S.No Topics Description 1 Speed of Light The speed of light is 300,000 kilometres per second. 2 Sun The light from the Sun, which is also a star nearest to the Earth, takes 8.3 minutes to reach the Earth. E arth. 3 Milky Way The galaxy that the solar system belongs to is known as the “Spiral Shape” Milky Way. 4 Kalpana Chawla The Haryana born Kalpana Chawla, first Indian American woman astronaut began her carrier at Research center in America. On 16-1-2003 she along with five other astronauts travelled to International Space Lab in the space shuttle Columbia. On 1-2-2003 the space shuttle Columbia while returning to earth at a speed of 20113 km. per hour carrying the astronauts exploded and burnt down 5 Proxima Centauri The star nearer to the earth is Proxima Centauri. 6 Light Year The distance between the Earth and the stars is measured using a unit known as the ‘light year’. Class Sixth : Chapter 2 7 Sun Main Source of Energy. Temp in Sun : 6000 deg Celsius.Surface). Core of the Sun: 15,000,000 deg Celsius. 92% - Hydrogen. 7.8% Helium. 0.2% of Other Gases. 8 Nuclear Fusion The Sun shines as a consequence of the fusion of hydrogen into helium, which is constantly taking place in its core. 9 Solar Family The solar family consists of nine planets namely Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto and their satellites; Asteroids, Meteorites and Comets. 10 Gravitational Force of All the planets in the so solar lar family are controlled by the the Sun gravitational force of the Sun. 11 Rock Fragments These rock fragments are also called the “Flying Mountains” of the Universe. Class Sixth : Chapter 3 12 Mercury The first planet positioned near the Sun is Mercury. Min temp: -170 deg Celsius. Max temp: 350 deg Celsius. 13 Venus Venus is positioned second from the Sun and it is next to Mercury. Max Temp: 480 deg Celsius. Morning Star/ Evening Star Rotates east to west. 14 Earth Venus is positioned second from the Sun and it is next to Mercury. Water – 71%. Land – 29% 7 Continents, 4 Oceans.
15 Seven Continents Asia, Africa, South America, North America, Europe,
Antartica, Australia 16 Oceans Pacific, Antartic, Artic, Indian Ocean. 17 Earth’s Atmosphere 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 0.03% Carbon-di-Oxide. 0.9% Argon. Water Vapour, and Dust Particles. 18 Mars Mars is positioned fourth from the Sun. As it is far from Red Planet the Sun, about 230 Celsius temperature prevails during day and about -1010 Celsius during night. 19 Jupiter “Biggest” Fifth from the Sun. 20 Saturn Positioned Sixth from the Sun. There are 7 rings around the Planet. 21 Uranus and Neptune. “Blue”. 22 Pluto “ Smallest” Pluto is the smallest and also the farthest planet of the solar system. Class Sixth : Chapter 4 23 Mercury and Venus Does not have satellites of their own. 24 Earth and Pluto Have on Satellite each. 25 Other Planets Have more than Satellite each. 26 Moon Only natural Satellite of the earth. One rotation / One revolution around the earth.– 27.3 days. No atmosphere on the moon. It reflects the light of the Sun. 27 Neil Amstrong Neil Armstrong, an American astronaut is the first to set foot on the Moon. He and Edwin, pilot of the Apollo collected rock and soil samples for analysis. 28 New Moon Moon is in between earth and the Sun. 29 Full Moon Earth is in between the Sun and the Moon. 30 New Moon – Full Moon 29 1/2 days. 31 Eclipses Eclipses occur when the light thus received is either blocked by the earth or by the Moon. Orbit of the moon around the t he earth is tilted about 50 than the orbit of the Earth E arth around the Sun. Sun, Earth, Moon – Lunar Eclipse Sun, Moon, Earth – Solar Eclipse. Class Sixth : Chapter 5 32 Latitudes and Longitudes Geographers have designed imaginary lines as addresses to locate the places on the earth. Such lines are called the latitudes and the longitudes. 33 Equator Equator divides the globe into two equal halves. The northern half of the equator is t he Northern hemisphere and the southern half of the equato r is the Southern hemisphere. 34 Latitudes Latitudes are imaginary lines that are drawn from east to west as parallels on the t he globe. The parallel lines north of the equator are called the north latitudes and those that are south of the equator are called the south latitudes. North Pole – 90 deg North. South Pole – 90 deg South. 35 Important Latitudes Tropic of Cancer – 23 ½ North Tropic of Capricon – 23 ½ South Artic Circle – 66 ½ North Antartic Circle – 66 ½ South 36 Longitudes We know that the 900 N. is the North Pole and 900 S. is the South Pole. The imaginary line that joins both the north and south poles is called longitude. longitude. The eastern half, east of 00 longitude is called the eastern hemisphere and the western half, west of 00 longitude is called the western hemisphere 37 Greenwich Meridian There is an astronomical research institute in Greenwich, a place near London. The longitude that is drawn across Greenwich has been taken as the 00 longitude. This 00 longitude is also called the Greenwich Meridian. 38 India Located in the Northern Hemisphere. (Latitude wise) Latitudinal Extension – 8 deg North to 37 deg North. North. Located in the Eastern Hemisphere. (Longitude Wise) Longitudinal Extension – 68 deg East to 96 deg East. Class Sixth : Chapter 6 39 Axis of the Earth It is inclined 23 ½ deg to the vertical. Earth takes 24 hours to complete one rotation.
40 Season It is assumed in India that the Sun migrates towards north
from the Tropic of Capricorn on 14th –15th January. This day is celebrated as “Pongal” in Tamil Nadu and as “Mahara Sankaranthi” in other states. Similarly it is assumed that the Sun migrates towards south from the Tropic of Cancer on 2nd –3rd August. This is celebrated as “Adiperukku” in Tamil Nadu. Class Sixth : Chapter 7 41 Earth The Shape of the Earth is Spherical. 42 Zones Between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricon – Torrid Zone. Between 23 ½ deg N- 66 ½ North and 23 ½ S – 66 ½ deg South - Temparate Zones. Between 66 ½ N – North pole pole and 66 ½ S – South Pole – Frigid Zones.
43 Indian Standard time India extends from 680E longitude to 970E
longitude. Therefore 820 30’ Longitude is taken as the central meridian in India. (680E longitude + 970E longitude = 165/2 = 820 30’E. longitude). The 820 30’ is the central meridian of India. When the Sun is directly on this longitude, the time t ime in India is 12 Noon. This time is assumed as the standard time of India. 44 World Standard time There are 360 longitudes drawn on the Globe. The central Greenwich Mean Time meridian is the Greenwich Meridian (0 0 long.). When the Sun shines directly on this longitude it is taken as 12Noon and it is considered as World Standard Time. 45 Japan Japanese who live in the borders of eastern hemisphere see the Sunrise first in the world. wo rld. Therefore Japan is called as the t he Land of Rising Sun. Class Sixth : Chapter 8 46 Neil Amstrong Earth – “Blue Pearl”. 47 Corals and Pearls Polyps – Corals Oysters – Pearls (Sea Organisms). 48 Coral Reef Largest eco system on the earth. 49 Corals The skeletons of the corals are very rich in calcium carbonate. Class Seven : Chapter 1 1 India Our country India is in the Southern part of the Asian continent. India is surrounded on three sides by water. Therefore India is called a Peninsula. 2 Himalayas The highest mountain range in the world is the Himalayas and they form the northern boundary boundar y of India. 3 Plateau Elevated landmasses with flat tops and steep sides are called plateaus. They are also known as tablelands. The Tibetan plateau is the world’s highest plateau. 4 Plains 1. Alluvial plains - Formed by depo sits of rivers Favourable for human 2. Loess plains - Formed by wind deposits settlements 3. Coastal plains - Formed by wave action . Ex: Gangetic Plain of India. 5 Deepest Part The deepest part of the Earth is the Mariana trench in the Pacific ocean. 6 Water Out of the total water covering the Earth‘s surface, 97 percent is salt water from the seas and oceans and only the remaining 3 percent is fresh water. 7 Atmosphere Air is colourless, odourless and tasteless. 8 Bacterium The oldest known living living creature, the simple single-celled bacterium, took form in the Earth’s oceans some 2.5 billion years ago. 9 Earth Earth was formed 4.6 billion billion Years ago. Class Seven : Chapter 2 10 Atmosphere Air is a mixture of gases such as Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Argon, Neon, Methane, Ozone, Helium, Hydrogen and many other gases. It extends for a height of 500 Km above the Earth’s surface. This layer of air enveloping the Earth’s surface is called atmosphere. Due to Earth’s gravity the air is attached to t he Earth’s surface. Along with the Earth the atmosphere also rotates 11 Nitrogen Nitrogen does not have colour, odour or taste. It has the property of extinguishing of extinguishing fire. Bacteria – Nitrate – Helps in Plant growth. 12 Oxygen Oxygen is used in respiration by all living things. Oxygen also helps in body metabolism. 13 Photosynthesis plants convert Carbondi- oxide into Carbohydrates, which is an important source of energy for animals and human beings. 14 Carbon-di-Oxide Carbon dioxide is heavier than any other gas. It has the property of absorbing heat. 15 Fossil Fuels Due to intense heat and pressure, the buried vegetation turned into Carbon rich fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum. 16 Dust Particles The dust particles in the atmosphere are able to scatter 7 percent of energy coming from the Sun. They also act as nuclei in the conversion of o f water-vapour into water droplets. 17 Air The density of air decreases rapidly with increasing altitude. 18 Troposhpere Equator – 16 KM Poles – 8 KM 80 Percent of air. 19 Stratosphere Between 16 Km – 50 Km 19 Percent of air. Temparature remains constant. 20 Ozone Layer Within the stratosphere, between 20 and 35 km above the Earth’s surface, lies the ozone o zone layer. The Ozone layer filters filters the ultraviolet rays and prevents them from reaching the t he Earth’s surface. Human beings and animals are thus protected from the harmful ultraviolet rays which can cau se skin diseases and cancer. 21 Ozone depletion Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) used as a refrigerant, does not have any harmful effect in the troposphere. t roposphere. When CFC reaches the stratosphere it reacts with the ultra-violet rays from the Sun thereby isolating iso lating the chlorine molecule. The chlorine molecule chemically reacts with w ith Ozone (O3) present in the stratosphere and splits it into Oxygen and Chlorine - mono-oxide. Thus it weakens the Ozone in the atmosphere. This is known as ozone depletion. Continued depletion can cause holes in the Ozone layer. Through these Ozone holes the harmful ultra-violet rays can reach reac h the Earth’s surface. 22 Montreal Protocol In 1987 the Montreal Protocol, a treaty for protection of the Ozone layer, was signed by 36 nations including the USA. In 1989 a total ban on the use of CFC’s was proposed by the European Union to be enforced by the Developed Nations by 1995 and the Developing Nations by 2010. 23 Green House gases Carbon di oxide Methane Nitrous Oxide Sulphur Hexa Floride 24 Mesosphere Between 50 KM – 80 KM 25 Thermosphere / Between 80 – 500 KM Ionosphere 26 Exosphere Outer Space. 27 Atmosphere The atmosphere prevents the Earth from becoming too hot during the day or too cold during the night. 28 Radio Broadcasting In Radio broadcasting sound waves are converted into electromagnetic waves and sent to the atmosphere. The layer of ionosphere in the atmosphere at mosphere reflects the electro-magnetic waves back to the Earth’s surface. Thus we are able to listen to radio broadcasts that are made at different places of the world. Class Seven : Chapter 3 29 Solar Radiation 1. The visible Sunrays that consists of seven colours 2. The invisible Sunrays consisting of Gama rays, X rays, Ultraviolet rays, Infra red rays and Radio waves. wa ves. 30 Sun It emits hear in Short wave radiation. This short wave radiation can travel a d istance of 150 million km to reach and heat the Earth. 31 Vaccum There is a vacuum between the upper limit limit of the atmosphere and the Sun. Since the area between the Sun and the Earth‘s atmosphere is a void or vacuum, the Sun radiates its heat to the Earth. 32 Radiation Radiation is a method by which heat is conducted without a medium. 33 Conduction The process of heat transfer from one molecule and another molecule is known as conduction. 34 Isotherms Isotherms are imaginary lines joining places having the same temperature 35 Diurnal range of The difference between the daily maximum and minimum temperature temperature is known as the diurnal range of temperature. 36 Annual range of The difference between the daily maximum and minimum temperature temperature is known as the diurnal range of temperature. The difference between the average monthly maximum and minimum temperatures is known as t he annual range of temperature. 37 Zones Equatorial Zone – 5 N– 5 deg S Tropical Zone – 5 -30 N and 5 – 30 S Temparate Zone – 30 – 60 N and 30- 60 S Frigid Zone – 60 N and 60 S 38 Temparatures 6.5 deg Celsius for 1000 meters(decreases). 39 Hot and Cold winds Hot Winds – High temperature. Cold Winds – Low temperature. Class Seven : Chapter 4 40 Weight of Air I Kg per Square cm.[Air column]. The weight of air resting on the Earth’s surface exerts pressure on the Earth’s surface. The pressure exerted on the Earth by the atmosphere is called the atmospheric pressure. 41 Barometer An instrument called a barometer measures atmospheric Avg. air pressure at sea pressure, and it is expressed in millibars. level. 1013 millibars. millibars. 42 Isobars Isobars are imaginary lines, drawn on maps joining various places having equal pressure. In the weather maps, pressure distribution is shown by ‘isobars’. 43 Air Pressure The air pressure decreases steadily as the height increases above sea level. There is a decrease of one millibar for every 10 meters rise in elevat ion. 44 Pressure Gradient The pressure difference between any two places at a particular distance is defined as ‘pressure gradient’. Class Seven : Chapter 5 45 South west Monsoon Rain: Whole of India except east coast. June – September 46 North East Monsoon Entire Tamil Nadu and Eastern Coast of India receive rainfall due to the North - East E ast monsoon wind. 47 Sea and Land Breezes Sea and land breeze are blow in opposite oppos ite directions over the coastal belt everyday. 48 Cyclone Cyclones are intense low-pressure systems towards which winds move in from all directions. Cyclones bring heavy rainfall and are associated with high speed winds. They cause damage to both life and property. Bay of Bengal: September, October and November. 49 Cyclone Names North America and West Indies. Typhoons in China and Japan. Storms in India. Willy Willy in Australia. Sumoon in Arabia. Bosiquiss in Philliphines. 50 Hot Winds Foehn – Swiss Alps. Loo – India 45 -50 deg Celsius. Chinook – blows down the Rockies of North America to the prairies. Sirocco - blows from the Sahara desert northwards over the Mediterarian-sea to reach Southern S outhern Italy. 51 Coastal Winds Mistral and Bora.
Class Seven : Chapter 6
52 Humidity The amount of Water Vapour present in the air. 53 Dew Point “The temperature at which the air column becomes saturated is called dew point”. 54 Evaporation The process by which the water gets transformed into the gaseous state is called evaporation. 55 Evapo – Transpiration Water-vapour from all these sources that mixes with the atmosphere is responsible for causing rainfall. Because plants are responsible for supplying water-vapour, we have to grow more plants and trees. 56 Condensation Condensation is a process by which water-vapour is converted into water particles. 57 Clouds One form of condensation that takes place at higher altitudes are clouds. Minute water particles and ice particles st ick to dust particles that are present in the atmosphere. They join together to form clouds. 58 Dew These tiny water droplets are called as dew. Dew is formed. 59 Rainfall The falling of water droplets from the atmosphere is called as rain fall. 60 Fog When condensation takes place near the Earth’s surface fog is formed. Fog is defined as a cloud whose base is at or very near the ground. 61 Mist Mist is also a kind of fog, much thinner than the fog. Mist reduces visibility slightly. 62 Deccan Decca n Plateau Rain Shadow region. Class Seven : Chapter 7 63 Equatorial Climate 5 N- 5S. The annual average temperature of this zone is 27°C the annual average rainfall ra infall is about 250 cm. 64 Tropical Climate 5 – 25N and 5 – 25S. The tropical region receives rainfall only for a few months of o f a year. So, there are well marked rainy and dry season in a year. The average rainfall is lesser than the rainfall of the equatorial equato rial region. region. 65 Sub Tropical Climate 25 – 35N and 25 – 35S. The subtropical belt experiences warm summers and cool coo l winters. 66 Temparate Climate 35 – 60N and 35 – 60S. Summers are cool and winters are very cold. 67 Sub Polar Climate 60- 70 N and 60 – 70S. 68 Polar Climate The region lying beyond 70° North and South of the equator experience polar climate. Temperature T emperature is below freezing point throughout the year. Class Seven : Chapter 8 69 Soil “Soil is made up of minute particles of disintegrated rocks, containing minerals, decomposed organic matter and Bacteria”. River Bed – Sand Ponds and Lakes – Alluvial Soil. Red Soil, Black Soil. 70 Sand Sand is not suitable for agriculture. However coconut trees grow well in this soil where the rainfall is heavy. Trees like casuarina, cashewnuts etc., also grow well in sandy region. 71 Alluvial Soil Rich – Potassium and Deficient – Phosphorous. Suitable for agriculture. Crops like paddy, sugarcane, sugarca ne, plaintain etc., grow well on Alluvial soil. so il. Fertile alluvial soil is used for making bricks. 72 Red Soil Ion Content is very high. Red soil is moderately fertile and suitable su itable for agriculture. Crops like redgram, Bengal gram, Greengram and oil seeds like groundnut, castor seed etc., grow well in this soil. 73 Black Soil Hence, this soil is capable of supporting plant growth even if the rainfall is very low. It is rich in calcium, pottasium pott asium,, magnesium, magnes ium, aluminium, iron and other carbonates. This soil is poor in nitrogen content. Black soil is suitable for agricul agr iculture. ture. Crops Cro ps like cotton, tobacco, chilli, oil seeds, jowar, ragi, maize, etc., grow well in this soil. Class Seven : Chapter 9 74 Natural Vegetation They germinate and grow naturally without the effort of man and are known as ‘natural vegetation’. 75 Decidi Dec idious ous trees Teak and Sal. 76 Coniferous Trees Pine , fir, Laurch and Spruce. 77 Evergreen Forests Evergreen forests are found in the equatorial regions where the temperature and rainfall is very high. Due to heavy rainfall throughout the years, these forests are evergreen. Trees like teak, mahogany, ebony and rosewood are found here. These forests are found in the Amazon basin of South America and Congo basin or Zaire in Africa. The Silent Valley in Kerala is the best example of evergreen forests in India. 78 Deciduous Forest The trees of the deciduous forests shed their leaves at a particular time of the year. They are also called monsoon forests. The important trees found here are teak, sal, sandalwood and pillamarudhu. They are Oak, Cyprus, Maple and Olive. These are used to make furniture. 79 Deserts Hot: Cactus, prickly pear aloe and thorny bushes are found here. Such vegetation are found in the Sahara and Kalahari deserts of Africa. Africa. Thar desert of India and the great Australian desert. Cold: These deserts are Gobi deserts of China ‘Taklamakan’ of Tibet. Patagonian desert of o f South America. 80 Plants Plants provide us with oxygen. 81 Silent Valley in Kerala Evergreen Forests Class Eight : Chapter 1,2,3 82 Mountain A mountain can be defined as an area of land that rises abruptly from the surrounding region 83 Lava Temparature: 1100 deg Celsius. 84 Mauna Loa Hawaii 85 Paricutin Mexico City 86 Barren Island Only active volcano in India Subcontinent, located 135 km east of Port Blair, in east Andaman Sea and is a part of Andaman Nicobar chain of islands in the Indian Ocean 87 Tiltmeter Tiltmeter to measure the expansion of a volcanoe. 88 Thermometers Thermometers to check temperature increases in the area, and gas detectors to measure the amount of gas. 89 Ajanta Caves Ajantha Caves Curved in the basaltic lava 90 Geothermal Energy This geothermal energy is used to produce electricity. 91 Krakotoa One of the most spectacular volcanic eruptions in recorded history occurred in 1883 with the explosion of Krakatoa, an island in the Sunda Strait near Java. 92 Lava Plateau Lava plateaus are built by the accumulation of basalt released by volcanic activity. The Deccan Traps are one of the largest volcanic provinces in the world. wo rld. 93 Geothermal gradient Gradual Increase in temp with depth is called geothermal gradient. Class Eight : Chapter 4 94 January 26th 2001 Bhuj in Gujarat , India experienced a major earthquake recently on January 26th 2001, The damage was extreme with nearly 20,000 people killed and over 150,000 injured. 95 Epicentre The point on earth surface above the focus is called as epicenter. 96 Earthquake Waves Seismic Waves 97 Ritcher Scale Earthquakes are measured using something called the Richter scale. Class Eight : Chapter 5 98 Igneous Rocks Basalt(extrusive) and Granite.(Intrusive) 99 Sedimentary Rocks One of the commonest sedimentary rock is sandstone, lime stone and coal 100 Cement Cement made from limestone and other rocks serves to bind crushed stone into strong, long-lasting concrete for buildings, dams, and highways. 101 Ores Metals such as aluminum, iron, lead, and tin come from rocks called ores. Radium and Uranium. 102 Peridodite Diamonds mined in Africa and Arkansas come from a rock called peridotite. 103 Black Limestone Emeralds are found in black limestone in Colombia. 104 Erosion The removal of rock and soil by natural processes is known as Erosion. Class Eight : Chapter 6- 13 105 Great Canyon Northern Arizona.(Colorodo River) 106 Cauvery River Cauvery is the only major river in Tamilnadu. This is an interstate river with many tributaries lying in Karnataka and Tamilnadu States. Origin: Coorg Middle: The tributaries such as Bhavani, Amaravathi, and Noyyal join the river cauvery while flowing flowing through thro ugh the Deccan plateau. 107 Canyon A deep, steep-walled, V-shaped valley cut by a river through resistant rock is often called a canyon. 108 Gorges Smaller valleys of similar appearance are called gorges . 109 Delta The forward motion of the river is checked upon when a river enters an ocean. So, the river deposits its load of sediments near the mouth of the river. This is known as Delta. 110 Glaciers large In Europe. Malaspina Glacier on Yakutat Bay in Alaska 111 Size of Waves Wind speed. 112 Yellow River Hwang Ho 113 Pacific Ocean Largest Ocean 114 Shallow Seas The Caribbean, Mediterranean, Baltic, Arctic Seas, and the Gulf of Mexico 115 Indian Ind ian Ocean Smallest of the three Oceans. 116 Continental Self Northwestern Europe and the coastal areas around Japan are the largest fishing grounds in the world. 117 Hazard Hazard is a natural event. 118 Disastar It is nothing but the consequence of hazard. 119 Pirpanchal Foothills Himalayas. Known for avalanche. 120 Flood Prone Areas Ganga and Brahmaputra Basins. 121 Eastern Coast line The eastern coastline of India, is more prone to cyclones as it hit by about 80% ofo f total cyclones generated in the region. About 4 to 6 such storms originate in the Bay of o f Bengal and the Arabian Sea every year. 122 Nilgris Avalanche Valley. 123 Kumbakonam Tragedy 2004. 124 Bhopal Methyl Iso Cyanate. Union Carbide India Limited. 1984 Class Nine : Chapter 1 125 Capitalism Capitalism is an economic system in which capital goods are owned, operated and traded by private individuals, businesses, or corporations for the purpose of profit. 126 Socialism Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the means of o f production and distribution of goods, and the creation of an egalitarian society 127 Nationalism Nationalism can refer to an ideology, a sentiment, a form of culture, or a social movement that focuses on the nation. 128 Total Countries 193. 129 High density of Pop. The top three countries with very high density are Monaco, (Countries) Singapore and Vatican city. 130 Worlds largest City Mumbai. 131 High per Capita Income Luxembourg ($ 45,348), Japan ($ 34,556), Norway, Norway, ($ 34,356), United States of America ($ 33,922), and Sweden ($ 27,536). 132 Low Per Capita Income Congo ($ 18), Ethiopia ($ 94), Myanmar ($ 122), and Bhutan ($ 147). 133 Indo European French, Portugese, Spanish and English Languages 134 Dravidian Languages Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. 135 Cold War [ USA,Russia] They were aggressive against each other, spied on each other, and also fought proxy wars in the third world countries. 136 Tiger Economy A tiger economy is the economy of a country which Hongkong, Singapore, undergoes rapid economic growth, usually accompanied by Taiwan, Malasyia, an increase in standard of living. Thailand, South Korea. 137 January 9th Pravasi Bharathiya Divas 138 BRIC Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Class Nine : Chapter 2 139 GDP – Gross Domestic The GDP is actually the market values of goods and services Product produced in that country. co untry. 140 Standard of Living The GDP of a country divided by the number of its population gives rise to ‘standard of living’. 141 Human Development The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index Index 1990 combining normalized measures of life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment, and GDP per capita for countries worldwide. 142 WWW World Wide Web 143 Third World Countries All economically backward countries, trying hard for developing their societies, were called the Third World countries. Class Nine : Chapter 3 144 Productivity Among the criteria used in dividing the world into regions is productivity. 145 Vegetative lands Savannas (Africa, India, Australia and in the north of the South America) and Mediterranean and mid latitude grasslands. 146 Worlds largest desert Sahara – Africa.(North) 147 Coniferous forests Canada, Russia and Scandinavian Countries. 148 Nomads – Midnight Sun Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. countries. Class Nine : Chapter 4,5 149 Nilgris Eastern and Western Ghats meet. Thottabetta 150 Rivers in Tamilnadu Cauvery, Then Pennai, Palar, Vaigai and Tamiravaruni, they depend on the seasonal rainfall. 151 Madras presidency Tamilnadu, Andhrapradesh and Kerala. 152 January 14th 1969 Madras State was renamed as ‘Tamil Nadu’ 153 Time Sirupozhuthu – A day – 6 – Vaigarai, Kalai, Nanpagal, Yerpadu, Malai and Yamam. Perumpozhuthu – A Year – 6 Seasons( 2 months) – Kar, Kuthir, Munpani, Pinpani, Ilavenil and Muduvenil. 154 Thinai Every thinai has the three aspects of mudal, karu, and uri. These five regions were deliberately sung as the ulagam or the world by Tholkappiyar. Tho lkappiyar. 155 Hills Anamalai, Palani, Kodaikanal, Kutralam, Mahendragiri or the Agathiyar hills. 156 Anaimudi Highest peak in South India. 157 Palghat Gateway to Kerala. 158 Kurunji Flower Blossoms for every 12 years. 159 Kambam Hills It separates the Aundipatti hills and Varushanad Hills. 160 Eastern ghats The Eastern Ghats extend in the form of detached hills such as the Javadhus, Shevroys, the Kalrayans, the Kollimalais and the Pachaimalais. 161 Yercaud Shevroy hills, Salem 162 Solaikadu, Kolli hills Bauxite 163 Pachaimalai Black Granite. 164 Baramal Plateau Continuation of Mysore Plateau 165 Coimbatore Plateau Coimbatore, Salem, Salem, Erode. 166 Nilgris Plateau This is separated from the Mysore plateau by the Moyar river in the north. 167 Plains (a) the Cormandel coastal plains; (b) the Cauvery Alluvial Plains and (c) the dry southern Coromandel coastal coast al plains. Class Nine : Chapter 6 - 9 168 Climate The average weather conditions of a place from anywhere between 30 years to 150 years become the climate of that place. 169 Seasons January to March : Dry Weather April and May : Hot Weather June to September : Southwest Monsoon October to December : Northeast Monsoon 170 Venirkalam Period of Scorching Sun. 171 Alluvial Soils Cauvery in Thanjavur, Thiruvarur, and Nagapattinam districts and also in Villupuram, Cuddalore, Thirunelveli T hirunelveli and Kanyakumari districts. Rich: Potassium and Magnesium. Crop: Paddy, sugarcane, banana and turmeric are the main crops grown here. 172 Black Soils Coimbatore, Ramanathapuram, Tiruchirappalli, Pudukkottai Gypsyum Found. 173 Saline Soil Vedaranyam 174 Laterite Soil(Red in Iron Oxide Content. Colour) 175 Sex ratio 986/1000 176 Nilgris It is here the tribes such as the Todas, the Kotas and the Kurumbas live. 177 Malayali Tribes Javadhu hills, Pachaimalai, Kollimalai and Yercaud hills are the places where Malayali tribes live in very large numbers. 178 Chennai Detroit of India 179 Coimbatore Manchester of India 180 Literacy Rate 73.5% Kanyakumari – 80% Urban Literacy – 82.07 % 181 Growth and development 2nd , Tamilnadu is next to kerala. 182 Agro based Industries Cotton and Textile Mills, Sugar and Paper Mills. 183 Geographical Area 13 Million Million hectares 45P for Agriculture, 18P Forest, 15P Non Agri, 15P fallow. Paddy, millets, sugarcane, cotton and groundnut are some of the important crops of the State. St ate. 184 Paddy Tamil Nadu is the third ranking state in the production of paddy after Andhra Peadesh and West Bengal. Paddy is cultivated in 3 million hectares and t he production is nearly 5 million million tonnes. 185 Cotton Cotton is the much needed fibre crop. It is a commercial crop. There is government support and incentives for cotton textiles through cooperatives and Sarvodaya Sarvoda ya Societies. Cities such as Salem, Sa lem, Dharmapuri, Erode, Coimbatore, Vellore, Thanjavur, Madurai and Virudhunagar are important cotton textiles centres. 186 Coffee and tea Coffee and tea are the crops cultivated in the plantations of Tamil Nadu. These crops are grown on the slopes of the Nilgiris, Anaimalai, Kodaikanal and Yercaud. 187 Silk Weaving This industry buys the silk from Karnataka and processes it before dyeing and using in weaving. It mixes the zari in a good blend and weaves then the silk products. Salem, Dharmapuri, Kanchipuram, Arani, Thirubhuvanam, Kumbakonam and Madurai are some of the important centres of silk weaving. 188 Sugar Mills 37 Sugar Mills. 189 Match Industries Match industries are concentrated in places such as Virudhunagar, Vellore and Sivakasi. 190 Paper Mills Paper Mills use soft wood and sugarcane waste known as the bagasse. Kakithapuram, Sivaganga, Theni, and Thirunelveli are the places where such suc h mills are found. Printing industries are however widespread in the State. 191 Coach Factory Perambur, Chennai. 192 Enfield Spare parts in vellore. 193 Pertroleum refineries Manali Chennai. 194 Neyveli Lignite Corporation 195 Nuclear Power Plant The Nuclear Power Station at Kalpakkam is functioning very well. Efforts are afoot to install a nuclear power plant in Kudankulam with assistance from Russia. 196 Sankar Cement Thalayuthu. 197 Industrial Development Tamilnadu Ranks 5th in India 198 Govt. Organisations Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO), the State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu (SIPCOT), and Tamil Nadu State Small Industries Development Co rporation rporation (SIDCO) help with the setting up o f industries. Class Nine : Chapter 10,11 199 Vedic Schools Gurukuls 200 Birth and Death Rate Birth : 20.7% Death: 8.8% 201 Christian Medical Vellore College 202 Cartography Cartography is both a science and art of drawing maps and diagrams. Class Ten : Chapter 1,2 1 Tropic of Cancer The Tropic Cancer divides India into Peninsular and Extra-Peninsular India. 2 Land border As for the land border, it shares its common border with Afghanistan and Pakistan - Northwest, Indo-China and and Bhutan -North, and Bangladesh - East. 3 Palk Strait Sri Lanka is separated from India by a strait, known as the Palk Strait. 4 Scheduled Languages 18 accepted in the Constitution. 5 Aryabhatta Zero was invented. 6 Bhaskaracharya Timetaken by the earth to rotate round the sun. 7 Bhdhayana The value of "pi" was first calculated by Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. 8 Jagdeesh Bose Wireless Communication. 9 Sushruta Father of Surgery. 10 Vindhya Mountains Runs Parallel to the Narmada Valley. 11 Satpura Mountains The Satpura mountains are found between the rivers Seven Folds Narmada and the Tapti. 12 Western Ghats Talkad, Porkad, and Palghat. 13 Highest Peak on Aravalli Mount Abu 14 Himalayas The world's highest summit known as the Everest is on these mountains. Everest is found at the border of Nepal. On the Himalayas of the Indian borders are the peaks such as those of the Kanjan Janga, Daulagiri, and Nanga Parbat. 15 Kahmir Valley In Himalayas is beautiful. 16 Plains Indo Gangetic Plains, Sutlej Plains and Brahmaputra Plains. 17 East flowing River Mahanadi, Godavari(AP), Krishna(AP) and Cauvery(KA- TN). 18 Bakra Nangal Across Sutlej, Benefits Punjab. Class Ten : Chapter 3,4 19 Summer March – September 20 Winter October – February High Pressure - Northwest 21 North East Monsoon Retreating Monsoon. 22 Cyclones Bay of Bengal – October to December 23 Rain Water Harvesting The process of catching rainwater when and where it falls for use during non-monsoon months is called rainwater harvesting. 24 Rain Water Fresh Water 25 Arid Region Thar Desert 26 Evergreen Vegetation Ebony, Deodar, Rosewood and Karungali are the evergreen varieties of vegetation. 27 Decidious Vegetation The important trees of these forests are the teak, sal, red wood, sandal and bamboo. 28 Andaman and Nicobar Mangroves here are a special type of vegetation. 29 'vana mahotsav July-August 30 Kumari Cultivation This is particularly encouraged towards quicker yield and quality improvement of the forests. 31 Kumaridhars Forest Department. 32 Marshy Lands Sundarbans. 33 Thurukkal Hill Soil Class Ten : Chapter 5 34 Paddy Production Andhra ranks first and Tamilnadu ranks second. 35 Thanjavur Rice bowl of Tamilnadu Samba,Kuruvai,Thaladi 36 Pongal Thanksgiving for the sun. 37 Aduthurai In Aduthurai of Thanjavur district, a Regional Research Centre for Rice has been established and it is doing yeoman service. 38 Sugarcane Sucrose 39 Ratooning When harvesting sugarcane, the farmers do not cut the cane completely but leave the stumps in the field. Sugarcane grows from the stumps leftover in the field This process is known as the rattooning. rattoo ning. 40 Kerala In the littoral areas of Kerala, oil crops such as the cashew and coconut are grown in vast areas. 41 Cotton – Tropical Crop Maharashtra(1) and Gujarat. 42 Coffee The parts of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu where coffee is grown are in the Western Ghats area of the states. Kodagu hills of Karnataka and Palani Hills of Tamil Nadu are the two important important areas of o f coffee cultivation. Over 80 per cent o f the coffee grown in India is from the state of Karnataka. 43 Tobacco Coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat States. 44 Kerala Crops such as rubber and spices such as pepper, cardamom and cloves are some of the crops grown on the slopes of the Western Ghats, particularly in Kerala. 45 Wheat Punjab (1) and Uttarpradesh 46 Punjab Wheat granary of India. 47 Holi After wheat harvest holy is celebrated. 48 Tea Assam, Darjeeling of west Bengal. 49 Jute West Bengal ranks 1 in jute production. 50 FCI Food Corporation of India. Class Ten : Chapter 6 51 Iron and Manganese ore Bihar, Orissa, and West Bengal are the important states where metallic minerals are found. 52 Bauxite Tamilnadu 53 Gold Karnataka – Kolar 54 Mica, limestone limestone and Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Madhya gypsum Pradesh. 55 Coal, petroleum and Petroleum – Maharashtra, Assam and Cauvery delta of natural gas tamilnadu. 56 Tata Steel (TISCO) Jamshedpur – 1907 Coal-Damodar Valley Manganese – Bihar Orissa – Dolomite River - Subarnareka 57 Chittranjan – West Railway Engines bengal 58 Perambur Railway Coaches 59 Timber Andaman Islands [Asias largest saw mill] mill] 60 Nepa Nagar Madhya Pradesh, NewsPrint Industry 61 Mumbai Cotton Textile Industry. 62 Mumbai Manchester of India. Class Ten : Chapter 7 - 12 63 Indian Railways India's railways are the densest in Asia. 1833 Railways Headquarters Bombay – Thane Central - Mumbai, Victoria 34 KM Eastern - Calcutta Northern - New Delhi Northeast - Gorakhpur Northeastern - Border Malegaon Southern - Chennai South Central Central - Secunderabad Southeastern - Calcutta Western Mumbai - Churchgate 64 Satabti Superfast trains Chennai – Coimbatore, Mysore, Newdelhi 65 International Airports Chennai, Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Thiruvananthapuram are thet he International Airports in the country. 66 Professor Dave 1991 Minimum levels of learning. 67 India Second most populous and seventh largest country in the world. 68 Census Census is a collection of data on a country's population (Every 10 Years) number and its social and economic statuses. 69 Gangetic Plains States such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and the northern Madhya Pradesh with large populations are found in the Gangetic Plains. 70 Kerala Only in kerala women are more than the men. 71 Eighth Plan 1992 -1997 Human Resource main focus / Economic Reforms 72 Wheat India is the third largest producer of whear. (1.china,2.USA) 73 Exports Most of them are Industrial Products. 74 Social Data Data regarding individuals, family, village and town people belong to this group of data. 75 Economic Data Data in regard to all economic econo mic activities by human beings are economic data. 76 Cultural Data Cultural data include all kinds of other data. Indian cultural structure, its divisions, services in India Ind ia (transport, health, and education), technology and new innovations and inventions are all examples of cultural data. 77 Spatial Data Location 78 GPS Global Positioning System 79 Field Work Fieldwork is literally data collection, whether it is soil or plant types or religious patterns; so consistency is important for accurate results. 80 Samples Select people who provide us data.