Diversity of Life: Kingdom Systems

• From Aristotle’s time to middle of the 20th

Century, biologist recognized only two
kingdoms:
Kingdom Plantae (plants) and
Kingdom Animalia (animals)

• After light microscope was perfected in late

1600s, unicellular organisms were discovered not to
fit either plant and animal kingdom

• The Eight-Kingdom System:

- it divides the prokaryotes into two

kingdoms: Eubacteria & Archaebacteria, a
modification based on molecular evidence for an
early evolutionary divergence between Bacteria
and Archaea, as distinct lineages of prokaryotes

The Three-Domain System: -splits the protists into three kingdoms:

1. Bacteria Archezoa, Chromista, & Protista
- prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that
reproduce asexually • Eubacteria
- bacteria 4 groups:
  -photoautotrophic,
2. Archaea chemoautotrophic, -photoheterotrophic, and
- prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that -chemoheterotrophic bacteria
reproduce asexually; live in extreme environments
- bacteria • Archaebacteria
3. Eukarya 3 groups:
- eukaryotic, contains both unicellular and - extreme thermophiles
multicellular organisms; some reproduce both - extreme halophiles
asexually & sexually, others reproduce only - methanogens
sexually
- fungi, protists, plants, and animals Photoautotrophic bacteria
The Five-Kingdom System: 1. Anabaena azolla
1. Monera 2. Nostoc sp.
2. Fungi
3. Protista Chemoautotrophic bacteria
4. Plantae 1. Nitrosomonas sp.
5. Animalia 2. Thiobacillus sp.
-based on: 3. Nitrobacter sp.
1. type of cell
2. number of cells/levels of Chemoheterotrophic bacteria
organization 1. Escherichia coli
3. mode of nutrition 2. Lactobacillus casei
3. Streptococcus pneumoniae
4. Listeria sp.

Photoheterotrophic bacteria
1. Rhodospirillum sp.
2. Chlorobium sp.
 Phaeophyta
-Brown algae
e.g .Sargassum sp.

Chlorophyta
-Green algae

Protista
• Eukaryotic organisms

Amoeboid Protozoans
 Amoeba
 Foraminiferans
 radiolarians

Ciliates
 Paramecium sp.
 Balantidium coli

Sporozoans
Extreme Thermophiles  Pneumocytis carinii
1. Thermus aquaticus  Dinoflagellates
2. Sulfolobus sp.

Extreme Halophiles Fungi

1. Halobacterium sp.
2. Dunaliella salina  Has hyphae and mycelium
 Heterotrophic
Methanogens  Reproductive spores with specialized
1. Methanococcus sp.
dispersal mechanisms
 Decomposers
2. Methanosarcina acetivorans
 Parasites
Archezoa
Chitridiomycota
• Ancient
• Lack mitochondria  most primitive group, mainly aquatic
• Have flagella, 2 separate nuclei, no  non-parasitic & parasitic forms
mirochondria, no plastids  the only fungi with flagella

e.g . Giardia lamblia Scientific Name Cladochytrium sp. Location

Chromista
• Includes several groups of photosynthetic
autotrophs and numerous heterotrophs
• Numerous fine, hair-like projections on the
flagella
• Pigmented plastids
material from freshwater sites in the vicinity of the
Universit y of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, USA and
from collections of organisms maintained at the
University Comments Cladochytrium is a chytrid, in
which the cytoplasm develops into a system of fine
branching rhizoids which are used to pick up food.
Zygomycota
 Bread molds
 Oreina vaga

Bacillariophyta Ascomycota
-diatoms  Neurospora sp.
 Saccharomyces cerevesiae
Chrysophyta
-golden algae
Basidiomycota seed vascular plants
 Lycoperdon perlatum (gymnosperms)
 Boletus mirabilis
Division Pinophyta
Deuteromycota  conifers
 Penicillium camemberti
 Aspergillus sp. Division Cycadophyta
 cycads

Plantae Division Gnetophyta

 gnetophytes
• Multicellular organisms
• Cellulose in cell wall Division Gingkophyta
• Vascular tissues in higher groups: xylem  Maidenhair tree
and phloem
• Sperm: pollen Seed vascular plants
(angiosperms)
nonvascular plants
Division Magnoliophyta
Division Hepatophyta
 Liverworts
Animalia
Division Bryophyta
 Mosses • Multicellular
• Heterotrophs
Division Anthocerophyta • Motile
(hornworts)
 Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosk.  Cnidarian
 Dendroceros sp.  Platyhelminthes
 Annelida
seedless vascular plants  Nematoda
 Mollusca
Division Psilotophyta  Echinodermata
 Psilotum nudum  Arthropoda
(whisk fern)  Chordata
 Psilotum sp.

Division Lycopodiophyta
 Lycopodiella alopecuroides
(foxtail clubmoss)
 Lycopodium digitatum
(fan clubmoss)

Division Equisetophyta
 horsetails

Division Pteridophyta
 Polystichum acrostichoides
(Christmas fern)
 Asplenium nidus
(bird’s nest)
 Botrychium dissectum
(cutleaf grapefern)
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