different input values can be compared.

A comparator works by a simple concept. Each op amp of a comparator has 2 inputs, a inverting input
and a noninverting input. If the inverting input voltage is greater than the noninverting input, then the
output is drawn up to the voltage provided on the Vcc line. If the noninverting input voltage is greater,
then then the output is drawn to GND. So if the output of an op amp is attached to an LED, the LED
will turn on if the voltage at the inverting terminal is greater than the voltage at the noninverting
terminal. And the LED will be off when the voltage at the noninverting terminal is greater than at the
inverting terminal.

With an LM339, since it has 4 op amps (it is a quad op amp comparator), an engineer can use the 4
op amps to compare 4 values. The output will be drawn high to Vcc for those op amps that have a
greater inverting voltage than noninverting voltage. And the output will be drawn to GND for those op
amps that have a greater noninverting voltage than inverting.

LM339 Pinout

The pinout for the LM339 op amp is shown below:

 The pinout is very straightforward.

The 4 op amps each have 3 pins. They have 2 inputs to compare input is greater. And they have an
output whose voltage is dependent on the comparison of the 2 inputs. If the inverting voltage is
greater, the output will drawn high to Vcc. If the noninverting voltage is greater, then the output will be
drawn low to GND. This applies to each of the 4 op amps. If each of the op amps have inverting
voltages greater than noninverting voltages, then all of the outputs will be drawn high to Vcc. If all the
noninverting voltages are higher, the outputs will all be drawn down to GND.

Aside from the inputs and outputs of the op amps, the LM393 has 2 pins for power. One pin is Vcc,
where the positive voltage connects to and the other is GND, where either gets hooked up to GND or
negative voltage. This serves a dual purpose. This gives the LM393 power so that the chip can work.
And secondly, the voltage that is fed into these power pins serve as circuit biasing. The amount of
voltage fed to the power pins gets applied to the output pins to power whatever loads are connected
to the output terminals of the op amps. Therefore, enough power must be fed to the power pins of the
op amp in order to power whatever loads are attached to the output terminals of the chip. This means
if you are powering a 9V motor, at least 9V must be fed into the power pin of the LM393.

So to demonstrate the LM393, we will build a circuit that will show how it works.

Components Needed

 LM339 Op Amp Comparator IC

 4 Potentiometers
 4 330Ω Resistors
 4 LEDs
 4 'AA' batteries or DC power supply

The potentiometers can really be of any value. It doesn't matter.

If you are using batteries to power the circuit, then you can just use a single 'AA' battery (which is
1.5V) in place of the +2V. And you can use 3 'AA' batteries to produce 4.5V instead of the 5V. Even if
you used only 2 'AA' batteries for 3 volts, the circuit will still power on and work.

LM339 Quad Voltage Comparator Circuit Schematic

This circuit is really built for demonstration purposes, just so to show you how to connect an LM339
and how it works.

In this circuit, there are 4 different color LEDs, so that we can demonstrate each of the 4 op amps one
at a time.

To each of the inverting terminals of the op amps, we connect the wiper terminal of a potentiometer.
One end of the potentiometer goes to Vcc and the other end goes to ground.

To each of the noninverting terminals of the op amps, we connect +2V of power.

For powering the LM339 chip, we connect the Vcc terminal (pin 3) of the chip to +5V and we connect
the GND terminal (pin 12) to ground. This gives the LM339 the power it needs to operate as well as
provide biasing for our circuit. This is because when the inverting terminal is greater than the
noninverting terminal for an op amp, the output will be brought to Vcc.

To each of the output pins, we connect a current-limiting resistor (about 330Ω) and an LED. The LEDs
are all different colors, but if you don't have all the different colors, using the same color is fine. It will
still work the same. The colors serve to distinguish the different outputs but if you use the same
colors, you can still easily observe how this circuits.

With all pins connected up, we can now go over the circuit works. And it's very basic.

First, before we demonstrate the circuit, adjust all the potentiometers so that they output near 0Ω of
resistance. This will make sure that all the outputs are off when we first operate the circuit. If you
power on the circuit now, all the LEDs should be off. Now take your potentiometer adjuster and adjust
the potentiometer so that its resistance increases. When you turn it at some point, the point where it
goes above 2V, the first LED will light up. This is because now the inverting terminal voltage is greater
than noninverting terminal voltage. Thus, the output swings from ground to Vcc, and the load gets
powered on. If we repeat this for the next 3 op amps (adjusting the potentiometer), the same result
will occur. Each of the output LEDs will light up when the voltage goes above the reference 2V fed
into the noninverting terminal.