,ay; MW

rka – r\fg; gpizg;g[

 209

6.0 Kd;Diu

6.1 ek;gpf;iffs;

6.2 epkpj;j'; fhz;ly;

6.2.1 ehs; epkpj;jk;

6.2.2 g[s; epkpj;jk;

6.2.3 thd; epkpj;jk;

6.2.4 ku epkpj;jk;

6.3 tpupr;rp nfl;ly;

6.4 Fwp nfl;ly;

6.5 fhf;iff;Fg; gypaply;

6.6 fH';fpl;Lg; ghu;j;jy;

6.7 gpiw bjhGjy;

6.8 ij ePuhly;

6.9 nga; ek]gpf;if

6.10 tpHhf;fs;

6.10.1 Xzj; jpUtpHh

6.10.2 Ke;ePu] tpHh

6.10.3 fhu;j;jpif tpsf;F tpHh

6.10.4 jpUthjpiuj; jpUtpHh

6.11 kf;fspd; ,iwa[zu;t[

6.11.1 jpUg;gu';Fd;wj;jpy; kfspu]

6.11.2 Fwkfs; thH;j;J

6.11.3 gu';Fd;wj;J Xtpa khlj;jpy; kf;fs;

 210

6.11.4 Nu;kfspu] tHpghL

6.11.5 KUfid tz';Fk; Kdptu;fs;

6.11.6 Fuitf; Tj;J

6.12 bjhFg;g[iu
 211

6.0 Kd;Diu

rkak; rhu;e;j tHpghLfs; kf;fspd; md;whlr; bray;ghLfspy;

xd;whft[k;/ bgUk;ghd;ikahdtu;fl;F mtu;fsJ xnu bray;ghlhft[k;

mike;jpUe;jJ. kf;fs; thH;th';F thH;e;J nky;bewp miltjw;fhd

bewpfisg; nghjpg;gdr; rka';fshFk;. gHe;jkpHupd; gz;ghl;Lf;

fUt{ykhf tps';Fk; ,yf;fpa';fspy; rkak; Kf;fpag;g';F tfpf;fpwJ.

kdpjid xU fl;Lg;ghl;ow;Fs; bfhz;LtUk; fUtpahfr; rka';fs;

,Ue;Js;sd vdyhk;. kdpj thH;f;ifapd; Xu; ,d;wpaikahj TW

rkakhFk;. rkak; vd;gJ rKjha thH;f;iff;F mog;gilahd bewpahf

mike;J tsu;e;J tUfpwJ. rkakhdJ jdpkdpjid tsu;j;J rKjha

thH;t[ilatdhf;fp mtid md;g[/ Mw;wy;/ mUs;/ xGf;fk; cilatdhf

khw;WfpwJ vd;w ek;gpf;if ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.

,yf;fpa';fspd; ghLbghUshft[k; fUg;bghUshft[k;

mika[k; thH;f;ifapd; gy]ntW TWfspy; rkaKk; xd;whFk;.

",iwtndhL ek;ik neuoahf ,izg;gjhFk; rkak;" vd;fpwhu; Rthkp

tpntfhde;ju;.1

r';f fhyj;J kf;fs; rl';Ffs; thapyhft[k; tHpghl;od;

thapyhft[k; epfGk; rka kug[fis mwpe;J Twp itj;jdu;. kdpjdplj;J

kiwe;Js;s bja;tPfg; gz;g[fisa[k;/ Mw;wy;fisa[k; btspg;gLj;JtJ

2
rkak; MFk;. kdpjdhfg; gpwe;jtd; thHntz;oa bewpg;go itaj;Js;

thH;th';F thH;e;J kdpj epiyapypUe;J cau;e;J bja;tkhfp tplr; rkak;

monfhYfpwJ. rkaj;ij czu;j;Jk; ,yf;fpa';fs; gf;jpapd; rpwg;iga[k;

tHpghl;od; tifapida[k; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. nguuRfSk; ehfupf';fSk;

 212

cau;rka';fspd; mog;gilahfj; njhd;Wfpd;wd vd mu;dhy;L lhgpd;

gpad; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. 3

XLk; ejpfbsy;yhk; r';fkpf;Fk; ,lk; flyhFk;. mJnghy

vy;yhr; rkaf; fUj;Jf;fSk; Kothfg; guk;bghUs; xd;nw vd;w cau;e;j

fUj;ij vLj;Jf; TWfpd;wd. xUtDf;F mUs;jhfk; jPtpukhf

cz;lhFbkdpy; mtd; vk;kjj;ijr; nru;e;jtdhf ,Ue;jhYk; ,iwtid

milthd; vd;fpwhu; _ uhkfpU#;zu;. 4

""hdpau;fs; Tl;L tHpghl;od; ntfj;ija[k; Mw;wiya[k;

mjw;Fg; bghJkf;fsplk; cs;s bry;thf;ifa[k; fz;l gpd;g[/ ekJ

bewpKiwahYk; Tl;L tHpghl;ow;F tFf;fg;gl;Ls;s gw;gy

cgha';fisa[k; kf;fspilna gug;gj; bjhl';fpdhu;fs;. ,e;j Kaw;rpapd;

tpisthfj; jkpHfj;J bghJkf;fspilna ekJ gz;ilr; rka';fs;

kPz;Lk; kWkyu;r;rp bgwj; bjhl']fpd.5 kdpjd; fl;g[ydhfp ,aw;ifapd;

ghw;gl;ltd;. flt[s; jd;ik fl;g[ydhfhJ ,aw;iff;Fk; g[wk;ghd

jd;ika[ilaJ. ,t;tpuz;ow;Fk; ,ilna Xu; cwit cUthf;Fk;

Kaw;rpna rkak;.

kdpj ,dj;jpd; bjhFg;ng r\fkhFk;. gz;ilj; jkpH;r;

r\fk; mog;gilapy; xU FoKiw mikg;ng MFk;. rhjpKiw

mr;r\fj;jpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f m';fkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mr;r\fk; jd;

FoKiwj; jd;ikia ePoj;jJ. r\fj;jpy; g[tpapay; epiyfisg;

bghWj;J Fofspd; ,ay;g[/ jd;ik/ bray;ghLfs; kpft[k; ntWgl;ld.

r\fj;jhy; kf;fspilna Vw;gl;l khw;w';fSf;F xU kUe;jhfnt

rka';fs; cUthapd. rkaf; fUj;jhdJ kf;fspy; gyiu XusntDk;

 213

nkw;bfhs;sr; bra;J xw;Wikg;gLj;jpaJ. kjk; vd;gJ Md;khf;fis

tPLngw;wpw;Fg; gf;Ftg;gLj;Jtjhy; rkak; vd;W bgau; bgw;wJ. flt[[s;

cz;L vd;w ek;gpf;if tsu;r;rpapd; tpisnt rka';fs; MFk;. r\f

ajhu;j;j epiyapd; jiyfPH; gpk;gnk rkak; vdyhk;.

r';fj; jkpHu; rKjhaj;jpy; rkak; Kf;fpakhd ,lk;

bgw;wpUe;jJ Fwpj;Jk; mr;r\fk; r\ff; TWfshd ek]gpf;iffs;/

jpUtpHhf;fs;/ gHf;f tHf;f';fs;/ rl';F Kiwfs; Mfpatw;nwhL gpd;dpg;

gpize;J bry;thf;F bgw;W tsu;e;j epiyapid Muha;tjhf ,t;tpay;

mikfpwJ.

6.1 ek;gpf;iffs;

r\fj;jhy; jiyKiw jiyKiwahfg; gpd;gw;wp tUk;

bray;fs; kug[ vdg;gLk;. mj;jF kug[fisr; r\f ed;ik fUjp

cUthf;fg;gl;l vGjhr; rl;l';fs; vdyhk;. r';f fhyr; r\fj;jhu; jk;

thH;f;if Kiwfspy; rpy kug[fisj; bjhlu;e;J gpd;gw;wp r\f ed;ikf;Fj;

Jiz g[upe;Js;sdu;. thH;f;if kug[fs; vd;gjpy; ek;gpf;iffs;/ gHf;f

tHf;f';fs;/ rl';Ffs;/ nehd;g[fs; Mfpad ml';Fk;. ek;gpf;if xU

braypd; fhuzkhft[k; kug[ tHpahf re;jjp/ gpd; re;jjp Mfpnahuhy;

gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. ek;gpf;iffshy; me;je;j ,dj;jpy;/ ehl;od; gz;ghLfs;

btspg;glf; fhzyhk;. kdpjdpd; jd;dy czu;t[k; rKjha czu;t[nk

ek;gpf;iffis tsu;j;J tUfpd;wd vd;W TWtu;. 6

ek;gpf;if vd;gJ bjspe;j vz;zj;jpd; bjspthd

cWjpg;ghL/ ,yf;fpa';fspy; ,lk; bgWk; ek]gpf;iffspd; thapyhf mit

njhd;wpa fhy kf;fspd; czu;t[fis mwpaKofpwJ. kf;fspilna

 214

ek;gpf;iffs; gutp r\fr; bry;thf;Fg; bgw;W fhyg;nghf;fpy; epiyj;J

tpLfpd;wd.

rpy tHf;f';fs; ek;gpf;ifia czu;j;JtJk; cz;L. nghupy;

g[w';fhl;lhJ btd;w Vw;wpd; njhiy nghu; KuRf;F nghu;j;JtJ tHf;fk;.

,t;tHf;fk; mk;Kunr thifjUk; vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ.7 r\fj;jhu; gpwg;g[

Kjy; ,wg;g[ tiu gytpjkhd ek;gpf;iffisf; bfhz;L thH;fpd;wdu;.

fhuzf; fhupaj; bjhlu;g[f;F cl;gl;L Mjhu';fspd; thapyhf ep+gpf;f

Kotij ek;gpf;if vdt[k; mt;thW ep+gpf;f Koahjij \lek;gpf;if

vdt[k; bfhs;syhk;.

6.2 epkpj;j'; fhz;ly;

epkpj]jk; vd;gjw;F mwptpg;gJ vd;gJ bghUs;. xU braiyj;

bjhl';Ftjw;F Kd;dhy; ed;dhSk;/ ew;bghGJk; ed;epkpj;jKk; ghu;j;Jj;

bjhl';fpdhy; mr;bray; ed;ikahf Koa[k; vd;gJ gz;ilaj; jkpH;r;

r\fj;jpd; ek;gpf;ifahFk;. epkpj;j';fshy; ed;ik/ jPikfis mwpe;J

kwtu;fs; ctj;jYk;/ mr;rk; bfhs;SjYk; va;jp jiytd; eyk;bgw

vjpu]fhy nehf;fpy; thH;j;Jjiy/

"mr;rKk; ctifa[k; vr;rk; ,d;wp

ehSk; g[s;Sk; gpwtw;wpd; epkpj;jKk;

fhy'; fz;zpa Xk;gil"8

vdj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLtijf; fhzyhk;.

epkpj;jk; vd;gJ gpd;du; epfGk; ed;ik jPikfis Kd;dnu

9
mwptpf;Fk; Fwp vd;W ,. Re;ju\u;j;jp Fwpg;gu;. ed;dpkpj;jk;/ jP epkpj;jk;

vd epkpj;jj;ij ,Utifg;gLj;jyhk;. bghJthf ,e;j epkpj;j';fs; ehs;/

 215

bghGJ/ nfhs;/ tpy';F/ gwit/ khe;ju;/ kuk; nghd;wtw;wpd; thapyhf

btspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ed;dpkpj;jk; tpid bra;aj; J}z;Lk;/ jP

epkpj;jk; nrhu;t[ jUk;. mjw;fhf kdKilahky; bjhlu;e;J ciHg;gJ

Mf;ftHp vd;gijr; r';f ,yf;fpa';fs; TWfpd;wd.

6.2.1 ehs; epkpj;jk;

xU bray; ,dpJ epiwtiltjw;fhf ey;y neuk; kw;Wk;

Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fis mwpe;J elg;gnj ehs; epkpj;jk; vdg;gLk;. gz;ilj;

jkpH; ,yf;fpa';fspYk; ehs; epkpj;jk; ghu;j;J braw;gl;l gjpt[fs; gy

,l';fspy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sd. g[wehD}w;wpy; guprpy; bgw tpUk;gpatu; jhd;

guprpy; bgwhtpl;lhy; jhk; guprpy; bgw vz;zpr; brd;w ts;sy;fisg;

gHpj;Jf; TwhJ jhk; g[wg;gl;Lr; bry;Yk; tHpapy; cz;lhFk; gwit

epkpj;jj;ija[k;/ g[wg;gl;l neuj;ija[k; gHpg;gu; vd;gij/

"g[s;Sk; bghGJk; gHpj;jy; my;yij

cs;spr; brd;nwhu; gHpayu; "10

vd;w g[wehD}w;W mofs; g[yg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,jpypUe;J ehs; epkpj;jk; kPJ

ek;gpf;if bfhz;oUe;j bra;jpia mwpaKofpwJ. jiytdJ gpupit

Mw;whJ ,Ue;j jiytpia nehf;fp/

"ruptisg; bghype;j njhSk; brw;Wk;

cUtu; brhy; thHp njhHp" 11

vdf; Twp RHpj;j r';fpdhy; bra;j njhs;fSk;/ befpH;r;rp eP';fp tisnahL

brwptJ ed;epkpj;jk; vdj; njhHp TWfpwhs;.

gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ed;dhspy; kzk; Kof;fg; bgw;wj;

jiytDk; jiytpa[k; vf;fhuzj;jpdhYk; gpupahJ mtu;fis ehs;kPd;

 216

,izj;J itf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;if ,Ue;jijf; fypj;bjhif

fhl;LfpwJ12.

6.2.2 g[s; epkpj;jk;

gwitfspd; xyp/ ,af;fk;/ ,lg;bgau;r;rp Mfpatw;iwf;

bfhz;L epkpj;jk; mwpag;gl;lJ. g[s; vd;gjw;Fg; gwit vd;Dk;

bghJg;bgaUk; gwitahy; mika[k; epkpj;jk; vd;Dk; rpwg;g[g;bgaUk;

cz;lhapd. fhfk; fiujy;/ Fapy; Tt[jy;/ ehiu caug; gwj;jy;

nghd;wit ed;dpkpj;j';fshft[k; Me;ij mywy;/ nfhl;lhd; FHWjy;

jPepkpj;j';fshft[k; fUjg;gl;ld.

gpuptpil Mw;whs; vdf; ftd;w njhHpf;Fj; jiytp

TWk;nghJ ,ut[njhWk; ,dpa fdt[fs; njhd;Wfpd;wd. edtpYk;

,y;yj;jpny g[s; epkpj;j';fs; ey;ythf cs;sd. vdnt jiytu;

tpiutpy; tUthu; vd;w Fwpg;gpidj; jiytp/

"fdt[k; f';Fy;njhW ,dpa edt[k]

g[idtpid ey;,y; g[s;Sk; gh';fpd

be";Rk; edpg[fd;W ciwa[k;"13

vd;W TWtjd; \yk; mtsJ g[s;epkpj;j ek;gpf;ifg; g[ydhfpwJ.

gwitfs; Fwpj;Jg; gHe;jkpHu; bfhz;oUe;j ek;gpf;ifiaj; jk; gazf;

Fwpg;gpy; khu;f;nfhnghnyh Rl;of; fhl;oa[s;shu;. btspaplj;jpypUe;J

g[Jg;gwitfs; jd; ehl;ow;F te;jhYk;/ jd; ehl;oy; beLehs; j';fpa

giHa gwitfs; mt;tplj;ij tpl;L btspnar; brd;whYk; jP epkpj;jk;

vdg; gz]ilnahu; fUjpdu;. ,jdhy; ehl;oy; epyeLf;fk;/ g{fk;gk;

njhd;Wk; vd;gJ mtu;fspd; ek;gpf;if. Mdhy; nrukhd; ahidfl;nra;

 217

khe;ju";nruy; ,Uk;bghiw g[Jg;g[s; tupDk;/ gHk;g[s; bry;ypDk; jk;

ehl;Lf; Fokf;fSf;F mr;r eLf;fk; njhd;whky; md;g[ld; fhj;jhd;.

kd;ddpd; khz;g[ fz;L ,k;kd;dDf;F ahbjhU jP';Fk; epfHf;TlhJ vd

me;;ehl;odu; md;gr;rk;bfhz;l bra;jpiag; g[wehD}W/

"g[Jg;g[s; tupDk; gHk;g[s; nghfpDk;

tpJg;g[w mwpah Vkf; fhg;gpid

midia Mfy; khnw

kd;Dapu; vy;yhk; epd;m"; Rk;nk" 14

vdf; TWfpwJ. gpupe;J te;j jiytd; njhHpia nehf;fp eP jiytpia

ed;F Mw;Wtpj;jha; vdf;Tw mjw;F mts; ehd; fhf;if fiue;j epkpj;jr;

rpwg;ig czu;j;jp Mw;Wtpj;njnd md;wp ntWahJk; bra;jpnyd; vd;W

Twpar; bra;jpia FWe;bjhif TWfpwJ. 15

g[s;spa[k; tupa[k; cila thdk;gho vd;Dk; gwit thdj;ij

nehf;fpg; ghodhy; kiHtUk; vd;w ek;gpf;if ,Ue;jJ. mg]gwit

thdj;ijg; ghu;j;Jg; ghLtJ thdj;ij thH;j;JtJ nghy; ,Ug;gjhy;

mjw;F 'thdk; thH;j;jp' vd;w bgaUk; cz;L. thdk;gho gwit kiHePiu

tpUk;gpg; ghLk;. vd;gij "Jsp eirg; g[s; " vdg; g[wehD}W TWfpwJ. 16

Mwiyf;fs;tu; elkhl;lj;ijf; "fze;Js;" vd;w gwit

rj;jk; vGg;gp kw;wtu;fl;F vr;rupf;if tpLj;j bra;jpia/

"Mw;wa ypUe;j ,Ue;njhl; l";rpiw

beL';fhw; fze;Js; Mswp t[wP,

MWbry; tk;gyu; giljiy bgau;f;Fk; "17

vd;Dk; FWe;bjhif ghlyofs; \yk; mwpaKofpwJ.

 218

flt[nshL ,izj;Jf; fhf;ifg; ngrg;gLtjhy; fhf;iff;

fiujYk;/ mjd; bray;fisa[k; flt[spd; mk;rkhfnt gHe;jkpHu;

fUjpapUf;fntz;Lk;. Mfnt g[s;epkpj;j';fs; rpwe;jbjhU ek;gpf;ifahf

Vw;Wf; bfhs;sg;gl;ld.

6.2.3 thd; epkpj;jk;

thdE}yhu; thdpy; cs;s tpz;kPd; kw;Wk; nfhs;fspd;

epiyawpe;J fzf;fpl;L kiH tUjiya[k;/ ehl;Lf;F ed;ika[k; jPika[k;

tpistijf; TWtu;. bts;sp bjw;nf brd;why; kiH bghHpahJ vd;Wk;/

ikkPd; (rdp) g[ife;jhy; nfLtUk; vd;Wk; ek;gpdu;.

kiH bga;tjw;Fupa epiyapy; nfhs;fs; mike;jpUe;jjhy;

fhu;fhyj;jpy; kpFe;j kiH bga;J itiaahW bgUf;bfLj;jJ vd;gijg;

18
gupghly; Rl;Lk;. bts;spahfpa kPd; jhd; epw;gjw;Fupa tljpirapy;

epy;yhky; bjw;F jpirapy; brd;why; kiHbghHpahJ vd;gJ ek;gpf;if.

mjw;F khwhf bts;sp tljpirapypUe;J bjd;jpir brypDk; kiH

bghHpa fhtpupapy; ePu] bgUfpaij

"tir ,y;g[fH; ta';F btz;kPd;

jpir jpupe;J bjw;F VfpDk;

jw; ghoa jsp cztpd;
g[s; njk;gg; g[ay;khwp
thd; bgha;g;gpDk; jhd; bgha;ah

kiyj; jiya flw; fhtpup"19

vdg; gl;odg;ghiy TWfpwJ.

 219

xypf;Fjpiua[ila fjputd; ehd;F jpirfspny njhd;wpdhYk;/

tps';Fk; Fjpiua[ila bts;sp bjd;jpirapny brd;whYk; mHfhd

Fspu]e;j fhtpupahW gy fhy;tha;fshf Xo tw;whJ ePu] bgUfp tay;fis

tsKwr; bra;a[k; vd;gijg; g[wehD}W/

"my';Ffjpu]f; fdyp ehy;thapd; njhd;wpapDk;

,y';Ffjpu] bts;sp bjd;g[yk; glupDk;

me;jz; fhtpup te;J ftu;g[ Cl;lj; " 20

vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

kd;dd; br';nfhyhl;rp bra;jhy; ehl;oy; kiHbga;J tUtha;;

bgUfp bjhHpy; tsk; brHpf;Fk; vd;gJ ek;gpf;if ,tw;wpy; Fiw Vw;gl;lhy;

kd;ddpd; bfhL';nfhyhl;rpna fhuzk; vd kd;didg; gHpj;Jg;; ngRtu;.

,e;ek;gpf;ifiag; g[yg;gLj;JkhW bts;isf;Fo ehfdhu; g[wehD}w;wpy;/

"khup bgha;g;gpDk; thhp Fd;wpDk;

,aw;if my;yd braw]ifapy; njhd;wpDk;

fhtyu; gHpf;Fk; ,f;fz;zfd; "hyk; " 21

vdf; Fwpg;gplf; fhz;fpnwhk;.

beUg;ghfpa brt;tha[k;/ bts;spahfpa Rf;fpuDk; nru;e]jhy;

kiHbga;ahJ vd;gJ n$hjpl E}y; TWk; cz;ik. ,t;t[z;ikia/

"mHy;brd;w kU';fpd; bts;spnahlhJ

kiH ntz;L g[yj;J khup epw;g" 22

vdg; gjpw;Wg;gj;J TWfpwJ. nkYk; kiHf; nfhshfpa bts;sp tlf;nf

rha;e;jhy; kiHa[k;/ bjw;nf brd;why; kiHapd;ika[k; neUk; vdg;

gjpw;Wg;gj;J TWfpwJ. 23
 220

fps;sptstidg; ghoaf; nfht{u]fpHhu; mtdJ gifehl;oy;

edtpYk;/ fdtpYk; epfGk; jP epkpj;j';fisj; bjhFj;Jf; TWthu;.

vl;Lj; jpirfspYk; vupbfhs;sp vupe;J tPH]jy;/ bgU kuj;jpy; fpisfs;

tw;wy; gw;wYk;/ "hapW gy ,lj;Jk; brwpe;J njhd;wYk;/ m";rj;jf;f

gwitfs; Fuy; ,irj;jYk; Mfpa ehd;ifa[k; edtpy; fz;l

jPepkpj;j';fshf Fwpg;gpLthu;. gy; epyj;jpy; tPH]jy;/ vz;bzia

jiyKoapy; thu;j;jy;/ Mz;gd;wp nknyWjy;/ Miliaf; fisjy;/

gilf;fy']fs; fl;obyhL ftpH;jy; Mfpa Ie;Jk; fdtpy; fz;l

jPepkpj;jkhff; Fwpg;gpLthu;. ,f;fUj;ijg; g[wehD}W/

"jpir,U ehd;Fk; cw;fk; cw;ft[k;

bgUkuj;J ,iyapy; beL';nfhL tw;wy; gw;wt[k;

bt';fjpuf; fdyp J}w;wt[k; gpwt[k;
m";Rtuj; jFe g[s;Sf;Fuy; ,ak;gt[k;
vapWepyj;J tPHt[k; vz;bza; Mlt[k;

fspW nky; bfhs;st[k; fhHfk; ePg;gt[k;

bts;sp nehd;gil fl;obyhL ftpHt[k;

fdtpd; mupad fhzh edtpd; "24

vdg; gjpt[ bra;fpwJ.

ahid fl;nra; khe;ju";nruy; ,Uk;bghiw ,wg;gjw;F VG

ehl;fSf;F Kd; ehl;oy; xU epfH;r;rp njhd;wpaJ. tpz;zpypUe;J xU

tpz;kPd; vupe;J fPnH tpGe;jJ. ,jidf; fz;l g[ytu; TlY}u;f;fpHhu;

tpz;kPd;fspd; epiyfis mwpe;jjhy; tpz;kPd; tpH]e;jijf; fz;L murd;

VHhk; ehs; ,wg;ghd; vdf; fzpj;jhu]. mt;thnw VHhk; ehs; kd;dd;

 221

kha;e;jhd;. tpz;kPd; tPH;r;rp kd;dd; kiwitg; g[yg;gLj;j jPepkpj;j

ek;gpf;iffshf mike;jJ. ,f;Tw;iw TlY}u;f;fpHhu; g[yg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.25

thd; epkpj;j';fSk; r\f kf;fspd; thH;t[f;Fk;/ jhH;t[f;Fk;

xU fhuzkhf mike;jij r';f ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs; bka;g;gpf;fpd;wd.

6.2.4 ku epkpj;jk;

kuj;ijj; bja;tj;jd;ik cilajhf vz;zp tHpgl;L

epkpj;jk; mwpa[k; gHf;fk; gHe;jkpHfj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. kuj;ij

mog;gilahff; bfhz;L gy ek;gpf;iffs; cyfr; rKjha';fs; gytw;wpy;

epyt[fpd;wd vd;W fiyf;fs";rpak; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ26 rpwpa ,iya[k;

bghd;dpwg; g{t[k;/ g[y;ypa moa[KilaJ cd;d kuk;. cd;depiy Fwpj;J

bjhy;fhg;gpag] g[wj;jpizapay;/

"- - - - - - - - - - - - Xlh

cly; nte;J mLf;fpa cd;depiya[k;"27

vdf; TWfpwJ. ,jw;Fg; bghUs; vd;dbtdpy; g[w';bfhlhj rpdk; bfhz;l

nte;jid cd;dkuj;bjhL rhu;;j;jp btw;wp njhy;tpfis mwptjw;Ff;

fhuzkhd cd;dkuk; vd;gjhFk;. ,jd; ,yf;fzj;ijg; g[wg;bghUs;

btz;gh khiy/

"Jd;dUk; rpwg;gpd; bjhLfHy; kd;did

cd;dk; nru;j;jp cWg[fH; kype;jd;W"28

vd;W ,ak;g[fpwJ. cd;dkuk; ehl;lfj;J nfL tU';fhy; cywpa[k;/ tuhj

fhyk; FiHe;Jk; epw;Fk; vd;fpwhu; ,sk;g{uzu;.

r';f ,yf;fpa';fspy; xd;whdg; gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; cd;depiy

gw;wpar; bra;jpfs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sd. fH';fha]f; fz;zp ehu;Kor; nrwYk;

 222

nghu; bra;af; fUjpa giftu; epkpj;jk; ghu;j;jnghJ cd;dkuk; fupe;J fhl;o

mtu]f;Fj; njhy;tpia czu;j;jpaJ vd;gijg; "g[d;fhy; cd;d"; rha"

vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. 29

kuj;ija[k;/ kyu;fisa[k; epkpj;jg; bghUs;fshff;

bfhs;Sfpd;w tHf;fk; jkpH; ehl;ltuplnk md;wp kpbrsupg; gs;sj;jhf;fpy;

thH;e;j rptg;gpe;jpau;fsplKk;/ nkw;F Mg;gpupf;fhtpy; thH;e;j kf;fsplKk;

,Ue;jJ vd;gij mwp"u;fs; Rl;of; fhl;oa[s;sdu;.

bry;tf;fL';nfh thHpahjdpd; kwtu; cd;d kuj;jpd;

epkpj;jk; ghu;j;jnghJ kuk; fupe;Jf; fhl;oaJ. mJ njhy;tp fhl;Lk;

epkpj;jkhf ,Ue;jhYk; jd; Mw;wy; kpFjpahy; me;epkpj;j epiyiag;

g[wf;fzpj;Jg; nghupl;L giftiug; g[w';fz;L thif Nodhd;. vdnt

mt;nte;jid "cd;dj;Jg; giftd;" vdf; fgpyu; nghw;wpg; g[fH;thu;.31

gid/ My;/ flk;g[ nghd;w ku';fspy; flt[s; ciwtjhfg; gHe;jkpHu;

ek]gpdu;. mk;ku';fs; jiHj;jhy; btw;wpa[k; thodhy; njhy]tpa[k;

fpilf;Fk; vd;W epidj;jdu;. nt';if kuk; g{j;Jf; FY';FtJ kzehis

mwptpf;Fk; ed;epkpj;jk; vd]gJ r\fj;jhuJ ek;gpf;ifahf ,Ue;J

te;Js;sJ.32

epkpj;jk; ghu;j;jy; vd;gJ bjhy;fhg;gpau; fhyj;jpypUe;nj

bjhlu;e;J tUk; ek]gpf;ifahf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ Kuzhf tha;j;jhy; kdk;

jsuhJ Cf;fj;Jld; epkpj;j CiHa[k; cg;gf;fk; fz;Ls;sdu;; vd;gij

r';f ,yf;fpar; rhd;WfspypUe;J mwpaKofpwJ.

 223

6.3 tpupr;rp nfl;ly;

tpupr;rp nfl;ly; vd;gjw;F ew;brhy; nfl;ly; vd;gJ bghUs;.

,jid mruPup vdt[k; tH';Ffpd;wdu;. bjhy;fhg;gpag; g[wj;jpizapaypy;

btl;rpj; jpizf;fz; nghu; epfH;r;rpf;Fupa JiwfSs; xd;whfg; "ghf;fj;J

tpupr;rp" Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.33 "

jpUe;jpiH tpupr;rp epw;g" vd ew;wpizapYk;34

"bey; ePu] vwpe;J tpupr;rp Xu]f;Fk;"35 vdg; g[wehD}w;wpYk; tpupr;rp vd;w

brhy; gapd;W te;Js;sJ. tpupr;rp nfl;ly; "tha;g;g[s;" vdt[k;

tH';fg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; gwitfspd; xypia itj;J

g[s;epkpj;jk; ghh;f;fg;gl;lJ nghy; tha;r; brhy;iya[k; ed;dpkpj;jkhff;

bfhz;oUf;fntz;Lk;. ntz;oa bghUspd; tpist[ ed;fwpjw;F ,Us;

ftpa[k; khiyg; bghGjpy; brhy;nyhu;e;J epw;wy; tpupr;rp vd;gij/

"ntz;oag; bghUspd; tpist[ed; fwpjw;F

<z;oUz; khiyr; brhy;nyhu;j;jd;W"36

vdg; g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy tpsf;FfpwJ.

bgUKJ bgz;ou; gpupe;J brd;w jiytd; epiyawpa \J}u;

kU';Fr; brd;W tpupr;rp nfl;ldu;. mg;bghGJ ,ilf;Fy kle;ijf;

Fspuhy; ifiaj; njhspy; fl;of; bfhz;L ,s';fd;W ghy; Fof;fhjj;

Jauhy; gRit nehf;fpf; fjWk; jd;ik fz;L epd; jhahu; ,g;bghGnj

tUFtu; vd;W Twpa ,d;brhy; brtpapy; gl;lJ. ,J gpupe;j jiytd;

tpiue;J tUthd; vd;Dk; Fwpg;g[zu;j;jpaikia Ky;iyg;ghl;L/

 224

"bgUKJ bgz;ou; tpupr;rp epw;gr;

rpWjhk;g[ bjhLj;j griyf; fd;wpd;

eL';F Rty; mirj;j ifas; ifa
bfhL';nfhw; nfhtyu; gpd;epd;W cau;ju
,d;nd tUFtu;/ jhau; vd;nghs;

ed;du; ed;bkhHp nfl;ldk; "37

vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

6.4 Fwp nfl;ly;

gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; Fwpnfl;Fk; gHf;fk; kpFjpahf ,Ue;jJ

vd;gjid mfg;bghUs; ,yf;fpa';fs; bjuptpf;fpd;wd. jkpHu;fs;

vjpu]fhyj;ijf; Fwp brhy;Ygtu; \yk; mwpe;J bfhz;lhu;fs;. Fwp

brhy;Yk; bgz;fisf; fl;Ltpr;rp vd;Wk; mftd; kfs; vd;Wk; Fwp

brhy;nthid ntyd; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. bja;t';fis miHj;Jf;

Fiw nfl;gJk; mit epiw TWtJkhd bja;t tHpghl;Lr; bra;jpfisr;

r';f ,yf;fpa';fs; tHp mwpaKofpwJ. jiytpapd; clypd; fz; Vw;gl;l

ntWghl;od; fhuzj;ijr; brtpypj;jha; Kjypnahh; bew;Fwp

ghu;g;gtu;fisf; bfhz;L Muha;e;jij xsitahu;/

"mftd; kfns; mftd; kfns

kdt[f; nfhg;g[ md;d ey;beL'; Te;jy;

mftd; kfns ghLf ghl;nl
,d;Dk; ghLf ghl;nl mtu;

ey; beL';Fd;wk; ghoa ghl;nl" 38

vd;w ghly;tHp btspg;gLj;jpa[s;shu;.

 225

ew;wpizapy; Fd;wehld; gpupe;J brd;wjhy; ey;y Ejypy;

griy gue;jijf; fz;L md;id brk;ikahd Kjpag; bgz;zhfpa

fl;Ltpr;rpia miHj;J Kwj;jpy; bey;ypl;L Kwj;jpd; Kd; jiytpia

epWj;jp fl;Lf;Fwp nfl;fpwhs; vd;wr; bra;jpia/

"Fd;w ehld; gpuptpd; brd;W

eyEjy; gue;j griy fz;L/ md;id

brk;KJ bgz;obuhL bey;Kd; epwP,

fl;od; nfl;Fk; "39

vd;gjhy; mwpayhk;. fl;Ltpr;rpau; bja;tnkwp Fwp TWjy; cz;L.

,tis gpw;fhyj;jpy; Fwj;jp vd;W TWtu;. bjhy;fhg;gpaUk; ,jid

"fl;oD'; fH';fpDk; btwpb;ad ,UtUk;

xl;oa jpwj;jhw; bra;jpf; fz;qk; "40

vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

6.5 fhf;iff;Fg; gypaply;

fhf;iff; fiue;Jz;qk; ,ay;gpdJ. fhfj;jpw;F czt[

cz;qtjw;F Kd; cztpLk; gHf;fj;jpid ,d;Wk; fpuhkg; g[w';fspy;

fhzyhk;. ,we;njhupd; epidt[ ehshd jpjpapd; bghGJk; <kr; rl';Ffs;

bra;jgpd;Dk; mkhthir nehd;gpd; nghJk; fhf;iff;F cztpLk; tHf;fk;

,Ue;J tUfpwJ. jhH;e;j bjd;idia cila kur; nrhiyfspilna

bew;TL bghUe;jpa tskpf;f Fokf;fsplj;jpy; cjpuj;jhy; rpte;j

nrhw;iwa[ila gypia fhf;if Vw;Fk; vd;gijj;/

 226

"jhH; jhiHj; jz; jz;liy

TL bfHp,a Fotap dhd;

br"; nrhw;w gyp khe;jpa

fU'; fhf;if"41

vdg; bghUeuhw;Wg;gil Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. kf;fspLk; gypr; nrhw;iw

cz;gjhy; "gypa[z; fhf;if"42 vdt[k; "cF gyp mUe;jpa bjhFtpuw;

fhf;if"43 vdt[k; fhf;ifia ew;wpiz Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. fhf;if fiue;jhy;

tpUe;jpdu; tUtu; vdr; r';ffhyj; jkpHu; ek;gpdu;.

fhf;ifaplk; jha; xUj;jp jiytbdhL cld; nghfpa vd]

mUik kfs; tpiutpy; tuf; fiua[k; goa[k;/ mjw;F ed;wpf; fldhd ePa[k;

cd; ,dKk; tapwhw cz;zg; g[jpa brt;tpa CDil morpiyg;

bghw;fyj;jpy; cte;jspg;ngd; vdf; TWtjhf/

"kWtpy; J}tpr; rpWfU'; fhf;if*

md;g[il kugpdpd; epd; fpisnahL

gr;Nd; bga;j ige;epz ty;rp

bghyk;g[idf; fyj;jpy; jUFbtd; khnjh;

bt";rpd tpwy;nty; fhisbahL

m";rpy; Xjpia tuf;fiue; jPnk"44

vd I';FWE}W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

gy gRf;fs; cz;lhf;fpa bea;nahL 'bjhz;o' vd;Dk;

CupYs;s tay;fspy; Kw;Wk; xU';nf tpise;j btz;bey; muprpahy;

Mf;fpa btz;ikahdr; nrhw;iw VG fy';fspy; ,l;L itj;J mtw;iw

Ve;jp fhf;iff;Fg; bgz;fs; mspj;jr; bra;jpiaf; FWe;bjhif/

 227

"gy;M gae;j bea;apd/; bjhz;o

KGJld; tpise;j btz;bzz; bt";nrhW

vGfyj;J Ve;jpDk; rpwpJvd; njhHp
bgUe;njhs; befpH;j;j bry;yw;F

tpUe;J tuf; fiue;jf; fhf;ifaJ gypna"45

vd;Dk; ghlyofs; \yk; bjuptpf;fpwJ.

tise;j fz;fisa[k; Tupa thiaa[k; cilaJ bgz;

fhf;if. mf;fhf;ifahdJ eL';Fk; rpwifa[ila jd; gps;isiaj;

jGtpf; bfhz;Lk;/ jd; ,dj;ij miHj;Jf; bfhz;Lk;/ fupa fz; nghd;w

fLF bghwpf;fg;gl;l bre;bew; nrhw;Wj; jpuisj; bja;tj;jpw;F ,Lk;

gypa[lnd nru;j;Jf; ftu;e;J bfhs;Stjw;fhff; Fwpa fhy;ehl;of; fl;oa

kpf;f czita[ila ey;y tPl;od; mUfpy; cl;fhu;e;jpUf;Fk; vd;wr;

bra;jpia/

"bfhL'; fz; fhf;iff;Tu; tha;g; ngil

eL';F rpiwg; gps;is jHP,f; fpis gapu]e;J

fU';fz; fUidr; bre;bey; btz;nrhW
NUilg; gypbahL ftupa/ FW';fhy;

TGil ey;kidf; FGtpd ,Uf;Fk; "46

vd ew;wpiz Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

6.6 fH';fpl;Lg; ghu;j;jy;

fH';fpidg; gad;gLj;jp ed;ik jPikfisg; ghu;j;jy;

bja;tk; bjhlu;ghd ek;gpf;ifapy; mike;j xU rl';fhFk;. fH';fpl;Lg;

ghu;j;jy; vd;gJ gy fHw;rpf; fha;fis KUfd; jpUKd;g[ ,l;L ntyd; jd;

 228

jiyapy; Mil mzpe;J bfhz;L ifapy; Ve;jpa rpWnfhyhy; fHw;rpf;

fha;fis thup vLf;Fk; nghJ Fwpg;g[ fhqfpd;w xU tiff; FwpahFk;.

jiytpapd; nkdp ntWghl;ow;F KUfz';F vdf; fUjp ntyid md;id

miHj;J fH';fpl;Lg; ghu;f;Fk; tHf;fkhfpa rl';fpid epfH;j;Jthu;.

bja;tj;jhy; mwpag;gLfpd;w fH';fpdhy; jiytpapd;

ntWghl;oid czu;e;J btwpahl;L vLj;jjid ew;wpiz

"- - - - - - - - - - - - ntW czu;e;J

mz';F mwp fH';fpd; nfhl;lk; fhl;o

btwpvd czu;e;j cs;sbkhL kwp mWj;J

md;id maUk; KUF"47

vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mfehD}w;wpy; fst[ xGf;fj;jpy; fhjyu]f;F ,ila{W

Vw;gl;lJ. mjdhy; jiytp jiytDld; brd;Wtpl;lhs;. kfis ,He;j

ew;wha; Tw;whf/

"MFtJ mwpa[k; KJtha;/ nty*

TWf khnjhepd; fH';fpd; jpl;gk;

khwh tUgdp fYGk; f';Fypy;
MdhJ EaUk;vk; fz;,dpJ gO,au;
vk;khid Ke;Jwj; jUnkh>

jd; kid ca;f;Fnkh> ahJ mtd; Fwpg;ng> "48

vd cld; nghf;fpy; vd; kfisf; bfhz;L brd;w jiytd; mtis vk;

tPl;oy; Kjypy; miHj;J tUthndh> my;yJ jd; tPl;Lf;F Kjypy;

miHj;Jr; bry;thndh> jiytdpd; cl;fUj;J ahnjh> cd; fH';fpdhy;

 229

Fwpghu;j;Jj; jpl;lkhd xd;iw vdf;Ff; TWthahf vd ntydplk;

fH';fpl;Lg; ghu;j;jijf; fakdhu; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu].

nkw;Twpa ,yf;fpa';fs; thapyhfj; bja;tkhdJ ed;ik

bra;a[k; vdf;fUjp fH';fpl;Lg; ghu;j;j epiyapypUe;J rkag; gHf;f

tHf;f';fs; r\fj;jpy; nt+d;wp epd;w epiyia vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

6.7 gpiw bjhGjy;

gpiw bjhGk; gHf;fk; jkpHfj;jpy; gH';fhyk; Kjy;

,d;Wtiu kughf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. gpiwapidj; bjhGjhy; thH;t[k;

tsu;r;rpa[k; milayhk; vd;Dk; vz;zk; kf;fsplk; cUthdJ. gpiw

kjpnahL epiw kjpiaa[k; tHpgLk; tHf;fk; cUthdJ. gpiwapidg;

nghw;wp tHpgLk; kug[ gz;il ehfupf ehLfspy; rpw;rpy ntWghLfSld;

,Ue;Js;sd vd;gu;.49

,s';nfhtofs; rpyg;gjpfhuj; bjhlf;fj;jpy; cyiff;

fhf;fpd;w "hapW/ kiH Mfpatw;nwhL "jp';fisg; nghw;WJk;"50 vdj;

jp';fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bfhLj;J Kjw;fz; ghoa[s;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

Vbddpy; ed;bra; gapu]fspd; Ny;gpog;gpw;Fr; re;jpudpd; xspf;fjpu]fs;

mtrpak;. xs;spa mzpfis mzpe;j kfspu] cau;e;j gpiwr; re;jpuid

tz';Fk; bra;jpia/

"xs;,iH kfspu] cau]gpiw bjh=ck;

g[y;byd; khiy"51

"gyu; bjhHr;

brt;tha; thdj;J Ibadj; njhd;wp

,d;dk; gpwe;jd;W gpiwna"52

 230

vd;w mfehD}w;Wg; ghlyofs; bjuptpf;fpd;wd. nkw;Fj; jpirapy;

njhd;wpa Fyj;jpw;Fg; gHikahd vy;nyhUk; bjhGk; gpiw ehs;njhWk;

tsUk; vd;gij/

"FlKjy; njhd;wpa bjhd;W bjhG gpiwapd; "53

vd;w mofshy; mwpaKofpwJ. ,jpypUe;J gpiwbjhGk; gHf;fk;

,Ue;jikiaa[k; mjd; bjhd;ikiaa[k; mwpaKofpwJ.

6.8 ije;ePuhly]

ije;ePuhly; kzkhfhj kfspu] ey]y fztu; fpilf;Fk;

bghUl;L khu;fHp khjj;J KGkjp ehs; bjhl';fpj; ijj;jp';fspy;

Kof;fpd;w xU nehd;ghFk;. ,e;nehd;gpd; \yk; kdjpy; ,iwtid

epidj;Jg; nghw;Wtjd; \yk; epidj;j braYk; ,dpnj epiwntWk; vd

kfspu] ek;gpdu;. ,jidf; fypj;bjhif "ijapy; ePuhoa jtk; "54 vdf;

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,t;thW ije;ePuhLk; kfspu] mayhu; tPLnjhWk; brd;W

,ira[ld; gho czt[g] bghUs;fis ,ue;J bgWtu;. mt;thW tPLnjhWk;

,ue;J bgw;w czt[g; bghUisg; gpwUf;Fk; bfhLj;J cz;gu;.

,f;fhyj;jpYk; moahu; ,ijr; bra;tJ tHf;fj;jpy; cs;sJ.

6.9 nga; ek;gpf;if

kdpjd; jd; gpwg;ig tpl ,wg;gpid epidj;J kpft[k;

m";rpdhd;. kdpj capuhdJ ,we;j gpd;g[ bry;Yk; ,lk; Fwpj;Jg;

gHe;jkpHUf;F re;njfk; ,Ue;jpUf;ff; TLk;. ,we;jgpd;g[ ek; Kd;ndhu;fs;

Xu; cyfj;jpw;Fr; bry;fpwhu;fs; vd;Wk; ehKk; mt;tplj;jpw;Fr;

bry;yf;TLk; vdt[k; fUjpdhd;. cyf Mirfisa[k;/ ,d;g';fisa[k;

mDgtpf;fhky; ,wg;g[ epfH;e;jhy; mtdJ Mj;kh rhe;jpailahky; nga;

 231

totkhfpf; fz;qf;Fg; g[yg;glhJ te;J Jd;gk; tpistpf;Fk; vdt[k;

ek;gpdhd;. fz;qf;Fg; g[yg;glhj me;j nga; totj;jpid mikjpailar;

bra;tjw;fhfg; gypr; rl';Ffisa[k;/ mJ capnuhL ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy;

tpUk;gp cz;l gz;l';fisa[k; gilj;J tz';fp jd; Fybja;tkhf

khw;wpf; bfhz;lhd;. mij tHpgl;lhy; thH;t[ tsk;bgWk; vd ek;gp

nga;fis tHpglj; bjhl';fpdhd;. mr;re;jUk; njhw;wj;ijf; bfhz;l

nga;fs; Fwpj;J kJiuf; fh";rp/

"ghdhs; bfhz;l f';Fy; ,ilaJ

nga[k; mz';Fk; cUt[ bfhz;L"55

vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. nkYk; gl;odg;ghiyapy; jpul]rpa[ila Mz;

nga;fSld; kapiuj; jhH;j;jp Mog; gpzk; jpd;Dk; ahf;ifia cila

bgz; nga;fs; fhl;rpaspj;jr; bra;jpia/

"fzk;bfhs; TspbahL fJg;g[ ,Fj;J mir,

gpzk; jpd; ahf;ifg; nga;kfs; Jtd;wt[k;" 56

vd mwpaKofpwJ. ,we;j fztdpd; cliyg; nga;fs; jPz]lhjthW

kidtp fhj;Jf; bfhs;Sjiy bjhy;fhg;gpau; fh";rpj;jpizapy;.

",d;dif kidtp ngva; g[z;nzhd;

Jd;Djy; foe;j bjhlhf; fh";rpa[k; "57

vdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;. nghupy; g[z;gl;l tPuu;fspd; cly;fisg; nga;fs;

jPz;lhjthW tPuu;fspd; kidtpau; ntk;ge;jiHapidr; brUfpa[k;

btz;rpWfLfpid mg;gpa[k;/ mfpy; Kjyhdtw;iwg; g[ifj;Jk;/

Mk;gy';FHiy Cjpa[k;/ kzpnahir vGg;gpa[k; fh";rpg;gz; ghoa[k;/

nga;fis beU';ftplhky; jLf;fyhk; vd;gijg; g[wehD}W/

 232

"jP';fdp ,utbkhL ntk;g[kidr; bruP,

th';fPkUg;g[ ahbHhL gy;,ak; fw';ff;

ifgag; bgau;j;J ik,GJ ,Gfp
Iatp rpjwp Mk;gy; Cjp
,irkzp vwpe;J fh";rpgho
beLefu; tiug;gpd; foeiw g[if,f;
fhf;fk; tk;ngh fhjye; njhHp
nte;JW tpGkk; jh';fpa

g{k;bghwpf; fHw;fhy; beLe;jif g[z;nz"58

vdg; gjpt[ bra;Js;sJ.

,f;fhyj;jpYk; kftPd;w kfspUk;/ tPl;Ltpyf;fhd kfspUk;

btspna bry;Yk;nghJ nga]fs; mqfhjpUf;f ntg]gpiyiaf; Te;jypnyh

my;yJ iffspnyh bfhz;L bry;Yk; gHf;fk; cs]sJ. ,sk; bgz;ou;

jiytu; kPJ bfhz;l fhjy] nehahy; Jd;g[Wk; nghJ mjid czuhky;

jha; Kjyhndhu; ,ts; ngahy; bfhs;sg;gl;lhs; vdf; fUjp mg;ngia

Xl;LkhW ntyid ntz;oajhft[k; ntyd; kwp mWj;Jg; gypapl;L tHpghL

bra;jjhft[k; FWe;bjhif TWfpwJ59. nga;fnsad;wp nga] kfspu;]/ nga;

kfd; gw;wpar; bra;jpa[k; r';f ,yf;fpa';fspy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sd.60

nghu;f;fsj;jpy; tpGe;j tPudpd; g[z;izj; njhz;o ,uj;jk;

njha;e;j rpte;j ifapdhy; jk; Te;jiyf; nfhjp nkd;nkYk; mof;fg;gLk;

giwapd; jhsj;Jld; nga; Moa bra;jpia g[wehD}W/

 233

"tUthu; jh';fp mku;kpfy; ahtJ

bghUJ Mz;blhHpe;j ike;ju; g[zbjhl;Lf;

FUjpr; br';if Te;jy; jPl;o
epwk;fpsu; cUtpd; nga;va;g; bgz;ou;

vLj;Jvwp mde;jw; giwr;rPu] J}';f" 61

vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. fyp';fj;Jg; guzpapYk; nga;fspd; njhw;wk; gw;wpar;

bra;jpfs; cs;sd. nga;fspd; KJFfs; tw;wy; nghy; fha;e;J jpUg;gp

itj;j glfpd; nky;g[wk; nghy; tps';fpaija[k;/ bfhg;g{H; ghk;g[fSk;/

cLk;g[fSk; cl;g[Fe;J j';Ftjw;Fupa xw;iwj;Jthuk; bfhz;l g[w;iwg;

nghyj; njhd;wpa fhl;rpia/

"tw;w yhfc yu;e;jK JFfs;

kuf;f yj;jpd; kwpg[w bkhg;gd;

xw;iw thd;bjhisg; g[w;bwdg; ghk;g[ld;

cLk;g[ Kl;g[f;F w';fpLk; ce;jpa "62

vdf; TWfpwJ.

6.10 tpHhf;fs;

cyfpy; thGk; gy;ntW ,dj;jtUk;/ kjj;jtu;fSk; gy;ntW

tpHhf;fisf; bfhz;lhLfpd;wdu;. kf;fsJ thH;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk;

kdr;nrhu;tpidg; nghf;fp vGr;rpa[k;/ kfpH]r;rpa[k; Vw;gLtjw;F tpHhf;fs;

cWJizahf mikfpd;wd. thH;f;ifapy; fspg;g[k;/ kfpH;r;rpa[k; rpwf;fj;

jpUtpHhf;fs; Jiz bra;a[k;.63 tpHh vd;Dk; jpwe;j thry; tHpna jhd;

jk; ehl;L kf;fis mwpe;J bfhs;s Koa[k; vd;fpwhu; jhTu;.64 vdnt gy

ehl;fs; Jd;gj;jpy; cHd;wtu;fs; rpy ehl;fshtJ xd;W nru;e;J

 234

,d;gj;jpy; jpisf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w czu;tpd; mog;gilapy; jhd;

tpHhf;fs; njhd;wpapUf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjntz;oa[s;sJ. tpHh vd;gJ

ehl;.il thH;tpf;f tUk; xU ey;y ehns MFk;. ehl;oy; vj;jid

ntWghLfs; ,Ue;jhYk; mit tpHh ehl;fspy; ,y;iyahf eP';fg; bgwy;

ntz;Lk;.65 tpHhf;fs; kf;fis xw;Wikg;gLj;jp ey;tHpf;F bfhz;L

tUfpd;w Mw;wYilad. tpHhf;fspy; jj;Jt';fs; epiwe;Js;sd.

,iwtd; Ie;bjhHpy;fis ,dpJ elj;jp tUfpwhd;. mit rpU#;o

(cz;lhf;Fjy;)/ jpjp (fhg;ghw;Wjy;) rk;fhuk; (mHpj;;jy;) jpnuhgtk;

(kiwj;jy;)/ mDf;fpufk; (mUsy;) vd;gdthk;. ,e;j Ie;J

bjhHpy;fshfpaj; jj;Jt';fs; jpUtpHhf;fs; tHp kf;fSf;F

czu;j;jg;gLfpd;wd. bghJ kf;fs; nkd;nky; mwpt[k; ,d;gKk; bgw;Wj;

jkJ gpwtpia/ flt[is mf';FiHe;J tGj;Jk; Kfj;jhy;

tpGkpajhf;fpf; bfhs;Sk; bghUl;nl Fwpg;gpl;l rpwg;g[ ehl;fspy; M';fh';F

jpUtpHhf;fs; eilbgWtjw;Fk; Vw;ghLfs; bra;J itg;ghuhapdu; vd;fpwhu]

kiwkiy mofs;.66

rpy tpHhf;fs; rkar; rhu;g[iladthft[k;/ rpy tpHhf;fs;

r\fr; rhu;g[iladthft[k; eilbgWfpd;wd. tHpghl;od; Fiwfis

ePf;ft[k;/ tHpghl;odu;f;F Cf;fk; tpistpf;ft[k; jpUtpHhf;fs;

bfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd.67 KUfg; bgUkhdpd; jpUtpHhtpw;Ff; fhy;nfhs;

elj;jpaijf; fypj;bjhif TWfpwJ.68 RU';ff; Twpd; kf;fis kfpH;r;rpg;

gLj;jp R\f thH;it cUthf;Ftjw;F tpHhf;fs; Jizg[upfpd;wd.

 235

6.10.1 Xzj; jpUtpHh

nfus khepyj;jpy; ,t;tpHh Mz;LnjhWk; kpfr; rpwg;ghf

eilbgWtijf; fhzKofpwJ. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; ghz;oa

jiyefukhfpa kJiuapYk; ,t;tpHh eilbgw;w bra;jpiar; r';f

,yf;fpa';fs; gjpt[ bra;Js;sd. jiyahd';fhdj;Jr; brUbtd;w

ghz;oad; beL";brHpad; kJiuia Mz;lnghJ m';F jpUnthzj;

jpUtpHh eilbgw;w bra;jpia kh';Fo kUjdhu;/

"fzk;bfhs; mt[zu]f; fle;j bghye;jhu;

khnahd; nka Xz ey;ehs; " 69

vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. Mtzp khj epiwkjp ed;dhshd jpUnthz

jpdj;jpy; jpUkhy; gpwe;jjhft[k; mjid kf;fs; XztpHhthff;

bfhz;lhoaija[k;/ ahidg; nghu; epfH;e;jikiaa[k;/ ahidg; nghupid

kf;fs; ahidfs; Vwhj nkl;L epy';fspy; epd;W ghh;itapl;lija[k; ehk]

mwpaKofpwJ.

cyfk; KGtjpYk; cs;s ehLfspy; gapu] mWtil

Kotpid xU jpUtpHhthff; bfhz;lhLfpd;wdu]. nfushtpYk; mWtil

Koe;jt[ld; XztpHh bfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. nfus kf;fshy; ,t;tpHh

xt;bthU Mz;Lk; bfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

,iwadhu; fstpay; ciuahrpupauhd ef;fPuu; jkpH; ehl;oy;

eilbgw;w tpHhf;fisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; nghJ "kJiu Mtzp

mtpl;lnk/ ciwa{u] g';Fdp cj;jpunk/ fUt{u] cs;sptpHhnt vd

,ita[k; vdf; Fwpg;gplf; fhz;fpnwhk;. ,tu; Fwpg;gpLk; Mtzp mtpl;lk;

jpUnthz tpHhitf; Fwpg;gjhff; fUj ,lKz;L.

 236

6.10.2 Ke;ePu] tpHh

Ke;ePu] vd;gjw;Fg; gilj;jy;/ fhj;jy;/ mHpj;jy; vd;w \d;W

,ay;g[ila ePu] vdt[k;/ epyj]Jf;F Kd; njhd;wpa ePu] vdt[k;/ fly; vdt[k;

bghUs; bfhs;syhk;. ghz;oau; Foapy; Kw;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j kpfg; giHa

kd;du;fSs; xUtd] beonahd;. mtd; Ke;ePu] fly; bja;tj;jpw;F tpHh

vLj;jtd;. beonahd; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dhy; g@WspahW gy

fpisahWfshf tptrhaj;jpw;Fg; gad;glhky; gpupe;J fhzg;gl;lJ.

,t;thw;W ePiu xUKfg;gLj;jpg; nguhwhf cUthf;fpaij kJiuf; fh";rp/

",y';F mUtpa tiu ePe;jp

Ruk; nghH;e;j ,fy; Mw;wy;

cau;e;J X';fpa tpGr; rpwg;gpd;
epyk; je;j ngu; cjtp

bghye;jhu; khu;gpd; beonahd; "70

vd mk;kd;didg; ghuhl;og; gut[fpwJ.

,k;kd;dd; tltu; ehl;oYk; ngha; m';fpUe;j Fwp";rp epy

kd;diua[k; btd;wtd; vd;gij ",y';fUtp ciu ePe;jp" vd;w

brhw;bwhluhy; mwpa KofpwJ. ,j;jifa tPuKila ,k;kd;dd; MW

flypy; te;J fyf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; Ke;ePu] tpHh vLj;jhd; vd;w bra;jpiaa[k;/

mtd; fhyj;jpypUe;j g@Wsp Mw;wpd; kziy tpl ,k;kd;dd; thH;f vd

bel;oikahu; vd;Dk; g[ytu; thH;j;jpaikiaa[k;/

"Ke;ePu] tpHtpd; beonahd;

ed;dPu]g; g@Wsp kzypDk; gynt" 71

 237

vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlyofs; \yk; mwpaKofpwJ. r';f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

bfhw;wit gw;wpag; ghly;fs; ghiyepyj; bjhlu;g[iladthf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

flw;fiu tiua[s;s gpw ,l';fspYk; bfhw;wit tHpghL ,Ue;jJ

vd;gjw;F Mjhuk; cs;sJ. flw;fiuapy; bfhw;witia "fly;bfGr;

bry;tp" vdW tHpgl;ldu;. 72

Ke;ePu] Kw;wj;Jj; bja;tj;ij mfehD}W

- - - - - - - - - - me;jp

fly;bfGr; bry;tp fiu epd;wh';F"73

vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. fly; bfGr; bry;tpiaf; fd;dpahFkupj; bja;tkhfnt

fUjntz;Lk; vd;W gp.vy;.rhkp fUjpa[s;shu;."74 Fkupj; JiwKfj;jpw;F

mUfpy; Fkup vd;Dk; CUk; m';F xU fg;gy; mikf;Fk; bjhHpw;rhiya[k;

,Ue;jJ vd;W atdu;fspd; Fwpg;g[fspypUe;J mwpfpnwhk; vd;gu;

tuyhw;wwp"u;. ,';F jhd; Ke;ePu] tpHh eilbgw;wJ.75 Ke;ePu] tpHhtpd;

nghJ ghz;oa kd;ddhd beonahd; fly; ePupy; fhy; eida[khW epd;wij

"Ke;ePu]f; fz; tok;gyk;g epd;whd;" vdg; g[wehD}W giHa ciu

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

fp.gp. Kjy; E}w;whz;oy; br';flw; gazk; vd;w E}ypy;

Mrpupau; bgupg;g[SR Fkup Kidapy; fd;dpj; bja;tj;Jf;F

MyakpUe;jija[k; g[z;zpar; bryt[ bra;jija[k; neupy; fz;L

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

,d;W Kf;flYk; r';fkkhFk; fd;dpahFkupapy; fly; jPu]j;jk;

MLtJ Ke;ePu] tpHhtpd; vr;rnkahFk;.

 238

6.10.3 fhu;j;jpif tpsf;F tpHh

jkpHu;fspd; thH;tpy; tpsf;F g[w ,Uis mfw;Wk; xU fUtp

kl;Lky;yhJ mtu;fspd; gz;ghl;od; Xu; milahsKkhFk;. jkpHu;fspd;

tHpghl;L Kiwfspy; k';fyj;jpd; milahskhft[k; tpsf;F tps';FfpwJ.

kidtp ,y;yj;jpd; tpsf;fhf tps';Ftjhf g[wehD}W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.76

kidf;F tpsf;fhfj; jpfGk; kfspu] khiy ntisapy; tpsf;nfw;wp

tHgl;lijr; r';f ,yf;fpa';fs; vLj;jpak;g[fpd;wd.

jkpHu;fs; khWgl;lj; jd;ik bfhz;l gy tpsf;Ffisj;

j';fs; ,y;y';fspy; gad;gLj;jp te;Js;sdu;. tpsf;fhdJ jhkiu

kyUf;F ctikahf ew;wpizapy; "tpsf;fpd; md;d Rlu]tpL jhkiu"77

vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. nfhtpy;fspy; fhu;j;jpif khjj;jpd; midj;J

ehl;fspYk; my;yJ brt;tha; kw;Wk; bts;spf;fpHikfspy; tpsf;fpLjy;

fl;lhakhf epfH;fpwJ. "hdrk;ge;ju; bjhy;fhu;j;jpif vdf;

fhu;j;jpifiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

r';f fhyj;jpy] bjhy;gHe;bja;t tHpghl;Lld; fhu;j;jpif

jPgk; Vw;Wjy; beU';fpaj; bjhlu;g[ilajha; ,Ue;jpUf;fntz;Lk;. nkYk;

fhu;j;jpif tpHhtpw;Fk; irtj;jpw;Fk; cs;s bjhlu;iga[k;/ bjhy;gHe;

bja]t tHpghl;oy; irtr; bry;thf;F epuk;g ,Ug;gija[k; ,';F epidj;Jg;

ghu;f;fyhk;.78

jkpHu;fshy; xsp totpddhfpa ,iwtid tHpgLk;

jpUtpHhthf fhu;j;jpif tpsf;F tpHh bfhz;lhlg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ek;

fz;fSf;F vjpnu tps';fpj; njhd;Wk; "hapW/ jp';fs;/ jP/ tpz;kPd;

 239

Kjyhd xsp tot[fs; vy;yhk; ,iwtd; tont vd;gJ mUs;

ee;jpr;rptdhu; mUspr; bra;j/

"ehafd; fz; eag;ghy;

ehafp g[ijg;g/ v';Fk;
gha; ,Us; Mfp\lg;
gupe;J cyfpDf;F bew;wpj;
J}a nej;jpuj;jp dhny
Rlu; xsp bghLj;j gz;gpy;
njak; Mu; xspfs; vy;yhk;
rptd; cUj; njRmJ vd;gu;"79

vd;Dk; rpt"hd rpj;jp bra;a[shy; ed;F tps']ff; fhzyhk;.

fhu;j;jpifj; jp';fspy; KGkjpahdJ mWkPidr; nru;e;j

ehspy; es;sputpy; bjUbt';Fk; tpsf;Ffis tupirahf Vw;wpitj;J

kyu;khiyfisj; bjh';ftpl;L tHpgl;Ls;sdu;. ,t;tpHh ,uz;lhapuk;

Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;nj jkpH; kf;fshy; rpwg;g[ld;

bfhz;lhlg;gl;L tUk; gHika[ilaJ vd;gJ ef;fPuuhy; ghlg;gl;l

mfehD}w;Wr; bra;a[spy;/

"kiHfhy; eP';fpa khf tpRk;gpw;

FWKay; kWepw'; fpspu kjpepiwe;J

mWkPd; nrUk; mfypUs; eLehs;
kUF tpsf;FWj;J khiy J}';fpg;
gHtpwy; \J}u;g; gyUld; Jtd;wpa

tpHt[ld; mau tUfjpy; yk;k" 80

vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sjd; \yk; mwpayhk;.

 240

gz;ilj; jkpHu;fs; bfhz;lho tUk; tpsf;F tpHhtpypUe;J

mtu;fs; ,iwtid xsp totpddhff; bfhz;l bfhs;ifapd; khl;rpg;

g[ydhfpd;wJ. ,f;fhy ,e;J rka tHpghl;od; tpHhthft[k; rl';fhft[k;

cs;s fhu;j;jpif tpsf;F epfH;r;rp r';f fhy kf;fspd; tHpghl;Lf; Twhf

,Ue;jij/

",iy,y kyu;e;j Kif,y; ,ytk;

fypbfhs; Mak; kypg[bjhFg[ vLj;j

mk;Rlu; beL';bfho bghw;gj; njhd;wp" 81

"bgUtpHh tpsf;fk; nghyg; gyt[ld;

,iy,y kyu;e;j ,ytbkhL"82

vd;w mfehD}w;Wg; ghlyofspd; \yk; ,yt kyu;fs; ,iyna ,y;yhky;

kyu;fs; kl;Lk] kyu;e;Js;sJ fhu;j;jpif tpsf;Ffis Vw;wp itj;jhu;

nghd;W fhl;rp jUk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. kf;fspd; beUg;g[

tHpghl;od; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l vr;rnk xsp tHpghL vdf; fUj ,lKz;L.

fhu;j;jpif ehspy; tpsf;nfw;wp itj;jhy; v';fpUe;J

nehf;fpDk; tupirahfnt ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;tpsf;F tpHh tupirg; nghyf;

nfh';F ku';fspy; g{f;fs] xG';fhft[k;/ tupirahft[k; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;

vd;gij/

"mWkPd; gae;j mwk;bra; jp';fs;

bry;Rlu; beL'; bfho nghy

gy;g{'; nfh';fk; mzpe;j fhnl"83

 241

vd ew;wpiz tpsf;FfpwJ. ,jd; \yk; ,t;tpsf;nfw;W tpHhtpd; rpwg;g[k;/

bgUika[k;/ mwk; bra;aj; jFe;j khjk; fhu;j]jpif vd;gJk; ed;F

tps';FfpwJ.

6.10.4 jpUthjpiuj; jpUtpHh

r']f fhyj;jpy; rpt tHpghL nknyh';fp ,Ue;jJ.

rptbgUkhdpd; ,ay;g[fisa[k; bjhHpy;fisa[k; Fwpf;Fk; brhw;fs; gy

r';f E}w;fspy; cs;sd. irtk; vd;gJ rptk; vd;Dk; bre;jkpH;r; brhy;ypd;

moahfg; gpwe;jJ. irtk; bghJ nehf;FilaJ. nrf;fpHhu; "epd;wdt[k;

rupg;gdt[k; irtnkahk; "84 vd;fpwhu;. irtk; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l

rkak;/ m@J Mupau;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; tUtjw;F Kw;gl;l

fhyj;jpypUe;nj ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;W $p.a[ nghg; ghjpupahu;

TWfpd;whh;.85 epiwtpdhYk; mwpjw;F mUikapdhYk; rptbgUkhd;

jdf;F xg;gpy;yhjtu; vd;gij/

"bgUikf;Fk; Ez;ikf;Fk; nguUl;Fk; ngw;wpd;

mUikf;Fk; xg;g[,d;ik ahd; "86

vd ckhgjp rptk; mUspr; bra;Js;shu;.

nghw;Wjw;Fupa ,r;rptbgUkhDf;Fupa Mjpiu ehs; rpwe;j

ehshf gz;ilj; jkpH] kf;fshy; fUjg;gl;lik gupghlypy; Mjpiu

Kjy;td;87 vd;Dk; brhw;bwhluhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. khu;fHpj; jp';fspy;

tUk] jpUthjpiu ehspy; rptbgUkhDf;F ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F

Kd;dpUe;nj jpUtpHh bfhz;lhlg;gl;lik/

 242

"fidf;Fk; mjpu]Fuy; fhu;thdk; eP';f

gdpg;gL igjy; tpjiyg; gUtj;J

"hapW fhahesp khupg; gpd; Fsj;J
kh ,Ue; jp';fs; kWepiu Mjpiu
tpupE}y; me;jzu; tpHt[ bjhl';fg;

g[upE}y; me;jzu; bghyk;fyk; Vw;g"88

vd;Dk; gupghly; bra;a[sofs; \yk; mwpaKofpwJ. ek; gz;ilj;

jz;lkpH;r; rhd;nwhu; vy;yh kf;fSk; ,k;ikapd;gKk;/ kWikapd;gKk;

xU';nf vspjpy; bgw;W ,iwtd; je;j mupa kf;fl; gpwtpiaj; Ja;j;Jf;

bfhs;Stjw;F xU rpwe;j thapyhfnt jpUthjpiuj; jpUtpHh eilbgw;W

te;Js;sik ed;F g[ydhfpwJ.

6.11 kf;fspd; ,iwa[zu;t[

,iwtid tHpgl;L kdkfpH;t[k;/ mikjpa[k; bgw kf;fs;

nfhapy;fl;F brd;wpUf;fpwhu;fs;. gupghlypy; KUff; flt[s; tPw;wpUf;Fk;

jpUg;gu';Fd;wk; moahu;fs; kz;qyfpy; te;J tHpgLtjw;F cupa ,lkhf

,kakiynghy; tps';FfpwJ. moatuhfpa eh';fs; jpUg;gu';Fd;wj;J

moapny cd; jpUtoiaj; bjhGJ thGk; ngW kWgpwg;gpDk; bgWkhf

mUs;f* vd;W gf;ju;fs; ntz;oepd;w bra;jp gupghly; tHp mwpaKofpwJ.

bfhor;rpaUk; ,U iffisa[k; Tg;gpj; jk; Fiw eP';f KUfd; ciwa[k;

kiyiaj; jk; iffshy; bjhGjdu;. "89

 243

jpUg;gu';Fd;wj;jpy; flk;g kuj;jpd; fz; eP tpUk;gp ciwa[k;

jifikia cld; nktpa Rw;wj;njhL Jjpj;Jg; nghw;Wfpnwhk; vd;W

thH;j;Jtjhf/

"- - - - - - - ,t;.tiu kU';fpy;

flk;gku; mzpepiy gfu;e;njk;

cl';fku; Mankh nlj;jpdk; bjhGnj"90

vd;w ghly; tHp mwpaKofpwJ.

rpwpatdhd rhizf; fy; bra;gtd; muj;njhL nru;j;J bra;j

fy;iyg; nghd;W ahd; cd;idg; gpupakhl;nld; vd;W bghjpdp

kiyapYs;s KUff; flt[splk; jiytd; cWjp bra;jjhy; mjw;F khwhf

elthu; vd;W njhHp TWtjd; \yk; jiytdpd; ,iwa[zu;t[

g[ydhfpwJ. 91

6.11.1 jpUg;gu';Fd;wj;jpy; kfspu]

kzkhd kfspUk;/ fd;dp kfspUk; jpUg;gu';Fd;wj;ij

mile;J bfhonaw;wg;gLk; KUfdJ ahidapd; Fk;gj;ijf;

F';Fkj;jhny mzp bra;J kyUk;/ ePUk; J}tpr; brtpapd; fz; xg;gidr;

bra;jw;Fupa ftupiar; rhu;j;jp gtsf; fhk;g[ila bghw;Filia nkny

ftpH;j;J tHpgl;ldu;. mt;tHpghl;od; fz; me;j ahid cz;L v";rpa

ftsj;ij mtu;fs; cte;J cz;ldu;. m']'dk; cz;zhtpoy; mk;kfspu]

jk; fhjyu; md;iga[k;/ fz;zpiwe;j fztiua[k; va;jhu; vd;w vz;zk;

,Ue;jJ. ,';'dk; kfspu] tHpghL rpwg;g[w eilbgw]wjhfj; bjupfpwJ.92

jiykfspUs; rpyu; "ahk; vk; fhjynuhL ifgpoj;J

mstshtp kfpH]e;jjhff; fz;l fdt[ bgha;f;fhky; mtu; edtpy; te;J

 244

ePuhLk; bghUl;L epdf;Fupa itiaahW g[Jbts;sj;ijg; bgWf" vd;W

ntz;Ltu;. nkYk; rpyu; "vk; tapW fUt[Wf" vd;W ntz;og; gy

bghUs;fisf; fhzpf;ifahfr; brYj;Jtu;. ntW rpyu; "vk; fztUf;F

kpFe;j bghUs; tha;g;gjhf" vd;W ntz;Ltu;. ,d;Dk; rpyu; "vk; fztu;

nkw;bfhz;l nghupy; btw;wp bgWf vdt[k; ntz;Ltu;. ,';'dk;

brt;ntis Vj;jpl tuk; ntz;Lk; mj;jpUg;gu';Fd;wj;jpy;. ghLnthuJ

ghl;ow;Fupa jhsKk;/ MLnthuJ Tl;lj;jpw;nfw;wj; jhsKk; Fd;wpd;fz;

cz;lhFk; vjpbuhypa[k; xd;W nru;e;J xU bgUKHf;fk; cz;lhapw;W vd;w

93
bra]jp gupghly; tHp mwpaKofpwJ.

6.11.2 Fwkfs; thH;j;J

KUfid ntyd; tz';Fjiyg; nghy Fwkfshfpa

bgz;fSk; KUfid tHpgl;Ls;sdu;. Fwkfs; KUfDf;Fupa nfhHpf;

bfhoia eLths;. bea;iaa[k; btz;rpW fLifa[k; mg;g[ths;.

KUfw;Fupa ke;jpuj;jpid btspg;glhJ bky;y KqKqj;J md;g[

nkyPl;lhy; tHpgl;l bfhGtpa kyu;fisr; rpjWths;. ,U ntWgl;l

totpida[ila Milfis xd;wd; nkbyhd;whf cLg;ghs;. rpte;j

E}iyf; fhg;g[ ehzhff; ifapny mzpths;. btz; bghupia ahz;Lk;

rpjWths;. tskhd Ml;Lf;fplhit mWj;J mjd; br';FUjpapidj; J}a

muprpapw; bga;J gpire;J rpWgypahf ,Lths;. re;jdf; FHk;iga[k;/

k";rl; rhe;ija[k; bjspg;ghs;.

Fwp";rpf;Fupa rpwg;g[g; gz;zhfpa Fwp";rpiag; gho ,dpa

thj;jpa';fs; gyt[k; KH';fplr; bre;epwKilag; gyg; g{f;fisa[k; J}tp

mr;rk; njhd;Wk; tz;zk; FUjp fyf;fg;gl;l jpidiag; gug;gp KUfd;

 245

ctf;Fk; ,irf; fUtpfis xypf;fr; bra;J fz;lhu; m";rk;go KUfid

tUk;go Mw;Wg;gLj;Jths;. m']'dk; mts; KUfid vGe;jUsr; bra;j

,lkfd;w efupd; fz;nz kf;fs; Toepd;W tHpgLtu;.

CJbfhk;g[fs; gytw;iwa[k; xypg;ghu;fs;. tise;j

kzpfis xypg;gu;. bflhj typika[ila KUfd; Vwpr; brYj;Jk;

gpzpKfk; vd;Dk; ahidia thH;j;jpj; jj;jk; ntz;Ljy;fs;

epiwntWkhW thH;j;jp tHpgLtu;.94

6.11.3 gu';Fd;wj;J Xtpa khlj;jpy; kf;fs;

NugJkida[k; mtDila cwtpdiua[k; mHpj;j

xspbghUe;jpa ,iy nghd;w ePz;l ntiya[ila rpdkpf;f

KUfg]bgUkhdpd; jykhf jpUg;gu';Fd;wk; tps';fpaJ. m';Fs;s Xtpa

khlj;jpy; jPl;lg;gl;l Xtpa';fis kf;fs; urpj;jdu;. rpyu;

ehz;kPd;fisa[k;/ jhuiffisa[k; cila Rlu; rf;fuj;ijg; bghUe;jp

"hapW Kjyhf tUk; nfhs;fspd; epiyapid tpsf;fp m';F

vGjg;gl;oUe;j Xtpaj;ijf; fz;L czu;e;J bfhs;tu;.

fhkntl;ifa[ila jk; kidtpau; m';F vGjg;gl;oUe;j

Xtpa';fisf; fhqk; njhWk; ,g;bgz; cUtk; ahUilaJ> ,td; ahu;>

vd;W jk; fztiu tpdt[tu;. mtu;jk; fztu; ,t;nthtpak;

,ujpapDilaJ. ,td; mtSila fztdhd fhkd;. ,g;g{idapd;

totk; ,e;jpud; nkw;bfhz;l g{idapd; totk;. ,ts; mfypif ,';F rw;W

bjhiytpy; ,Ug;gtd; bfsjk Kdptd;. ,td; jhd; ,e;jpudpd;

NH;r;rpahy; mfypifiaj; jdpna tpl;L Mw;Wf;Fr; brd;wtd;. ,';;F

tPH;e;J fplf;Fk; bgz; cUtk; mf;bfsjkd; rpdk; bfhz;L rhgk;

 246

,Ljyhy; me;j mfypiff; fy;yha; fple;jijf; fhl;LtjhFk; vd;w

bra;jpiag; gupghly;/

"vd;W}H; cw tUk; ,U Rlu; nekp

xd;wpa Rlu;epiy cs;gLnthUk;

,ujp fhkd; ,ts;,td; vdhm
tpufpau; tpdt tpdh ,Wg;nghUk;
,e;jpud; g{ir ,ts; mfypif ,td;
brd;w ft[jkd; rpdd; cwf; fy; cU

xd;wpa go ,Jvd;W ciu bra;nthUk;" 95

vdr; Rl;LfpwJ. ,t;thwhd tuyhW gw;wp vGjg;gl;l Xtpa';fs;

jpUg;gu';Fd;wj;jpy; mike;J fhzg;gl;ljhy; mk;kiyahdJ k';fskhff;

fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jd; \yk; kf;fs; gyu; Tl;lkhf te;J tHpgl;likahy;

KUfdpd; ,Ug;gplkhf tps';fpa jpUg;gu';Fd;wk; r\f cwt[f;Fk;

gpizg;gpw;Fk; monfhypaJ.

6.11.4 Nu; kfspu] tHpghL

cau;e;j \';fpy;fs; tsu;e;njh';Fk; kiyaplj;nj Nu] kfspu]

thH;tu;. mtu;fsJ bre;epwk; nra; epyj;ija[k; fle;J tps';fj;jf;fjhFk;.

mtu;fs; flt[s; jd;ika[ila kiyr; RidapYs;s ,iyfisf; fle;J

kyu;e;j gwpahj Ftis kynuhL FUjp nghd;w xs]spa kyuhfpa

fhe;jisa[k; nru;j;J mHFglf; fl;o bgupa kiyg;gf;fj;jpy; mHFwr;

Nof;bfhz;L kiyaUtpahfpa ,dpa fUtpf;Fj; jFe;j Kiwapy;

MLths; vd;gij/
 247

"flt[l; fw;Rid mil ,we;J mtpH]e;j

gwpahf; Ftis kybuhL fhe;jl;

FUjp xz;g{ cU bfHf; fl;o
bgUtiu mLf;fk; bghw;gr; Nu;kfs;

mUtp ,d; ,aj;J MLk;."96

vd ew;wpiz TWfpwJ. nkYk; rPu]tps';Fk; kiyg; gf;fbky;yhk;

vjpbuhypf;FkhW KUfg; bgUkhdpd; nfhHpf; bfho thH;f vd;W thH;j;jp

gyUk; xU';nf Tog; gho Mo KUf tHpghL bra;fpd;wdu;.

6.11.5 KUfid tz';Fk; Kdptu;fs;

KUfg; bgUkhid tz';Fgtu;fspy; Kw;Wk; Jwe;j Kdptu;

Kjyplk; bgWfpd;wdu;. Kdptu;fs; kut[upia mzpe;jtuha[k;/ mHfhYk;/

tothYk;/ epwj;jhYk;/ tyk;g[upr; r';fpidbahj;j btz;ikahd

eiuKoapduha[k;/ vf;fhyj;Jk; ePupy; ePuhLk; gz;gpdhy; mGf;fw

tps';Fk; totpidf; bfhz;ltuha[k;/ khd; njhiy cLj;jtuha[k; gy

ehl]fs; cztpid ePj;J khu;g[ vYk;g[ vGe;J ,a';Fk; ahf;ifapid

cilatuha[k;/ gy ehl;fs; cztpd;wp fHpj;njhuha[k;/ fhkKk;/

fL";rpdKk; foe;j fhl;rpa[ilauha[k;/ kd tUj;j bkd;gjidr; rpwpJk;

mwpahjtuha[k;/ ahu; ghYk; btWg;gpy]yhj nguwptpduha[k; tps';Ffpd;w

bgUikauhtu;. ,tu;fs; KUfg; bgUkhid tz';Fjw; bghUl;L

Kd;ndwpr; bry;tjhf ef;fPuu; TWfpwhu;.

6.11.6 Fuitf; Tj;J

Fuitf; Tj;J tupf; Tj;Jf;fSs; xd;W. Fwp";rp epykf;fs;

epfH;j;Jk; Tj;J Fuitf; Tj;J vd;gij gutyhfr; r';f ,yf;fpa';fSk;/

 248

rpyk;g[k; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,f;Tj;J kiy cr;rp kzw;Fd;W/ kuepHy;

,tw;wpid ,lkhff; bfhz;L Mlg;gl;Ls;sJ. tHpghL/ bghGJnghf;F/

btw;wpapd; mwpFwp vd;w epiyfspy; FuitahLjy; epfH;e;Js;sJ.98

Fuitf; Tj;J rpy khw;w';fSld; ,y';ifapy; elj;jg;gLfpwJ vd;gij

mwpaKofpd;wJ.

r';f ,yf;fpa';fspy; Fwpg]gplg;gLk; Fuitf; Tj;J mf;fhy r\f

kf;fspd; bgUk;ghd;ikf; fiy totkhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. murd; Kjy;

mtd; epHypy; ciwa[k; Fokf;fs; tiu Fuitf; Tj;jpid mwpe;Js;sdu;

vdt[k; may; njrj;jpdUk; ,f;Tj;jpidf; fz;Lk;/ g';F bgw;Wk; cs;sdu;

vd;gJk; bjupatUfpd;wd. murd;/ giltPuu;fs; Fokf;fs; vdr;

r\fj;jpd; gyjug;gl;ltu;fSk; ,f;Tj;jpid Moa[s;sdu;. Mz;/ bgz;

,ize;Jk;./ bgz;fs; FGtpduhft[k; tPuu;fs; btw;wpf; fspg;ghft[k/;

bja;tk; epide;Jk; Moa[s;sdu;. vdnt r\fj;jpy; midj;J kf;fshYk;

mwpag;gl;l totkhff; Fuitf;Tj;J tps';fpa[s;sJ.

Fuitf; Tj;J vGtnuDk;/ xd;gjpd;knuDk; ifnfhu;j;J

MLk; Tj;J vd;Wk;/ tupf;Tj;jpd; Xu; cWg;g[ vd;Wk] TWtu;. Fuitf;

Tj;jpid kiyeldk; vd mfuhjpfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Fuit vd;gJ

99 100
FGeldk; vdt[k;/ ,irg; gpd;dzpa[ld; MLtJ vdt[k;

FuitahLjypy; g';F bfhs;nthu; xUtiubahUtu; jGtpf; bfhs;tu;.101

102
vdt[k; FuitahLnthu; fs; Foj;J MLtJ cz;L vdg; gy gjpt[fs;

r';f ,yf;fpa';fspy; fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd. Fuitf; Tj;J Fd;wf;Fuit

vd;Wk; Ma;r;rpau; Fuit vd;Wk; ,U tifg;gLk;.

 249

Fd;wf; Fuit vd;gJ Fwp";rp epyj;jpy; thGk; Fwkfspu]

KUfg; bgUkhDf;fhf MLk; Tj;jhFk;. ,J rhu;e;j bra;jpfisr;

rpyg;gjpfhu t";rpf; fhz;lj;jpy; fhzyhk;. nkYk; Fwtu;fs; jk;

Rw;wj;jpdUld; \';fpypy; tpise;j njdhy; bra;j fs;bjspit cz;L

kfpH]e;J bjhz;lfk; vd;Dk; rpWgiwapd; xypf;nfw;g Fuit mau;tu;

vd;gij/

"bfhLe; bjhHpy; ty; tpy; bfhiy,a fhdtu;

ePL mik tpise;j njf; fs; njwy;

Fd;wfr; rpWFof; fpisa[ld; kfpHe;J

bjhz;lfr; rpWgiwf; Fuit mau"103

vd;Dk; ghlyofshy; czuyhk;. nkYk;

"bjz; fl; njwy; khe;jp/ kfspu]

Ez; bray; mk;Flk; ,uP,/ gz;gpd;

kfpH]ed; guj;ijik gho/ mtpH; ,zu;f;

fh";rp ePHy; Fuit maUk; " 104

vd;Dk; mfehD}w;Wg; ghlyofs; \yk; kfspu] bjspe;j fs;isf; Foj;J

Ez;zpaj; bjhHpw; rpwg;g[ila Fl';fis xU gf;fj;jpy; itj;Jtpl;L jk;

fztupd; guj;jik xGf;fj;ijg] gho fh";rp kuj;jpd; epHypy;

FuitahLtu; vd mwpaKofpwJ.

Ma;r;rpau; Fuit vd;gJ Ky;iy epy kfspu] jpUkhYf;fhf

MLk; Tj;jhFk;. ,k;kf;fs; bja;t tHpghl;ow;Fk; bghGJ nghf;fpw;Fk;

Fuitahoa[s;sdu;. mtu;fs; ey;y kzw;gug;gpy; Fuitahoa[s;sdu;.

jiuapy; tl;lkpl;L mjidg; gd;dpuz;L miwfshfg; g';fpl;Lf;

 250

FuitahLk; kfspiu mt;tiwfspy; epWj;jpf; Fuy]/ Jj;jk;/ iff;fpis/

ciH/ ,sp/ tpsup/ jhuk; vd;W vGtUf;F kl;Lk; VG bgaupl;L ,ir gho

MLtjhFk;. ,J ,ira[k; Tj;Jk; bghUe;jp Mlg;gLk; ,dpa MlyhFk;.

,t;thly; Fwpj;jr; bra;jpfisr; rpyg;gjpfhu Ma;r;rpau; Fuitapy;

fhzyhk;.

Fuitf; Tj;jhdJ Fwp";rp kw;Wk; Ky;iy epy kf;fshy;

,iwa[zu;t[ld; kd kfpH;r;rpf;fhft[k; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l Xu] mupa fiy

totkhFk;.

6.12 bjhFg;g[iu

gHe;jkpHupd; gz;ghl;Lf; fUt{ykhf tps';Fk;

,yf;fpa';fspy; rkak; Kf;fpa g']F tfpf;fpwJ. rkakhdJ

jdpkdpjidr; rKjha thH;t[ilatdhf;FfpwJ. r']f fhy kf;fs;

rl';Ffs; kw;Wk; tHpghl;od; thapyhf epfGk; rka kug[fis

mwpe;Js;sdu;. rkaf; fUj;jhdJ kf;fspy; gyiu xw;Wikg;gLj;jpa[s;sJ.

ek]gpf;if vd;gJ bjspe;j vz;zj;jpd; bjspthd

cWjpg;ghlhFk;. kf;fspilna ek;gpf;iffs; gutpr; r\fr; bry;thf;Fg;

bgw;W epiyj;J tpLfpd;wd. fhuz fhupaj; bjhlu;g[f;F cl;gl;L

Mjhu';fspd; thapyhf ep+gpf;ff; Toaij ek;gpf;if vdt[k;/ ep+gpf;f

Koahjij \lek;gpf;if vdt[k ; Twyhk;.

gz;ilj; jkpH] ,yf;fpa';fspy; ey;y neuk; kw;Wk; ey;y

ehl;fis mwpe;J ehs; epkpj;jk; ghu;j;J bray;gl;Ls;sdu;. gwitfspd;

xypiaa[k;/ ,af;fj;ija[k;/ ,lg;bgau;r;rpiaa[k; bfhz;L g[s;epkpj;jk;

ghu;j;Js;sdu;. thd E}yhu; thdpYs;s tpz;kPd;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;fspd;

epiyawpe;J fzf;fpl;L ed;ik/ jPikfis mwpe]Js;sdu;. kd;dd;

 251

br';nfhyhl;rp bra;jhy; ehl;oy; kiH bga;J ehL brHpf;Fk; vd;gJ

ek;gpf;ifahf ,Ue;Js;sJ. tpz;kPd;fspd; tPH]r;rp kd;ddpd; kiwit

g[yg;gLj;Jk; jPepkpj;j ek;gpf;ifahf ,Ue;Js;sJ. kuj;ijj;

bja;tj;jd;ik cilajhf tHpgl;L epkpj;jkwpa[k; gHf;fKk;

gHe;jkpHfj;jpy; ,Ue;Js;sJ. ku';fs; jiHj;jhy; btw;wpa[k;/ thodhy;

njhy;tpa[k; fpilf;Fbkd;W kf;fs; ek;gpdu;. vjpu]fhyj;ijf; Fwp

brhy;Ygtu; \yk; mwpe;J jkpHu;fs; bray;gl;Ls;sdu;. cz;qtjw;F

Kd; fhfj;jpw;F cztpLk; gHf;fk; ,Ue;Js;sij ,yf;fpa';fs;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. btz;ikahd nrhw;iwg; bgz;fs; VG fy';fspy; ,l;L

Ve;jp fhf;iff;F mspj;j bra;jpiaf; FWe;bjhif gjpt[ bra;Js;sJ.

fH';fpidf; bfhz;L ed;ik jPikfisg; ghu;j;jwpjy;

ek;gpf;ifapy; mike;j rl';fhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,jd; \yk; rkag;

gHf;ftHf;f';fs; r\fj;jpy; nt+d;wp epd;wij mwpaKofpwJ. thH;t[k;/

tsu;r;rpa[k; mila gpiwbjhGk; gHf;fk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. kzkhfhj kfspu]

ey;y fztu; fpilg;gjw;fhfj; ije;ePuhly; nehd;ig epfH;j;jpa[s;sdu;.

fz;qf;Fg; g[yg;glhj ngia mikjpailar; bra;ag; gypr;

rl';Ffisa[k;/ gz;l';fisa[k; gilj;J tz';fpj; jd; Fy bja;tkhf

khw;wpf; bfhz;ldu;. thH;t[ tsk; bgWk; vd ek;gp nga;fis

tHpgl;Ls;sdu;.

thH;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; kdr; nrhu;tpidg; nghf;f kf;fs;

tpHhf;fs; epfH;j;jpa[s;sdu;. tpHhf;fs; kf;fis xw;Wikg;gLj;jp

ey;tHpf;Ff; bfhz;L te;Js;sd. tpHhf;fs; rkar; rhu;g[iladthft[k;/

r\fr; rhu;g[iladthft[k; mike;Js;sd. ghz;oau; jiyefukhd

kJiuapy; Xzj;jpUtpHh ele;jij kJiuf;fh";rp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

 252

beonahd; MW flypy; te;J fyf;Fk; ,lj]jpy; Ke;ePu] tpHh vLj;jr;

bra;jpiag; g[wehD}W bjuptpf;fpd;wJ. Ke;ePu] tpHhtpd; nghJ ,k;kd;dd;

fly; ePupy; fhy; eida[khW epd;w bra;jpiaa[k; mwpfpnwhk;.

kidf;F tpsf;fhfj; jpfGk; kfspu] tpsf;nfw;wp

tHpgl;Ls;sdu;. jkpHu;fs; j';fs; ,y;y';fspy; khWgl;l gytifahd

tpsf;Ffisg; gad;gLj;jp te;Js;sdu;. xsptotpddhfpa ,iwtid

tHpgLk; jpUtpHhthff; fhu;j;jpif tpsf;F tpHhf; bfhz;lhlg;gl;Ls;sJ.

beUg;g[ tHpghl;od; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l vr;rkhf xsptHpghl;ilf; fUjyhk;.

r';f fhyj;jpy; rpttHpghL nknyh';fp epd;wjw;Fj; jpUthjpiuj; jpUtpHh

rhd;whFk;. rptbgUkhDf;F ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd]ng

jpUtpHhf; bfhz]lhlg;gl;lijg; gupghly; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

jpUg;gu';Fd;wj;jpy; kfspu] jk; fhjyu; md;iga[k;

fz;zpiwe;j fztiua[k; bgw ahid cz;L v";fpa fts kpr;rpiy

cte;J cz;lij ,yf;fpa';fs; gjpt[ bra;Js;sd. jpUg;gu';Fd;wj;jpy;

ghLnthuJ jhsKk;/ MLnthuJ jhsKk; Fd;wpd; vjpbuhypa[k; xd;W

nru;e;J xU bgUKHf;fk; cz;lhdr; bra;jpiag; gupghly; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

m';Fs;s Xtpa khlj;jpy; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;s Xtpa';fis tpHhtpd; nghJ

kf;fs; ghu;j;J kfpH]e;Js;sdu;. kf;fs; Tl;lkhf te;J tHpgl;ljhy;

jpUg;gu';Fd;wk; kf;fspd; r\f cwt[fF

; k; gpizg;gpw;Fk;

monfhypa[s;sJ. KUfg; bgUkhid tz';f kut[upia mzpe;Jk;/ khd;

njhiy cLj;Jk;/ cztpid ePj;Jk;/ bkype;j ahf]ifa[k; bfhz;L

fL";rpdk; jtpu]j;j Kdptu;fs; gyu; jpUg;gu';Fd;wj;jpy; Kd;ndwpr;

bry;tjhf ef;fPuu; Twpa[s;shu;.

 253

kiya[r;rp/ kzw;Fd;W/ kuepHy; Kjypatw;iw ,ldhff;

bfhz;L Fuitf;Tj;J Mlg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fuitf; Tj;J mf;fhy kf;fspd;

fiytotkhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. rpW giwapd; xypf;nfw;gf; Futu;fs;

Fuitahoaijj; jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Fuitf; Tj;jhdJ

Fwp";rp epy kf;fshYk; Ky;iyepy kf;fshYk; kdkfpH;r;rpf;fhf ,iw

czu;t[ld; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l Xu; mupa fiy totkhFk;.

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 254

,ay; Fwpg;g[fs;
1. <!;tugps;is/ gy;ytu; fhyr;rkaKk;/ rKjhaKk;/ g.212

2. nkyJ/ g.212

3. fjpnurd; brl;oahu;/ rkaf; Futu;fs;/ g.15

4. _uhkfpU#;z cgnjr k";rup/ g.194

5. kP.g. nrhK/ rpj;ju; ,yf;fpak;/ g/41

6. br.gHdpr;rhkp/ g[wehD}w;wpy; jkpHu; gz;ghL/ g.102

7. g[wk.; br. 288

8. bjhy;. bghUs;. g[wj; E}.30

9. ,.Re;ju\u;j;jp/ ,yf;fpar; Rlu;/ g.11

10. g[wk;. 204 :10-11

11. FWe;. 260 : 3-4

12. fypj;. 5

13. mfk;. 141 : 2-4

14. g[wk;. 20 : 18-21

15. FWe;. 210

16. g[wk;. 198 :25

17. FWe;. 350 : 4-6

18. gup. 11 :1-5

19 gl; :. 1-6

20. g[wk;. 35 : 6-8

21. g[wk;. 35: 27-29

 255

22. gjpw;. 13 : 25-26

23. gjpw;. 24 :24-25

24. g[wk;. 41 : 4-11

25. g[wk;. 229

26. fiyf;fs";rpak; bjhFjp 1/ g.723.

27. bjhy;fhg;gpak;/ g[wj;.63

28. g[wg;bghUs;/ bghJtpaw;glyk;/ bfhS 4

29. gjpw;. 40 :17

30. ,.Re;ju\u;j;jp/ ,yf;fpar; Rlu;/ g.13

31. gjpw;. 61: 6

32. mfk;. 85 :10 /133: 4/ fyp. 38 25

33. bjhy;. g[wj;. 3

34. ew;. 40: 4

35. g[wk;. 280: 6

36. g[wg;bghUs;. E}.3

37. Ky;. :11 -16

38. FWe;. : 23

39. ew;. 288 : 4-7

40. bjhy]. fstpay;/ 24

41. bghUeu;. 181-184

42. ew;. 281: 1

43. ew;. 343 :5

 256

44. I';. 391

45. FWe;. 210 : 2-6

46. ew;. 367 : 1-5

47. ew;. 47 : 7-10

48. mfk; 195 : 14-19

49. jkpH;ehl;L tuyhw;Wf; FG – jkpH;ehl;L tuyhW/ g.204

(r';ffhyk; - thH;tpay;)

50. rpyg;. k';fy thH;j;Jg; ghly;(1)

51. mfk; 239 :9-10

52. mfk;. 186 : 4 - 6

53. kJ. 193

54. fypj;. 59: 13

55. kJ. 631.632

56. gl;. 259-260

57. bjhy;. g[wj;. 18

58. g[wk;. 281

59. FWe;. 263: 1-5

60. g[wk; 356: 1-4 /359 1-8/ 369: 14-15/ kJ. 29-38

61. g[wk;. 62 : 1-5

62. fyp'.; nga;fisg; ghoaJ/br.139

63. jtj;jpU Fd;wf;Fo mofshu;/ Mya';fs; rKjha ika';fs;/ g.76

64. R.rf;jpnty;/ ehl;Lg;g[w ,ay; Ma;t[/ g.235

65. m.K.gukrpthde;jk;/ jkpH;ehl;L tpHhf;fs;/ g.5

 257

66. kiwkiyaofs;/ jkpHu; kjk;/ g 156

67. fh.Rg;gpukzpa gps;is/ jkpHu; rkak;/ g.83

68. fypj;. 83 : 14-15

69. kJ. 590-591

70. kJ. 57-61

71. g[wk;. 9 :9-10

72. nt.jp.bry;tk;/ jkpHf tuyhWk; gz;ghLk;/ g.137

73. mfk; 370 : 11-12

74. gp.vy;.rhkp/ jkpH; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jha;j;bja;t tHpghL/ g.24

75. F.gr;irkhy;/ eh";rpy; ts;Std; xsitahu;/ g.17

76. g[wk;. 314

77. ew;. 310: 1

78. m.fh.bgUkhs;/ bjhy;gHk; rkaf;TWfs;/ g.26

79.F.itj;jpaehjd; (c.M.) rpt"hd rpj;jpahu; Rgf;fk;/ g.74

80. mfk;. 141 :6-11

81. mfk;. 11: 3-5

82. mfk;. 185 :11-12

83. ew;. 202 : 9-11

84. rk;ge;ju; g[uhzk; br. 926

85. F.itj;jpaehjd;/ irt rka tuyhWk;/ gd;dpU jpUKiw tuyhWk;/ g.3

86. F.itj;jpaehjd;/ rpj;jhe;j ml;lfk;/ g.124

87. gup. 8: 6

88. gup. 11: 74-79

 258

89. fypj;. 40

90. gup. 19 :103-105

91. gup. 19 :85-94

92. gup. 8: 103-108

93. jpUKUF. 227-240

94. gup. 19 : 46-52

95. ew]. 34: 1-5

96. jpUKUF. 125-137

97. $hd;. Mrpu]thjk;/ jkpHu; Tj;Jfs;/ g.118

98. fyp. 104 : 69

99. kJ. 97

100. kJ. 64 :615

101. g[wk; 129 : kiy 320 -323

102. kapiy rPdp. nt';flrhkp/ jkpHu; tsu;j;j mHFf; fiyfs;/ g.153

103. jpUKUF : 194-197

104/ mfk;. 336: 6-9

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