Substation Automation and RET 670

Protection Training Transformer Protection

Restricted Earthfault
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007
©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Up to three instances available
„ Low impedance type
„ Can be used on all directly or low impedance earthed windings
„ Up to 4 three-phase CT inputs

REF1-
REFPDIF_87N
I3P
I3PW1CT1
I3PW1CT2
I3PW2CT1
I3PW2CT2
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007
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2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Able to handle multiple circuit breaker applications as well as
autotransformers in 1½ CB applications

I3P I3P
I3PW1CT1 I3PW1CT1
I3PW1CT2 I3PW1CT2
I3PW2CT1 I3PW2CT1
I3PW2CT2 I3PW2CT2
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007
©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Functionality
„ Zero sequence differential protection with a percentage biased
operate/restrain characteristic, plus an additional zero sequence
current directional comparison criterion
„ Requires no current magnitude or phase correction, even when OLTC
present
„ Insensitive to inrush and overexcitation currents
„ Only danger is eventual CT saturation
„ 2nd harmonic restraint (reactor energizing)
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007
©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Functionality
„ Three-section operate/restrain characteristic

Idiff

Settings:
operate
2nd slope
IdMin
100%

restrain
1st slope
Idmin 70%

Ibias
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007
©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Functionality
„ Operate/restrain characteristic
„ Differential current – vector sum of the fundamental
frequency neutral current and the fundamental frequency
residual current (calculated from the three line-side
fundamental frequency phase currents)

Idiff = IN + 3I0

„ For multiple circuit breaker applications, the two contributing

residual currents are internally summed to produce the
overall line-side residual current
I3P
I3PW1 = I3PW1CT1 + I1PW1CT2
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007

I3PW1CT1
I3PW1CT2
I3PW2CT1
I3PW2CT2
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2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Functionality
„ Operate/restrain characteristic
„ The bias current stabilizes the restricted earthfault protection
„ It is a measure of how high the currents are (i.e. a measure
of how difficult the conditions are under which the CTs are
operating)
„ The higher the currents, the more difficult the conditions, and
the higher the probability that the calculated differential
current has a false component, primarily due to CT
saturation
„ The bias current is calculated as the highest fundamental
frequency current amongst all the input currents (three
phases / neutral) to the restricted earthfault protection
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007

„ Included in the bias current calculation is an enhanced

feature that ensures security when external faults are
disconnected
©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Functionality
„ Operate/restrain characteristic
„ Single circuit breaker applications – ordinary power trfrs

I3P
I3PW1CT1
I3PW1CT2
I3PW2CT1
I3PW2CT2

curr(x) = MAX [I3PW1CT1]

curr(z) = IN
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007

i.e. Ibias = MAX [curr(x); curr(z)]

©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Functionality
„ Operate/restrain characteristic
„ Multiple circuit breaker applications – ordinary power trfrs

I3P
I3PW1CT1
I3PW1CT2
I3PW2CT1
I3PW2CT2

curr(a) = MAX [I3PW1CT1] / CTFactorPri1

curr(b) = MAX [I3PW1CT2] / CTFactorPri2
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007

curr(x) = MAX [I3PW1CT1 + I3PW1CT2]

curr(z) = IN
i.e. Ibias = MAX [curr(a); curr(b); curr(x); curr(z)]
©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Functionality
„ Operate/restrain characteristic
„ Multiple circuit breaker applications
„ CTFactor = Irated pri_CT / Irated_W
„ The CTFactor is generally chosen so that when 1pu primary
current flows through the CT, this would contribute a 1pu
component to the bias calculation – e.g.
Irated pri_CT = 1000A
Irated_W = 500A
contribution to bias calculation = 1000 / (1000/500) = 500A
Ibias (pu) = Ibias (pri A) / IBase, where IBase = Irated_W
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007

„ Without CTFactor, a 1pu CT primary current would contribute

a 1000A component to the bias calculation (i.e. 2pu)
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2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Functionality
„ Operate/restrain characteristic
„ Multiple circuit breaker applications
„ Applying the CTFactor gives a gain in the sensitivity for
internal faults (by reducing the contribution to the bias from
the T-side CTs), but still ensures adequate biasing for
through fault conditions
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007
©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Functionality
„ Operate/restrain characteristic
„ Single circuit breaker applications – autotransformers

I3P
I3PW1CT1
I3PW1CT2
I3PW2CT1
I3PW2CT2

curr(x) = MAX [I3PW1CT1]

curr(y) = MAX [I3PW2CT1]
curr(z) = IN
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007

i.e. Ibias = MAX [curr(x); curr(y); curr(z)]

„ Note: set IBase = highest winding rated current,
normally Irated_MV
©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Functionality
„ Operate/restrain characteristic
„ Multiple circuit breaker applications – autotransformers

I3P
I3PW1CT1
I3PW1CT2
I3PW2CT1
I3PW2CT2
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007
©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Functionality
„ Operate/restrain characteristic
„ Multiple circuit breaker autotransformer applications
curr(a) = MAX [I3PW1CT1] / CTFactorPri1 I3P
I3PW1CT1
curr(b) = MAX [I3PW1CT2] / CTFactorPri2 I3PW1CT2
I3PW2CT1
I3PW2CT2
curr(c) = MAX [I3PW2CT1] / CTFactorSec1
curr(d) = MAX [I3PW2CT2] / CTFactorSec2
curr(x) = MAX [I3PW1CT1 + I3PW1CT2]
curr(y) = MAX [I3PW2CT1 + I3PW2CT2]
curr(z) = IN
i.e. Ibias = MAX [curr(a);…….curr(z)]
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007
©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Directional criterion – external earth fault

zone of protection

s I zs1 I a0=
o A (L1) a (L1)
u I zs1 I b0=
r B (L2) b (L2)
c I zs1 c=
C (L3) I 0 c (L3)
e
Uzs Current in the neutral (IN)
3Io=3I zs1 IN = -3Izs1 IN serves as a directional
reference because it has
the same direction for both
internal and external faults.

zs voltage is max.
at the earth fault For external fault
ROA

3I0 Currents 3Io and IN are theoretically

MTA 180o out of phase for any external
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007

IN earth fault.
Reference is
ROA
neutral current

Restrain for Operate for

external fault internal fault
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2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Directional criterion – internal earth fault
power system
contribution to
fault current zone of protection

s Izs2 a=
Izs1 I
o A (L1) 0 a (L1)
u Izs2 Izs1 b=
B (L2) I b (L2)
r 0
c Izs2 Izs1 I c=
e C (L3) 0 c (L2)

Ifault Current in the neutral (IN)

Uz serves as a directional
3Io = -3Izs2 IN
s reference because it has
the same direction for both
IN = - 3Izs1 internal and external faults.

Return path for 3Izs2 Return path for 3Izs1

For internal fault

ROA 3I0
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007

currents 3Io and IN are approximately

MTA
IN in phase for an internal earth fault.
Reference is
ROA
neutral current

Restrain for Operate for

external fault internal fault
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2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Directional criterion
„ The directional criterion is applied in order to positively distinguish
between internal and external earth faults – this check is an additional
criterion, with the purpose of enhancing the security against
maloperations for heavy external earth faults, and during the
disconnection of such faults by other protections
„ For an external earth fault
the residual current 3I0 and the neutral current IN are theoretically
equal in magnitude and 180 degrees out of phase
„ For an internal earth fault
the residual current 3I0 and the neutral current IN are
approximately in phase
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007

„ The current in the neutral (IN) serves as the directional reference

because it has the same direction for all earth faults, both internal and
external – current polarized
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2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Directional criterion
„ A directional check is only executed if
„ a start has been registered from the operate-restrain
characteristic
„ the magnitude of the line-side residual current (3I0) is at least 3%
of IBase
„ If a directional check is not executed (due to too small currents), then
the internal directional requirement is cancelled as a condition for trip
„ If a directional check is executed, then a trip output is only allowed if
the currents 3I0 and IN are both within the operating (internal) region
„ Relay Characteristic Angle (RCA)
„ Constant (fixed) 0° (determined by where the line-side residual
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007

current (3I0) should lie with respect to the directional reference

(neutral current) for an internal earth fault)
„ Relay Operate Angle (ROA)
„ Settable 60° to 90°
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2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ 2nd harmonic analysis / blocking
„ Required primarily to prevent unwanted operation on reactor
energizing due to possible line-side CT saturation caused by a high dc
component of long duration
The current through the neutral CT does not have the same dc-
component, or the same amplitude, and consequently the risk of
saturation in this CT is much less
„ The differential current that appears as a result of the saturation may
be so high that it reaches the operate area of the characteristic
„ Calculation of 2nd harmonic content in the neutral current is made
when certain criteria are fulfilled
„ If the ratio between 2nd harmonic and fundamental exceeds 60%, the
function is blocked
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007
©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Overview of restricted earthfault protection function
3I0 < 3% of Ibase
3I0 > 3% of Ibase

Directional ≥1
check

& TRIP
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007

& START
IN > 50% of Idmin
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2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Function block

‘Analog’ quantity inputs

‘Analog’ quantity outputs

ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007
©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection - Settings

ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007
©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection - Settings
Settings
Settings group N1
Differential protection
LowImpREF(PDIF,87N)

Off; On
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007
©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Service values
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007
©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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 RET 670 – Restricted Earthfault Protection

„ Restricted earthfault protection (PDIF, 87N)

„ Service values
ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007
©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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ABB Power Technologies AB, 2007
©

2008-05-23 Substation Automation and Protection Training

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