Geography Social Science Chapter 5 Industries

Tick the correct answer.

(i) Silicon Valley is located in

(a) Bangalore (b) California (c) Ahmedabad

(ii) Which one of the following industries is known as sunrise industry?

(a) Iron and steel industry (b) Cotton textile

(c) Information Technology

(iii) Which one of the following is a natural fibre?

(a) nylon (b) jute (c) acrylic

Answer. (i) (b), (ii) (c), (iii) (b).

Question.4. Give two examples of each the following.

(i) Raw materials (ii) End products

(iii) Tertiary activities (iv) Agro-based industries

(v) Cottage industries (vi) Co-operatives

Answer.(i) ores, plants. (ii) Clothes that we wear, a car.

(iii) Trade, banking. (iv) Food processing, leather industry.

(v) Basket weaving, pottery. (vi) AMUL, Sudha Dairy.

Choose the correct option.

(i) What class of economic activities does manufacturing come under?

(a) Primary (b) Secondary

(c) Tertiary

(d) Primary as well as secondary

(ii) Which industry is the base of all other industries?

(a) Cotton textile industry

(b) Leather industry

(c) Iron and steel industry

(d) IT industry

(iii) What class of industries does Mamti Udyog come under?

(a) Joint sector (b) Private sector

(c) Public sector (d) Cooperative sector

(iv) Which of these factors affect the location of industries?

(a) Power

(b) Availability of raw material

(c) Transport (d) All of these

(v) What process does the iron ore undergo in a blast furnace?

(a) Smelting (b) Refining

(c) Extraction (d) None of these

(vi) What is the output of iron and steel industry?

(a) Steel (b) Pig iron

(c) Iron ore (d) All of these

(vii) Which of these states has some major steel producing centres?

(a) Punjab (b) Jharkhand

(c) Tamil Nadu (d) Maharashtra

(viii) What is the name of the place where TISCO began?

(a) Kharkai (b) Calcutta

(c) Sakchi (d) Rourkela

(ix) From where does the iron ore come to Pittsburgh?

(a) Silicon Valley (b) Florida

(c) Minnesota (d) Washington

Answer. (i) (b), (ii) (c), (iii) (a), (iv) (d),

(v)(a), (vi) (a), (vii) (b), (viii) (c), (ix) (c).

Question.2.Fill in the blank spaces given to complete each sentence.

(i) The river that provides sufficient water to Osaka’s textile industry is ………………..

(ii) On basis of raw materials used, industries are classified as and ………………

(iii) Basket-weaving, handicraft and pottery are examples of …………… industries.

(iv) Factors affecting location of industries are ………… , …………… , ………… , ……….. etc.
(give any four)

(v) Regions like Mumbai-Pune cluster and Chhotanagpur industrial belt are important ………..
regions of India.

(vi) The process of smelting is done in a ……..

(vii) The four states where most steel producing centres are located are and ………….
(viii) The first cotton textile mill was established in Ahmedabad in ………..

(ix) Silicon Valley is located near the …………….. Mountains.

Answer.(i) Yodo

(ii) agro-based, mineral-based, marine- based, forest-based

(iii) small-scale

(iv) power, raw material, labour, capital, market, transport, communication, etc.

(v) industrial

(vi) blast furnace

(vii) West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh

(viii) 1859 (ix) Rocky

Question.3.State whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F).

(i) The leather industry is a forest-based industry.

(ii) Small capital and infrastructure characterises small-scale industries.

(iii) Milk dairies like Sudha Dairy are joint sector industries.

(iv) Raw materials are inputs into an industry’s manufacturing process.

(v) Major industrial regions tend to be located in the temperate areas, near sea ports and coal fields.

(vi) The iron and steel industry is a sunrise industry.

(vii) While smelting, heating is done beyond melting point.

(viii) Alloying with other elements changes the properties of steel.

(ix) The nearest station to Sakchi steel plant was Kalimati.

Answer. (i) True, (ii) True, (iii) False, (iv) True, (v) True, (vi) False, (vii) True, (viii) True, (ix) True.
Answer.(i) (b), (ii) (e), (iii) (a), (iv) (c), (v) (d).

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question.1. Define industry.

Answer. Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods,
extraction of minerals or provision of services.

Question.2. Name three common methods of classifying industries.

Answer. Industries are classified according to raw material used, size and ownership.

Question.3. Expand the abbreviation AMUL. Where are its headquarters?

Answer. Anand Milk Union Limited. Its headquarters are in Anand, Gujarat.

Question.4. Name four common processes involved in a textile industry.

Answer. Ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing are processes involved in a textile industry.

Question.5. Name an industrial region in northern India.

Answer. The Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region is an industrial region in northern India.

Question.6. Name some elements alloyed with steel.

Answer. Aluminium, nickel and copper are elements that are alloyed with steel.

Question.7. What products do industrial plants in Jamshedpur produce?

Answer. Industrial plants produce chemicals, locomotive parts, agricultural equipment,

machinery, tinplate, etc.

Question.8. What is the link between the mines and the industry in Pittsburgh?

Answer. The Great Lakes of North America lie between the mines and industrial plant in
Pittsburgh.

Question.9. Name two natural fibres and two human-made fibres.

Answer. Two natural fibres: wool, silk. Two human-made fibres: nylon, polyester.

Question.10 .Give a reason for the fact that cotton textile industry in India could not
compete with that in the West initially.

Answer. The production of hand woven cotton textile in India was expensive and time-
consuming, so it could not compete with the Western standards.

Question.11. What industries have started replacing the textile industry in Osaka?

Answer. Iron and steel, machinery, shipbuilding, automobiles, electrical equipment and cement
industry have begun to replace the textile industry in Osaka.

Question.12. Why is Bangalore called “Silicon Plateau”?

Answer. Bangalore is called Silicon Plateau because of the IT industry there, and the word
“plateau” refers to the Deccan Plateau where it is located.

(i) What is meant by the term ‘industry’?

(ii) Which are the main factors which influence the location of an industry?

(iii) Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of modem industry and why?

(iv) Why cotton textile industry rapidly expanded in Mumbai?

(v) What are the similarities between information, technology industry in Bangalore and
California?

Answer.(i) Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods,
extraction of minerals or provision of services.

(ii) The location of industries is affected by the availability of raw material, land, water, labour,
power, capital, transport and market.
(iii) The iron and steel industry is referred to as the backbone of modem industry. This is so
because it is a “feeder” industry whose products are used as raw materials for other industries.

(iv) Cotton textile industry expanded rapidly in Mumbai initially because of the presence of a lot
of favourable conditions. Warm and moist climate, a port situated nearby to import machinery,
easy availability of raw material and skilled labour were factors behind this.

(v) Some of the points of similarity between information technology industry in Bangalore and
Silicon Valley are:

(a) Educational and technological institutions: Bangalore has the largest number of educational
institutions and IT colleges in India and Silicon Valley is also situated close to some reputed
scientific and technological centres of the world.

(b) Environment: Both of Bangalore and Silicon Valley have low pollution levels and have a
clean environment.

Question 13. Write a short note on Mineral based industries.

Mineral based industries are primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials.
The products of these industries feed other industries. Iron made from iron ore is the product of
mineral based industry. This is used as raw material for the manufacture of a number of other
products, such as heavy machinery, building materials and railway coaches.

Question 14 What are marine based industries ?

Marine based industries use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Examples of
Marine based industries are processing sea food or manufacturing fish oil.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question.1. Describe briefly the classification of industries on basis of raw material used.

Answer. On the basis of raw material used, industries are classified into agro, mineral, marine
and forest-based. The raw material of agro-based industries consists of plant and animal based
products. Some examples are food processing, cotton textile industry and leather industry. The
raw material used in mineral- based industries consists of mineral ores. An example: iron and
steel industry.

Marine-based industries use products obtained from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Sea
food industry is one such industry.

A forest-based industry uses forest produce as raw material. Examples are paper industry and
furniture.

Question.2. Describe briefly the classification of industries on basis of ownership.

Answer. On the basis of ownership, industries are classified into private sector, state owned
(public sector), joint sector and cooperative sector. Private sector industries are owned by
individuals or a group of individuals. Public sector industries are owned by the government.
Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals. Maruti Udyog is an
example of such an industry. Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the
producers or-suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. AMUL is one such industry.
Question.3. Describe the inputs, processes and outputs in an industrial system with an
example.

Answer. An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs. Raw materials, labour,
costs, transport, power and infrastructure are inputs. In a cotton textile industry for example,
inputs are cotton, human labour, transport cost, etc. Processes are activities done to convert raw
material into finished products. In a cotton textile industry, ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing,
etc are processes. The finished product and all profits earned are the outputs. In a cotton textile
industry, the outputs are clothes we wear.

Question.4. Give examples of industrial regions in India and the world.

Answer. The major industrial areas of the world are eastern North America, western and
central Europe, eastern Europe and eastern Asia. In India, major industrial regions are Mumbai-
Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region, Hugli region, Ahmedabad-Baroda region,
Chhotanagpur industrial belt, Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Belt, Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region and
the Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram industrial cluster.

Question.5. Write the properties and significance of steel.

Answer. Steel has these properties: it is tough, it can easily be shaped (malleability), cut or
made into wire (ductility). Adding certain other elements makes it harder, tougher, and rust-
retention capability.

Steel is the backbone of modern industry. We use a lot of steel objects in daily life. Ships, trains
and most other vehicles, tiny needles and safety pins, machinery and equipment, buildings, etc
utilise steel as a main or sole constituent.

Question.6. What factors supported Sakchi being chosen to set up the steel plant by
TISCO?

Answer. Sakchi was chosen for various reasons. It was close to the Kalimati Railway Station. It
was also close to iron ore, coal and manganese deposits. Kolkata, a source of large market, was
not faraway. Jharia coal fields, and limestone, dolomite, limestone and manganese from Orissa
and Chhattisgarh were easily accessible. The nearby rivers (Kharkai and Subamarekha)
provided sufficient water supply.

Question 7. Industries can be classified on the bases of ownership, explain.

Industries can be classified into 4 sectors in relationship to the ownership of the concerned
industry.

(a) Private sector

(b) State owned or public sector
(c) Joint sector
(d) Cooperative sector

Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.

The public sector industries are owned and operated by the government.

Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of
individuals.
Co-operative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw
materials, workers or both.

Question 8 What are the inputs, process and output of a textile industry?

The inputs, process and output of a textile industry are……

Input

Cotton is the main raw material that is used in this industry. Other inputs needed are human
labour, machinery, infrastructural facilities etc.

Process

Process includes ginning or separating cotton from the seed, spinning, weaving, dyeing and
printing.

Out put

The fabric that is manufactured by the factory is the output.

Question 9 Mention the major industrial regions of the world.

The Major industrial regions of the world are …..

(a) Eastern North America.

(b) Western and central Europe.
(c) Eastern Europe.
(d) Eastern Asia.

Question 10 Mention the industrial regions of India.

The Industrial Regions of India are as follows -

(a) Mumbai – Pune Industrial Region,

(b) Bangalore – Tamil Nadu region,
(c) Hugli region,
(d) Ahmedabad – Baroda region
(e) Chottanagpur Industrial region,
(f) Vishakhapatnam – Gunter region,
(g) Gurgaon – Delhi – Meerut region
(h) Kollam – Thiruvanathapuram Industrial region.

Question 11 Write a note on the Chernobyl disaster.

The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear reactor accident in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in
the Soviet Union. It was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history.

On 26th April 1986 a nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl plant exploded. Further explosions and
the resulting fire sent a plume of highly radioactive fallout into the atmosphere and over an
extensive geographical area. Nearly thirty to forty times more fallout was released than had
been by the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Large areas in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia were badly contaminated, resulting in the
evacuation and resettlement of over 336,000 people.
The accident raised concerns about the safety of the nuclear power industry.

Question 12 Mention some of the risk reducing measures that have to be adopted by
nuclear power industries.

The Risk Reduction Measures that have to be adopted by industries are…………..

(a) Densely populated residential areas should be separated far away from the industrial
areas.
(b) People staying in the vicinity of industries should be aware of the storage of toxins or
hazardous substances and their possible effect in case if an accident occurs.
(c) Fire warning and fighting system should be improved.
(d) Storage capacity of toxic substances should be limited.
(e) Pollution dispersion qualities in the industries should be improved.

Question 13 What are the stages involved in converting iron ore into steel?

There are 3 stages in converting iron ore into steel.

Stage I : Iron Ore, coal and lime stone are put in a blast furnace and melted to extract the metal.
This process is called smelting.

Stage II : The iron that is extracted from the furnace is refined. This extract is called steel.

Stage III : The steel is then cast as billets or slabs. These billets and slabs are used by other
Industries as raw material.

Question 14 What are the factors that helped Ahmedabad become a textile centre.

The factors that helped the city become a textile centre are as follows -

(a) Ahmedabad is situated in the heart of a cotton growing area; hence the major raw
material is easily available.
(b) The humid climate is ideal for spinning and weaving.
(c) The flat terrain and easy availability of land is suitable for the establishment of the mills.
(d) The densely populated states of Gujarat and Maharashtra provide both skilled and semi-
skilled labour.
(e) Well developed road and railway network permits easy transportation of textiles to
different parts of the country, thus providing easy access to the market.
(f) The Mumbai port which is situated nearby facilitates import of machinery and export of
cotton textiles.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question.1. Describe the cotton textile industry with special reference to its history and
spread in India.

Answer. Cotton is a natural fibre crop. The cotton textile industry is the industry which involves
in making clothes out of the fibre. It is one of the oldest industries of the world. India has a
glorious history of producing excellent quality cotton textiles. The Muslins of Dhaka, Chintzes of
Masulipatnam,
Calicos of Calicut and gold-wrought cotton of Burhanpur, Vadodara and Surat had world-famous
quality and design. The traditional Indian cotton textile industry, however, could not compete
with the Western textile mills, due to the high cost of the hand woven textile. The process
involved, moreover, was time-consuming.

The first successful mechanized textile mill in India was established in Mumbai in 1854. The
factors that led to the success were the warm and moist climate, the presence of a nearby port
for importing machinery, the availability of raw material and skilled labour. Humidity was a
main reason why the industry was initially limited to Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Today the industry has spread to various other parts of the country, due to the artificial
production of humidity. The important cotton textile centres are in Coimbatore, Kanpur,
Chennai, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Kolkata, Ludhiana, Puducherry and Panipat.

Question.2. Write short notes on (a) iron and steel industry in Pittsburgh and (b) cotton
textile industry in Osaka.

Answer.(a) Pittsburgh is an important steel city in the USA. Most raw materials such as coal are
available locally. Iron ore is brought from the iron mines in Minnesota. The shipping of ore is
also a convenient pathway: the Great Lakes of North America. From the lakes to the industrial
area, trains are there to carry the ore. Rivers like the Ohio, the Monogahela and the Allegheny
provide adequate water supply.Finished steel is transported to the market by both land and
water routes.

(b) Osaka is an important textile centre in Japan. It is called the “Manchester of Japan”. Like
every important centre, geographical factors played an important role in the establishment of
industry here. The plains around Osaka meant land was easily available for growth of cotton
mills. Warm and humid climate is well suited to the spinning and weaving of cotton. The river
Yodo provides adequate water supply. Easily available labour and location of port are also
significant factors. The industry however depends completely on imports. The finished product
is exported and is not very expensive.

Social Science Chapter 6 Human Resources

Tick the correct answer.

(i) Which does the term population distribution refer to?

(a) How population in a specified area changes over time.

(b) The number of people who die in relation to the number of people born in a specified area.

(c) The way in which people are spread across a given area.

(ii) Which are three main factors that cause population change?

(a) Births, deaths and marriages (b) Births, deaths and life expectancy (c) Births, deaths and life
expectancy

(iii) In 1999, the world population reached

(a) 1 billion (b) 3 billion

(c) 6 billion

(iv) What is a population pyramid?

(a) A graphical presentation of the age, sex composition of a population.

(b) When the population density of an area is so high that people live in tall buildings.

(c) Pattern of population distribution in large urban areas.

Answer. (i) (c), (ii) (b), (iii) (c), (iv) (a).

Choose the correct option.

(i) The most populated continent is (a) Asia (b) Africa

(c) Europe (d) South America

(ii) The least number of people live in this continent

(a) North America (b) Europe

(c) Oceania (d) Antarctica

(iii) According to population, what is India’s rank in the world?

(a) 7th (b) 2nd

(c) 5th (d) 1st

(iv) Which of these countries has a population below 100 million?

(a) Japan (b) Peru

(c) USA (d) India

(v) What is the average population density of the world? (in persons per sq km)

(a) 300 (b) 100

(c) 45 (d) 10

(vi) In which country is the city of Osaka located?

(a) UK (b) South Korea

(c) Japan (d) None of these

(vii) Which of these countries is notable for the number of people who emigrates outside
from there?

(a) Sudan (b) Australia

(c) New Zealand (d) None of these

(viii) Which of these characteristics of a population pyramid indicates the lowest levels of
literacy and development?
(a) broad base, narrow top

(b) broad base, steady slope

(c) narrow base, narrow top

(d) broad base, broad top

Answer. (i) (a), (ii) (d), (iii) (b), (iv) (b), (v) (c), (vi) (c), (vii) (a), (viii) (a).

Question.2.Fill in the blank spaces given to complete each sentence.

(i) ………… is considered to be the ultimate resource.

(ii) More than 90% of the world’s population resides on just …………… per cent of the total land
surface.

(iii) The top ten countries in population cover about …………. per cent of the total world
population.

(iv) ………… is the most populated country in North America.

(v) The world’s population reached a billion in the year ………….

(vi) Birth rate and death rate are usually expressed in terms of per ………… people.

(vii) The difference between the ……… and the ………… is called natural growth rate of
population.

(viii) The age group 0-15 comes under the economically ………….. group.

Answer.(i) Human resource (ii) ten

(iii) sixty (iv) USA

(v) 1820 (vi) 1000

(vii) birth rate, death rate

(viii) dependent

Question.3.State whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F).

(i) Many more people live to the south of the Equator than the north.

(ii) Each of the top ten populated countries have a population over 100 million.

(iii) South Central Asia has the highest density of population.

(iv) The population of the world doubled between 1820 and 1999.

(v) In the United Kingdom, the birth rate as well as the death rate is low.

(vi) Japan and Bangladesh are very densely populated. We can conclude that both are
economically underdeveloped.

Answer. (i) False, (ii) Ture, (iii) True, (iv) False,

(iii) True, (vi) False.

Question.4.Match the items given in Column I correctly with those given in Column II.

Answer.(i)(f), (ii)(a), (iii)(d), (iv)(c), (v)(b), (vi)(e).

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question.1. In what respects do different human beings differ?

Answer. Human beings differ from each other in age, sex, education, ethnicity, culture, physical
and mental strength, etc.

Question.2. With the help of figures, describe how population varies across continents.

Answer. Around 61% of the world’s population lives in Asia, 12% in Europe, 13% in Africa, 8%
in Central/South America, 5% in North America and 1% in Oceania.

Question.3. If 600 people live in your colony, and the area of your colony is 2 sq km, what
is the population density of your colony?

Answer. If 600 people live in a 2 sq km area, on an average, 300 people live in 1 sq km. So
density of population is 300 persons per sq km.

Question.4. Compare the population density of the world with that of India.

Answer. The population density of the world is around 45 persons per sq km, whereas that of
India is over 320 persons per sq km.

Question.5. How does climate affect the population distribution of an area?

Answer. People prefer to live in regions with a moderate climate, and not places of extreme
cold and hot climate. So moderate climate regions are densely populated.

Question.6. What is life expectancy?

Answer. Life expectancy is the number of years an average person can expect to live, based on
data.
Question.7. What is the general trend of migrations from one country to another? Why is
it so?

Answer. Generally, people migrate from less developed countries to more developed ones. This
is done for better employment opportunities and other facilities.

Question.8. What is an age-sex pyramid?

Answer. An age-sex pyramid is a graph showing the number of males and females under certain
defined age groups.

Question.9. Which of these countries is more densely populated: one with a small
population in a large area, or one with a large population in a large area?

Answer. A country with a large population in a small area is more densely populated out of the
two.

Question 10 What is population study known as?

Population study is known as demography.

Question 11 Why is population study essential?

Population studies are essential for the government to plan areas such as health, education,
housing, social security, employment, and environmental preservation.

Q12 What is population density?

Population density refers to the number of people per square kilometer of land area.

The average density of population in the whole world is 45 persons per square km.

Question 13 What is the average density of population in India?

The average density of population in India is 324 persons per square km.

Question 14 Differentiate between ‘emigrants’ and ‘immigrants’.

Emigrants are people who leave a country; Immigrants are those who arrive in a country.

Question 15 Why is population growth slowing in united Kingdom?

Population growth is slowing in United Kingdom because of both low death and low birth rates.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question.1. Describe how various factors affect population distribution.

Answer. The Topography, favourable climate, fertility of soils, availability of fresh water,
minerals are major geographical factors affecting population density of a region.

People prefer to live on plains more than mountains or plateaus and they live more in moderate
climates than extreme hot or cold. From the agriculture point of view, fertile lands are
preferred. Areas with mineral deposits are more populated. Some social factors that boost the
density of population in a region are better housing, education and health facilities. Places with
cultural or historical significance are usually populated. Employment opportunities are another
attraction for large chunks of population.

Question.2. Describe how the population of the world has grown in history. What has
caused the population explosion?

Answer. The world population grew steadily initially. It reached a billion in the year 1820. But
the next two billion were added in just a hundred and fifty years. By 1970 the population was 3
billion. In the next 29 years, i.e. by the year 1999, the population had

doubled to 6 billion. The population explosion has been mainly caused by the growth in medical
facilities, which has decreased the death rate by a large extent.

Question.3. What are the factors affecting the population change in a region?

Answer. The factors affecting the population change in a region are birth rate, death rate and
migrations. Birth rate is a statistic that measures the number of live births per 1000 people.
Death rate is a statistic that measures the number of deaths per 1000 people. Along with birth
and death rate, another factor affecting population change is migration. Migration refers to the
movement of people from one area to another. People leaving a country are called emigrants
and the phenomenon is called emigration. People arriving in a country are called immigrants
and the phenomenon is called immigration.

(i) Why are people considered a resource?

(ii) What are the causes for the uneven distribution of population in the world?

(iii) The world population has grown very rapidly. Why?

(iv) Discuss the role of any two factors influencing population change.

(v) What is meant by population composition?

(vi) What are population pyramids ? How do they help in understanding about the
population of a country?

Answer.(i) Human beings are the most important resource of a nation. They are significant
because had they not utilised their brains, the other resources of nature would not have found
any utility. In other words, human resource is the ultimate resource.

(ii) Population density depends on the climate conditions and topography of the place, like few
people live in high latitude areas, tropical deserts, mountainous ‘terrains, and forest
areas,whereas a large number of people reside in plains. Fertility of soils, availability of fresh
water, minerals are other major geographical factors behind this. Some social factors that boost
the density of population in a region are better housing, education and health facilities. Places
with cultural or historical significance are usually populated. Employment opportunities are
another attraction for large chunks of population.

(iii) The world population has grown veiy rapidly because of the development in medical
science which has caused decrease in death rate. Since lesser people die now of diseases than
before, whereas there was no way to decrease the birth rate, the population has increased at a
fast rate.
(iv) Geographical factors: People prefer to live on plains more than mountains or plateaus and
they live more in moderate climates than extreme hot or cold. From the agriculture point of
view, fertile lands are preferred. Areas with mineral deposits are more populated.

Economic factors: People prefer to industrial areas since they provide more and better
employment opportunities. Due to this, industrial cities are thickly populated.

(v) The structure of the population with various respects like age, sex, literacy, occupations,
health facilities, economic condition, etc is called population composition.

(vi) A population pyramid is a pictorial way to describe the population composition. The shape
of population pyramid of a country is indicative of a lot of information about the country. The
size towards the bottom may be used to estimate the birth rate, while the size towards the top
to estimate the death rate.

(vii) A population pyramid in which the base is broad and the top part is narrow means that
although a large amount of births take place, not all grow up to be adults and old; it means many
die before reaching these ages. This indicates a large death rate and Kenya shows such a
pyramid. This means a high population growth rate.

In countries like India, the death rate is decreasing, so the pyramid is broad in the younger age
groups, and the size of the pyramid decreases steadily.

Q Write a brief note on the Ministry of Human Resource Development in India.

The Ministry of Human Resources Development is an Indian government ministry, responsible

for the development of human resources. The ministry is divided into two departments:

The Department of School Education and Literacy – it deals with primary education and literacy

The Department of Higher Education – it deals with secondary and post-secondary education.

The department originated as the Indian Education Department in the 1910 under the British
Raj. After independence, the Ministry of Education was created in 1947. The Ministry of
Education was merged with the newly-created Ministry of Human Resources Development in
1985.

The Ministry aims to achieve universal access and enrollment, universal retention of children up
to 14 years of age in schools, and substantial improvement in the quality of education to enable
all children to achieve essential levels of learning.

Q : Sixty per cent of the world’s people stay in just 10 countries. Name the countries with
the percentage of world population.

Ans: 10 countries with the maximum population in the world:-

China: 20% of world population

India: 17%

United States: 4.6%

Indonesia: 3.5%

Brazil: 2.8%
Pakistan: 2.5%

Bangladesh: 2.3%

Russia: 2.2%

Nigeria: 2.1%

Japan: 2.0%

Q: What are the different characteristics of population composition?

Ans. Population compositions are usually formulated for the following characteristics:-

(a) Population Composition of age and sex

(b) Population composition of Primary School Age children going to school.
(c) Population composition of Primary School Age children not going to school.
(d) Population composition of Occupation.

(a) What can you say about the birth rates of the country? Give evidence.
(b) What does the shape at the top of the pyramid indicate?
(c) Which country out of these is most
likely to have such a pyramid? A developing country, a developed country, or an
underdeveloped country?
Answer. A population pyramid is a pictorial way to describe the population composition. An age-sex
pyramid gives information about the distribution of different age groups of people based on gender.
The shape of the age-sex pyramid of a country is indicative of a lot of information about the country.
The size towards the bottom may be used to estimate the birth rate, while the size towards the top to
estimate the death rate.
A population pyramid in which the base is broad and the top part is narrow means that although a
large amount of births take place, not all grow up to be adults and old; it means many die before
reaching these ages. This indicates a large death rate and Kenya shows such a pyramid. This means a
high population growth rate.
In countries like India, the death rate is decreasing, so the pyramid is broad in the younger age groups,
and the size of the pyramid decreases steadily.
(a) The given population pyramid has a base narrower than some of its upper parts. This means that
the birth rate of the country is not too much.
(b) As we go to the top, the shape indicates that more people reach the old age. This shows a lower
death rate as well.
(c) This is most likely to be the age-sex pyramid of a developed country. The population growth rate
seems to be controlled. Moreover the youth form a major part of the population, so the development
levels must be high.

CIVICS Social and Political life The Judiciary

Question-1 You read that one of the main functions of the judiciary is ‘upholding the law
and Enforcing Fundamental Rights’. Why do you think an independent judiciary is
necessary to carry out this important function?

The independence of the judiciary allows the courts to play a central role in ‘upholding the law
and Enforcing Fundamental Rights’ as it ensures that there is no misuse of power by the
legislature and the executive. Anyone can approach the courts if they believe that their rights
have been violated and Politicians or other socially powerful people cannot use their power to
change any judgement.

Question-2: Re-read the list of Fundamental Rights provided in Chapter 1. How do you
think the Right to Constitutional Remedies connects to the idea of judicial review?

The Right to Constitutional Remedies declares that citizens can go to court for justice if they
believe that any of their Fundamental Rights have been violated by the State. Hence the
independence of the judiciary is necessary to uphold the rights of the citizens

Question-3: In the following illustration, fill in each tier with the judgmentgiven by the
various courts in the Sudha Goel case. Check our responses with others in class.

Lower court: The Lower Court convicted Sudha’s husband, his mother and his brother-in-law
and sentenced all three of them to death.

High Court: The High Court passed the judgement stating that Sudha’s husband and the others
were innocent and set them free.

Supreme Court: The Supreme Court passed a judgement stating that Sudha’s husband and his
mother were guilty and sentenced them to prison for life. The court freed the brother-in-law.

Question-4: If they do not like the Supreme Court verdict, the accused can go back again
to the Trial Court.

(a) True

(b) They went to the Supreme court after the High court had given its decision

(c) The verdict of the Supreme Court is final.

Question-5: Why do you think the introduction of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the
1980s is a significant step in ensuring access to justice for all?

The Access to courts has always been difficult for a vast majority of the poor in India. Legal
procedures involve a lot of money and time. The poor who are illiterate and financially weak
find it difficult going to court to get justice.

In the 1980s the Supreme Court devised a mechanism of Public Interest Litigation or PIL to
increase access to justice for the poor and illiterate. Any individual or organisation can file a PIL
in the High Court or the Supreme Court on behalf of those whose rights are being violated. It is
not necessary, that the person filing a case should have a direct interest in the case.
Question-6: Re-read excerpts from the judgment on the Olga Tellis vs Bombay Municipal
Corporation case. Now write in your own words what the judges meant when they said
that the Right to Livelihood was part of the Right to Life.

Olga Tellis vs Bombay Municipal Corporation case portrays the plight of lakhs of persons who
live on pavements and in slums in the city of Bombay. They constitute nearly half the population
of the city.

These men and women came to Court to ask for a judgment that they cannot be evicted from
their shelters without being offered alternative accommodation. They rely for their rights on
Article 21 of the Constitution which guarantees that no person shall be deprived of his life
except according to procedure established by law.

They do not contend that they have a right to live on the pavements. Their contention is that
they have a right to live, a right which cannot be exercised without the means of livelihood. They
have no option but to flock to big cities like Bombay, which provide the means of bare
subsistence. They only choose a pavement or a slum which is nearest to their place of work.
Their plea is that the right to life is misleading without a right to the protection of the means by
which alone life can be lived.

Question-7 What do you understand by the word ‘law’?

Solution: Law is a system of rules, usually imposed through a Government or Institution and is
applied to govern a group people. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways.
Question-8: What does judiciary mean?
Solution: In law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of courts which administers
justice in the name of the state. It is the mechanism for the resolution of disputes and
pronouncement of punishment. As an organ of the State, the judiciary plays a crucial role in the
functioning of India’s democracy.
Question-9 :How is the work of the judiciary categorised?
Solution:
The Judiciary comprises of courts that take decisions on a very large number of issues. The work
of the judiciary can be divided into 3 categories, namely Dispute Resolution, Judicial Review and
upholding the Law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights.
Question-10:
Write a brief note on the independence of the judiciary.
Solution:
The Judiciary of India is an independent body. It is separate from the Executive and Legislative
bodies of the Indian Government. The Executive and Legislature, that is the Central and State
Governments, cannot interfere in the work of the judiciary.
The courts are not under the government and do not act on their behalf.
Judges in the High Court as well as the Supreme Court are appointed by the President with very
little interference from the other branches of the government. It is also very difficult to remove a
judge from his post.
Question-11:
What is the structure of the judicial system of India?
Solution:
The judicial system of India is stratified into various levels. At the apex is the Supreme Court,
which is followed by High Courts at the state level, District Courts at the district level and Lok
Adalats at the Village and Panchayat Level.
The structure of the courts from the lower to the highest level resembles a pyramid.
Question-12:
What is the ‘appellate system’?
Solution:
An appellate court, commonly called an appeals court or court of second instance is any court of
law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal. In most
jurisdictions, the court system is divided into at least three levels: the trial court, which initially
hears cases and reviews evidence and testimony to determine the facts of the case; at least one
intermediate appellate court; and a supreme court which primarily reviews the decisions of the
intermediate courts. A jurisdiction’s supreme court is that jurisdiction’s highest appellate
court.Appellate courts nationwide can operate by varying rules.
The authority of appellate courts to review decisions of lower courts varies widely from one
jurisdiction to another. In some places, the appellate court has limited powers of review.
“Generally speaking, an appellate court’s judgment provides ‘the final directive of the appeals
courts as to the matter appealed, setting out with specificity the court’s determination that the
action appealed from should be affirmed, reversed, remanded or modified'”.
Question-13:
Mention the branches of the Legal system.
Solution:
The Legal system can be divided into 2 branches, criminal law and civil law.
Question-14:
What is “Public interest Litigation”?
Solution:
“Public interest Litigation” or PIL is a litigation filed in a court of law, for the protection of
“Public Interest”, such as pollution, terrorism, road safety, constructional hazards etc.
PIL can be filed for the following reasons:

1. Violation of basic human rights of the poor

2. Content or conduct of government policy
3. Compel municipal authorities to perform a public duty
4. Violation of religious rights or other basic fundamental rights
5. Any individual or organisation can file a PIL in the High Court or the Supreme
6. Court on behalf of those whose rights are being violated. It is not necessary, that the
person filing a case should have a direct interest in the case.

Understanding our Criminal Justice System

Question-1

Define the term “Criminal Justice System’.

Solution:
Criminal justice system is the ‘body of law’ or ‘Court’ regulating the inquiry into whether a
person has violated criminal law or not.
Question-2
Write a brief note on the criminal procedure in the Criminal Justice System in India.
Solution:
A crime is first reported by the victim to the Police and the police file a FIR or First Information
Report. Then the police begin the investigation and arrest the suspected person or persons. The
police then file a charge sheet in the Magistrate’s Court. The trial begins in court. The Public
Prosecutor represents the victim and the accused can defend themselves with the help of a
lawyer.
Once the trial is over the accused is either convicted or acquitted. If convicted, the accused can
appeal to the higher court.
Question-3
What is the role of the police in the Criminal Justice System?
Solution:
In the Criminal Justice System the police play the role of investigating the case and arresting the
accused.
Question-4
What are the guidelines that the police have to follow during investigation?
Solution:
Police investigations have to be conducted in accordance with law and with full respect for
human rights. The police are not allowed to torture or beat or shoot anyone during
investigation. They cannot inflict any form of punishment on a person even for petty offences.
Question-5
What are D.K. Basu Guidelines?
Solution:
D.K. Basu Guidelines are as follows
• The police officials who carry out the arrest or interrogation should wear clear, accurate and
visible identification and name tags with their designations.
• A memo of arrest should be prepared at the time of arrest and should include the time and
date of arrest. It should also be attested by at least one witness who could include a family
member of the person arrested. The arrest memo should be counter-signed by the person
arrested.
• The person arrested, detained or being interrogated has a right to inform a relative, friend or
well wisher.
• When a friend or relative lives outside the district, the time, place of arrest and venue of
custody must be notified by police within 8 to 12 hours after arrest.
Question-6
What is a FIR?
Solution:
FIR stands for First Information Report. The police have to file a FIR whenever a person gives
information about a known offence. This information can be given to the police either orally or
in writing. A FIR is necessary for the police to begin their investigations into a crime.
The FIR should mention the date, time and place of the offence, details about the offence,
including a description of the events. The FIR should also state the name and address of the
complainant.
There is a prescribed form in which the police register an FIR and it is signed by the
complainant. The complainant also has a legal right to get a free copy of the FIR from the police.
Question-7
Who is a Prosecutor?
Solution:
‘The Prosecutor’ is a lawyer representing the state or the people of the state in a criminal trial.
Question-8
Why is the Prosecutor called a Public Prosecutor?
Solution:
The Prosecutor who represents the State is called a Public Prosecutor as a criminal offence is
regarded as a public wrong, which has been committed not only against the victim, but also
against the society as a whole.
Question-9
What is the role of the judge in the Criminal Justice System?
Solution:
The judge conducts the trial impartially and in an open court. The judge hears all the witnesses
and any other evidence presented by the prosecution and the defence.
The judge decides whether the accused person is guilty or innocent on the basis of the evidence
presented and in accordance with the law.
If the accused is convicted, then the judge pronounces the sentence. He may send the person to
jail or impose a fine or both, depending on what the law prescribes.
Question-10
What are the procedures that have to be followed if the criminal trial has to be a Fair
Trial?
Solution:
A copy of the charge sheet and all other evidence has to be given to the accused.
The trial has to be held in an open court, in public view and should be in the presence of the
accused. The accused has to be given a lawyer to defend himself in case he cannot afford to
employ a lawyer.
The Prosecution has to prove beyond doubt the guilt of the accused and the Judge has to pass
the judgement only on the basis of the evidence before the court.

Law and Social,Justice

Question-1: What are the advantages to foreign companies in setting up production in

India?

India provides cheap labour compared to some other countries. Wages paid to workers in
foreign countries are much higher than in India. For lower pay, the foreign companies can get
longer hours of work. Additional expenses such as housing facilities for workers are also fewer
in India. Thus, foreign companies can save costs and earn higher profits.

Question-2: Do you think the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy got justice? Discuss.

The victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy did not get justice. The disaster was caused due to gross
neglect of safety measures by the management of the factory.
The government of India represented the people to legally claim compensation for the affected
people. The government demanded $ 3 billion but had to accept a meager $ 470 million from the
Company.
Today, 24 years after the disaster, people of Bhopal are still fighting for justice.

Question-3: What do we mean when we speak of law enforcement? Who is responsible

for enforcement? Why is enforcement so important?

Law enforcement means to compel obedience to a law. Laws passed by the government have to
be enforced otherwise the benefit of the laws will not reach the citizens. It is the duty of the
government to enforce the laws.
By enforcing and upholding these laws, the government can control the activities of individuals
or private companies so as to ensure social justice
Enforcement is even more important when the law seeks to protect the weak from the strong.

Question-4: How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give two
examples to support your answer.

The government has passed laws that ensure that essential products such as food grains, sugar
and kerosene are not highly priced. It is necessary that such restrictions are placed on people
who market these products; otherwise the poor will not be able to afford these goods.

The government has also passed the Consumers’ Protection Act which ensures that the
consumers are not cheated by the sale of sub-standard products.
‘Hallmark’ certification helps the consumer to buy standard gold ornaments and ‘Agmark’
certification ensures that the food products on sale are of good quality.

Question-5: Write a paragraph on the various roles of the government that you have read
about in this unit.

The common man is exploited in most societies. When this happens it is the duty of the
government to ensure that social justice prevails and all the citizens can establish their rights.

The government has passed many laws to guarantee that workers are not exploited by
unscrupulous employers. Payment of Wages Act, 1936; Minimum Wages Act, 1948; Payment of
Bonus Act, 1965 are some of the Acts that ensure that workers are not underpaid and exploited.

The government has passed the Factories Act, 1948. This Act regulates health, safety, welfare
and other working conditions of workers in factories. It is enforced by the State Governments
through their factory inspectorates.
The Consumer Protection Act ensures that the consumer is not put to risk by the poor quality of
products such as electrical appliances, food and medicines. The Bureau of Indian Standards is a
government organization that oversees the quality of products sold.
The government has also passed laws that ensure that essential products such as food grains,
sugar and kerosene are not highly priced.
The Environment (protection) Act, 1986, was passed to protect the environment and avert
health hazards to human beings.
Prohibition of Employment of Young Children protects children from being exploited. No child
who has not completed his fourteenth year shall be required or allowed to work in any factory

The Trade Unions Act, 1926 provides for registration of trade unions with a view to render
lawful organisation of labour to enable collective bargaining.

Question-6: How was environment treated earlier? What has been the change in
perception?
In 1984, there were very few laws to protect the environment in India. These few laws were not
enforced strictly by the government. Industries discharged their waste into water bodies and
made it unfit for consumption. The air was polluted with smoke that bellowed from the
factories.
This pollution proved to be a health hazard for the people. The Bhopal disaster brought the
issue of environmental pollution into focus.
The existing laws did not protect the common man from industrial disasters. Environmental
activists insisted on new laws which will protect all the citizens from hazardous pollution of the
environment. In response to the demand by the activists and the public, the government
introduced new laws on the environmental safety.
According to the new laws imposed by the government the polluter will be held accountable for
the damage done to the environment.
The Right to Life is a Fundamental Right under Article 21 of the Constitution and it includes the
right to the enjoyment of pollution-free water and air for full enjoyment of life.

Question-7: What do you think the famous cartoonist R.K. Laxman is trying to convey in
this cartoon? How does it relate to the 2006 law that you read about on page 125?

The cartoon shows a young under privileged boy carrying the books of a well-to- do boy who is
off to school. This reveals that the boy who is less than 14 years of age has been employed by
the woman seen in the picture.
The cartoon emphasises that young children are being exploited at work places. They are made
to work for long hours for very little wages. These children are being denied basic education
which is very essential for them.
This is a violation of the Child Labour Prevention Act that was passed by the government in
2006. No child who has not completed his fourteenth year shall be required or allowed to work
in any factory. The government has passed certain laws that will protect these children from
being exploited.

Question-8: How do government certifications like the ISI certification help the
consumer?

When a product has the ISI mark the consumer can be certain that the product is of good quality
and it is safe. Hall mark certification assures the consumer of the purity of gold they buy.

ISO certification assures the consumer that a company has a good Quality Management System.
Consumers might be put to risk by the poor quality of products such as electrical appliances,
food, medicines if the government had not set up the Bureau of Indian Standards.

Question-9: How can the government ensure social justice?

Through making, enforcing and upholding certain laws, the government can control the
activities of individuals or private companies so as to ensure social justice.

Question-10: Write a brief note on the Bhopal gas tragedy.

Union Carbide was an American Company which had a factory in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh,
India, which produced pesticides. At midnight on 2nd December, 1984, methyl-isocyanides – a
highly poisonous gas – started leaking from the factory plant.
Within three days, more than 8,000 people were dead. Hundreds of thousands were maimed.
Most of those exposed to the poison gas came from poor, working-class families.
There are nearly 50,000 people today who are too sick to work. Among those who survived,
many developed severe respiratory disorders, eye problems and other disorders. Children
developed peculiar abnormalities.
The Bhopal disaster is frequently cited as the world’s worst industrial disaster.

Question-11: What were the reasons for the Bhopal tragedy?

The Union Carbide tank’s alarms had not worked for 4 years. The steam boiler, intended to
clean the pipes, was out of action and water sprays designed to “knock down” gas leaks were
poorly designed. No action plans had been established to cope with incidents of this magnitude.
The local authorities were not informed of the quantities or dangers of chemicals used and
manufactured at the factory. These were the reasons for the Bhopal tragedy.

Question-12: What are the reasons for the sharp differences in safety standards between
the 2 Union carbide factories in the USA and India?

India has a high rate of unemployment and due to this workers are willing to work in unsafe
conditions. One worker can easily replace another due to over population. Ignorance and the
vulnerability of Indian workers is also another reason why the safety standards in the Indian
factory were very much lower than the factory in USA.

Question-13: In what way was the Government responsible for the Bhopal tragedy?

Safety laws were lax in India and these weak safety laws were not enforced.
Government officials refused to recognise the plant as hazardous and allowed it to come up in a
populated locality. Though there was some objection regarding the safety violation, the
government allowed the factory to start production as it was providing jobs for the local people.

The government did not take the initiative to ask the Union Carbide Company to shift to cleaner
technology or safer procedures. Government inspectors continued to approve the procedures in
the plant, even when there were repeated incidents of poisonous gas leaks. So the government
has to bear certain responsibility for the tragedy.