Development of 150 Watts, 12V Hydraulic Wheel DC Generator For A Farm at Brgy. Ligaya, Pulungmasle, Guagua, Pampanga

Hydraulic Wheel Generator i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work would not have been possible without the continuous provision of
our dearest advisers Engr. Melchor S. Henson and Engr. Freneil R. Pampo. We are
very grateful for their motivation and enthusiasm to help us complete this study.
We are especially indebted to Engr. Alma L. Tangcuangco, our thesis
grammarian, who have been supportive of our career goals and who toiled actively to
provide us with the sheltered academic time to pursue our goals. We are sincerely
thankful for her patience and immense knowledge, which surely helped us in all the
time of this study. We could not have imagined having the best proofreader and
mentor for our work. She has shown us, by her example, what a good electrical
engineer should be.
We also appreciate all of those who give criticism, comment and suggestion
for the improvement of our paper. Each of the members of our Oral Defense
Panels, Engr. Edgardo M. Santos, Engr. Marty G. Alfonso, and Engr. Genesis C.
Tiria, has offered us far-reaching personal and professional guidance and taught us a
great deal about both scientific research and life in broad-spectrum. We would
especially like to thank Engr. Rhoderick M. Favorito, our thesis coordinator, as our
teacher and mentor; we give credit to him for he has imparted more than he could
ever give to finish project.
Nobody has been more important to us in the pursuit of this project other than
the members of our family especially Teodoro Family for their unending support from
the first day of the research study to the lowest point of the project up to its success.
We would also like to acknowledge our parents, whose love and guidance are with
us in whatever we pursue. They are the ultimate role models.

Hydraulic Wheel Generator ii
Most importantly, the greatest and warmest gratitude belongs to the Lord, our
God Almighty for the knowledge and abilities He have given us. Without His
blessings and guidance, we do not deserve any of this success.

Hydraulic Wheel Generator iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1
Background of the Study ........................................................................... 1
Statement of the Problem ......................................................................... 4
Objectives of the Study ............................................................................. 4
Scope and Limitation ................................................................................ 4
Significance of the Study ........................................................................... 4
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................................................................. 5
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. 9
Research Design ...................................................................................... 9
Figure 2. Research Framework Diagram .................................................. 10
Figure 3. Block Diagram of the System ..................................................... 13
Figure 4. System Diagram ........................................................................ 17
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ................................................................................ 19
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .......................................................... 26
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 27
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................... 31
A. Gantt Chart ........................................................................................... 32

Hydraulic Wheel Generator iv
B. Computations ....................................................................................... 33
C. System Diagram Front View ................................................................. 41
D. Electrical Plan of the System ................................................................ 42
E. Initial Design of the Hydraulic Turbine Wheel ........................................ 44
F. Survey Questionnaires .......................................................................... 45
G. Interview ............................................................................................... 64
H. Site Layout ........................................................................................... 65
I. Communication Letters .......................................................................... 66
J. Instruments and Materials ..................................................................... 70
K. Mechanical Power on Operation ........................................................... 73
L. Electrical Power on Operation ............................................................... 74
M. Output Voltage and Current of the System ........................................... 75
N. Speed of Gears on Operation ............................................................... 76
O. Volume Flow Rate of Water on Operation ............................................ 77
P. Efficiency of the System ....................................................................... 78
Q. SUS Score of the Respondents ............................................................ 79
R. Voltage Cut-Off of the Battery on Discharge ......................................... 80
S. Cost Benefit Analysis ............................................................................ 83
T. Critical Values of the Correlation Coefficient ......................................... 84
U. Actual Reading of Output Current and Voltage ..................................... 86
V. Progress Reports .................................................................................. 90

Hydraulic Wheel Generator v
W. Schematic Diagram ............................................................................. 107
X. Generator Specification ........................................................................ 108
CURRICULUM VITAE .......................................................................................... 109

Hydraulic Wheel Generator 1
Development of 150 Watts, 12V Hydraulic Wheel DC Generator for a Farm at
Brgy. Ligaya, Pulungmasle, Guagua, Pampanga
Abstract
Hydroelectricity subsists as one route to come across

the growing demand for energy. This study created a
system through hydraulic water wheel to solve the
lighting issues of the farmers during night operation in
the field. It aims to generate electrical power that
lighting loads and to charge lead acid batteries. Ample
consideration factors exist when building hydropower
plants. Galvanized steel was used for it is not only
inexpensive but it has also the properties that can
make the water wheel last for years. The economic
feasibility of the study was assessed by a Cost Benefit
Analysis method to prove its viability. After three years
of investment in this hydroelectric system, the user of
the project will benefit. The operation of the water
wheel and the generator were monitored during the
charging time of the battery to compare the mechanical
efficiency and the electrical efficiency of the system.
The generator drawn an average of 13 V with an
average current of 6A. The initial mechanical power
output is 78.83 W just as the water hits the water
wheel. The output power drawn from the generator just
as before the battery reaches its full charge state is
68.99 W. The generator gives out an average of 85.61
W as a result for an average input power of 87.06 W. It
consumes 10.32 hours to fully charge a battery. As of
for the respondent’s decision, the system is effective
and convenient to use.
In times of growing energy demand, twiddling natural resources and the
climate change debate, the development of new technology for sustainable power
generation is becoming ever more important. Experts have been pioneering the
generation of wind energy from the beginning. Now, it is time to turn the successful
and sustainable concept upside down and take it underwater when the tides and
waves provide a great supply of clean energy. The water and advance technology
guarantee a much more presage output than other renewable energy. Hydropower is
a promising contributor in a clean and efficient energy makes for the future turning
the water motion in power generation.
According to World Energy Council (2016) hydroelectric energy is the number
one renewable source for electricity generation across the board, girding 71% of all
renewables. Up to 1,064 GW of installed capacity in 2016, it brings about 16.4% of
the world’s electricity. Hydroelectric power is the most adaptable and coherent of all
the renewable resources, the ability of meeting base load electricity requirements.
There are many opportunities for hydroelectric development and although there is no
open agreement, assessments denote the availability of almost 10,000 TWh annually
of unused hydroelectric energy potential in the world.
Hydroelectricity is derived from the energy running or moving water, which
may be yoked for beneficial purposes. Since earliest times, hydroelectric power from
many varieties of watermills has been used as a renewable source of energy for
irrigation and the process of numerous machine-driven devices, such as sawmills,
textile mills, trip mallets, mooring cranes, domestic lifts, and metal mills (Department
of Energy, 2017).
Southeast Asia’s first marine tidal power plant will start to be erected in the
Philippines on mid-2017, as proceeds it paces to green energy. A resident firm in
Asia arose with an impression of exploiting those tidal waves to yield energy. This
was such a noble knowledge that can enhance more foundations of dynamism, apart
from the current power plants in the Asia (Philippine News, 2017).
Devices that are capable in producing kinetic energy are significant in
promoting renewable energy such as hydroelectric energy. A water pump is a device
that moves water by mechanical action. Seeing the water flow and knowing about
hydroelectric energy as a source of energy, the researchers get into the idea of
making the water pump as a source of moving energy producing electricity that can
supply lighting loads to promote security minimal maintenance.
It is a requirement for farmers to stay in the fields especially during harvesting
period and time to time monitoring of fishponds. Farmers usually install water pump
system for sustaining enough supply of water in the field. Building a small home for
the pump is the farmer’s way of protecting it from theft and shield during natural
calamity. This also serves as the farmer’s lodge when farmers want to take a break
from the field and to monitor the pump if it is functioning during night operation. In line
with this, farmers are obliged to bring flashlight or emergency lights as source of
luminescence. Having a system that can provide farmers with a source of electricity
to supply the lightings will be a great help in maintaining fields and ponds.
The main reason behind the latest peak of hydroelectric energy capacity is
due to enhanced technology. Numerous components of a hydroelectric technology
must be taken into account. Innovative developments in the structure using
enhanced, lightweight materials, and improved design techniques have permitted
today’s turbine to hit better water movements for reduced cost. It is vital to continue
improving the design of the hydroelectric turbine in order to produce better energy
and at better cost.
As energy requirements are continuously varying, the operational elements
linked with the new energy foundations need to be established. An understanding of
all the energy sources, mechanical, and basic components associated to the design,
construction, and process of hydroelectric generators must be assessed to develop
an idea for the realization of the project. The whole concept of the study came up to
enhance the knowledge of the people about using renewable source of energy
effectively for everyday living.

The activity of the water was observed as one of the key variable in solving
the lighting issues of the farmers during night operation in the field. In addition, it is
observed that when the water passes through small section of the channel of the
irrigation it produces high water current. This high water current can be used to
produce kinetic energy to electrical energy. The researchers will develop an energy
harvesting device to be installed in a water pump system to take full advantage of the
water current to produce electrical energy.
The primary objective of the study is to fabricate a hydraulic wheel generator
to regulate water flow during the pump operation. Specifically, it aims to generate
electrical power for lighting loads and to charge lead acid batteries, and to determine
the significant correlation between the mechanical and electrical efficiency of the
system.
This study will mainly focus on the application of the hydraulic wheel in a
water pump system for Barangay Pulungmasle, Guagua, Pampanga. Hydroelectric
energy as a source of energy is already known and already used worldwide. The
system is primarily intended to operate lighting loads and batteries for charging
purposes. The researchers aim only on transforming the traditional water pump
operation into useful energy efficient pump system. This study concerns delicately on
the mechanical side and mainly on the electrical side of the hydraulic wheel system.
The safekeeping of the water pump at night will be employed with the help of
renewable energy for lighting loads. Proper illumination in the house of the water
pump is a great support in sustaining the safety of the equipment as well as in the
maintenance of the field and ponds. The study can provide the people with the
knowledge to make use of the renewable energy as a source of electricity.
The study has educational significance related to Electrical Engineering. New
knowledge is required to its expansion. One must have advanced analytical skills to
create a reliable project. This paper will also serve as a reference to the future
researchers who will conduct the same study regarding hydroelectric energy and
hydro turbine designs.
The current state of expertise makes hydroelectric energy a lasting asset
opportunity with possibly significant. The early phase of the technology and great
monitoring costs linked with extensive approving requirements and authorizing
reservations are likely to remain bestowing major cost-effective hurdles to
commercialization of the technology. In contrary, these developing technologies have
the probable to offer important quantities of affordable electricity with low ecological
influence given suitable care in setting, placement, and procedure.
Recently, entrepreneurial companies dominate the hydroelectric energy
conversion industry. Upon the completion of this project, it will have a great impact in
the modern technology especially in Philippine technology. These emerging
technologies have the potential to convert water current to essential amount of
electricity.
Many have conducted a research worldwide to improve and make use of the
world’s renewable energy. Hydroelectricity are already applied in different places and
widely used to improve the way of living but still lots of researches to be studied to
satisfy the needs of humanity.
The researchers were able to gather a number of information which has the
same matter that mainly focused on hydro energy as a source of electricity.
Hydroelectric energy is other form of renewable energy that can be recycled as an
alternative to fossil fuels. As water move through in the stream, it generates kinetic
energy. This undertaking can be used to power turbines which in turn, produce
energy that can be transformed into electricity. There are also numerous methods of
harnessing hydroelectric energy from the wave of the water.

In the streak of the study of Muller & Kauppert (2004) and Jones (2005),
theoretically, four main kinds of water wheels can be identified: undershot, overshot,
breast-shot, and stream water wheels. The overshot water wheel, which is
complicated in its constructional design and requires large heads, is the most
common type of traditional water wheels (Capecchi 2013). The breast-shot water
wheel design can be referred to as an alternative model in sites with its head
unsuitable for overshot wheels (Quaranta & Revelli, 2015). The undershot water
wheel is the earliest design where the water passes below the axle, in turn acting on
the blade surfaces, and then transfers its kinetic energy to the wheel (Denny 2004).
According to Müller, Denchfield, & Schelmerdine (2007) and Denny (2004), in case
the water mass is not exploited, the undershot water wheels can be known as
“stream wheels”. Stream wheels or impulse-type water wheels are utilized to harness
the kinetic energy of shallow free surface flows while the undershot wheels employ
both the kinetic and potential energy of the water flows. However, energy production
for the stream and undershot water wheels has not been used in the past due to their
low efficiency, and there is no need for the utilization of power from small hydropower
and hydrokinetic energy sources. Today, these types of water wheel can be of
interest for applications to sites where fast flows are available, such locations with
large rivers or tidal streams (Muller et al, 2007).
According to Power in the landscape (2017) and Thompson (2009) water
wheels originate in two simple designs; a horizontal wheel with a vertical axle and a
vertical wheel with a horizontal axle. As for Muller and Kauppert (2010) and Bach
(2006), it was found that water wheels have to be designed for a given flow rate,
head difference and intended operating regime. Properly designed overshot wheels
have an efficiency of 85%, undershot wheels of approximately 75% for 0.2 < Q/Qmax
< 1.0, making this type of energy converter suitable for the exploitation of highly
variable flows.
Most of the related studies, hydroelectric turbines are usually installed in
oceans for the continuous availability of ocean water flow. Unlike with this proposal,
the researchers decided to install the turbine in a water pump system. Through the
previous studies, the researchers decided to use a hydraulic turbine wheel. An
overshot water wheel design will be utilized in the project.
HYDRAULIC ELECTRICAL
GENERATOR
TURBINE WHEEL LOADS
Water velocity Generated Lighting Loads

Height (Head) Voltage Charging Outlet
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework Diagram
The quest to turn the motion of the world's waterways into a significant source
of energy may still be in its nascent stage, but several waterpower projects are
making headway. Whether it operates in lakes, rivers or the oceans, projects
attempting to harness the water energy share the same mission: to improve the
technology and offer an economical alternative to fossil fuels.
Figure 1 explains the conceptual framework of the study by Input-Process-
Output paradigm. Hydraulic devices are powered by moving water and are different
from traditional hydropower turbines in which devices are placed directly in a river,
ocean or tidal current. The system generates power from the kinetic energy of flowing
water. The available hydropower depends on the speed of the water flow and height.
The hydro turbine wheel will be developed to produce a maximum amount of
electrical power with the kinetic energy of flowing waters. As such, no dams and/or
head differential are necessary for the operation of this device; the structure of the
water pump remains in its natural state and no high investments in infrastructure are
required. Because the amount of kinetic energy (velocity) varies, a greater amount of
energy is generated with a higher velocity of water flow. In the process phase, as
water flows through a turbine, the kinetic energy of the flowing water is converted into
electricity by the generator and therefore will produce power that will be used in
supplying the loads as an output.

Methodology
Research Design
This paper will use the exploratory research design. Through this, a survey
will be conducted to familiarize with the basic details, settings, and concerns. A
preliminary survey will be performed to generate new ideas and assumptions. It will
be an interview for the selected groups of experts in hydroelectric energy and for the
farmers experiencing a problem. The study will use broad open-ended questions that
are designed to receive large amounts of information, providing the freedom to
demonstrate the respondent’s knowledge.
Five persons will receive the interview questions prior to the phone/personal
interview that will be conducted and will be asked if they are willing to participate. The
persons that will participate must be aware that all information provided during the
interview will be recorded and then evaluated for this study. It will respect the
confidentiality of the respondents and can decline to answer the questions if the
respondents are not comfortable. Respondents will be coded as R1, R2, R3, R4, and
R5. In the study, straightforward technology assessment is chosen and questions are
designed to assess the overall feasibility of water wheel technology. Moreover, to
identify barriers and opportunities related to the further development of hydroelectric
system in specific design and operation and settings.
Research Framework
Figure 2 shows the research framework of the study which serve as guide
through cyclic process. After evaluation, revisiting the site is necessary to verify or
upgrade the system based on the demands.

ANALYSIS of
SITE ANALYSIS DESIGN AND hydraulic wheel
DEVELOPMENT
 Permit of Hydraulic Technical
wheel Economic
Legal
EVALUATION AND
IMPLEMENTATION TESTING of
 system charging/
convenience discharging time
 efficiency  Operational
Feasibility
Figure 2. Research Framework
Site Analysis
The initial site assessment will cover the permission section and the site
analysis that will mainly focus on the suitability of the area. Once an interest for
constructing a hydro turbine wheel system has been shown, a site must be chosen
and evaluated based on the optimal conditions for installing a water wheel.
There are several factors that must be considered when choosing an
appropriate site for a hydraulic wheelsystem. The factors include:
 Social Constraints
The use for the electricity must be analyzed and the most
economically beneficial option should be chosen. If there are no
beneficial options, a different site should be considered.
 Location of the Electrical Loads relative to the Hydraulic Wheel
Generator
The distance between the turbine site and the loads is also a
factor to be considered. If this distance is too great, it is not practical to
install a turbine wheel on the site. This is because the electricity

would have to travel such a great distance to be disbursed that it
would not be economically beneficial.
Permission
After site analysis, the next factor that should be researched is the
community’s decision making process. The group will administer a personal interview
to the municipal/barangay council of Brgy. Pulungmasle, Guagua, Pampanga to
know the town’s bylaws governing the hydraulic wheel system approval and
installation process. Upon knowing all the rules regarding the the installation of the
device, the researchers will submit a barangay permit prior to the beginning of the
project.
Design and Development of Hydraulic wheel
The researchers will develop an overshot turbine wheel system to be installed
in the water pump system. The following quantities will be used in the system design
through the theory of hydroelectricity (Dilip, 2009): ŋ = efficiency, ρ = density of water
(1000 kg/m3), A = cross sectional area of the channel (m2), D = diameter of wheel
(m), P = power (W), d = distance (m), g = strength of gravity (9.81 m/s2 or 9.81 N/kg),
h = head (m), ℎ𝑝 = pressure head, the difference in water levels (m), ℎ𝑣 = velocity
head (m), ν = velocity (m/s), Q = volume flow rate (m3/s) and t = time (s).
In order to design the wheel, it is helpful to know the mechanical and
electrical design and how it works. To measure the flow rate bucket method was
used. In this study, a stopwatch is used to measure how long will a 16 liters container
be filled with water. The container should be above the watercourse thoughout the
process of measuring the flow rate. This experiment was performed eight time to get
the average time consumed to fill the container. Discard reading if there is a debris or
blockage in the water stream. Lastly, the flow rate is the volume of the bucket divided
by the average time.
To compute for the head using effective head equation under kinetic energy
(Nagpurwala, 2017), the following formula will be used: pressure head is the
difference in height between the head race and tail race water surfaces and velocity
head is calculated from the velocity of the water in the head race at the same place
as the pressure head is measured from, the formula ℎ = ℎ𝑝 + ℎ𝑣 was used, where
𝜈2
the velocity head is . According to Behrens (2015) the ideal wheel diameter (D) is
2𝑔
90% of the head.
The optimal rotational speed (British Hydropower Association, 2011) of the

21
overshot water wheels will be calculated by 𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 (𝑟𝑝𝑚) = .
√𝐷
While, the power generated from falling water will be measured by the formula from
hydropower equation (The Renewable Energy Website, 2017) 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = ŋ𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑄 and
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
efficiency by %ŋ = 𝑃𝑖𝑛
× 100 . A well- designed overshot water wheels can reach
efficiencies of 71% to 85% (Muller, 2004). In most literatures, the efficiency of an
overshot wheel ranges from 60% to 80%.
According to Shannon (2009) the number of the buckets is dependent on the
wheel’s circumference. The buckets should be one foot apart. The buckets should be
around one foot deep. For operational strength, it is sensible to keep the ratio of
diameter to width as near as feasible to 8:5. But in this study, a ratio of 1:2 was
utilized.
As for this study is an applied research, the generator’s specifications will be
taken into consideration when it comes in the the designing stage. The rated speed
and the rated voltage of the generator will be taken into account to be properly fit on
the water wheel.
The electrical layout of the system and load computation was presented. The
load computation is necessary to determine the VA rating of the inverter. The VA
value of the inverter should be equal to the total Watt value of the loads. However,
considering the Power Factor VA value is higher than the total Watt value, thus,
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
(Mishra, 2014). For a residential house, the
power factor is about 0.7 (safer) to 0.8 (economical) (Mishra, 2014).
In this study, the researchers used a 12 V Lead Acid battery. One major lead
acid battery advantage is that these batteries do not require high maintenance to
ensure its performance. The performance and lifespan of an inverter largely rest on
the battery quality (Okaya Power, 2016). Consequently, battery capacity was
(𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)(𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)

determined by 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
. The researchers
considered 12 hours running time in order for the farmers to use the lighting facility
for the entire night.
Figure 3 shows the operation of the system from the input to the output. The
turbine wheel converts the energy of water into mechanical energy. The generator
converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The function of a battery
controller in a hydro system is to absorb excess energy. Battery-based micro hydro
systems require charge controllers to prevent overcharging the batteries. A battery
provides a way to store energy when more is being produced than consumed. When
demand increases beyond what is generated, the batteries can release energy to
keep the loads operating. An inverter is connected to the battery to change the DC to
AC that will be used to supply the loads.
Figure 3. Block Diagram of the System
Analysis of Hydraulic Wheel
In this phase, the researchers conducted the following feasibilities to analyze
data. In technical practicability, the following concerns are taken into consideration:
whether the necessary technology is accessible or not, whether the vital means are
obtainable (Manpower- testers & designers, Hardware). The researchers administer

a search/survey regarding the applicability of the materials to be used in the
development of the turbine wheel generator. A water wheel can last only few years,
hence, frequent conservation and maintenances are required to preserve the water
wheel. The advantage and properties of each material (like wood, steel and plastic)
were carefully assessed to come up with the best.
Water wheels are usually constructed from wood. Traditionally, water wheels
were made of cypress or white oak. Both of these materials are expensive to source,
but they are highly rot-resistant. Pine is inexpensive, but it may only last a couple of
years when exposed to the elements. Though another popular choice, red oak is a
porous wood and therefore not the best option for a working water wheel and it offers
little in the way of durability over time (Hazen, 2002).
Plastics have numerous properties that make superior to other materials in
many applications. Plastics generally have: resistance to corrosion and chemicals,
low electrical and thermal conductivity, high strength-to-weight ratio, colors available
in a wide variety and transparent, resistance to shock, good durability, low cost, are
easy to manufacture, resistant to water and have low toxicity (Mahwah, 2017). In
fact, plastic refers to a state of the material, but the material itself: synthetic polymers
commonly called plastics are actually synthetic materials that can achieve the plastic
state, i.e. when the material is viscous or fluid, and no resistance properties to
mechanical stress.
Stainless steel is more expensive than standard grades of steel but it has
greater resistance to corrosion, needs low maintenance and has no need for painting
or other protective coatings. These factors mean that the stainless steel can be more
economically viable once service life and life cycle costs are considered (Aalco
Metals, 2017).
Galvanized steel is steel that has gone through a chemical process to keep it
from corroding. The steel is coated in layers of zinc oxide because this protective
metal does not get rusty as easily. The coating also gives the steel a more durable,
hard to scratch finish that many people find attractive. For countless outdoor, marine,
or industrial applications, galvanized steel is an essential fabrication component
(Puomi et al, 2007). Upon assessment, the proponents decided to use galvanized
steel in making the water wheel. Galvanized steels are accessible, obtainable,
inexpensive, and the properties that can last for years.
In Economic Feasibility, a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) was examined. The
paybacks of the project are summed, and then the costs related are subtracted. The
process is to collect a complete list of all the costs and benefits connected with the
project. Costs should comprise direct and indirect costs, insubstantial costs,
opportunity costs and the cost of potential risks. Then allocate monetary value to the
benefits and cost. The final step is to quantitatively associate the results of the
cumulative costs and benefits to determine if the benefits outweigh the costs. If so,
then the sensible decision is to go forward with project. In not, a review of the project
is defensible to see if adjustments can be made to either upsurge benefits and/or
lessen costs to make the project viable. If not, the project may be abandoned.
The legal feasibility includes a study concerning contracts, liability, violations,
and legal other traps frequently unknown to the technical staff. The researchers have
to make a thorough analysis of the legal issues surrounding the project, across
several dimensions. A detailed legal due diligence should be done to ensure that all
foreseeable legal requirements, which have not or will not be dealt with in other
evaluation exercises, are met for the development of the project. Prior to the
designing phase, the researchers will do an interview in a municipality regarding the
bylaws covered by hydroelectric energy. The legal feasibility will contain the list of all
the rules governing the topic to ensure that the project is legally doable.
Testing of Charging and Discharging Time
The researchers will test the sustainability of the system by measuring the
charge and discharge time of the battery. Measurement was done every 30 minutes
and 1.68 kW was connected to the battery and allowed to operate until the battery
reached the voltage cut – off of the load. The voltage cut – off is the voltage reading
of the battery before the load stopped operating. To determine the status of the
battery, a voltmeter will be connected in parallel with the terminals of the battery.
The discharging status of the battery was monitored from fully charged to completely
discharge and vice versa.
An operational feasibility measures the acceptability of the project. The
researchers listed all the problems encountered when testing the device and
solutions was applied. The researchers identified whether the power output of the
system is enough to supply the demand of the farmers by evaluating the actual
charging voltage of the battery.
Evaluation and Implementation of Hydraulic Wheel
The hydro generator will be applied on the water pump system. The system
diagram is reflected on Figure 4.

Figure 4. System Diagram
The researchers conducted a System Usability Scale (SUS) survey to
evaluate the effectiveness (the ability of users to complete tasks using the system,
and the quality of the output of those tasks) and satisfaction (users’ subjective
reactions to using the system). The SUS includes 10 questions, which will be asked
to the respondents. Farmers will answer each question by ranking from 1 to 5. A
score of 1 means strongly disagree, 5 means strongly agree, and 2 and 3 are
somewhere in the middle (Borsci et al, 2009).
To evaluate the system’s effectiveness, the respondents’ total score for each
question on the SUS survey will be transformed to a new number by multiplying
respondents’ total score for each question by 2.5. The original scores of 0-40 will be
transformed to 0-100. Though the marks are 0-100, these are not percentage but
these are dimensions or bases of ranking. Based on SUS, a score of 0 to 12.5 will be
rated as “ineffective”, 12.6 to 35.7 as “inconsistent”, 35.8 to 71.4 will be rated as
“slightly effective”, 71.5 to 85.5 as “effective”, and 85.6 to 100 will be rated as “very
effective”.
In hypothesis testing, the test of the efficiency of the generator was based on
the power delivered. While, the efficiency of the hydraulic wheel generator in this
study was determined by using the average power input and output.
Discussion of Results
The economic feasibility of the study is assessed by a Cost Benefit Analysis
method. The total cost is compared to the possible benefit of the project to prove its
viability. The total cost of the system is ₱ 20, 500. 00 including the materials and
maintenance. When connected to a cooperative at a rate of ₱ 10.0954 per kWh and
₱ 605.724 per monthly bill, the total cost after three years will be ₱ 21,806.064. On
the lighter note, after three years of investment in a hydroelectric system, the user of
the project will benefit. Instead of paying the monthly electrical bill, electrical energy
will be 100% free.
A legal feasibility is accomplished to secure that the hydroelectric project is
legally doable. The proponents interviewed the municipal lawyer of Guagua,
Pampanga and luckily answered certain questions regarding the bylaws governing
hydroelectricity system installation. Atty. Avelino Buan explained that the law under
Republic Act No. 7196 otherwise known as “Mini-Hydroelectric Power Incentive Act”
governs hydroelectricity. The law aims to encourage entrepreneurs to develop
potential sites for hydroelectric power existing in the country by granting the
necessary incentives, which will provide a reasonable rate of return. The law has for
its objective the attainment of energy self-sufficiency and thereby minimizes
dependence on outside source of energy supply. He then further clarified that when
the developer fails to faithfully comply or perform any and all of the obligation under
and pursuant to the contract, the performance bond or other guarantee of sufficient
amount in favor of the government and with surety or sureties satisfactory to the
Office of the Energy Affairs will be forfeited in favor of the government. As the
municipal lawyer expounded, to make a hydroelectric system legally doable, the
applicant must prove that the operation of the proposed mini-hydroelectric project
and the authorization to do business will promote the public interest in a proper and
suitable manner and to formulate, in consultation with the National Economic and
Development Authority (NEDA), and the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
standards to measure the technical and financial capacity of the developer.
For the assessment of the project, the operation of the water wheel and the
generator were monitored during the charging time of the battery to compare the
mechanical efficiency and the electrical efficiency of the system. The efficiency on
both aspects showed if the difference is significant.
18
16
Voltage and Current Reading
14
12
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 9.82
Voltage Output Readings Output Current Readings
Figure 5. Output Voltage and Current Reading of the Generator
The generator drawn 14 V with a current of 5.8 A on its initial operation and
12.59 V with a current of 6.8 A on its final operation before the battery is fully charge.
Figure 5 shows the output voltage and output current of the generator respectively.
The voltage and current varies immensely as time passes by. It is because these
parameters depend on the mechanical speed provided by the water wheel. As speed
increases, voltage provided by the generator also increases. These graphs illustrate
that as the voltage increases, the current decreases.

120
Mechanical and Electrical Power Rating

100
80
60
40
20
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 9.82
Time Interval in hour
Mechanical Power Input Mechanical Power Output

Electrical Power Input Electrical Power Output
Figure 6. Mechanical and Electrical Power Input and Output
Figure 6 shows the water wheel and the generator’s power output and power
input during the charging period. The initial mechanical power output is 78.83 W just
as the water hits the water wheel. The output power drawn from the generator just as
before the battery reaches its full charge state is 68.99 W. These powers are
calculated based on the input volume flow rate of water and the angular velocity of
the wheel. This graph illustrates that there are some losses when water energy is
converted by the water wheel into useful rotational mechanical energy. The
generator’s power changes dramatically for its output and input parameters depend
on the speed provided by the water wheel. On the first time of charging, the
generator gives out 81.2 W as a result for an input power of 93.06 W. Moreover, on
the time before the battery fully charged, the generated input and output power is
87.06 W and 85.61 W respectively.

Discharging Time
Charging Time
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time Operation
Figure 7. Charging and Discharging Time of the Battery
Figure 7 illustrates the period of charging and discharging of the battery. It
consumes 10.32 hours to fully charge a battery and 31.2 hours to completely
discharge it. This only shows that the battery can sustain the 12-hour operation of the
loads in the farm.
Lighting issue was solve by constructing a hydraulic water wheel generator
that can provide power to charge a battery. Table 1 shows the actual charging
voltage of the battery. These voltage readings are measured from the discharge state
to fully charge state.
Table 1. Voltage Reading of the Battery during Charging Period

Time Interval Charging Voltage of the Battery
0 10
0.5 10.5
1 10.76
1.5 10.97
2 11.03
2.5 11.07
3 11.26
3.5 11.41
4 11.53
4.5 11.78
5 11.9
5.5 11.99
6 12.03
6.5 12.04
7 12.32
7.5 12.59
8 12.78
8.5 13.04
9 13.5
9.5 13.64
9.82 14.07
The test of the efficiency of the system is based on the power the generator
delivered in a certain period of time. Table 2 shows the mechanical efficiency,
electrical efficiency and the overall efficiency of the system. The efficiency of the
system in this study is computed by using the average power input and output.
Table 2. Mechanical and Electrical Efficiency

System Overall
Mechanical (W) Electrical (W)
(W)
Average Power 93.92 92.42 93.92
Input 78.18 76.23 76.23
Average Power
Output
%ŋ 83.24 82.49 81.17
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient for Hypothesis Test
There is a significant correlation between the mechanical efficiency and
electrical efficiency of the system. The verbal interpretation of r shows that there is a
very high negative correlation between the two efficiencies. It indicates a negative
association, that is, as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other
variable decreases. Figure 8 demonstrates the negative relationship between the
mechanical efficiency and the electrical efficiency of the system. As mechanical
efficiency increases, electrical efficiency decreases and vice versa.
Correlations
Mechanical Electrical
Efficiency Efficiency
Mechanical Efficienc y Pearson Correlation 1 -.892**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 21 21
Electrical Efficiency Pearson Correlation -.892** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 21 21
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Figure 8. SPSS Simulated Pearson Product-Moment Correlation
SUS Survey for the System’s Effectiveness Test
Table 3. SUS Survey Interpretation
QUESTIONS R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 % Interpretation
Agreement
1. I think that I would like to use this Strongly
5 5 5 4 5 80
system frequently. Agree
Strongly
2. I found the system unnecessary 1 2 1 1 1 -80
Disagree
Strongly
3. The system was easy to use 5 5 5 5 5 100
Agree
4. I thing that I would need the support
of a technical person to be able to 1 2 2 1 2 -40 Disagree
use this system
5. I found the various functions in this Strongly
5 5 5 4 5 80
system were well integrated Agree
6. There was too much inconsistency
1 1 2 2 1 -60 Disagree
in the system
7. I would imagine that most people

Strongly
would learn to use this system 5 5 5 4 5 80
Agree
very quickly
8. I found the system very Strongly
1 1 1 1 1 -100
inconvenient to use Disagree
9. I felt very confident using the Strongly
5 5 5 5 4 80
system Agree
10. I need to learn a lot of things
before I could get going with this 1 2 2 1 1 -60 Disagree
system
The SUS Survey is conducted to evaluate the system’s effectiveness based
on the farmer’s assessment upon using the system. Table 3 shows each farmer’s
response score in using it. The system got an average score of 94, which falls under
the range of 85.6 to 100 that is to be labeled as very effective. As of for the farmer’s
decision, the system is effective and convenient to use.

Conclusion and Recommendation
The main objectives of the study, which are to make an energy-harvesting
device from water movements as a source of electricity and to generate electrical
power that will supply loads such as lighting loads and batteries for flashlights, were
achieved by designing a hydraulic wheel generator that can control the water current.
By harnessing the kinetic energy of water converting to electrical energy, the
generator supplied enough power to charge a battery that can be used for
illumination and charging purposes.
It is proven through test that there is a significant correlation between the
mechanical efficiency and electrical efficiency of the system. As the value of one
variable increases, the value of the other variable decreases which means that when
mechanical efficiency increases, electrical efficiency decreases. Furthermore, the
volume flow rate of the water also shares a great portion on the efficiency especially
when it comes to the prime mover’s rated speed for it acts as the driving force.
Through a survey, the system is very effective to solve the respondent’s
problem about lighting issue. The system can charge a 12V, 100Ah battery for 11hrs
that can sustain 2 days of charging and illumination, thus it proves that the system is
well designed to generate power from falling water.
The gears of the water wheel may be adjusted to maximize all the force
supplied by water to produce great number of revolutions, which can increase the
voltage output of the generator. Additional loads are also applicable but the
discharging time of the battery may shorten depending on the amount of loads
connected to it. A boost converter may be used to lower the discharging time of the
battery. The system may also be used with some other kinds of battery such as
lithium ion to see its response. Further study about water wheel types is also
recommended to determine which better suits a certain locale.

References
Aalco Metals. Stainless Steel St St Introduction. 2017. Copyright: Aalco Metals Ltd,
25 High Street, Cobham, Surrey KT11 3DH
Bach C. v., 2006, Die Wasserräder (The water wheels, in German), Konrad Wittwer
Verlag,
Behrens, Rudy (2015). Design calculations for overshot water wheels. Retrieved from
http://www.backwoodshome.com/design-calculations-for-overshot-
waterwheels/
Borsci, S., Federici,S., & Lauriola, M. (2009). "On the dimensionality of the System
Usability Scale: a test of alternative measurement models". Cognitive
processing. 10 (3): 193–197. doi:10.1007/s10339-009-0268-9.
British Hydropower Association (2011). Waterwheels.
Capecchi D. Over and undershot waterwheels in the 18th Century: Science-
technology controversy. Adv Hist Stud, 2013, 02: 131-139
Denny M. The efficiency of overshot and undershot waterwheels. Eur J Phys, 2004,
25: 193-202
Department of Energy. History of Hydropower. http://www.energy.gov.ph..Retrieved
May 4, 2017.
Dilip, Singh: "Micro-hydro-power", Resource Assessment Handbook, An Initiative of
the Asian and Pacific Center for Transfer of Technology, September, 2009
Drew, B., Plummer, A. R., & Sahinkaya, M. N. (2009). A review of wave energy
converter technology: Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England.
Hazen, Theodore R. 2002. The Construction of a Wooden Water Wheel. Retrieved
from http://www.angelfire.com/journal/millbuilder/construction.html
Hydrokinetic Power (2016). Retrieved from http://www.hydroquebec.com/sustainable-
development/documentation-center/hydrokinetic-power.html
Jones Z. Domestic electricity generation using waterwheels on moored barge.
Dissertation for the Master’s Degree. Edinburgh: Heriot Watt University, 2005.
Khaligh, A., & Onar, O. C. (2010). Energy harvesting. Solar, Wind, and Ocean
Energy Conversion Systems, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, ISBN, 978, 1-
4398.
Mahwah, NJ. 2017. Properties of Plastic. eMachineShop Retrieved from
https://www.emachineshop.com/properties-of-plastic/
MathWorks. 2017. Power transmission system with chain and two sprockets.
Retrieved from
https://www.mathworks.com/help/physmod/sdl/ref/chaindrive.html?requested
Domain=true
Mishra, Divya. 2014, September 25. How to choose the right inverter & battery for
your home? Retrieved from
https://www.mrright.in/ideas/appliances/inverter/how-to-choose-the-right-
inverter-battery-for-your-home/
Müller G, Denchfield S, Schelmerdine R. Stream wheels for applications in shallow
and deep water. In: Proceedings of 32nd IAHR Congress, 2007. 291–100.
Müller G, Kauppert K. Performance characteristics of water wheels. J Hydraul Res,
2004, 42: 451-460
Muller, G. (2014). Water wheels as a power source. Retrieved from
g.muller@qub.ac.uk
Müller, Gerald & Kauppert, Klemens (2010). Performance characteristics of water
wheels. p.451-460.
Nagpurwala, Q.H. Hydraulic Turbines. M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies. p.
44. http:// www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Okaya Power. 2016, February 8. Reasons behind Damage of Inverter Battery Earlier
than Expected Retrieved from https://www.okayapower.com/reasons-behind-
damage-of-inverter-battery-earlier-than-expected/
Power in the landscape. Types of water wheels. http:// www.goodreads.com.
Retrieved 12 February 2017.
Puomi, P., Ooij, W.J. van. 2007. Environmental and Solubility Issues Related to
Novel Corrosion Control. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/galvanized-steel
Quaranta E, Revelli R. Performance characteristics, power losses and mechanical
power estimation for a breastshot water wheel. Energy, 2015, 87: 315-325
Serway, Raymond A. (1986). Physics for Scientists and Engineers (2nd ed.).
Saunders College Publishing. p. 202. ISBN 0-03-004534-7.
Shannon, R. (2009). Water wheel engineering. Retrieved from
http://permaculturewest.org.au/ipc6/ch08/shannon/index.html
Southeast Asia’s First Ocean Tidal Power Plant To Be Built In Philippines. Retrieved
from https://philnews.ph/2017/01/26/southeast-asias-first-ocean-tidal-power-
plant-built-philippines/
Stream wheel term and specifics (2017). Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheel#cite_note-PITLtypes-9Stuttgart.
The Renewable Energy. Calculation of Hydro Power. http:// www.reuk.co.uk.
Retrieved February 25, 2017.

Thomson, Ross (2009). Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological
Invention in the United States 1790-1865. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins
University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8018-9141-0.
World Energy Council (2016). Retrieved from
https://www.worldenergy.org/data/resources/resource/hydropower/
Zhu, G., Su, Y., Bai, P., Chen, J., Jing, Q., Yang, W., & Wang, Z. L. (2014).
Harvesting water wave energy by asymmetric screening of electrostatic
charges on a nanostructured hydrophobic thin-film surface. ACS nano, 8(6),
6031-6037.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Gantt Chart
Work to be done June July August September
Inspection of the
Area
Planning and
designing of the
system
Selection of
materials
Construction
Implementation and
Evaluation
Testing
APPENDIX B
Computations
For the hydraulic turbine wheel (initial data gathering):
The researchers used bucket method in determining the volumetric flow rate
of water in the channel.
Bucket Method (channel):
Trial 1: 2. 01 s
Trial 2: 1.56 s
Trial 3: 1.67 s
Trial 4: 1. 44 s
Trial 5: 2. 02 s
2.01 + 1.56 + 1.67 + 1.44 + 2.02

𝑡= = 1.74 𝑠
5
𝑉 16 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 1𝑚3 𝑚3

𝑄= = = 9.1954 × = 9.1954 × 10−3
𝑡 1.74 𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 1000 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑠
where: t = time
Q = volume flow rate
V = volume of the bucket
ℎ𝑝 = 1.2 𝑚 ; 𝑑 = 5 𝑖𝑛
3
−3 𝑚
𝑄 9.1954 × 10 𝑠 = 0.8131 𝑚
𝑉= = 2 2
𝐴 𝜋(0.06) 𝑚 𝑠
𝑚 2
𝑣 2 (0.8131 𝑠 )
ℎ𝑣 = = 𝑚 = 0.0337 𝑚
2𝑔 2(9.81 2 )
𝑠
ℎ = ℎ𝑝 + ℎ𝑣 = 1.2 𝑚 + 0.0337 𝑚 = 1.2337 𝑚
where: ℎ𝑝 = pressure head
V = flow velocity
A = area of the pipe
d = diameter of the pipe
ℎ𝑣 = velocity head
v = velocity of flow
h = head/height of fall
g = strength of gravity
𝐷 = 0.9ℎ = 0.9 (1.2337 𝑚) = 1.1103 𝑚
21 21
𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = = = 19.930 𝑟𝑝𝑚
√𝐷 √1.1103
3.2808 𝑓𝑡
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋(0.55515 𝑚) = 3.4881 𝑚 × = 11.444 𝑓𝑡
1𝑚
where: D = diameter of the wheel
C = circumference of the wheel
r = radius
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠 = 12
(1)(1.1103 𝑚) = 2𝑡
1.1103 𝑚
𝑡= = 0.55515 𝑚
2
where: t = thickness of the wheel

The turbine wheel’s diameter and thickness are almost 1.1103 m and 0.55515 m,
respectively, with an optimal rotational speed of at least 19.930 rpm. There are 12
buckets which are 0.95367 ft. apart from each other.
For Mechanical Power Input:
The researchers used bucket method in determining the volumetric flow rate of water
in the channel on the actual gathering of data.
Bucket Method (channel):
Trial 1: 1.97 s
Trial 2: 2.03 s
Trial 3: 2.14 s
Trial 4: 2.10 s
Trial 5: 2.16 s
Trial 6: 2.04 s
Trial 7: 2.01 s
Trial 8: 2.07 s
1.97 + 2.03 + 2.14 + 2.10 + 2.16 + 2.04 + 2.01 + 2.07

𝑡= = 2.065 𝑠
8
𝑉 16 𝑙𝑖 𝑙𝑖 1𝑚3 −3
𝑚3
𝑄= = = 7.748 × = 7.748 × 10
𝑡 2.065 𝑠 𝑠 1000 𝑙𝑖 𝑠
ℎ𝑝 = 1.2 𝑚; 𝑑𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 = 5 𝑖𝑛
5 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑓𝑡 0.3048 𝑚
𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 = × × = 0.0635 𝑚
2 12 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑓𝑡
where: t = time

V = volume of bucket
ℎ𝑝 = pressure head
𝑑𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 = diameter of the channel
𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 = radius of the channel
3
−3 𝑚
𝑄 7.748 × 10 𝑠 = 0.6116 𝑚
𝑉= = 2
𝐴 𝜋(0.0635 𝑚) 𝑠
𝑚 2
𝑣 2 (0.6116 𝑠 )
ℎ𝑣 = = 𝑚 = 0.02 𝑚
2𝑔 2(9.81 2 )
𝑠
ℎ = ℎ𝑝 + ℎ𝑣 = 1.2 𝑚 + 0.02 𝑚 = 1.22 𝑚
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 −3
𝑚3
𝑃𝑖𝑛−𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑄 = (1000 ) (9.81 ) (1.22 𝑚) (7.748 × 10 ) = 92.73 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑚3 𝑠2 𝑠
where: A = area of the channel
ℎ𝑣 = velocity head
h = head/height of fall
v = velocity of water
g = strength of gravity
𝜌 = density of water
For Mechanical Power Output:
𝑚 = 22 𝑘𝑔; 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.5 𝑚; 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 = 0.3 𝑚

Annular cylinder about central axis (Serway, 1986)

1 1
𝐼 = 𝑚(𝑟1 2 + 𝑟2 2 ) = (22 𝑘𝑔)[(0.5 𝑚)2 + (0.3 𝑚)2 ] = 3.74 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚2
2 2
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋(0.5 𝑚) = 3.1416 𝑚
𝑑 3.1416 𝑚 𝑚
𝑉= = = 3.1416
𝑡 1𝑠 𝑠
where: m = mass of the wheel
𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 = outer radius of the wheel
𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 = inner radius of the wheel
I = moment of inertia
C = circumference of the wheel
r = radius of the wheel
V = velocity
d = distance
t = time
𝑚
𝑉 3.1416 𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔= = = 6.28
𝑟 0.5 𝑚 𝑠
1 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 2 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚2
𝐾𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝐼𝜔2 = (3.74 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚2 )(6.28 ) = 73.75 = 73.75 𝐽
2 2 𝑠 𝑠2
𝐸 𝐾𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 73.75 𝐽
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡−𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = = = = 73.75 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑡 𝑡 1𝑠
where: 𝜔 = angular velocity of the wheel
𝐾𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 = rotational kinetic energy
E = energy
For Mechanical Efficiency:
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡−𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ 73.75 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

%ŋ𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = × 100 = × 100 = 79.53%
𝑃𝑖𝑛−𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ 92.73 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
For Electrical Power Input:
𝑚3
𝑄 = 7.748 × 10−3
𝑠
−3
𝑚3
𝑉 = 𝑄𝑡 = (7.748 × 10 ) (1 𝑠) = 7.748 × 10−3 𝑚3
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 = (1000 ) (7.748 × 10−3 𝑚3 ) = 7.748 𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
where: Q = volume flow rate
V = volume
t = time
m = mass
𝜌 = density of water
𝑚
𝐹 = 𝐹1 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚𝑔 = (7.749 𝑘𝑔) (9.81 ) = 76 𝑁
𝑠2
𝑑1 = 150 𝑚𝑚 = 0.15 𝑚; 𝑑2 = 50 𝑚𝑚 = 50 × 10−3 𝑚
150 𝑚𝑚 50 𝑚𝑚
𝑟1 = 2
= 75 𝑚𝑚 = 0.075 𝑚; 𝑟2 = 2
= 25 𝑚𝑚 = 25 × 10−3 𝑚
𝑥1−2 = 460 𝑚𝑚 = 0.46 𝑚
𝑇1 = 𝐹1 𝑟1 = (76 𝑁)(0.075 𝑚) = 5.7 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
where: F = force
𝑑1 = diameter of the first chain drive
𝑑2 = diameter of the second chain drive
𝑥1−2 = center distance
𝑇1 = torque on the first chain drive (tight side)
𝑇2 = torque on the second chain drive (slack side)
𝑁1 = 60 𝑟𝑝𝑚
52 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ
𝑁2 = (𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜)(𝑁1 ) = ( ) (60 𝑟𝑝𝑚) = 222.86 𝑟𝑝𝑚
14 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ
Chain Drive Torque (MathWorks, 2017)
𝑟𝑒𝑣 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝜔 = 222.86 × × = 23.34
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝜃𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑝 = 180° − 2𝛼
𝑟1 − 𝑟2
sin ∝ =
𝑥1−2
0.075 𝑚 − (25 × 10−3 𝑚)

∝ = sin−1[ ] = 6.24°
0.46 𝑚
𝜋
𝜃𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑝 = 180° − 2(6.24°) = 167.52° × = 2.924 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
180
where: N = speed of rotation
𝜔 = angular velocity
𝜃𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑝 = angle of wrap
∝ =angle of separation
For a standard chain drive pulley, the coefficient of friction 𝜇 = 0.3865;
𝑇1
= 𝑒 𝜇×𝜃 = 𝑒 0.3865×2.924 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 3.096
𝑇2
𝑇1 5.7 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑇2 = = = 1.841 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
3.096 3.096
where: 𝜇 = constant coefficient of friction for a standard chain drive pulley
T = effective torque/effective pull
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑃𝑖𝑛−𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 = 𝑇𝜔 = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )𝜔 = (5.7 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 − 1.841 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚) (23.34 ) = 90.07 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑠
APPENDIX C
System Diagram Front View
IRRIGATION
PIPE TANK CHANNEL
WATER PUMP
HYDRAULIC WHEEL
NOTE:
All measurements are in meters.
APPENDIX D
Electrical Plan of the System
LODGE
IRRIGATION
TANK
NOTE:
All measurements are in meters.
LOAD SCHEDULE
RISER DIAGRAM
APPENDIX E
Initial Design of Hydraulic Turbine Wheel
APPENDIX F
Survey Questionnaires
Note: Other surveys were written by the proponents for respondents cannot read nor
write
APPENDIX G
Interview
APPENDIX H
Site Layout
LODGE
WATER PUMP
IRRIGATION
TANK
IRRIGATION
CANAL
This shows the actual and CAD layout of the chosen site. The chosen site is in the
middle of fields where there is a water pump with an irrigation tank. The water leaves
the pipe as it drops down the tank then flow out in the fields.
APPENDIX I
Communication Letters
APPENDIX J
Materials and Instruments
Clamp Meter
The clamp meter used is an EZ Digital SH-9600 which is an AC/DC Auto-Ranging
with true RMS meters to provide all electrical testing needs.
Generator
This is a permanent magnet type generator. This device does not require a
separate DC supply for the excitation circuit or does have slip rings and contact
brushes. One major advantage is that these machines does not require any
specific work environment and hence can be use in wind and water machines.
Charge Controller
This charge controller is rated 12V/24V. This is used to regulate and monitor the
charging status of the system.
Multimeter
The digital multimeter is used to measure the voltages coming in and out of the
system.
Inverter
The inverter used is a Bosca SAA-500AF 500 watt, 12V DC to 220V AC.
Water Wheel
This is made up of galvanized steel measuring 1.1429 m in diameter.

APPENDIX K
Mechanical Power on Operation
Time
Power Input (W) Power Output (W)
(30 minutes interval)
7:30 AM 91.84 78.83
8:00 AM 90.06 68.99
8:30 AM 98.33 89.33
9:00 AM 90.65 68.99
9:30 AM 88.70 62.03
10:00 AM 96.90 86.64
10:30 AM 97.39 86.64
11:00 AM 90.06 68.99
11:30 AM 99.41 92.06
12:00 PM 90.01 64.31
12:30 PM 88.30 59.80
1:00 PM 92.73 81.39
1:30 PM 98.20 89.33
2:00 PM 91.02 76.31
2:30 PM 88.30 59.80
3:00 PM 100.52 92.06
3:30 PM 100.32 92.06
4:00 PM 100.45 92.06
4:30 PM 98.07 89.33
5:00 PM 90.92 73.82
5:19 PM 90.06 68.99

APPENDIX L
Electrical Power on Operation
Time
Power Input (W) Power Output (W)
7:30 AM 93.06 81.20
8:00 AM 87.06 79.30
8:30 AM 99.07 65.16
9:00 AM 87.06 79.54
9:30 AM 82.55 81.19
10:00 AM 97.56 81.31
10:30 AM 97.56 82.42
11:00 AM 87.06 80.60
11:30 AM 100.57 65
12:00 PM 84.06 83.09
12:30 PM 81.05 80.99
1:00 PM 94.56 82.60
1:30 PM 99.07 66.51
2:00 PM 91.56 81.84
2:30 PM 81.05 79.46
3:00 PM 100.57 67.08
3:30 PM 100.57 67.49
4:00 PM 100.57 65.98
4:30 PM 99.07 65.16
5:00 PM 90.06 80
5:19 PM 87.06 85.61

APPENDIX M
Output Voltage and Current of the System on Operation
Time
Output Voltage (V) Output Current (A)
7:30 AM 14 5.8
8:00 AM 13 6.1
8:30 AM 14.81 4.4
9:00 AM 13.04 6.1
9:30 AM 11.94 6.8
10:00 AM 14.52 5.6
10:30 AM 14.46 5.7
11:00 AM 13 6.2
11:30 AM 15 4.3
12:00 PM 12.59 6.6
12:30 PM 11.91 6.8
1:00 PM 14 5.9
1:30 PM 14.78 4.5
2:00 PM 13.64 6
2:30 PM 12.04 6.6
3:00 PM 15.6 4.3
3:30 PM 16.07 4.2
4:00 PM 15.71 4.2
4:30 PM 14.81 4.4
5:00 PM 13.3 6
5:19 PM 12.59 6.8

APPENDIX N
Speed of Gears on Operation
Time
Speed at Gear 1 (RPM) Speed at Gear 2 (RPM)
7:30 AM 62 230.29
8:00 AM 58 215.43
8:30 AM 66 245.14
9:00 AM 58 215.43
9:30 AM 55 204.29
10:00 AM 65 241.43
10:30 AM 65 241.43
11:00 AM 58 215.43
11:30 AM 67 248.86
12:00 PM 56 208.00
12:30 PM 54 200.57
1:00 PM 63 234.00
1:30 PM 66 245.14
2:00 PM 61 226.57
2:30 PM 54 200.57
3:00 PM 67 248.86
3:30 PM 67 248.86
4:00 PM 67 248.86
4:30 PM 66 245.14
5:00 PM 60 222.86
5:19 PM 58 215.43
APPENDIX O
Volume Flow Rate of Water on Operation
Time Volume Flow Rate (m³/s)
7:30 AM 0.007673861
8:00 AM 0.007524985
8:30 AM 0.008215661
9:00 AM 0.007573964
9:30 AM 0.007411697
10:00 AM 0.008096142
10:30 AM 0.008137317
11:00 AM 0.007524985
11:30 AM 0.008306295
12:00 PM 0.007520564
12:30 PM 0.007377522
1:00 PM 0.007748184
1:30 PM 0.008205128
2:00 PM 0.007605466
2:30 PM 0.007377522
3:00 PM 0.00839895
3:30 PM 0.008382449
4:00 PM 0.008393443
4:30 PM 0.008194622
5:00 PM 0.007596439
5:19 PM 0.007524985
APPENDIX P
Efficiency of the System
Time Mechanical Electrical Overall Efficiency
(30 min interval) Efficiency (%) Efficiency (%) (%)
7:30 AM 85.83 87.25 88.41
8:00 AM 76.60 91.09 88.05
8:30 AM 90.85 65.78 66.27
9:00 AM 76.10 91.37 87.75
9:30 AM 69.93 98.35 91.53
10:00 AM 89.42 83.34 83.92
10:30 AM 88.96 84.48 84.63
11:00 AM 76.60 92.58 89.50
11:30 AM 92.60 64.14 64.88
12:00 PM 71.45 98.86 92.32
12:30 PM 67.73 99.92 91.72
1:00 PM 87.77 87.35 89.07
1:30 PM 90.97 67.14 67.73
2:00 PM 83.83 89.38 89.91
2:30 PM 67.73 98.04 90.00
3:00 PM 91.58 66.70 66.73
3:30 PM 91.76 67.11 67.28
4:00 PM 91.64 65.61 65.68
4:30 PM 91.08 65.78 66.44
5:00 PM 81.20 88.61 87.77
5:19 PM 76.60 98.34 95.06

APPENDIX Q
SUS Score of Respondents
Number Farmer 1 Farmer 2 Farmer 3 Farmer 4 Farmer 5
1 5 5 5 4 5
2 1 2 1 1 1
3 5 5 5 5 5
4 1 2 2 1 2
5 5 5 5 4 5
6 1 1 2 2 1
7 5 5 5 4 5
8 1 1 1 1 1
9 5 5 5 5 4
10 1 2 2 1 1
Note: Score of 1 means Strongly Disagree-Score of 5 means Strongly Agree

APPENDIX R
Voltage Cut- Off of the Battery on Discharge
Time Discharge Voltage (V)
6:00 PM 14
6:30 PM 14
7:00 PM 13.9
7:30 PM 13.8
8:00 PM 13.8
8:30 PM 13.8
9:00 PM 13.7
9:30 PM 13.6
10:00 PM 13.6
10:30 PM 13.5
11:00 PM 13.5
11:30 PM 13.4
12:00 AM 13.4
12:30 AM 13.3
1:00 AM 13.2
1:30 AM 13.2
2:00 AM 13.2
2:30 AM 13.1
3:00 AM 13
3:30 AM 13
4:00 AM 13
4:30 AM 12.9
5:00 AM 12.9
5:30 AM 12.8
6:00 AM 12.8
6:30 AM 12.7
7:00 AM 12.7
7:30 AM 12.6
8:00 AM 12.6
8:30 AM 12.5
9:00 AM 12.5
9:30 AM 12.4
10:00 AM 12.4
10:30 AM 12.4
11:00 AM 12.3
11:30 AM 12.3
12:00 PM 12.2
12:30 PM 12.2
1:00 PM 12.1
1:30 PM 12.1
2:00 PM 12
2:30 PM 12
3:00 PM 12
3:30 PM 11.9
4:00 PM 11.8
4:30 PM 11.8
5:00 PM 11.7
5:30 PM 11.6
6:00 PM 11.6
6:30 PM 11.6
7:00 PM 11.5
7:30 PM 11.5
8:00 PM 11.4
8:30 PM 11.4
9:00 PM 11.3
9:30 PM 11.2
10:00 PM 11.1
10:30 PM 11
11:00 PM 11
11:30 PM 10.9
12:00 AM 10.9
12:30 AM 10.8
1:00 AM 10.7
1:12 AM 10.5
APPENDIX S
Cost Benefit Analysis

Cost
Water Wheel - ₱ 5,000.00
Battery - ₱ 3,100.00
Charge Controller - ₱ 600.00
Inverter - ₱ 800.00
Generator - ₱ 7,000.00
Electrical/Wiring Materials - ₱ 3,000.00
Maintenance - ₱ 1,000.00
Total ₱ 20,500.00
When connected to a Cooperative:
PELCO (₱ 10.0954 per kWh)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Total
Electrical Consumption
(₱ 605.724 x 12 months) ₱ 7,268.69 ₱ 7,268.69 ₱ 7,268.69 ₱ 21,806.064
Benefit
After three years of investment in a hydroelectric system, the user of the
project will benefit. Instead of paying the monthly electrical bill, electrical energy will
be 100% free.
APPENDIX T
Critical Values of the Correlation Coefficient r
Degrees of Freedom (df) α = 0.05 α = 0.01
1 0.997 1.000
2 0.950 0.990
3 0.878 0.959
4 0.811 0.917
5 0.754 0.874
6 0.707 0.834
7 0.666 0.798
8 0.632 0.765
9 0.602 0.735
10 0.576 0.708
11 0.553 0.684
12 0.532 0.661
13 0.514 0.641
14 0.497 0.623
15 0.482 0.606
16 0.468 0.590
17 0.458 0.575
18 0.444 0.561
19 0.433 0.549
20 0.423 0.537
21 0.413 0.526
22 0.404 0.515
23 0.396 0.505
24 0.388 0.496
25 0.381 0.487
26 0.374 0.478
27 0.367 0.470
28 0.361 0.463
29 0.355 0.456
30 0.349 0.449
35 0.325 0.418
40 0.304 0.393
45 0.288 0.372
50 0.273 0.354
60 0.250 0.325
70 0.232 0.302
80 0.217 0.283
90 0.205 0.267
100 0.195 0.254
125 0.174 0.228
150 0.159 0.208
200 0.138 0.181
300 0.113 0.148
400 0.098 0.128
500 0.088 0.115
1000 0.062 0.081

APPENDIX U
Actual Reading of Output Current and Output Voltage

APPENDIX V
Progress Report
APPENDIX W
Schematic Diagram
APPENDIX X
Generator Specification
CURRICULUM
VITAE
Francisco Kyle A.
District 9, Lot 45, Blk 94, Pandacaqui, Mexico, Pampanga
Email Address: kyle_francisco13@yahoo.com
Contact Number: +639453153112
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth : December 13, 1996

Age : 21
Sex : Male
Height : 5’11”
Weight : 75 kg
Civil Status : Single
Religious Affiliation : Roman Catholic
Father’s Name : Victor A. Francisco
Mother’s Name : Leonila A. Francisco
Address : District 9, Lot 45, Blk 94, Pandacaqui,
Mexico, Pampanga
Languages : English, Tagalog & Kapampangan
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary - Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University
Bacolor, Pampanga
2013 – Present
Secondary - San Agustin Diocesan Acadamy, Inc. Jaen, Nueva

Ecija
Primary - Dampulan Elementaryn School. Jaen, Nueva Ecija

2003 – 2009
AFFILIATION
 Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineering of the Phillipines DHVTSU

– Student Chapter
Member (2014-present)
SEMINARS AND TRAININGS
 Install Wiring Devices/Install Lighting Systems (Leading to Electrical

Installation and Maintenance NC II)
SC Human Resources Training Development and Assessment Center Inc.
Sto. Rosario St., Angeles, Pampanga
May 2015
I hereby certify that the foregoing information above is true and correct to the best of
my knowledge and ability.
Kyle A. Francisco
Proponent
Naguit, Jake Joseph D.

45B,Tizon Street, Poblacion,Sto Tomas, Pampanga
Email Address: jakenaguit768@gmail.com
Date of Birth : November 27, 1996

Age : 21
Sex : Male
Height : 5’7”
Weight : 75 kg
Father’s Name : Albert C. Naguit
Mother’s Name : Leonor D. Naguit
Address : 45B, Tizon Street, Poblacion,
Sto Tomas, Pampanga

Bacolor, Pampanga
2013 – Present
Secondary - Pampanga High School

City of San Fernando, Pampanga
2009 – 2013
Primary - San Fernando Elementary School

City of San Fernando, Pampanga
2003 – 2009
AFFILIATION

– Student Chapter

May 2015
Jake Joseph D. Naguit

Proponent
Teodoro, Christine Ann S.

Purok 4 Ligaya, Pulungmasle, Guagua, Pampanga
Email Address: christ_ineann@yahoo.com
Date of Birth : June 30, 1997

Age : 20
Sex : Female
Height : 5’4”
Weight : 69 kg
Father’s Name : Leonard S. Teodoro
Mother’s Name : Lota S. Teodoro
Address : Purok 4 Ligaya, Pulungmasle, Guagua,
Pampanga

Bacolor, Pampanga
2013 – Present
Secondary - St. Augustine Academy of Pampanga

Poblacion, Floridablanca, Pampanga
2009 – 2013
Primary - Talang Elementary School

Talang, Pulungmasle, Guagua, Pampanga
2003 – 2009
AFFILIATION

– Student Chapter

May 2015
 E-Power Mo! Smart Energy Utilization Forum and Stakeholders Conference

Department of Energy
Fontana Hot Spring Leisure Parks, Clark Freeport Zone, Pampanga
November 29, 2017
Christine Ann S. Teodoro

Proponent

Development of 150 Watts, 12V Hydraulic Wheel DC Generator For A Farm at Brgy. Ligaya, Pulungmasle, Guagua, Pampanga

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Development of 150 Watts, 12V Hydraulic Wheel DC Generator For A Farm at Brgy. Ligaya, Pulungmasle, Guagua, Pampanga

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Hydraulic Wheel Generator i

We are especially indebted to Engr. Alma L. Tangcuangco, our thesis

engineer should be.

ever give to finish project.

us in whatever we pursue. They are the ultimate role models.

blessings and guidance, we do not deserve any of this success.

Background of the Study ........................................................................... 1

Statement of the Problem ......................................................................... 4

Objectives of the Study ............................................................................. 4

Scope and Limitation ................................................................................ 4

Significance of the Study ........................................................................... 4

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................................................................. 5

Research Design ...................................................................................... 9

Figure 2. Research Framework Diagram .................................................. 10

Figure 3. Block Diagram of the System ..................................................... 13

Figure 4. System Diagram ........................................................................ 17

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ................................................................................ 19

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .......................................................... 26

A. Gantt Chart ........................................................................................... 32

C. System Diagram Front View ................................................................. 41

D. Electrical Plan of the System ................................................................ 42

E. Initial Design of the Hydraulic Turbine Wheel ........................................ 44

F. Survey Questionnaires .......................................................................... 45

H. Site Layout ........................................................................................... 65

I. Communication Letters .......................................................................... 66

J. Instruments and Materials ..................................................................... 70

K. Mechanical Power on Operation ........................................................... 73

L. Electrical Power on Operation ............................................................... 74

M. Output Voltage and Current of the System ........................................... 75

N. Speed of Gears on Operation ............................................................... 76

O. Volume Flow Rate of Water on Operation ............................................ 77

P. Efficiency of the System ....................................................................... 78

Q. SUS Score of the Respondents ............................................................ 79

R. Voltage Cut-Off of the Battery on Discharge ......................................... 80

S. Cost Benefit Analysis ............................................................................ 83

T. Critical Values of the Correlation Coefficient ......................................... 84

U. Actual Reading of Output Current and Voltage ..................................... 86

V. Progress Reports .................................................................................. 90

W. Schematic Diagram ............................................................................. 107

X. Generator Specification ........................................................................ 108

CURRICULUM VITAE .......................................................................................... 109

Development of 150 Watts, 12V Hydraulic Wheel DC Generator for a Farm at

Brgy. Ligaya, Pulungmasle, Guagua, Pampanga

Hydroelectricity subsists as one route to come across

In times of growing energy demand, twiddling natural resources and the

the water motion in power generation.

According to World Energy Council (2016) hydroelectric energy is the number

renewables. Up to 1,064 GW of installed capacity in 2016, it brings about 16.4% of

of unused hydroelectric energy potential in the world.

Hydroelectricity is derived from the energy running or moving water, which

irrigation and the process of numerous machine-driven devices, such as sawmills,

Philippines on mid-2017, as proceeds it paces to green energy. A resident firm in

Devices that are capable in producing kinetic energy are significant in

promoting renewable energy such as hydroelectric energy. A water pump is a device

supply lighting loads to promote security minimal maintenance.

It is a requirement for farmers to stay in the fields especially during harvesting

due to enhanced technology. Numerous components of a hydroelectric technology

must be taken into account. Innovative developments in the structure using

enhanced, lightweight materials, and improved design techniques have permitted

and at better cost.

As energy requirements are continuously varying, the operational elements

linked with the new energy foundations need to be established. An understanding of

construction, and process of hydroelectric generators must be assessed to develop

effectively for everyday living.

water current to produce electrical energy.

The primary objective of the study is to fabricate a hydraulic wheel generator