This document provides examples of material balance exercises involving calculations of:
1) Molar amounts, mass fractions, mole fractions, and flow rates of components in mixtures and solutions.
2) Average molecular weights and densities of mixtures.
3) Conversion between mass, moles, and volume of substances.
The examples cover a range of chemical engineering relevant topics including gases, liquids, solutions, and suspensions.
This document provides examples of material balance exercises involving calculations of:
1) Molar amounts, mass fractions, mole fractions, and flow rates of components in mixtures and solutions.
2) Average molecular weights and densities of mixtures.
3) Conversion between mass, moles, and volume of substances.
The examples cover a range of chemical engineering relevant topics including gases, liquids, solutions, and suspensions.
This document provides examples of material balance exercises involving calculations of:
1) Molar amounts, mass fractions, mole fractions, and flow rates of components in mixtures and solutions.
2) Average molecular weights and densities of mixtures.
3) Conversion between mass, moles, and volume of substances.
The examples cover a range of chemical engineering relevant topics including gases, liquids, solutions, and suspensions.
1) How many gram–moles of C3H8 are contained in 2 kg–mol of this substance?
2) A solution contains 20% C2H4 by mass (xC2H4=0.20) and 40% mole C2H6 (yC2H6=0.40). a) Calculate the mass of C2H4 in 175 kg of the solution b) Calculate the mass flow rate of C2H4 in a stream of the solution flowing at a rate of 350 lbm/h. c) Calculate the molar flow rate of C2H6 in a stream flowing at a rate of 1500 mol/min. d) Calculate the total solution flow rate that correspond to a molar flow rate of 450 kg–mol C2H6/s 3) A mixture of gases has the following composition: 20% mol ethylene (C2H4), 40% ethane (C2H6) and the rest propane (C3H8). a) What is the mass composition? b) What is its average molecular weight 4) How many lb-moles are in 150 g of O2? (1 lbm = 453.59 g) 5) A solution contains 20% X and 25% Y by mass. Calculate: a) the mass of X in 220 kg of solution. b) the mass flow rate of Y in stream flowing at a rate of 53 Ibm/h. 6) Given: 100 lbm of solution of NaCl in water. If the mass of NaCl in the solution is 5 lbm what is its mass fraction? What is the mass percent of NaCl present? 7) Given: 200 g-moles of a solution that contains 20 g-moles of substance A and 180 gmoles of substance B. What are the mole fractions of A and B? What are the mole percents of A and B? 8) A “solution” consists of pure benzene. What are the molar and mass ppm and ppb of benzene in the “solution”? 9) 1 ng of KOH is present in 1 g of solution. What are the mass ppm and ppb of KOH? 10) A gas mixture contains 1000 moles total, including 1 mole of HCl. What is the molar ppm of HCl? 11) A gas mixture possesses following mass fractions of species: Chemical Mass Molecular Compound fraction weight O2 0.16 32 CO 0.04 28 CO2 0.17 44 N2 0.63 28 What is the molar fraction of O2? 12) A mixture contains: 10.0 mole% ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH), 75.0 mole% ethyl acetate (C4H8O2) and 15.0 mole% acetic acid (CH3COOH) a. Calculate the mass fractions of each component in the mixture. b. What is the average molecular weight of the mixture? c. What would be the mass (kg) of a sample containing 25.0 kmol of ethyl acetate? 13) A 0,50 molar aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) flows into a reactor at a rate of 1,25 m3/min. The specific gravity of the solution is 1,03 (20°/4°). What is the total mass flow rate? What is the mass concentration of H2SO4 in the stream (in kg/m3)? What is the mass flow rate of H2SO4 (in kg/s)? What is the mass fraction of H2SO4? What is the molar flow rate of H2SO4 (in g-mole/s)? MH2SO4 = 98 g/mol). 14) A solution of HNO3 in water has a specific gravity of 1.10 at 25°C. The concentration of HNO3 is 15 g/L of solution. What is the: a) Mole fraction of HNO3 in the solution? b) ppm of HNO3 in the solution? (Take 1 L and 100 g of solution). 15) The specific gravity of gasoline is approximately 0.70. a) Determine the mass (kg) of 50.0 liters of gasoline. b) If the mass flow rate of gasoline delivered by a gasoline pump is 1150 kg/min, what is the corresponding volumetric flow rate in liters/s. c) Gasoline and kerosene (specific gravity = 0.82) are blended to obtain a mixture with a specific gravity of 0.78. Calculate the volumetric ratio (volume of gasoline/volume of kerosene) of the two compounds in the mixture, assuming the law of additive volume is applicable. 16) At 25ºC, an aqueous solution containing 35% H2SO4 has a specific gravity of 1,2563. a. Calculate the volume of the solution that will contain 195.5 kg of H2SO4 . b. Re-calculate the volume of the solution if pure component specific gravities of H2SO4 (SG = 1.8255) and water had been used for the calculation. Assume additive volume is applicable. c. Estimate the percent error in volume calculation. 17) A solution of common salt in water is prepared by adding 20 kg of salt to 100 kg of water, to make a liquid of density 1323 kg/m3 . Calculate the concentration of salt in this solution as a (a) weight fraction, (b) weight/volume fraction, (c) mole fraction, (d) molal concentration. 18) Calcular la fracción molar de cada una de las sustancias de la disolución de: 10 moles de metanol, 1 mol de etanol y 8 moles de agua. 19) Calcular la fracción molar de cada componente de una disolución de 40 gramos de alcohol etílico (CH3CH2OH) y 100 gramos de agua. 20) Calcular la fracción molar de una disolución en agua al 12,5% en peso de metanol (CH3OH). 21) Sea una disolución de ácido sulfúrico H2SO4 de 93% en peso y con densidad 1,83 g/ml. Calcular la fracción molar del ácido. Datos: peso molecular del H2SO4 = 98; peso molecular del agua = 18. 22) Calcular la cantidad en gramos de cada uno de los componentes de una disolución de agua (H2O), glicerina (C3H8O3) y metanol (CH3OH) en las que: xglicerina = 0,044, xmetanol = 0,056, xagua = 0,9. Dato: el número de moles de agua es 0,56. 23) En un recipiente se mezclan 15 L de Pentano (C5H12) el cual tiene una gravedad específica (S. G.) de 0.63 20°/4° con 15 litros de benceno (C6H6), S. G.=0.879 20°/4°. Calcule las fracciones másicas y molares de la mezcla y el peso molecular promedio. 24) Una suspensión de partículas de carbonato de calcio en agua fluye por una tubería. Le piden que determine la velocidad de flujo y la composición de esta lechada- Procede entonces tomar a tomar una muestra de la corriente en una probeta graduada durante 1.00 minuto; después, pesa la probeta, evapora el agua recolectada y vuelve a pesar la probeta, obteniendo los siguientes resultados: Masa de la probeta vacía: 65.0 g Masa de la probeta + la lechada recolectada: 565 g Volumen recolectado: 455 mL Masa de la probeta tras la evaporación: 215 g Calcule: a) Las velocidades de flujo volumétrico y másico de la suspensión. b) La densidad de la suspensión. c) La fracción másica del CaCO3 en la suspensión. 25) La alimentación a un reactor de síntesis de amoniaco contiene 25% de nitrógeno y el hidrógeno necesario en cantidad estequiométrica. La velocidad de flujo de la corriente es de 3000 kg/h. Calcule la velocidad de flujo del nitrógeno al rector en kg/h. (Sugerencia: calcule primero el peso molecular promedio de la mezcla). 26) Una mezcla contiene 10,0% mol de alcohol etílico, 75% de acetato de etilo (C4H8O2), y 15,0% de ácido acético. Calcule las fracciones másicas de cada compuesto. ¿Cuál es el peso molecular promedio de la mezcla? ¿Cuál sería la masa (en kg) de una muestra que contuviera 25,0 kmol de acetato de etilo? 27) Una mezcla de etanol y agua contiene 60% de agua en masa. a) Suponiendo que los componentes tienen aditividad de volumen, calcule la gravedad específica de la muestra a 20°C ¿Qué volumen (en litros) de esta mezcla se requiere para suministrar 150 mol de etanol? b) Repita el inciso (a) con la información adicional de que la gravedad específica de la muestra a 20°C es 0,93518 (y, en consecuencia, no es necesario suponer volúmenes aditivos). ¿Qué porcentaje de error resulta de la suposición de aditividad de volumen?