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CEE 5155

Finite Element Analysis of


Structural Systems
Dr. Muhammad Fahim
drfahimuet@gmail.com
Contents
1. Beam Bending
2. Beam Element
3. Beam Examples
1. Beam Bending
1. Beam Bending
• A beam is a structural member that carries transverse load along its axis.
1. Beam Bending
Considering equilibrium for a segment of the beam:
1. Beam Bending
Axial Deformation
1. Beam Bending
Axial Strains
• Using strain displacement equation the axial strain is:

• Using Hook’s law, the stress becomes:


1. Beam Bending
Moment-Curvature Relation
1. Beam Bending
Governing Differential Equation
• The governing differential equation in terms of transverse displacements can now be
written by differentiating the moment-curvature equation twice and then using the
equilibrium equations:

• This is a fourth order differential equation in variable v (transverse displacement)


• The boundary conditions may involve derivatives of v through the third order.
1. Beam Bending
Boundary Conditions
• For the 4th order differential equation, we require four boundary conditions to solve the
equation.
• The boundary conditions may involve derivatives of transverse displacement up to third
order.
• Physically the boundary conditions have the following meaning:
1. Beam Bending
Potential Energy Functional
1. Beam Bending
Potential Energy Functional
1. Beam Bending
Potential Energy Functional
1. Beam Bending
Potential Energy Functional
1. Beam Bending
Potential Energy Functional
1. Beam Bending
Potential Energy Functional
1. Beam Bending
Potential Energy Functional
1. Beam Bending
Potential Energy Functional
• Because of different sign convention for applied forces and internal forces, as illustrated in
figure below, the applied end moments and forces are related to internal moments and
shears as follows:
1. Beam Bending
Potential Energy Functional
1. Beam Bending
Potential Energy Functional
1. Beam Bending
Potential Energy Functional
2. Two Node Beam
Element
2. Two Node Beam Element
Special Coordinates
2. Two Node Beam Element
Trial Solution
• In terms of s the element goes from 0 to 1.
• Since there are a total of 4 degrees of freedom a cubic polynomial is an appropriate trial
solution.
2. Two Node Beam Element
Trial Solution
• Terms in the trial solution (trial functions) represent different displacements.
2. Two Node Beam Element
Trial Solution
2. Two Node Beam Element
Trial Solution
2. Two Node Beam Element
Trial Solution
2. Two Node Beam Element
Shape Functions
2. Two Node Beam Element
Shape Functions
2. Two Node Beam Element
Derivatives of Trial Solution
• The derivatives of the trial solution required for deriving element equations are as
follows:
2. Two Node Beam Element
Derivatives of Trial Solution
• The derivatives of the trial solution required for deriving element equations are as
follows:
2. Two Node Beam Element
Bending Strain Energy
• The next step is to substitute the trial solution into the potential energy:
2. Two Node Beam Element
Work Done
• Work done by the distributed load:
2. Two Node Beam Element
Work Done
• Work done by the concentrated forces and moments applied at the nodes:
2. Two Node Beam Element
Potential Energy Functional
2. Two Node Beam Element
Stiffness Matrix
2. Two Node Beam Element
Stiffness Matrix
• Carrying out the integrations we get:
2. Two Node Beam Element
Element Equations
2. Two Node Beam Element
Nodal Forces and Moments
2. Two Node Beam Element
Displacement at Any Point
2. Two Node Beam Element
Bending Moment at Any Point
2. Two Node Beam Element
Shear Force at Any Point
2. Two Node Beam Element
Accuracy of Solution
• From mechanics of deformable bodies, we know that exact solution for a prismatic beam
(EI = constant) subjected to concentrated loading involves constant shear and linear
bending moment.
• So, the two node element that we just developed gives exact solution when it is used to
analyze prismatic beams; that is, EI is constant and subjected to concentrated loads.
• For linear elastic and prismatic beams under concentrated loads, the equations developed
give exact solution.
• For non-prismatic beams, the solution is only approximate. So more elements are used to
improve the results.
• For beams under distributed loads, superposition can be used to obtain exact solution.
3. Beam Examples
3. Example 01: Beam Under Concentrated Load
• Find deflections, moments, and shears in a continuous beam shown in figure below.
Assume E = 200GPa and I = 105 mm4.
3. Example 01: Beam Under Concentrated Load
Using Symmetry
• Using symmetry only half of the beam can be modeled as shown in figure below:
3. Example 01: Beam Under Concentrated Load
Element Equations
3. Example 01: Beam Under Concentrated Load
Global Equations
• Assembling the element equations, the global equations are:
3. Example 01: Beam Under Concentrated Load
Boundary Conditions
3. Example 01: Beam Under Concentrated Load
Unknown Displacements
• The three unknown displacements and rotations can be obtained from the second, fourth,
and fifth equations.
• Because of zero boundary conditions these equations reduce to
3. Example 01: Beam Under Concentrated Load
Element 1: Displacement within the Element
3. Example 01: Beam Under Concentrated Load
Element 1: Bending Moment and Shear Force
3. Example 01: Beam Under Concentrated Load
Element 2: Displacement within the Element
3. Example 01: Beam Under Concentrated Load
Element 2: Bending Moment and Shear Force
3. Example 01: Beam Under Concentrated Load
Graphical Representation of Solution
3. Example 01: Beam Under Concentrated Load
Checking Solution
• The results can be verified by drawing free body diagram with end actions and checking
equilibrium.
3. Example 01: Beam Under Concentrated Load
Checking Solution
3. Example 01: Beam Under Concentrated Load
Checking Solution
• Solution obtained from a non-uniform beam generally will not satisfy these equilibrium
checks; the quality of solution.
• So, the quality of the solution or the error that is associated with the solution obtained
using FEM can be assessed by performing equilibrium check based on free body diagrams.
3. Example 01: Beam Under Concentrated Load
Checking Solution
• Wor
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
• Simple beam under UDL with exact solution.
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
The problem is solved using standard finite element solution procedure that we developed
using 2 element model.
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
Element Equations
• Both elements are identical and have length = L/2
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
Element Equations
• Both elements are identical and have length = L/2
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
Global Equations
• Assembling equations for the two elements, the global equations are as follows:
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
Boundary Conditions
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
• The reduced equations involving unknown displacements and rotations are:
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
Element 1
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
Element 1
• From these equations the end shear (at s = 0) and the moment at the mid-span (at s = 1) is

• The exact end shear and mid-span bending moment are:

• The standard FE approach to improve these calculations is to use large number of finite
elements for the span with UDL.
• However a better way to get exact solution is by superposition with only one element for
each span.
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
Superposition
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
Superposition
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
Displacement
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
Bending Moment
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
Shear Force
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
One Element Solution with Superposition
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
One Element Solution with Superposition
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
One Element Solution with Superposition
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
One Element Solution with Superposition
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
One Element Solution with Superposition
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
One Element Solution with Superposition
3. Example 02: Beam Under UDL
One Element Solution with Superposition
3. Example 03: Continuous Beam Under UDL
3. Example 03: Continuous Beam Under UDL
3. Example 03: Continuous Beam Under UDL
3. Example 03: Continuous Beam Under UDL
3. Example 03: Continuous Beam Under UDL
3. Example 03: Continuous Beam Under UDL
3. Example 03: Continuous Beam Under UDL
3. Example 03: Continuous Beam Under UDL
3. Example 03: Continuous Beam Under UDL
3. Example 03: Continuous Beam Under UDL
The End

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