Alans

The Alans (Latin: Alani) were an Iranian nomadic pastoral people of

Alans
antiquity.[1][2][3][4][5]
Alani
The name Alan is an Iranian dialectical form of Aryan.[2] Possibly related to the
Languages
Massagetae, the Alans have been connected by modern historians with the Central
Eastern Iranian
Asian Yancai and Aorsi of Chinese and Roman sources, respectively.[6] Having
migrated westwards and become dominant among the Sarmatians on the Pontic Related ethnic groups
Steppe, they are mentioned by Roman sources in the 1st century AD.[1] At the time, Massagetae
they had settled the region north of the Black Sea and frequently raided the Parthian
Empire and the Caucasian provinces of the Roman Empire.[1] From 215–250 AD, their power on the Pontic Steppe was broken by
the Goths.[4]

Upon the Hunnic defeat of the Goths on the Pontic Steppe around 375AD, many of the Alans migrated westwards along with various
Germanic tribes. They crossed the Rhine in 406 AD along with the Vandals and Suebi, settling in Orléans and Valence. Around 409
AD, they joined the Vandals and Suebi in the crossing of the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula, settling in Lusitania and
Carthaginensis.[7] The Iberian Alans were soundly defeated by the Visigoths in 418 AD and subsequently surrendered their authority
to the Hasdingi Vandals.[8] In 428 AD, the Vandals and Alans crossed the Strait of Gibraltar into North Africa, where they founded a
powerful kingdom which lasted until its conquest by theByzantine Emperor Justinian I in the 6th century AD.[8]

The Alans who remained under Hunnic rule founded a powerful kingdom in the North Caucasus in the Middle Ages, which ended
Ossetians.[1]
with the Mongol invasions in the 13th century AD. These Alans are said to be the ancestors of the modern

The Alans spoke an Eastern Iranian language which derived from Scytho-Sarmatian and which in turn evolved into modern
Ossetian.[2][9][10]

Contents
Name
History
Timeline
Early Alans
Link to Yancai/Alanliao
Migration to Gaul
Hispania and Africa
Medieval Alania
Later history
Physical appearance
Genetics
Archaeology
Language
Religion
See also
References
Citations
Sources
 External links

Name
The various forms of Alan – Greek: Ἀλανοί Alanoi; Chinese: 阿蘭聊 Alanliao (Pinyin) in the 2nd century,[11] 阿蘭 Alan in the 3rd
century[12] and later Alanguo (阿蘭國)[13] – are derived from Iranian dialectal forms of Aryan.[2][14] This word was preserved in the
modern Ossetian language in the form of Allon.[15][16] These and other variants of Aryan (such as Iran) were common self-
designations of the Indo-Iranians, the common ancestors of theIndo-Aryans and Iranian peoples to whom the Alans belonged.

Rarer spellings include Alauni or Halani. The Alans were also known over the course of their history by another group of related
names including the variations Asi, As, and Os (Romanian Iasi or Olani, Bulgarian Uzi, Hungarian Jász, Russian Jasy, Georgian
Osi).[17] It is this name that is the root of the modernOssetian.[18]

History

Timeline

Early Alans
The first mentions of names that historians link with the Alani appear at almost the
[9]
same time in texts from the Mediterranean, Middle East and China.

In the 1st century AD, the Alans migrated westwards from Central Asia, achieving a
dominant position among the Sarmatians living between the Don River and the
Caspian Sea.[4][5] The Alans are mentioned in the Vologeses inscription which reads
that Vologeses I, the Parthian king between around 51 and 78 AD, in the 11th year
of his reign, battled Kuluk, king of the Alani.[20] The 1st century AD Jewish
Approximate extent ofScythia within
historian Josephus supplements this inscription. Josephus reports in the Jewish Wars
the area of distribution ofEastern
(book 7, ch. 7.4) how Alans (whom he calls a "Scythian" tribe) living near theSea of Iranian languages (shown in orange)
Azov crossed the Iron Gates for plunder (72 AD) and defeated the armies of in the 1st century BC[19]
Pacorus, king of Media, and Tiridates, King of Armenia, two brothers of Vologeses I
(for whom the above-mentioned inscription was made):

4. Now there was a nation of the Alans, which

we have formerly mentioned somewhere as
being Scythians, and living around Tanais and
Lake Maeotis. This nation about this time laid a
design of falling upon Media, and the parts
beyond it, in order to plunder them; with which
 intention they treated with the king of
Hyrcania; for he was master of that passage
which king Alexander shut up with iron gates.
This king gave them leave to come through
them; so they came in great multitudes, and fell
upon the Medes unexpectedly, and plundered
their country, which they found full of people,
and replenished with abundance of cattle, while
nobody dared make any resistance against
them; for Pacorus, the king of the country, had
fled away for fear into places where they could
not easily come at him, and had yielded up
everything he had to them, and had only saved
his wife and his concubines from them, and that
with difficulty also, after they had been made Europe, AD 117-138. The Alani at the time were
concentrated north of theCaucasus Mountains (centre
captives, by giving a hundred talents for their
right).
ransom. These Alans therefore plundered the
country without opposition, and with great ease,
and proceeded as far as Armenia, laying waste
all before them. Now, Tiridates was king of that
country, who met them and fought them but
was lucky not to have been taken alive in the
battle; for a certain man threw a noose over him
and would soon have drawn him in, had he not
immediately cut the cord with his sword and
escaped. So the Alans, being still more
provoked by this sight, laid waste the country,
and drove a great multitude of the men, and a
great quantity of the other booty from both
kingdoms, along with them, and then retreated
back to their own country.

The fact that the Alans invaded Parthia through Hyrcania shows that at the time many Alans were still based north-east of the
Caspian Sea.[4] By the early 2nd century AD the Alans were in firm control of theLower Volga and Kuban.[4] These lands had earlier
been occupied by the Aorsi and the Siraces, whom the Alans apparently absorbed, dispersed and/or destroyed, since they were no
longer mentioned in contemporaneous accounts.[4] It is likely that the Alans' influence stretched further westwards, encompassing
[4]
most of the Sarmatian world, which by then possessed a relatively homogenous culture.

In 135 AD, the Alans made a huge raid into Asia Minor via the Caucasus, ravaging Media and Armenia.[4] They were eventually
driven back by Arrian, the governor of Cappadocia, who wrote a detailed report (Ektaxis kata Alanoon or 'War Against the Alans')
that is a major source for studying Romanmilitary tactics.

From 215–250 AD, theGermanic Goths expanded south-eastwards and broke the Alan dominance on thePontic Steppe.[4] The Alans
however seem to have had a significant influence on Gothic culture, who became excellent horsemen and adopted the Alanic animal
style art.[4] (The Roman Empire, during the chaos of the 3rd century civil wars, suffered damaging raids by the Gothic armies with
their heavy cavalry before the Illyrian Emperors adapted to the Gothic tactics, reorganized and expanded the Roman heavy cavalry,
and defeated the Goths underGallienus, Claudius II and Aurelian).
After the Gothic entry to the steppe, many of the Alans seem to have retreated eastwards towards the Don, where they seem to have
established contacts with the Huns.[4] Ammianus writes that the Alans were "somewhat like the Huns, but in their manner of life and
their habits they are less savage."[4] Jordanes contrasted them with the Huns, noting that the Alans "were their equals in battle, but
unlike them in their civilisation, manners and appearance".[4] In the late 4th century, Vegetius conflates Alans and Huns in his
military treatise – Hunnorum Alannorumque natio, the "nation of Huns and Alans" – and collocates Goths, Huns and Alans, exemplo
Gothorum et Alannorum Hunnorumque.[21]

The 4th century Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus noted that the Alans were "formerly called Massagetae,"[22] while Dio
Cassius wrote that "they are Massagetae."[4] It is likely that the Alans were an amalgamation of various Iranian peoples, including
Sarmatians, Massagetae and Sakas.[4] Scholars have connected the Alans to the nomadic state of Yancai mentioned in Chinese
sources.[6] The Yancai are first mentioned in connection with late 2nd century BC diplomat Zhang Qian's travels in Chapter 123 of
Shiji (whose author, Sima Qian, died c. 90 BC).[6][23] The Yancai of Chinese records has again been equated with the Aorsi, a
powerful Sarmatian tribe living between theDon River and the Aral Sea, mentioned in Roman records, in particular Strabo.[6]

Link to Yancai/Alanliao
The Later Han Dynasty Chinese chronicle, the Hou Hanshu, 88 (covering the period 25–220 and completed in the 5th century),
mentioned a report that the steppe landYancai had become a vassal state of theKangju and was now known asAlanliao (阿蘭聊)[24]

Y. A. Zadneprovskiy suggests that the Kangju subjugation of Yancai occurred in the 1st century BC, and that this subjugation caused
various Sarmatian tribes, including the Aorsi, to migrate westwards, which played a major role in starting the Migration Period.[6][25]
[26]
The 3rd century Weilüe also notes that Yancai was then known to be Alans, although they were no longer vassals of the Kangju.

Migration to Gaul
Around 370, according to Ammianus, the peaceful relations between the Alans and
Huns were broken, after the Huns attacked the Don Alans, killing many of them and
establishing an alliance with the survivors.[4][27] These Alans successfully invaded
the Goths in 375 together with the Huns.[4] They subsequently accompanied the
Huns in their westward expansion.[4]

Following the Hunnic invasion in 370, other Alans, along with other Sarmatians,
migrated westward.[4] One of these Alan groups fought together with the Goths in
the decisive Battle of Adrianople in 378 AD, in which emperor Valens was killed.[4] The migrations of the Alans during
the 4th–5th centuries AD, from their
As the Roman Empire continued to decline, the Alans split into various groups;
homeland in the North Caucasus.
some fought for the Romans while other joined the Huns, Visigoths or Ostrogoths.[4]
A portion of the western Alans joined the Vandals and the Suebi in their invasion of
Roman Gaul. Gregory of Tours mentions in his Liber historiae Francorum ("Book of Frankish History") that the Alan king
Respendial saved the day for the Vandals in an armed encounter with the Franks at the crossing of the Rhine on December 31, 406).
According to Gregory, another group of Alans, led by Goar, crossed the Rhine at the same time, but immediately joined the Romans
and settled in Gaul.

Under Beorgor (Beorgor rex Alanorum), they moved throughout Gaul, till the reign of Petronius Maximus, when they crossed the
Alps in the winter of 464, into Liguria, but were there defeated, and Beorgor slain, by Ricimer, commander of the Emperor's
forces.[28][29]

In 442, after it became clear toAetius that he could no longer rely upon theHuns for support, he turned toGoar and convinced him to
move some of his people to settlements in the Orleanais in order to control the bacaudae of Armorica and to keep the Visigoths from
expanding their territories northward across theLoire. Goar settled a substantial number of his followers in the Orleanais and the area
to the north and personally moved his own capital to the city ofOrleans. [30]
Under Goar, they allied with the Burgundians led by Gundaharius, with whom they installed the Emperor Jovinus as usurper. Under
Goar's successor Sangiban, the Alans of Orléans played a critical role in repelling the invasion of Attila the Hun at the Battle of
Châlons. In 463 the Alans defeated the Goths at the battle of Orléans, and they later defeated the Franks led by Childeric in 466.[31]
Around 502-503 Clovis attacked Armorica and but he was defeated by the Alans, however the Alans, who, like Clovis, were
Christians, desired cordial relations with him to counterbalance the hostile Arian Visigoths who coveted the land north of the Loire.
Therefore, an accord was arranged by whichClovis came to rule the various peoples ofArmorica and the military strength of the area
. [32]
was integrated into the Merovingian military

Hispania and Africa

Following the fortunes of the Vandals and Suebi into the Iberian
peninsula (Hispania, comprising modern Portugal and Spain) in 409,[33]
the Alans led by Respendial settled in the provinces of Lusitania and
Carthaginensis.[34] The Kingdom of the Alans was among the first
Barbarian kingdoms to be founded. The Siling Vandals settled in Baetica,
the Suebi in coastal Gallaecia, and the Asding Vandals in the rest of
Gallaecia. Although the newcomers controlled Hispania they were still a
tiny minority among a larger Hispano-Roman population, approximately
200,000 out of 6,000,000.[7]

In 418 (or 426 according to some authors[35] ), the Alan king, Attaces,
Kingdom of the Alans in Hispania (409–426
was killed in battle against the Visigoths, and this branch of the Alans
AD).
subsequently appealed to the Asding Vandal king Gunderic to accept the
Alan crown. The separate ethnic identity of Respendial's Alans
dissolved.[36] Although some of these Alans are thought to have remained in Iberia, most went to North Africa with the Vandals in
429. Later the rulers of the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa styled themselves Rex Wandalorum et Alanorum ("King of the Vandals
and Alans").

There are some vestiges of the Alans in Portugal,[37] namely in Alenquer

(whose name may be Germanic for the Temple of the Alans, from "Alan
Kerk",[38] and whose castle may have been established by them; the
Alaunt is still represented in that city's coat of arms), in the construction
of the castles of Torres Vedras and Almourol, and in the city walls of
Lisbon, where vestiges of their presence may be found under the
foundations of the Church of Santa Luzia.

In the Iberian peninsula the Alans settled in Lusitania (Alentejo) and the
Cartaginense provinces. They became known in retrospect for their
massive hunting and fighting dog of Molosser type, the Alaunt, which
they apparently introduced to Europe. The breed is extinct, but its name
is carried by a Spanish breed of dog still called Alano, traditionally used
Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans in North
in boar hunting and cattle herding. The Alano name, however, has
Africa (526 AD).
historically been used for a number of dog breeds in a few European
countries thought to descend from the original dog of the Alans, such as
the German mastiff (Great Dane) and the FrenchDogue de Bordeaux, among others.

Medieval Alania
The Alans who remained in their original area of settlement north of the Caucasus (and for a time east of the Caspian Sea as well),
came into contact and conflict with the Bulgars, the Gökturks, and the Khazars, who drove most of them from the plains and into the
mountains.[39]
The Alans converted to Byzantine Orthodoxy in the first quarter of the 10th century, during the patriarchate of Nicholas I Mystikos.
Al-Mas'udi reports that they apostasized in 932, but this seems to have been short-lived. The Alans are collectively mentioned as
Byzantine-rite Christians in the 13th century.[39] The Caucasian Alans were the ancestors of the modern Ossetians, whose ethnonym
derives from the name Ās (very probably the ancient Aorsi; al-Ma'sudi mentions al-Arsiyya as guards among the Khazars, and the
Rus' called the Alans Yasi), a sister tribe of the Alans. TheArmenian Geography uses the name Ashtigor for the most westerly located
Alans, a name which survives asDigor and still refers to the western division of the Ossetians. Furthermore, in Ossetian, Asi refers to
the region around Mount Elbrus, where they probably formerly lived.[39]

Some of the other Alans remained under the rule of the Huns. Those of the
eastern division, though dispersed about the steppes until late medieval times,
were forced by the Mongols into the Caucasus, where they remain as the
Ossetians. Between the 9th and 12th centuries, they formed a network of tribal
alliances that gradually evolved into the Christian kingdom of Alania. Most
Alans submitted to the Mongol Empire in 1239–1277. They participated in
Mongol invasions of Europe and the Song Dynasty in Southern China, and the
Battle of Kulikovo under Mamai of the Golden Horde.[40]

In 1253, the Franciscan monk William of Rubruck reported numerous

Europeans in Central Asia. It is also known that 30,000 Alans formed the royal
guard (Asud) of the Yuan court in Dadu (Beijing). Marco Polo later reported
The Pontic steppe in ca. 650
their role in the Yuan Dynasty in his book Il Milione. It's said that those Alans
contributed to a modern Mongol clan, Asud. John of Montecorvino,
archbishop of Dadu (Khanbaliq), reportedly converted many Alans to Roman Catholic Christianity in addition to Armenians in
China.[41][42] In Poland and Lithuania, Alans were also part of the powerfulClan of Ostoja.

Against the Alans and the Cumans (Kipchaks), the Mongols used divide-and-conquer tactics by first telling the Cumans to stop
allying with the Alans and, after the Cumans followed their suggestion, the Mongols then attacked the Cumans[43] after defeating the
Alans.[44] Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called "Right Alan Guard" which was combined with "recently
surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former Kingdom of Qocho and in Besh Balikh the
Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih).[45] Alan and Kipchak guards
were used by Kublai Khan.[46] In 1368 at the end of the Yuan dynasty in China Toghan Temür was accompanied by his faithful Alan
guards.[47] Mangu enlisted in his bodyguard half the troops of the Alan prince, Arslan, whose younger son Nicholas took a part in the
expedition of the Mongols against Karajang (Yunnan). This Alan imperial guard was still in existence in 1272, 1286 and 1309, and it
was divided into two corps with headquarters in the Ling pei province (Karakorúm).[48] In 1254 Rubruquis found a Russian deacon
amongst the other Christians at Karakorum. The reason why the earlier Persian word tersa was gradually abandoned by the Mongols
in favour of the Syro-Greek word arkon, when speaking of Christians, manifestly is that no specifically Greek Church was ever heard
of in China until the Russians had been conquered; besides, there were large bodies of Russian and Alan guards at Peking throughout
the last half of the thirteenth and first half of the fourteenth century, and the Catholics there would not be likely to encourage the use
of a Persian word which was most probably applicable in the first instance to the Nestorians they found so degenerated.[49] The Alan
[50] They were a "Russian guard".[51]
guards converted to Catholicism as reported by Odorico.

It is believed that some Alans resettled to the North (Barsils), merging with Volga Bulgars and Burtas, eventually transforming to
Volga Tatars.[52] It is supposed that the Iasi, a group of Alans founded a town in the northeast of Romania (about 1200–1300), near
the Prut river, called Iași. The latter became the capital of ancientMoldavia in the Middle Ages.[53]

Alan mercenaries were involved in the affair with the Catalan Company.[54][55]

Later history
Descendants of the Alans, who live in the autonomous republics of Russia and
Georgia, speak the Ossetian language which belongs to the Northeastern Iranian
language group and is the only remnant of the Scytho-Sarmatian dialect continuum,
which once stretched over much of the Pontic steppe and Central Asia. Modern
Ossetian has two major dialects: Digor, spoken in the western part of North Ossetia;
and Iron, spoken in the rest of Ossetia. A third branch of Ossetian, Jassic (Jász), was
formerly spoken in Hungary. The literary language, based on the Iron dialect, was
fixed by the national poet, Kosta Khetagurov (1859–1906).

Physical appearance Jazygia, inhabited by the Jassic

people, in the 18th century within the
The fourth-century Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus wrote that the Alans
Kingdom of Hungary.
were tall, and blond:

Nearly all the Alani are men of great stature and beauty; their hair is somewhat yellow, their eyes are terribly
fierce.[56]

Genetics
In a study conducted in 2014 by V.V. Ilyinskyon on bone fragments from 10 Alanic
burials on the Don River, DNA could be abstracted from a total of 7. Four of them
turned out to belong to yDNA Haplogroup G2 and 6 of them had mtDNA I. The fact
that many of the samples share the same y- and mtDNA raises the possibility that the
tested individuals belonged to the same tribe or even were close relatives.
Nevertheless, this is a strong argument for direct Alan ancestry of Ossetians and
against the hypothesis that Ossetians are alanized Caucasic speakers, since the major
Ossetians
Haplogroup among Ossetians is G2 also.[57]

In 2015 the Institute of Archaeology in Moscow conducted research on various

Sarmato-Alan and Saltovo-Mayaki culture Kurgan burials. In this analysis, the two Alan samples from the 4th to 6th century AD had
yDNAs G2a-P15 and R1a-z94, while from the three Sarmatian samples from 2nd to 3rd century AD two had yDNA J1-M267 and
one possessed R1a.[58] Also, the three Saltovo-Mayaki samples from 8th to 9th century AD turned out to have yDNAs G, J2a-M410
and R1a-z94 respectively.[59]

Archaeology
Archaeological finds support the written sources. .PD. Rau (1927) first identified late Sarmatian sites with the historical Alans. Based
on the archaeological material, they were one of the Iranian-speaking nomadic tribes that began to enter the Sarmatian area between
the middle of the 1st and the 2nd centuries.

Language
The ancient language of the Alans was an Eastern Iranian dialect either identical, or at least closely related, to ancient Eastern Iranian
languages.[60] This is confirmed by comparison of the word for horse in various Indo-Iranian languages and the reconstructed Alanic
word for horse[61] :
 Language Affiliation Horse
Alanic *aspa
Khotanese Northeastern Iranian aśśa
Ossetian Northeastern Iranian efs
Wakhi Northeastern Iranian yaš
Yaghnobi Northeastern Iranian asp
Avestan Southeastern Iranian aspa
Balochi Southeastern Iranian asp
Median Northwestern Iranian aspa
Old Persian Southwestern Iranian asa
Persian Southwestern Iranian asb
Sanskrit Indo-Aryan áśva

Religion
Prior to their Christianisation, the Alans were Indo-Iranian polytheists, subscribing
either to the poorly understood Scythian pantheon or to a polytheistic form of
Zoroastrianism. Some traditions were directly inherited from the Scythians, like
[62]
embodying their dominant god in elaborate rituals.

In the 4th–5th centuries the Alans were at least partially Christianized by Byzantine
missionaries of the Arian church. In the 13th century, invading Mongol hordes
pushed the eastern Alans further south into the Caucasus, where they mixed with
native Caucasian groups and successively formed three territorial entities each with
different developments. Around 1395 Timur's army invaded the Northern Caucasus Orthodox church in North Ossetia-
and massacred much of the Alanian population. Alania

As time went by, Digor in the west came under Kabard and Islamic influence. It was
through the Kabardians (an East Circassian tribe) that Islam was introduced into the region in the 17th century. After 1767, all of
Alania came under Russian rule, which strengthened Orthodox Christianity in that region considerably. A substantial minority of
today's Ossetians are followers of the traditional Ossetian religion.

See also
List of ancient Iranian peoples

References

Citations
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id=aaGCbuuajFAC&). U of Minnesota Press. p. 77.ISBN 9780816656998.
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External links
Strabo and Hou Han Shureferences discussed
Caucasus Foundation: Caucasus Today: Ossets

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