B. Arch. 9th Sem. Dissertation (July-Dec 2018)

B. Arch. 9th Sem.
Dissertation (July-Dec 2018)
[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 1

B. Arch. 9th Sem. Dissertation (July-Dec 2018)





ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT PG.NO
LIST OF TABLES 7
LIST OF FIGURES 7-11
01. INTRODUCTION & SYNOPSIS ......................................................................... 14-16

01.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................. 15
01.3 Choice of Dissertation Topic ................................................................................. 15
01.3.1 Solution for the Unsolved ................................................................................ 15
01.3.2 Motivational Factors enriching Research Quality............................................ 16
01.3.3 Learnings Factors ............................................................................................. 16
02. RESEARCH DESCRIPTION.............................................................................. 16-17

02.1 Research Statement ................................................................................................. 17
02.2 Validity of the Project/ Scope of Work................................................................... 17
02.3 Aims and Objectives ............................................................................................... 17
02.3.6 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 17
03. LITERATURE STUDIES ....................................................................................18--33

03.1 Space Making.......................................................................................................... 18
03.2 Kinetic structural elements ..................................................................................... 18
03.2.1 Building components ....................................................................................... 18
03.2.2. Peripheral Parts ............................................................................................... 27
03.2.3. Actual movable architecture components ....................................................... 29
04. CASE STUDIES / DATA COLLECTION .......................................................... 34-80

04.1. Architectural Projects: .......................................................................................... 34
04.1.1 Institut du Monde Arabe .................................................................................. 35
04.1.2. GucklHupf....................................................................................................... 37
05.1.3. Floirac House "Maison à Bordeaux"............................................................... 41
04.1.4. The Naked House ............................................................................................ 44

04.1.5. Milwaukee Art Museum "Quadracci Pavilion ................................................ 47

04.1.6. Gemini Haus ................................................................................................... 50
04.1.7.Dragspelhuset ................................................................................................... 53
04.1.8. The Leaf Chapel: ............................................................................................. 57
04.1.9. QiZhong Forest Sports City Tennis Centre "Magnolia Stadium" ................... 60
04.1.10. Kiefer Technic Showroom ............................................................................ 63
04.1.11. Sliding House ................................................................................................ 66
04.1.12. The Olympic Tennis Center "Magic Box" .................................................... 69
04.1.13. Cherokee Studios Lofts ................................................................................. 72
4.1.14. The World Trade Center Transportation Hub ................................................. 75
04.1.15. Dynamic Tower............................................................................................. 78
05. COMPARATIVE STUDY ANALYSIS AND INFERENCES ........................... 81-88

05.1 Inferences – Literature Studies & Case Studies ...................................................... 81
05.2 Comparative Analysis & Final Inferences .............................................................. 83
05.2.1 Location: .......................................................................................................... 83
05.2.2 Structural Systems and Used Materials: .......................................................... 83
05.2.3 Indoor Environment Types: ............................................................................. 84
05.2.4 Kinetic Elements and Reasons for Motion: ..................................................... 85
06.2.5 Relation between Structural System and Used Materials: ............................... 87
05.2.6 Relation between Structural System and Used Kinetic Elements: .................. 87
05.2.7 Relation between Building Environments and Used Kinetic Elements: .......... 88
05.2.8 Relation between Building Environments and Reasons for Motion: ............... 88
06. RESEARCH ........................................................................................................... 89-95

06.1 Design Parameters .................................................................................................. 90
06.2 Deployable structure experiment for roof ............................................................... 91
06.3 transforming exhibition spaces ............................................................................... 93
06.4 Implementation ....................................................................................................... 94
07. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................... 96-98
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 97-103

LIST OF TABLES
Table 6. 1: Analyzed architectural projects. ....................................................................... 82
LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter 3 PG.NO.
Figure 3. 1: Through a biomimetic approach, Hybgrid aims to create a system that produces
non-predetermined forms by changing the relations between the nodes of the structure. .. 20
Figure 3. 2: The Expanding Video Screen by Hoberman Associates, in partnership with
Innovative Designs.............................................................................................................. 20
Figure 3. 3 : Hans Peter Wörndl: GucklHupf (pinterest.com) ........................................... 21
Figure 3. 4: sliding house drmm design. (creative ideas box) ........................................... 22
Figure 3. 5: Olympic Stage Retractable Curtain.Hoberman (hudsonmachine.com).......... 22
Figure 3. 6: Pneumatic Structures | The Flying Mast ........................................................ 23
Figure 3. 7: veltins arena . 123RF.com .............................................................................. 24
Figure 3. 8: The Eco-29 project by FoxLin. (C3 Magazine) ............................................. 25
Figure 3. 9: Hoberman Associates - Transformable Design - Iris Dome........................... 25
Figure 3. 10: The Bloomframe project by Hofman Dujardin. ........................................... 26
Figure 3. 11: Sapporo - Sedes del Mundial de Corea - Japón 2002 - DEGUATE.COM .. 26
Figure 3. 12: Sistemas estruturais - Heino Engel - Editora Gustavo Gili (BR) Livros,
Architecture ........................................................................................................................ 27
Figure 3. 13: The Vinyl Milford House project by Alan Wexler. ..................................... 28
Figure 3. 14: The Naked House project by Shigeru Ban. .................................................. 29
Figure 3. 15 :Actual movable architecture components .................................................... 29
Figure 3. 16: Gateshead Millennium Bridge, Newcastle. .................................................. 30
Figure 3. 17: (A) University of Phoenix Stadium, Peter Eiseman, Arizona, 2006. (B) Qi
Zhong Tennis Centre, Mitsuru Senda and Environment Design Institute, Shanghai, 2006.30
Figure 3. 18: Movable Connection Types.......................................................................... 31
Figure 3. 19: Actuator role in the movable system ............................................................ 31
Figure 3. 20: Complex System .......................................................................................... 33
Figure 3. 21:Complex System(Indirect Control, Intelligent and Heuristic system) ... Error!
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Chapter 4
Figure 4. 1: An external view for Institut du Monde Arabe (WikiArquitectura, 2010). .... 35

Figure 4. 2: (a) A view for a group of the mashrabiya diaphragms while functioning (eliinbar,
2011). (b) A detail of the medium sized diaphragm (moreAEdesign, 2010). (c) A detail of
small diaphragms (moreAEdesign, 2010). .......................................................................... 36
Figure 4. 3: A diagram showing reason for installing mashrabiya diaphragms on the southern
façade (Yucel, 1989, P. 92). ................................................................................................ 36
Figure 4. 4: An external view for GucklHupf while being opened (de la Torre). ............. 38
Figure 4. 5: Transformation in GucklHupf starting from the closed state (Olson, 2009). 39
Figure 4. 6: An exterior view for the Floirac House (OrgoneDesign, N/D). ..................... 41
Figure 4. 7: An isometric section showing the elevator platform in red (Beck). ............... 42
Figure 4. 8: Different views for the elevator platform while functioning (OMA). (a) The
elevator platform when settled in the upper level. (b) The elevator platform while moving
between different levels. ..................................................................................................... 42
Figure 4. 9: An external view for the Naked House (ShigeruBanArchitects). .................. 44
Figure 4. 10 : Interior views of the Naked House (van Poucke, 2011). (a) A view for mobile
units when attached to each other. (b) A view for mobile units arranged separately. ........ 45
Figure 4. 11: (a) A section through the main double height open space (Bradbury, 2005, P.
185). (b) An isometric for the Naked House showing different layer of the building's skin as
well as different components (Bradbury, 2005, P. 181). .................................................... 46
Figure 4. 12: (a) Different arrangements for the mobile room units (Guzowski, 2007, P. 2).
(b) A close view for the moveable units (Stang, 2005, P. 89). ........................................... 46
Figure 4. 13: An external view for the Milwaukee Art Museum – Quadracci Pavilion (Smith,
2007). .................................................................................................................................. 47
Figure 4. 14: The Burke Brise Soleil, the moveable wings of the museum ranging in motion
from totally closed to completely opened (CALATRAVA). .............................................. 48
Figure 4. 15: (a) An interior view of the structural frame of the parabolic-shaped skylight in
the Quadracci Pavilion (CALATRAVA). (b) The arched promenade at the Quadracci
Pavilion (CALATRAVA). (c) The unique shapes of the arched support concrete structures
(solaripedia, N/D-b). ........................................................................................................... 49
Figure 4. 16: An external view for the Gemini Haus (Salzburg.ORF.at, 2012). ............... 50
Figure 4. 17: (a) Utility lines that are transferred to the rotating house through the firm
basement (PEGE, 2001). (b) Glass and aluminum fixes (van Poucke, 2008a). (c) Vertical
solar panels attached to the house (Lenardic). .................................................................... 51
Figure 4. 18: (a) A detail for connection between dynamic solar panels and the structure
(PEGE, 2001). (b) A detail for the track on which the house moves (PEGE, 2001). ......... 52
Figure 4. 19: An external view for Dragspelhuset (24H<architecture). ............................ 53
Figure 4. 20: (a) A view for the cabin while the retractable cantilever is pushed in (Park,
2007, P. 60). (b) A view for the cabin while the retractable cantilever is pushed out (Park,
2007, P. 60). ........................................................................................................................ 54
Figure 4. 21: Dragspelhuset plan (Park, 2007, P. 67). (a) Plan drawing for the extension
where the orange color indicates the area of extension when the retractable cantilever is

pushed in. (b) Plan drawing for the extension where the red color indicates the added area
after pushing the retractable cantilever out. ........................................................................ 54
Figure 4. 22: A section showing the extension while the retractable cantilever is pushed in
creating a double skin (Park, 2007, P. 67). ......................................................................... 55
Figure 4. 23: A section showing the extension while the retractable cantilever is pushed out
over the stream (Park, 2007, P. 67). .................................................................................... 55
Figure 4. 24: The red cedar wood used for the exterior cladding (Zeisser, 2007, P. 12), (Park,
2007, P. 59). ........................................................................................................................ 56
Figure 4. 25: The reindeer hides covering the interior of the retractable cantilever (Park,
2007, P. 66). ........................................................................................................................ 56
Figure 4. 26: An exterior view for the Leaf Chapel glowing at night
(KleinDytham|architecture). ............................................................................................... 57
Figure 4. 27: (a) The Leaf Chapel when in the closed state (KleinDytham|architecture, N/D).
(b) The Leaf Chapel when in the opened state by the end of the wedding ceremony
(KleinDytham|architecture, ................................................................................................. 58
Figure 4. 28: (a) An interior view showing the black granite used for flooring as well as the
black wooden pews with clear acrylic backrest (KleinDytham|architecture). (b) A detail for
the lace patterns on the movable leaf (KleinDytham|architecture). .................................... 59
Figure 4. 29: The Shanghai QiZhong Forest Sports City Tennis Centre (corus, 2006, P.
24,25). ................................................................................................................................. 60
Figure 4. 30: (a) A drawing for the stadium roof while in a close state. (b) A drawing for the
stadium roof while in an open state. ................................................................................... 61
Figure 4. 31: The QiZhong Forest Sports City Tennis Center dynamic roof (van Poucke,
2008b). (a) A close view for the roof petals while they are closed. (b) A close view for the
roof petals while they are being opened.............................................................................. 62
Figure 4. 32: An exterior view for the Kiefer Technic Showroom (Deisenberger, 2009, P.
21). ...................................................................................................................................... 63
Figure 4. 33: Different positions for the aluminum panels giving the façade a variety of
appearance (WorldBuildingsDirectoryOnlineDatabase). ................................................... 64
Figure 4. 34: A close view for the moveable aluminum panels showing the guide rails they
move on (WorldBuildingsDirectoryOnlineDatabase)......................................................... 65
Figure 4. 35: An exterior view for the Sliding House (dRMM). ....................................... 66
Figure 4. 36: An isometric drawing showing different positions for the moveable (dRMM).
............................................................................................................................................ 67
Figure 4. 37: (a) A view for the sliding exterior skin while creating an extra sunshade for the
terrace (Russell, 2010). (b) Different views for the sliding exterior skin creating different
enclosure between the three forms creating the house, and while leaving the courtyard
exposed to the sky (Waite, 2009). ....................................................................................... 67
Figure 4. 38: (a) A detailed section drawing for the glass form while it is closed by the
moveable roof/wall structure and while it is opened to the surrounding by sliding the
moveable roof/wall structure away (dRMM). (b) Views for the sliding exterior shell once
when closed and the other when completely open (Russell, 2010). ................................... 68

Figure 4. 39: An external view for the Olympic Tennis from north across the Manzanares
River Center (Riley, 2005, P. 118)...................................................................................... 69
Figure 4. 40: A drawing to show the different 27 opening positions for the three lids covering
the courts (Jordana, 2012). .................................................................................................. 70
Figure 4. 41: A close view for a hydraulic jack (van Poucke, 2010). ................................ 71
Figure 4. 42: An external view for the Cherokee Studios Lofts (Brooks+ScarpArchitecture).
............................................................................................................................................ 72
Figure 4. 43: Different views for the operable aluminum panels (Brooks+ScarpArchitecture).
............................................................................................................................................ 73
Figure 4. 44: A diagram showing reason for installing a kinetic skin
(Brooks+ScarpArchitecture). .............................................................................................. 73
Figure 4. 45: (a) Close view of the perforated anodized aluminum
panels(Brooks+ScarpArchitecture). (b) Detailed view for the operable skin
(Brooks+ScarpArchitecture). .............................................................................................. 74
Figure 4. 46: A perspective for the exterior of The World Trade Center Transportation Hub
(WorldTradeCenter). ........................................................................................................... 75
Figure 4. 47: Section drawing showing the steel ribs that were supposed to move as well as
the lightening system (Yee, 2007, P. 63). (b) Interior prespective views for the main hall
while the top is closed and opened (LowerManhattanConstructionCommandCenter)....... 76
Figure 4. 48: A perspective for the Dynamic Tower (DynamicArchitecture). .................. 78
Figure 4. 49: (a) Drawing representing the installation of wind turbines and the way they are
involved in the design concept (DynamicArchitecture, N/D). (b) Drawing representing the use
of solar panels on top of each rotating floor (DynamicArchitecture) ................................. 79
Figure 4. 50: Drawing presenting the technical system will be used to construct the tower
(DynamicArchitecture). ...................................................................................................... 80
Chapter 5
Figure 05. 1: The world map where the studied projects are located in Europe, North-
America and Asia................................................................................................................ 83
Figure 05. 2: Structure systems used for analyzed buildings. ............................................ 83
Figure 05. 3: Share of materials used among the studied projects. .................................... 84
Figure 05. 4: Different architectural environments in which kinetics were used. ............. 84
Figure 05. 5: Types of kineticism used in buildings under study, such as: (a) Institut du
Monde Arabe – 1987 (eliinbar, 2011). (b) The Naked House – 2000 (Stang, 2005, P. 89). (c)
The Olympic Tennis Center – 2009 (DominiquePerraultArchitecture). (d) The Leaf Chapel –
2004 (Picasa, 2009). (e) The Sliding House – 2009 (Meunier, 2012). (f) The Dynamic Tower
Figure 05. 6: Ways kinetics were installed in buildings. ................................................... 85
Figure 05. 7: Reasons for using kinetics, such as: (a) Institut du Monde Arabe – 1987
(Dumas, 2009). (b) GucklHupf – 1993 (Olson, 2009). (c) Maison à Bordeaux – 1998 (OMA,
N/D). (d) The Naked House – 2000 (van Poucke, 2011). (e) Magnolia Stadium – 2005

(TheChicagoAthenaeum, 2007). (f) The Leaf Chapel – 2004 (IaaC, 2010). (g) Cherokee
Studios Lofts – 2010 (Brooks+ScarpArchitecture). (h) Dynamic Tower
Figure 05. 8: Reasons in which kinetic systems are applied. ............................................. 86
Figure 05. 9: Relation between structure systems and materials share. ............................. 87
Figure 05. 10: Structure systems effect on the way kineticism is installed. ...................... 87
Figure 05. 11: Relation between the different environments and ways kinetics are installed.
............................................................................................................................................ 88
Figure 05. 12: Relation between different environments and the reason kinetics are used.88
Chapter 6
Figure 6. 1. Burke Brise Soleil of the Quadracci Pavilion, addition to the Milwaukee Art
Museum by Santiago Calatrava, calatrava.com .................................................................. 89
Figure 6. 2. Design process for kinetic architecture......................................................... 90
Figure 6. 3: Rotation of openable scissor mechanism roof structure................................ 92
Figure 6. 4: Scissors mechanism for openable roof structure ........................................... 92
Figure 6. 5: An Equilateral Triangle by Henry Dudeney .................................................. 93
Figure 6. 6: Conceptual sketch of dynamic exhibition space ........................................... 93
Figure 6. 7. Multi – adaptive kinetic concept of linear wall partitions implementation on a
site plan ............................................................................................................................... 94
Figure 6. 8: Site planning using the rails for kinetic parts to adapt the site functioning. .. 94
Figure 6. 9: conceptual sketches of what the final design output looks like ..................... 95

01. INTRODUCTION & SYNOPSIS

Many design techniques and technologies which aim to respond to the constantly changing
needs have appeared. The most prominent of these is kinetic architecture, which is considered
a development in the theories of architecture and a departure from the static form of architecture
to the dynamic form. This study presents interactive movement as one of the leading factors of
contemporary ways of expression in architecture. The evolution of architecture from static and
stability to dynamic and movement has been followed by changes in the architectural thought.
A new architectural language has been found as some new concepts have emerged, and so
modulation vocabulary uses have been introduced, materials and construction methods have
evolved and uses of computer and multimedia in architecture have developed. However, the
large cost and their need for high technology in design and manufacturing have made the
distribution of this kind of facilities limited to countries either booming economically or own
superior technology. However, the lack of resources and knowledge of techniques for these
installations led to reluctance among architects to use offered working solutions despite the
various adaptable properties of different variable.
 Kinetic architecture is a system which changes its structure, behaviour or resources

according to demand.
 The Buildings that are designed in recent times also need to adaptive in order to survive the
changing conditions of the environment, humans, activities etc. The energy crisis that we
are facing in predominantly due to the fact of that our buildings are not adaptive in nature.
 Technology has played a vital role in the development of architecture and developing
adaptable buildings. As of now, we have looked at this process in our buildings in a very
broad and general sense, generated based on the activities, context, users etc. The type
which has not been considered so far is the form wise adaptation, where the building itself
transforms in its structure in order to accommodate the changing external conditions.
 This research paper deals with transformable and kinetic structures as an adaptive &
responsive form of architecture. Transformable structures have always existed in the past,
but these structures were not termed as such or the technology was not well developed in
order to execute these and hence they remained in the conceptual stage. The dissertation
explores the different types of transformable structures and studies the components
involved in it. The architect must have a basic knowledge about the working of such
structures in order to be able to design and execute them.

 Sustainability is a major factor that architects consider in their designs. Transformable &
kinetic Structures are also sustainable in nature as they can adapt to the changing needs in
contrast to the rigid and static architecture. Transformable structures are being developed
and accepted in the current times due to all these factors apart from their efficient
functioning. These factors put together give credibility to these structures being the possible
future of architecture.
01.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

 Some of the strategies to make the building flexible in terms of adaptive, responsive &
sustainability relate to building orientation and location, building envelope-insulation and
materials -shading devices, spaces, openings, etc.
 The heat and the light from the sun can be controlled with external and internal shading or
integrated overhang.
 The location of the building is creating the fundamental design parameters for exploiting
the natural resources of wind and sun.
 Kinetic buildings- modular, light, transformable, adaptive- can have a big part to play when
it comes to respond the never steady environment we live in: It is not Static, rather, it is
movable, and it is flexible, “it is a sustainable product.”
Does a design have the ability that how with facades, material, techniques, technology and
concepts a building can be made to ADAPTIVE & RESPONSIVE?
01.3 CHOICE OF DISSERTATION TOPIC
The analytical study aims to identify and comprehend the modern architectural applications
that will affect the future of movable buildings. Also, the study answers the question; if the
interactive concepts are able to cross the restricting borders of the movement in architecture
that are faced by designers in the design process of movable buildings in the current time.
01.3.1 Solution for the Unsolved
What all of these kinetic, dynamic and responsive facades have in common is the regulation of
energy as part of overarching sustainable strategies. A moving facade becomes another device
to alter the interior environment of a building and make occupants feel more comfortable. The
technology exists for building facades to move, giving all of these projects a theatrical quality
that one might find emotive. However, beyond the mere choreography, what really matters is
what’s happening inside, to surfaces, spaces and people.

01.3.2 Motivational Factors enriching Research Quality
This research is held out to introduce a new architectural approach, i.e. "kinetic architecture".
Also, it covers the area of using kinetics in architectural environments whether they were
living, work, entertainment or public environments. Kinetics when used in the field of
architecture can be a part of a building or the building as a whole depending on how and why
it is being used.
As a result, it is important when designing buildings to study their future compatibility

with changes that occur whether in the way of using, the number of users, and their desires or
any other changeable factors. Using kinetics will help adding new possibilities for future
adaptation. Also, it will maximize the benefit of existing resources both natural and artificial.
Kinetic building can maximize the use of land, ex. changing orientation or expanding size
according to need or desire. Moreover, kinetic building can act and respond to weather changes
as well as to users' changeable needs.
New technologies will have a role in developing kinetic architecture, such as new
materials (nano materials and those being used in maritime, aviation and space sciences).
Computation and sensor technologies will help determining and locating changes that happen
within buildings' environment then responding to that change.
01.3.3 Learnings Factors

 The goal is to link past practices related to kinetic form with motion-based emerging
technologies in a meaningful way and project into the inherent architectural possibilities.
 The area of kinetic architecture, that is the integration of motion into the built environment,
and the impact such results have upon the aesthetics, design and performance of buildings
may be of great importance to the field of architecture. Although the aesthetic value of
virtual motion may always be a source of inspiration, its physical implementation in
buildings and structures may challenge the very nature of what architecture really is.
02. RESEARCH DESCRIPTION

A progress in the architectural field can be achieved through addressing kinetic
structures as part of a whole rather than independently or singularly. Kinetics in buildings may
include pragmatic or humanistic purposes or even both. While pragmatic purposes may range
from solving problems, optimizing solutions, and implying space efficiency, security … etc,
humanistic purposes are concerned with the physical and psychological effect of architectural
environments' changes upon their users and occupants.
Kinetic systems can be used in different trends. Kinetic systems can be used in large open
spaces that accommodate many different activities in order to provide different configurations.
They may range from interior re-organization to complete structure transformation. The goal
of using such kinetic systems is creating spaces that are able to adopt, reconfigure and
customize both by users and changing surrounding conditions. Kinetic systems can be used to

turn a single space into a multi-function space that can occupy different activities by quickly
and spatially reconfigure itself to truly accommodate each particular function when needed. As
kinetic systems allow buildings to adopt and respond to changes in the natural surrounding
environment such as wind currents, tempreture and light, they also allow buildings to respond
and adapt to long-term changes such as changes in the built environment and traffic patterns.
By using kinetic systems, buildings are able to respond and adapt to changes that occur beyond
codes and regulations. Kinetic systems can be used in designing mobile transformable shelter
and units ranging from entire buildings to small single person enclosures that can be easily
constructed, deconstructed, reassembled, stored and moved from place to another.
02.1 RESEARCH STATEMENT
Kinetic Architecture could provide a creative and effective solution to environmental problems
in both developed and developing countries.
02.2 VALIDITY OF THE PROJECT/ SCOPE OF WORK
The possibilities for practical implementations of kinetic architecture increased sharply in the
late-20th century due to advances in mechanics, electronics, and robotics.
The research is limited to kinetic Architecture in terms of sustainability.
02.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The research aims at providing non-traditional solutions for applying sustainability using
kineticism. This will be achieved through evaluating kinetic architectural trends as well as
comparing different uses of kineticism within the architectural field.
In order to achieve the above mentioned aim, the objectives of this research are to:
i. consolidate definitions, and the different trends used in architectural
environments.
ii. highlight the fundamental kinetic key elements that affect the design process.
iii. analyze different examples in order to intrigue architects to the enormous
transformation kinetic architecture promises.
iv. explore different opportunities to apply "Kinetic Architecture" in our
environment.
02.3.6 METHODOLOGY
The research is primarily about introducing an architectural theory, its definitions, ways,
means and design elements. The adopted methods to achieve this purpose include a literature
review as well as analysis of several buildings prototypes. In addition, this research adopts a
framework for qualitative analysis based on different factors that includes theoretical design
elements along with other elements. It was taken into consideration when selecting
architectural projects for the analytical study that they present uses as well as kineticism.

03. LITERATURE STUDIES
03.1 SPACE MAKING
Architectural designs are created by carving space out of space, creating space out of space,
and designing spaces by dividing this space using various tools, such as geometry, colours, and
shapes. It is an undefined expanse of land given to an architect to define.
03.2 KINETIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
The classification is formed around the types of structural elements in an artificial

environment. These are:
1.Building components
i. Structural Support Systems

ii. Building Skins
iii. Roofs - Floors
iv. Interior Partitions
2. Peripheral Parts
i. Expanding Spaces
ii. Space within Space
03.2.1 Building components

03.2.1.1 Structural Support Systems
The structural support system forms the core of any building, affecting its behaviour. In an
architecture of motion there are some basic categories.
1. The first one involves whether the structural support system is visible or not:
• The structural support system is visible in the exterior of the building. Visible support
structures affect greatly the morphology of a building and produce more ‘mechanical’
aesthetics, promoting an image where a weave of elements act together.
• The structural support system is hidden beneath the building envelope and may not be
visible even in the interior. Hidden support systems have a very small role in the overall
aesthetics of a building, if any. These buildings usually emphasize a form created by
surfaces. The decision for a visible or a hidden structural support system is of prime
importance as it is essential for the overall morphology and the type of cladding that best
fits the design. It is evident that as the support system becomes more flexible, cladding and
supporting electromechanical utilities must follow that flexibility.

2. The second category involves the selection of an active or a passive kinetic system to address
transformability:
 Active kinetic systems take a leading role in changing the useable spaces and the overall
form of the building in the core level. These changes affect the exterior of the building, all
interior spaces and building components. They are quite expensive and moreover, they have
not yet been properly evaluated to lead to reliable conclusions.
 Passive kinetic systems do not intend to affect the operational mode of a building but only
to enhance its structural ability. The responses affect only the characteristics of the
structural system, enhancing it according to stresses and loads applied in various
conditions. These systems do not produce intense transformations and are usually aimed to
reduce the factor of movement and its impact in the support system. They have started to
spread widely, usually in large emblematic structures, primarily as regulating systems for
increased safety.
The principles and the techniques that can be employed in the case of active systems are:
Aero-pneumatic:
It encompasses one of the most prominent technologies while its origins as an
experimentation field in contemporary transformable architecture precedes all other. There
many obvious benefits revolving around lightweightness, like freedom of form and easy
deployment. However, there are equal obvious disadvantages, mainly involving control,
consumption of energy and high susceptibility to air conditions. Recent research directions
aim to cover these weaknesses with a number of supporting techniques. Examples can be
found in the works of the Hyperbody Research Group (HRG) at TU Delft.
Transergetic :
In the author’s opinion, this is the most prominent principle for the future of applied
transformability in architecture, especially in combination with pneumatic elements. This
opinion derives from the fact that it is the most efficient support system produced by
engineering, as it optimally assigns the loads to the appropriate members that exhibit the
ability to handle them and, moreover, it can exhibit precise control while allowing for great
transformations. The evolving parametric computational tools promise to handle the great
inherent complexity.
The most prominent examples in this approach are the HybGrid project by Sylvia Felipe
Marzal and Jordi Truco Calbet (Figure 1), the Who What When AIR: Interactive actuated
kinetic tower by Philippe Block, Axel Kilian, Peter Schmitt, John Snavely and the works
of Tristan d'Estree Sterk.

Figure 3. 1: Through a biomimetic approach, Hybgrid aims to create a system that produces
non-predetermined forms by changing the relations between the nodes of the structure.
Scissors mechanisms.
This principle provides the ability of transformations in great extends of synclastic and
anticlastic surfaces. It is widely applied in deployable furniture as well as in portable
paradigms of architecture. A large number of cladding methods have also been tested.
The leading architect in this field is Chuck Hoberman (Figure 3.2). His research has
elevated it to the status of a well-documented and tested technique for the application of
kinetic support systems
Figure 3. 2: The Expanding Video Screen by Hoberman Associates, in partnership with

Innovative Designs.
03.2.1.2 Building skins: cladding-facades-envelopes

The element that has the most prominent effect in transformability, as it is perceivable from
a distance and from different perspectives, and has the most significant effect in the

environmental imprint is the exterior envelope. The building’s surface is the threshold
where all relations between the interior and the exterior are regulated.
Figure 3. 3.The most common principles and techniques used in building skins examples so far
are:
 Folding rigid surfaces

This is one of the most common principles used, since its geometry allows for adequate
sealing with supporting frames and it is fairly easy to control. The outcome, from a
phenomenological perspective, can be quite evident and can transform the sense of a place
enough to allow diverse aesthetics. The Gucklhupf project by Peter Woerndl is an example
showing how simplicity can achieve an impressive outcome.
Figure 3. 4 : Hans Peter Wörndl: GucklHupf (pinterest.com)

 Folding flexible membranes

This is one of the oldest and most widespread
principles. It provides adequate flexibility and
rigidity but it is limited to small-scale
interventions. Applications that seem to use
folded linear elements in reality use this
technique in order to achieve insulation. The
Markies project by Eduard Boechtlink is an
example.
 Sliding
This principle can effectively allow a façade to work on layers. It is quite effective,
providing adequate sealing. It can also work as part of a larger system. The Sliding House
by DRMM shows this potential (Figure 3.4).
Figure 3. 5: sliding house drmm design. (creative ideas box)
 Scissors mechanisms.
This technique can only be used when the façade is fixed on a different support system.
The Hoberman Arch project by Hoberman Associates is an example.
Figure 3. 6: Olympic Stage Retractable Curtain.Hoberman (hudsonmachine.com)

 Pneumatic
The lightweightness of inflatable elements in combination with the technological
advancements that render them efficient as environmental regulators makes this technique
one of the most prominent for the future of façade applications. The Muscle façade project
by the HRG is a system that provides form, lighting and color changes, moving toward the
direction of a hybrid between kinetic and media façades.
Figure 3. 7: Pneumatic Structures | The Flying Mast
 Hybrid
This combination of techniques will probably evolve to give sophisticated solutions in the near
future. The "Tensairity" technique, for example, is trying to combine the benefits emerging
from pneumatic and tensegrity methods. With modifications, this hybrid solution can act as a
platform for the development of kinetic structural support systems.
The principles and the techniques that can be employed in the case of passive systems are:
 Transergetic
Some allowance in the relations of cable and rod members could lead to a passive responsive
system. A well-documented study around a self-stiffening system was conducted by Oscar
Sirovich Saar at the University of Jerusalem.
 Pneumatic
While this technique has the ability of intense form changes, there are applications where the
'muscles' can act only as external stabilizers. A characteristic example is the Airtecture project
by Festo.
 Shock absorbers
This technique does not apply to any principle since it is mainly technical and relies solely on
equipment. There are two types identified:

Fluid friction. This system is used widely nowadays in the construction of bridges and in
skyscrapers as well. Its application in support systems helps absorb resonant energy thus
providing a significant benefit in the structural stability and failure avoidance. The Rio-Antirio
Bridge project by Berdj Mikaelian is an example.
Tuned mass dumpers. This system is designed specifically for high-rise buildings, in order to
reduce the oscillation that can lead to serious destabilization. Buildings with no oscillation
effects do not require such a system.
03.2.1.3 Roofs :
Today stadiums, theaters and government buildings are the most common examples with
transformable roofs. The techniques used are:
 Sliding linear
The usually great mass that has to be moved allows for little techniques to be employed. Sliding
is one of the easiest and most tested, facilitating gradual opening. The Veltins Arena project by
Hentrich, Petschnigg and Partners is an example.
 Sliding axial
Contemporary paradigms employ axial movement to create a more intricate effect as a roof
deploys, promoting the symbolic and communicational aspect. In the Qi Zhong Stadium project
by Mitsuru Senda the roof opens up like a lotus flower.
Figure 3. 8: veltins arena . 123RF.com

 Tensile
This is the oldest principle regarding transformable
roofs and it is applied in all scale range. It exhibits
a lot more flexibility than the previous classes but it
is much harder to procure the proper force to keep
the fabric effectively tensioned. The Eco-29 project
by FoxLin is an example that combines projections
to augment the kinetic sensation
Figure 3. 9: The Eco-29 project by FoxLin. (C3

Magazine)
 Scissor mechanisms
This technique brings the benefits of the previous classes together. It can be deployed to any
desirable degree with precision and cover large areas. The Iris and Expo domes by Hoberman
Associates are some distinctive paradigms. Roofs, in general, allow for experimentation with
many techniques, as they have few restrictions of possible forms, but their performance under
wind and snow loads is critical for their successful application.
Figure 3. 10: Hoberman Associates - Transformable Design - Iris Dome
i. Floors :
A structural element that is quite difficult to exhibit transformability is the floor along with any
levels where activities are positioned. The characteristic that hinders such an option is the fact
that it must always be leveled in order for people to perform there for long periods of time. If a
floor is required to exhibit transformability then the principle used must exhibit a direct sense
of safety
The techniques employed for this structural element are:
 Folded rigid surface
The sizes allowed by this principle and the know-how available make this technique easily
applicable. The Bloomframe project by Hofman Dujardin is an example (Figure3.10).

Figure 3. 11: The Bloomframe project by Hofman Dujardin.
 Folded linear elements

This technique can create such diversity that it has a potential to create 'scapes' but it has a
serious deficiency. A way to cover the openings between members is crucial otherwise it may
be unsafe to use. The LeisuratorTM project by Marco Pastore and Valentina Sabatelli is an
example.
 Sliding linear
This a straightforward solution where deployable elements are hidden by layering. It facilitates
the potential of moving large scale surfaces. The Sapporo Dome project by Hiroshi Hara has
the ability to relocate the sport’s field.
Figure 3. 12: Sapporo - Sedes del Mundial de Corea - Japón 2002 - DEGUATE.COM
 Sliding axial
Rotation is quite known as a practice and it is commonly employed in spaces with a vantage
point of view, as rotating platforms with the ability to enjoy a 360o scenery. The Rotorhaus
project by Luigi Colani is a very interesting example promoting spatial economy.

 Suspended surfaces
This technique describes a potential rather than an application. It derives from the adjustable
acoustic roof panels and the sketches of Heino Engel.
Figure 3. 13: Sistemas estruturais - Heino Engel - Editora Gustavo Gili (BR) Livros,
Architecture
03.2.1.4 Interior Partitions :

The most common techniques are:
 Sliding
Perhaps this is the most common technique used for sliding walls or even moving individual
elements to produce diverse settings. If these elements are big enough, they also fall into the
«space-within-space» class that will be presented later on. The URhouse project by the HRG
combines sliding and folding to achieve a wide range of spatial configurations, where the
elements could be moving in real time by the user (Figures 3.4 -3.10).
 Folding
All folding principles can be employed, as they are easy to apply and easy to maintain. The
Softwall project by Molo design is a product that can alter a space significantly in an easy but
aesthetically intriguing way. As a general rule, the decision affecting the materialization of
adaptable interior partitions is mainly a design experiential issue and much less a structural
problem.
03.2.2. Peripheral Parts

In many cases the requirements for a solution leads to practices that do not fall into the
category of a building component but act as a peripheral part that can only play its role when
attached to or exist within a certain environment. These 'parasites' usually act symbiotically
with the main structure, ascribing extra abilities to space for additional uses or features.

03.2.2.1 Expanding Spaces

This is a practice that blurs the limits of a building with elements that stick out or
disappear again in the overall volume. They are called with different names in regard to the
context within which they were developed. This is not a new practice, but in the recent years it
has become more sophisticated and it is exhibited as something worth promoting.
The prevailing benefit is the movement of these elements as complete systems that
require little care and in many cases they do not from a perfect fit to the main structure. Usually
this practice works in two phases, open-closed, but it can be applied as a gradual expansion.
The most appropriate techniques are:
 Sliding/rolling. Either attached, suspended or on tracks in the ground, spaces can slide in
positions that provide additional features to support the activities of people when needed.
The Fahrt in Grune project by Kalhoefer-Korschildgen exhibits this technique in the purest
way.
 Folding. All folding principles can be employed. A number of additional spaces can be
folded within walls or can act as interior separators.
 Nesting. This technique differs from the others in this class, mainly because it can be used
to deploy a whole element as well as individual small parts that are crucial for performing
a certain activity. In this sense, equipment parts come out or disappear in the walls
according to space usage.
The Vinyl Milford House by Alan Wexler theatrically exhibits the technique of nested
accessories (Figure 3.13), as well as the works of the architectural practice Lotek.
Figure 3. 14: The Vinyl Milford House project by Alan Wexler.
03.2.2.2 Space within Space

This practice deals with the outer shell as a protective membrane while the interior space
facilitates uses which are organized through individual elements that move freely around the
protected space. This type of spatial organization resembles natural and multi-agent systems
working in a protective shell. It is considered a practice that allows significant freedom and can
provide a series of different scapes, topologies and relations between elements that create
discreet settings for specified uses. It considered simple structurally and allows for a wide
number of variations and adaptations. The prerequisites are a flexible infrastructure or self-

sufficient units that carry all necessary utilities upon them. The principles that work better with
the aforementioned constraints are:
 Free-sliding. This is the prominent technique with recorded examples from as early as the
1960’s. The elements can be arranged in may ways and can relocate with ease. They can
produce stand alone settings or clusters.
The Naked House project by Shigeru Ban is a distinctive example. If a folding element
was additionally employed as a technique, it would allow the modules to collapse and then
‘disappear’, providing more versatility to the whole system (Figure 3.14).
 Pneumatics. In the same manner, pneumatics can act as rapid deployable enclosures,
either in specific places or supported by a moving mechanism.
The Foxy Restaurant project by Michael Fox is an example that can act as a prototype
for scaled up modules to accommodate the proposed role.
Figure 3. 15: The Naked House project by Shigeru Ban.
03.2.3. Actual movable architecture components

Actual movable architecture consists of a number of interrelated elements and dynamic
transition structures, and consists of: Structure, Connections, Actuators, Materials and
Control systems [Figure-3]. However, it is not required that all items mentioned above
to move in movable buildings [8].
Figure 3. 16 :Actual movable architecture components
03.2.3.1. Movable structure

In the evolution from static to dynamic; movable structures became lighter and became
more dynamic, active and less limited. There are six types of movable structures:
• Convertible structures: which are able to change both their form and mode of
operation.
• Compact convertible cantilevers: where the transformation of a beam from a
compact state to an extended state can be considered as a cantilever.

• Flexible convertible cantilevers: Where systems do not have to be mobile and

where their construction may also hinder accessibility, it may be necessary to
develop a cantilever system that is itself flexible.
• Flexible and compact cantilevers: A compact and simultaneously flexible
construction is achieved by combining the scissor extension principle with
telescopic elements, while stabilizing the structural system using a truss like
geometric frame. For example, the mobile bridges.
• Movable bridge structures: Moving bridge structures are a further example how
the cantilever principle is employed for many different types of construction. This
is the case, for example, with swing bridges and bascule bridges [Figure-3.16].
• Movable roof structures: have been increasingly used since the 1970s as
temporary weather protection in the form of roofing for stadiums or swimming
pools. An innovative concept for a pneumatically convertible roof was developed as
part of a design for an airship hangar in which the hangar was covered with a
bivalent load-bearing structure consisting of a three-layer inflatable membrane
[Figure-3.17 A,B].
Figure 3. 17: Gateshead Millennium Bridge, Newcastle.
(A) (B)
Figure 3. 18: (A) University of Phoenix Stadium, Peter Eiseman, Arizona, 2006. (B) Qi
Zhong Tennis Centre, Mitsuru Senda and Environment Design Institute, Shanghai,
2006.
03.2.3.2. Movable connections

To facilitate movable connections between two load bearing elements, independent
components, bearings or hinges are required. One differentiates between hinged connections
that can accommodate rotation or translation, as well as a combination of both movements
which can allow up to five degrees of freedom. Depending on the construction of the hinge, the

maximum degree of movement can be artificially restricted through the use of constraints
[Figure3.18].
Figure 3. 19: Movable Connection Types
03.2.3.3. Actuators
“Actuator” is a device that moves the system which is supplied with a power source that
is usually electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic power and turns it into movement. It is the
last part in a series of controls and is responsible for the movement of the body in
accordance with the orders given by the control system. There are actuators which
depend on pressure such as; hydraulic pistons that are pressurized fluid or pneumatic
muscles which produce linear movement [Figure-3.19].
Figure 3. 20: Actuator role in the movable system
03.2.3.4. Materials
The form of materials and their proportions are used in serving the idea of the movement
(Agile materials such as steel or interactive as smart materials), and impact of materials
related directly to dynamics of structure system; the more flexible, lightweight materials
are used, modulation flexibility increased and the link between the structural elements
increases and continues which gives the opportunity to create sophisticated applications
for the dynamic equilibrium.
The following section provides an overview of the technological possibilities of material

development and the available material for lightweight, flexible applications, in
particular for movable components.
This classification is according to the nature of the materials’ composition:
• Metals: are frequently used in engineering applications because of its multiple
mechanical properties, such as; Ductility, High Strength, Hardness .It is divided into
two types as follows:
• Ferrous: such as Steel and Stainless Steel is also appropriate for the purposes of
construction in addition to its resistance to rust.
• Non Ferrous: such as Aluminum, Copper and Zinc.
• Polymers: Plastics are more versatile, lighter, softer, more durable, more colorful
and cheaper than any other materials. In terms of their physical constitution,
polymers can be divided into three groups:
Thermoplastics: become formable at a particular temperature range.

Elastomers: have a predefined shape but can deform elastically. Under tension or
compression they change shape elastically; returning to their original shape after
pressure is released.
Thermosetting plastics: once hardened can no longer be shaped. Thermosets are
hard, glass-like polymers. Characterized by the presence of chemical bonds
between its constituent chains therefore cannot be converted to liquid state and thus
cannot be recyclable, such as epoxy resins, which enters in the manufacture of some
composite materials.
• Natural Materials: Strips of natural materials such as bamboo, cotton, paper or
leather can be woven into fabrics with deferent degrees of transparency and are
particular suitable for use in interiors.
• Carbon fiber: Carbon in the form of diamonds or lonsdaleite (a stone formed by
meteorite impact) is the hardest naturally-occurring material known to man.
03.2.3.5. Control systems
A control system is a device, or set of devices, that manages, commands, directs or
regulates the behavior of other devices or systems. Control systems are used in industrial
production for controlling equipment or a machine. Control system consists of two
elements:
• Inputs: are represented in sensors and input different methods, which gives different
information about the surrounding environment. There are five modes; Manual Input,
Sensors & Detectors, Prior Internal Information, Manual Programming and Internet .
a. Manual Input: Give orders directly from the individual operator without the need
for different control methods such as; pressing a key to run or suspension.
b. Sensors & Detectors: They are the methods of collecting information and data in
all its forms and types, which is for the operating system. They are just detectors
and compilation of information, whether inside or outside the building, some of
which is exploring solar radiation, monitoring security, pollution, noise, sensors
for facades and the change in color, including what senses and specialized
ventilation, energy and lighting systems, through private internal sensors use in
achieving the goals of smart architecture.
c. Prior Internal Information: Where they are provided with the prior system
information due to take decisions and could return to it by taking information
from the environment, and from that system return to the recorded data to take
the necessary decision or to take the necessary decision without the need for
sensors such as the decisions that time-related not the surrounding environment.
d. Manual Programming: Which can be used depending on the operating conditions
of the building and modify the drivers according to the convenience of the user
or the responsible individual for the operation system so as to conform to all the
different circumstances.
e. Internet: The system can be connected to the Internet to get additional information such
as climate and the other or updates regarding this system by the manufacturer.
• Controllers: are represented in the computer that is responsible for the decision to move
and therefore receive information from input systems and buffer to actuators that move

the structure. There are three modes of Control Systems of dynamic elements, these are
as follows :
a. Internal control: Where the system is divided into smaller systems give the property to
the system that makes the decision, such as self-folding ceilings without external
controller.
b. External control: The ability of the system to take action, either by itself or from another
source strongly, such as items that can be moved by manual control.
c. Complex system: a mixture of the two systems where the former system that can take a
decision either self or using inputs. It is classified to four types:
 Direct Control: It means that the movement and control resulting from a direct source
or direct order can be controlled electric motor or human power to move the
motorized skylight can run or shut down or in the manual movement of partitions
[Figure-3.20 A].
 Indirect Control: It means that the movement results from the feedback of sensors
that affect the actuator directly to result the desired reaction [Figure-3.20 B].
 Indirect Control by Multi-Input: the process and motion control is a result of a
number of input devices through a combination of sensors that can receive data from
various sources to take the optimum decision to move one element [Figure-3.20 C].
 Indirect Control, Intelligent and Heuristic: In this case the system has the learning
viability to choose the style of its own motion, where to learn from previous
experiences to try to find the best solutions and decisions [Figure3.21].
Figure 3. 21:
Complex System
(A) Direct Control.
(A) (B) Indirect
Control.
(C) Indirect
(C) Control by Multi-
Input.
(B)
Figure 3.
22:Complex
System(Indirect
Control, Intelligent
and Heuristic
system)

04. CASE STUDIES / DATA COLLECTION

KINETIC BUILDINGS' ANALYSIS
In the previous chapter kinetic design key elements are presented from structural innovation
and materials advancement to embedded computation as well as adaptive architecture. In order
to understand the different aspects of kinetic buildings, this chapter will attempt to analyze and
evaluate different kinetic buildings. This evaluation will end up with a comparative analysis
aiming at providing explanations on the different factors affecting the use of kineticism in
buildings in their specific environments.
04.1. ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS:
From a large number of buildings that encompass kineticism, only fifteen buildings are
selected. The selection of buildings is based on a set of criteria comprising the year of
completion, buildings' use and type of kineticism they present. Buildings are selected among
those completed from 1980 up till present. They are listed in chronological order. Also, they
are selected to cover a wide range of uses that vary from multi-family housing, private houses,
workplace and sports facilities. Moreover, buildings are selected to include different ways of
dynamics that range from envelope dynamic elements, to indoors kinetic elements or even
buildings that are able to be in motion as a whole.
The cumulative information and findings deducted from the previous chapter are used to
establish a set of evaluation criteria. These criteria will assist in the analysis of kineticism in
the selected buildings and therefore will help in formulating an understanding of the most
suitable techniques and methods that can be used in the Indian environment. The evaluating
criteria include the following:
a. Kineticism in the building: - Kinetic elements.

- Reason for motion.
b. Kinetic design key elements which are presented by:
- Structural system.
- Used materials.
- Embedded computation / control mechanism. - Adaptive architecture.

04.1.1 Institut du Monde Arabe
Figure 4. 1: An external view for Institut du Monde Arabe (WikiArquitectura, 2010).
 General Information:
a. Completion Year: Construction completed in 1987.
b. Architect: The project is designed by Jean Nouvel.
c. Building Cost: 47,500,000 USD (52,000,000 Euro) approximately.
d. Introduction:
Institut du Monde Arabe (Figure 4.1) is built in Paris, France. It is conceived as one of the new
architectural landmarks of the capital. Situated in the center of the capital the building provides
a meeting place for the two cultures which have produced it: France and twenty Arab countries.
It provides a place for continuing artistic, technical and scientific exchange between two old
civilizations which have continuously enriched each other.
e. Location:
The Institut du Monde Arabe is situated at the historical heart of Paris, France. The building
site is surrounded by the Seine and St. Bernard quay on the north while facing l'Ile St. Louis
and la Cite the old settlement of Lutece.
 Kineticism in the Building:
a. Kinetic Elements:
The mashrabiya diaphragms (Figure 4.2 a) were influenced by the orientation and are aiming
at aesthetic and connotative architectural expressions rather than solutions to climatic
constraints in a high-tech air-conditioned building context. The flat southern facade is

composed of 240 squares panels, reproducing vertically the horizontal pattern of the parvis.
Constituted of 16320 kinetic modules, these diaphragms consist of lozenges, squares, hexagons,
circles and combination of them whose reflection matches the mosaic patterns on the Institut's
floors. Each kinetic panel consists of one large diaphragm in the center, surrounded by sixteen
medium sized diaphragms and fifty-five small diaphragms (Figure 4.4 (b),(c)).
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 4. 2: (a) A view for a group of the mashrabiya diaphragms while functioning (eliinbar,
2011). (b) A detail of the medium sized diaphragm (moreAEdesign, 2010). (c) A detail of small
diaphragms (moreAEdesign, 2010).
b. Reason for Motion:
The mashrabiya unites are functioning as diaphragms of a camera shutter. These metallic irises
filter the sunlight through the glazed surface, allowing 10% to 30% of the light to be kept
(Figure 4.3).
Figure 4. 3: A
diagram showing
reason for installing
mashrabiya
diaphragms on the
southern façade
(Yucel, 1989, P.
92).
 Kinetic
Design Key Elements:
a. Structural Innovation & Materials Advancement:
a.1. Structural Systems:
The structural system is a steel frame with different spans according to the general shape of the
building. Steel columns, beams, trusses and secondary supporting elements for the curtainwall
facades were used.

a.2. Used Materials:
Stainless steel, aluminum, tempered glass, plastics, marble and finally the mashrabiya
diaphragms.
b. Embedded Computation / Control Mechanism:
The kinetic southern façade of the institute is considered as a computer output device. All of
the mashrabiya diaphragms are linked together and controlled by photo-voltaic cells that close
or open them depending on the intensity of sunlight on that part of the façade. Users of the
building can't interfere and/or control the diaphragms to change settings in their environment.
c. Adaptive Architecture:
This building is used as a cultural center that aims to introduce the Arab culture with all its rich
historic and temporary dimensions, which creates an entertainment environment. Kinetic
elements were installed in the building's southern façade in order to control light inside it. Those
kinetic elements have the shape of "mashrabiya" which is an architectural element used in
traditional Islamic architecture that are presented in a modern way that mixes history, tradition
with science and technology. Although the kinetic façade doesn't interact with the building's
users, it yet has an indirect educational benefit.
04.1.2. GucklHupf

Figure 4. 4: An external view for GucklHupf while being opened (de la Torre, N/D).
a. Completion Year: The GucklHupf was completed in 1993.
b. Architect: Building was designed by Hans Peter Wörndl.
c. Building Cost: No information available.
d. Introduction:
The building's name is related to the neighboring Guglhupfberg. The Gucklhupf (Figure 4. 4)
is a walk-in sculpture an exploration of architecture and art. It was built to mark "The Festival
of the Regions" on a private lake property on Lake Mondsee. The theme of the festival was
"The Stranger".
e. Location:
The GucklHupf was built on 1500 m2 of private grounds. The structure is surrounded by nature,
at the Mondsee in Innerschwand / Upper Austria. Under public pressure the building is now
removed from the site.

The movable wood panels creating the GucklHupf can be rotated, pulled, tilted and folded.
These wooden panels act as a wrapping that can be peeled away or pulled up to open and close
the space according to its users desires.
b Reason for Motion:
The GucklHupf movable panels create a multi-purpose structure. The structure is used as a lake
house that can hold different activities from being a shelter in summer days to a contemplative
space with a small stage or even as storage in winter days when closed (Figure 4.5). Also, the
movable panels helped the users to control views and the amount of light according to their
needs and desires. This transformation creates a communicative interior-exterior space object
that provides a shaded, ventilated, temporary location in the landscape while controlling the
level of connectivity with the nature and landscape around.

Figure 4. 5: Transformation in GucklHupf starting from the closed state (Olson, 2009).
 Kinetic Design Key Elements:
a.1. Structural Systems:
The building was constructed in frame construction, a frame construction consisting of a linear
structural skeleton of squared timber and an outer cladding stabilizing the support frame is
formed.
Plywood, wood, aluminum, glass and silk screen printing.

All moving parts of the GucklHupf are being controlled through an automated system that is
comprised of automatic devices and retracing panels. This system is connected to the structure
through dowels, flaps and stainless steel cables.
The GucklHupf is a multi-purpose private property that creates an experimental living

environment. The building is being used all year long, while its uses vary from being a lake
house to a performances stage and storage.

05.1.3. Floirac House "Maison à Bordeaux"
Figure 4. 6: An exterior view for the Floirac House (OrgoneDesign, N/D).
a. Completion Year: The house was designed in 1994-1996 and was built in 1996-1998.
b. Architect: The Floirac House is designed by Rem Koolhaas.
d. Introduction:
This house was built for a wealthy publisher and his family whose dream was to have a simpler
life. Dreams changed after a fatal car accident the husband barely survived and resulted in being
confined to a wheel chair. Years later, the dream of having a new house was still there but this
time with a new context. Simplicity was no more wanted, this time the client sought complexity
to define his life. As a result, the Floirac House (Figure 4.6) was built as a monumental
accommodation to this fact (Vanstphout, 2005).
e. Location:
The house is located on a hill overlooking Bordeaux, in France.
The heart of the house is a 3x3.5m elevator platform (Figure 4.7) that moves freely up and
down alongside a tall book-stack connecting the three levels together, while becoming part of
the living space or kitchen or transforming itself into an intimate office space.

Figure 4. 7: An isometric section showing the elevator platform in red (Beck, N/D).
The elevator platform was designed to connect different levels together in an easy accessible
way that allows the owner to move around as he is now confined to a wheelchair after surviving
a car accident. The elevator platform was not only designed to function as a vertical connector
but also to be a living space in the middle of the house (Figure 4. 8). The platform grantees
husband's access to books, art work and the wine cellar (Gargiani, 2008).
(a) (b)
Figure 4. 8: Different views for the elevator platform while functioning (OMA, N/D). (a) The
elevator platform when settled in the upper level. (b) The elevator platform while moving
between different levels.

a.1. Structural System:
Although the uppermost floor appears as if held down from floating away by a rod attached to
large steel I-beam across its roof and anchored into the ground of the courtyard, this concrete
box is supported in three places: the cylinder of the circular staircase, the L-shape structure that
is propped by a steel stanchion rising from the kitchen below (Unwin, 2010).
Concrete walls, panels of glass and aluminum were used for the exterior. Aluminum sheets
were used for the flooring of the studio and the living area.
The door that leads to narrow west part of the house is an electrically operated panel of metal
opened by means of a large illuminated joystick alongside the courtyard. An embedded
complex system including rail switches controls the movement of the large glass panels moving
on floor-ceiling tracks, drapes, tapestries, curtains, paintings, lamps, doors and even a cave for
doves. Same as other parts of the house, the elevator platform is controlled through a
remotecontrol device.
This house is considered as a living environment. The kinetic element installed in the structure
which is the elevator platform in located in the house's centre. This elevator platform is not only
a mean to connect different levels of the house, but also it is a work space for the wheel-chair
bound.

04.1.4. The Naked House
Figure 4. 9: An external view for the Naked House (ShigeruBanArchitects, N/D).
a. Completion Year: Building was completed in 2000.
b. Architect: Design is by Shigeru Ban.

c. Building Cost:
The owners of the house wanted to spend only 250 million yen, or about
$225.000 which was a challenge for the architect.
d. Introduction:
The client didn't want the family to live separated each in his/her own room, so Shigeru Ban
was asked to create a communal space with the ability to find privacy when needed.
e. Location:
The house is located in rural Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan. The house site is surrounded by rice
fields with greenhouses by the river Shingashi.
In the Naked House, the cubical room units can be moved about on wheels to any location. The
rooms can be moved around in different configurations. The character of the home's space can
be dramatically reconfigured in a moment by moving the rooms around to create barriers or
openings (Stang, 2005).

(a) (b)
Figure 4. 10 : Interior views of the Naked House (van Poucke, 2011). (a) A view for mobile
units when attached to each other. (b) A view for mobile units arranged separately.
Kineticism was involved in the design in order to provide flexibility. Using movable rooms
allowed residents to control privacy level as well as activities taking place within these rooms.
These rooms can be grouped together or stay separated and the family can choose whether to
sit inside or on the top, outside these rooms or in the main space. Also, they can be moved
around the open spaced or moved to the outside (Guzowski, 2007).
The design of the structure was basic with its double-height rectangular shell. The shell is made
of wooden frame with corrugated plastic panels affixed to it (Figure 4.10 a).
While the exterior walls are made of corrugated fiberreinforced plastic panels, the interior is
lined with nylon attached with Velcro strips. Clear plastic bags filled with polyethylene foam
are used for insulation (Figure 4.10 b). The mobile units are made of paper honeycomb panels
on timber frames (Bradbury, 2005)

(a) (b)
Figure 4. 11: (a) A section through the main double height open space
(Bradbury, 2005, P. 185). (b)
An isometric for the Naked
House showing different layer
of the building's skin as well
as different components
(Bradbury, 2005, P. 181).
b. Embedded
Computation / Control Mechanism:
The mobile room unites were manually moved around the house or pushed to the garden. No
embedded computation systems were installed.
Although the house itself is a living environment, the four mobile units create portable living
environments within the main space. Those mobile living environments does not only may have
different uses such as being a gathering place, sleeping place, playing place or even a garden
shed, but also they may differ in size according to whether they are separately used or some/all
of them gathered together (Figure 4.12 a).
(a) (b)
Figure 4. 12: (a) Different arrangements for the mobile room units (Guzowski, 2007, P. 2). (b)
A close view for the moveable units (Stang, 2005, P. 89).

04.1.5. Milwaukee Art Museum "Quadracci Pavilion"
Figure 4. 13: An external view for the Milwaukee Art Museum – Quadracci Pavilion (Smith,
2007).
a. Completion Year: Building was completed in 2001.
b. Architect: Extension is designed by Santiago Calatrava.
c. Building Cost: Construction cost approximately 122 million USD.
d. Introduction:
The Milwaukee Art Museum (MAM) project features the new Santiago Calatrava designed
Quadracci pavilion (Figure 4. 1), renovated and reinstalled galleries in existing Museum
buildings designed by Eero Saarinen (1957) and David Kahler (1975), and an elegant network
of gardens, hedges, plazas and fountains designed by landscape architect Dan Kiley.
e. Location:
The Museum is located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. The museum is located on the
lakefront of Michigan Lake in Milwaukee. The Reiman Bridge is a 250 foot long suspended
pedestrian bridge that links downtown Milwaukee directly to the lakefront and the Museum.
The bridge features a distinctive 200 foot angled mast with cables that reflects Calatrava's
unique experience in bridge design throughout Europe.


The Museum’s signature wings, the Burke Brise Soleil, form a moveable sunscreen with a 217-
foot wingspan. The brise soleil is made up of 72 steel fins, ranging in length from 26 to 105
feet. The entire structure weighs 90 tons. It takes 3.5 minutes for the wings to open or close
(CALATRAVA, N/D-a).
The movable wings – the Burke Brise Soleil – are used to control the temperature and light in
the reception hall. But it is hard to deny that their primary purpose is to endow the museum
with a landmark presence it never had underneath the war memorial.
Figure 4. 14: The Burke Brise Soleil, the moveable wings of the museum ranging in motion
from totally closed to completely opened (CALATRAVA, N/D-a).
A reinforced concrete structural system (Figure 4. 2 a,b,c)is used for the 142000 square foot
building with mat foundation. This foundation system doesn't only work to spread loads but
also allows installation of more-robust waterproofing system. The Burke-soleil is composed of
a central spine of cylindrical crosssection and located above the central building of the pavilion
(solaripedia, N/D-b).
The structure incorporates both cutting-edge technology and old-world craftsmanship. The
hand-built structure was made largely by pouring concrete into one-of-a-kind wooden forms. It
is a building that could have only been done in a city with Milwaukee’s strong craft tradition.
Steel fins are used for the movable wings.

(a) (b) (c)
Figure 4. 15: (a) An interior view of the structural frame of the parabolic-shaped skylight in the
Quadracci Pavilion (CALATRAVA, N/D-a). (b) The arched promenade at the Quadracci
Pavilion (CALATRAVA, N/D-a). (c) The unique shapes of the arched support concrete
structures (solaripedia, N/D-b).
The fins of the Burke Brise Soleil are moved by hydraulic motors connected to sensors located
on those fins and are automatically controlled. Those sensors continually monitor wind speed
as well as direction. When the monitored wind speed exceeds 23 mph for 3 seconds, the wings
are automatically closed.
This building creates an entertainment environment. Although kineticism was installed to

strengthen the design concept, it has an environmental impact on the interiors and it turned the
Milwaukee Art Museum from being just a building into a piece of the city.

04.1.6. Gemini Haus
Figure 4. 16: An external view for the Gemini Haus (Salzburg.ORF.at, 2012).
a. Completion Year: Structure was completed in 2001.
b. Architect: This house is designed by Roland Mösl.
d. Introduction:
The innovative residential solar application was devised by Roland Mösl who detailed the
concept in the 1992 book Aufstieg zum Solarzeitalter (Advance to the solar age). The idea
received attention in 1993 when Mösl won a prize at the prestigious World Exhibition of
Innovation, Research and New Technologies at Brussels Expo. The concept of Mösl’s turning
solar home took form in the cylindrical Gemini Haus prototype in 2001 as part of the Styria
County Energy Exhibition in Weiz (Figure 4.16).
e. Location:
The house is located in Weiz, Austria.

The house turns around and tracks the sun. And for more efficiency the solar equipment can
rotate independently from the house.

The house can rotate 360 degrees maximizing the use of solar energy. The energy radiation
from the sun can be optimally used through the rotation of the house. At night, all means of
automatically controlled sliding glass panels are hidden, so that the energy radiated at night can
be as low as possible. Solar panels installed on the exterior skin for the house moves around
the sun providing better efficiency, extreme thermal insulation, efficient design and heat
recovery system. The solar equipment attached to the exterior of the Gemini Haus can turn
independently allowing its users to control the indoor environment not only through rotating
the house.

The building is a tilt structure. The two-storey house can rotate over the firm basement where
all fixtures and cables are located (Figure 4. 3 : a).
Organic materials were used such as wood, recycling paper as well as glass and aluminum
(Figure 4. 4: b,c).
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 4. 17: (a) Utility lines that are transferred to the rotating house through the firm basement
(PEGE, 2001). (b) Glass and aluminum fixes (van Poucke, 2008a). (c) Vertical solar panels
attached to the house (Lenardic, N/D).
Two gear-motors are used for turning the house although tests proved that one would
completely have been sufficient.

(a) (b)
Figure 4. 18: (a) A detail for connection between dynamic solar panels and the structure (PEGE,
2001). (b) A detail for the track on which the house moves (PEGE, 2001).
This house creates living environment. Kineticism is not only involved as the movable solar
panels connected to the exterior skin of the house but also as the house itself can rotate.

04.1.7.Dragspelhuset
Figure 4. 19: An external view for Dragspelhuset (24H<architecture, N/D).
a. Completion Year: The house was completed in 2004
b. Architect: This project is by 24H<architecture.
c. Building Cost: Construction cost 80000 €.
d. Introduction:
This is an extension to a cabin that dates from late 1800's. Although the Swedish building
regulations doesn't allow building along the lake shore, an exception is made for existing
building's extension. Also, there are restrictions for maximum floor area. As a stream forms
part of the cabin site boundaries, another restriction that states a distance of 4.5 m to the stream
should be followed (Zeisser, 2007).
e. Location:
The house (Figure 4.19) is located on the shore of the lake Övre Gla in the nature reserve
Glaskogen in Sweden.
The added extension involves a movable cantilever that can be pushed out over the stream.

(a) (b)
Figure 4. 20: (a) A view for the cabin while the retractable cantilever is pushed in (Park, 2007,
P. 60). (b) A view for the cabin while the retractable cantilever is pushed out (Park, 2007, P.
60).
Kineticism was installed to the building in order to make it flexible to meet different conditions
varying from changing weather conditions to different seasons and number of occupants
(Figure 4. 21 a,b). In winter, pushing the moving cantilever inside the extension will compact
it with a double skin against the cold weather. In summer-time wings, can be unfolded for extra
shelter during rainy days, and windows on the cabin head can be open wide (Figure 4. 22 and
Figure 4. 23).
(a) (b)
Figure 4. 21: Dragspelhuset plan (Park, 2007, P. 67). (a) Plan drawing for the extension where
the orange color indicates the area of extension when the retractable cantilever is pushed in. (b)
Plan drawing for the extension where the red color indicates the added area after pushing the
retractable cantilever out.

Figure 4. 22: A section showing the extension while the retractable cantilever is pushed in
creating a double skin (Park, 2007, P. 67).
Figure 4. 23: A section showing the extension while the retractable cantilever is pushed out
over the stream (Park, 2007, P. 67).
The extension is a rotproof timber frame structure.
Red cedar wood is used as a cladding for exterior walls (Figure 4. 24), while the interior walls
are finished with pine lattice (Figure 4. 5).

Figure 4. 24: The red cedar wood used for the exterior cladding (Zeisser, 2007, P. 12), (Park,
2007, P. 59).
Figure 4. 25: The reindeer hides covering the interior of the retractable cantilever (Park, 2007,
P. 66).
b. Embedded Computation/Control Mechanism:
The extendible part can move in and out in a low-tech manner. A system of ropes and pulleys
are used.
This cabin creates living environments that can be changed in response to weather patterns or
area needed. Kineticism is installed as a part of the structure itself which is the retractable
cantilever.

04.1.8. The Leaf Chapel:
Figure 4. 26: An exterior view for the Leaf Chapel glowing at night (KleinDytham|architecture,
N/D).
a. Completion Year: Construction completed in 2004.
b. Architect: Design is by Klein Dytham Architecture.
d. Introduction:
Soaring naves, mysterious lighting, and bold murals have always played a great role in church
architecture. Klien-Dytham Architecture has taken this strategy into the 21st century, using its
own form of stagecraft to add drama to a small wedding chapel in the Japanese Alps. The chapel
needed to have its own identity and at least the semblance of spirituality. But because people
of many different faiths would get married there, it needed an ecumenical design with no
iconography associated with any particular religion or sect.
e. Location:
The Leaf chapel (Figure 4.26) sits within the grounds of the Risonare hotel resort in
Kobuchizawa, a refreshingly green setting with beautiful views to the southern Japanese Alps
in Kobuchizawa, Japan.
Kineticism was installed in the chapel to turn one of its walls into a moving element. As the
wedding reaches its end, the glass leaf is being lifted.

(a) (b)
Figure 4. 27: (a) The Leaf Chapel when in the closed state (KleinDytham|architecture, N/D).
(b) The Leaf Chapel when in the opened state by the end of the wedding ceremony
(KleinDytham|architecture,
N/D).
Kineticism was applied to the design in order to achieve a conceptual aim by following the
wedding ceremony. The disappearing wall not only offers a theatrical way of ending the
ceremony, but also serves the more prosaic function of quickly ushering guests out of the chapel
and into the garden to celebrate. With everyone out of the chapel, the steel veil closes allowing
workers to prepare for the next wedding.
The chapel was designed as a light weight steel structure so it can ride out earthquakes. A
concrete basement provides space for radiant heating and cooling that is blown into the
sanctuary.
Interior: Black granite was used for the flooring, stained black pine for the walls, and black
wood pews. Clear acrylic backrests on the pews encase translucent green flowers that seem to
dance when sunlight hits them (Figure 4.28 a).
Exterior: One leaf made of glass with delicate lace pattern Figure 4.28 b). The other one is made
of steel – quarter inch thick steel panels welded together and attached to a tubular steel frame.

(a) (b)
Figure 4. 28: (a) An interior view showing the black granite used for flooring as well as the
black wooden pews with clear acrylic backrest (KleinDytham|architecture, N/D). (b) A detail
for the lace patterns on the movable leaf (KleinDytham|architecture, N/D).
Two hydraulic rams (one at each end) lift the steel veil as if it is a roll up garage door.
This chapel creates public environment. Kineticism was installed on its wall to take place within
the ceremony and declares the end of the event by announcing the couple as married.

04.1.9. QiZhong Forest Sports City Tennis Centre "Magnolia Stadium"
Figure 4. 29: The Shanghai QiZhong Forest Sports City Tennis Centre (corus, 2006, P. 24,25).
a. Completion Year: Construction was completed in 2005.
b. Architect: This Stadium is designed by Mitsuru Senda +
Environment Design Institute.
c. Building cost: Construction cost about 200 million $.
d. Introduction:
The Shanghai Municipal Commission of Construction and Administration requested

international bids in 2003, for building the stadium. The winning bid was submitted by Japanese
architect Mitsuru Senda and his company
Environment Design Institute. The Shanghai QiZhong Forest Sports City (Figure 4.29) Tennis
Center is planned to be an international sport event center.
e. Location:
The stadium is located in Minhang District, Shanghai, China.

The Shanghai QiZhong Forest Sports City Tennis Centre has a dynamic roof. The roof of the
main stadium consists of eight moveable petals that can be opened and closed (Figure 76 a,b).

(a) (b)
Figure 4. 30: (a) A drawing for the stadium roof while in a close state. (b) A drawing for the
stadium roof while in an open state.
As the weather in Shanghai varies between much rains and strong sun, a roof system for the
stadium was necessary. The dynamic roof system is installed in order to respond to changing
weather conditions. When the weather is sunny, the roof petals are opened providing sunshades
all around the stadium. On the other hand, when the weather is rainy, roof petals are set to close.
Also, this dynamic roof system is used to control the internal temperature of the stadium. When
the roof petals are opened, they help drawing cool air from the outside down to the seating area.
On the other hand, when the petals are closed, the stadium is kept warm by re-circulating the
warm air the rises and ducting it back to under the seats (Starford, 2010).
 Kinetic Design Key Element:

The tension ring structure was used for the stadium that creates strong and reliable Colosseum-
shape
(ShanghaiCulturalInformation, N/D). Each of the moveable petals is a steel cantilever structure

system. Each petal was constructed on the ground before hand and tested, then raised to the
roof. This system allows the structure of the stadium as well as the dynamic roof to resist bad
weather conditions, strong wind and typhoons.
Steel, glass and aluminum were used in the stadium, while 15050 m2 of aluminum sheets were
used for the construction of the moveable roof petals.

Although the moveable roof is extremely simple, the movement system is the first time in the
world to be used (Figure 4.31 a,b). Each of the eight moveable roof petals moves and turns
around on one fulcrum, all at the same time. Under each petal, a round truss with an inverted
triangle section is located supporting the petal. Each moveable petal can move by one fulcrum
and three rails. This mechanical system allows the roof to be opened in 8 minutes
(ShanghaiCulturalInformation, N/D).
(a) (b)
Figure 4. 31: The QiZhong Forest Sports City Tennis Center dynamic roof (van Poucke,
2008b). (a) A close view for the roof petals while they are closed. (b) A close view for the roof
petals while they are being opened.
This Sports center creates an entertainment environment. Kineticism was used as roof elements
that allow the structure to respond to different conditions, control indoor environment and host
other international indoor sports events such as basketball, volleyball, ping pong, or gymnastics.

04.1.10. Kiefer Technic Showroom
Figure 4. 32: An exterior view for the Kiefer Technic Showroom (Deisenberger, 2009, P. 21).
a. Completion Year: The showroom was completed in 2007.
b. Architect: Design is by Ernst Giselbrecht + Partner Architektur
d. Introduction:
Kiefer Techin is a company specialized in state-of-the-art operation theatre equipment and

doors. The client asked for a showroom that can present the products in the best way
(ErnstGiselbrecht+PartnerZT-GmbH, N/D).
e. Location:
The showroom is overlooking a park in Bad Gleichenberg, Austria.

On the south side, a double skin façade is located. The façade consists of two layers; a static
one made of polygonal glass and a dynamic one located in front of it. The dynamic layer (Figure
4.33) consists of 122 aluminum panels that can be moved vertically into numerous positions
(Deisenberger, 2009).

Figure 4. 33: Different positions for the aluminum panels giving the façade a variety of
appearance (WorldBuildingsDirectoryOnlineDatabase, N/D).
Kineticism was installed in the Kiefer Technic Showroom façade in order to control the indoor
climate and light. By using 56 different engines in the facade, the level of light and temperature
can be adjusted in any room to achieve optimal conditions for different activities. The façade
responds to both environmental conditions and individual needs (Priebe, 2012).
The shell construction of the facade consists of solid brick walls, reinforced concrete ceilings
and floors, and steel encased concrete columns.
Stainless steel and glass are used. The dynamic façade is made of white perforated aluminum
panels.
Aluminum panels of the dynamic façade are moved though a complex system of hinges, guide
rails (Figure 4.34) and electrical motors. The system is controlled though an electronic control
system (Deisenberger, 2009).

Figure 4. 34: A close view for the moveable aluminum panels showing the guide rails they
move on (WorldBuildingsDirectoryOnlineDatabase, N/D).
This building creates a work environment. Kineticism was installed as a façade element
allowing the building to respond to different conditions that includes environmental changes,
individual desires and different activities that may take place within the building.

04.1.11. Sliding House
Figure 4. 35: An exterior view for the Sliding House (dRMM, N/D).
a. Completion Year: Construction completed in 2009
b. Architect: The house is designed by dRMM Architecture.
d. Introduction:
The site where the house is located offers a combination of agricultural environments from
England and Holland. The site has restrains by stringent local planning parameters for rural
development. The client wanted a house where they can grow food, entertain and enjoy the
surrounding landscape (dRMM, N/D).
e. Location:
This project is located in Suffolk, UK.

Kineticism was involved in the building as a moveable 20 ton roof/wall structure that can slide
over the longitudinal axis of the house. This moveable structure acts as a second skin for the
exterior that can be slid back and forth (Figure 4.36).

Figure 4. 36: An isometric drawing showing different positions for the moveable (dRMM,
N/D).
The moveable structure is used to control the incoming sunlight. Also, it is used to adjust the
cooling and heating loads of the house according to season and weather. Moreover, by sliding
the moveable exterior skin it creates extra sunshade for the terrace (Figure 4.37 a) or different
enclosures between the three parts creating the building (Figure 4.37 b). As well, the sliding
part is used to respond to inhabitants' desires, the level of privacy they need allowing them to
create their relation with the surrounding landscape and views.
(a) (b)
Figure 4. 37: (a) A view for the sliding exterior skin while creating an extra sunshade for the
terrace (Russell, 2010). (b) Different views for the sliding exterior skin creating different
enclosure between the three forms creating the house, and while leaving the courtyard exposed
to the sky (Waite, 2009).
The house is a timber frame structure. The moveable structure is a steel and timber frame
structure.

Materials such as steel, red and black stained larch timber, red rubber membrane and glass were
used.
The moveable skin is remote controlled. This skin moves on railway tracks that can be extended
in the future. The movement is powered by hidden electric motors on wheels integrated into
the wall thickness (Figure 4.38 a).
This house creates a living environment. Kineticism was used as a part of the building allowing
it to adapt to different conditions varying from environmental changes to occupants' needs and
desires (Figure 4.38 b).
(a) (b)
Figure 4. 38: (a) A detailed section drawing for the glass form while it is closed by the moveable
roof/wall structure and while it is opened to the surrounding by sliding the moveable roof/wall
structure away (dRMM, N/D). (b) Views for the sliding exterior shell once when closed and
the other when completely open (Russell, 2010).

04.1.12. The Olympic Tennis Center "Magic Box"
Figure 4. 39: An external view for the Olympic Tennis from north across the Manzanares River
Center (Riley, 2005, P. 118).
a. Completion Year: This project was completed in 2009.
b. Architect: The stadium is designed by Dominique Perrault Architecte.
c. Building Cost: Construction cost € 150,000,000 excluding taxes.
d. Introduction:
Although the origins of the Olympic games dates back to 776 BC in Olympia in Greece, it is
the world's foremost sports competition that currently held every two years with more than 200
nations participating in it. Nowadays the bidding process for the Olympics lets cities adorn their
applications with star architects. For the Summer Olympics 2016, at the time when the first
phase of the bidding process officially launches at May 16, 2007, many cities planned already
carefully their campaign. June, 2002 the Spanish capital city Madrid invited several leading
architects for their international competition. The winner for the Olympic Tennis Center (Figure
4.39) was Dominique Perrault.
e. Location:
This project is located alongside the Manzanares River and contains a small lake. The Olympic
Tennis Center "Magic Box" is located in a former slum housing area in the middle of a busy
motorway and train network in Madrid, Spain.

The three courts creating the Magic Box are covered with movable roofs. Each kinetic roof acts
as a lid for the stadium it covers. Together the three movable lids provide a combination of 27
different opening positions (Figure 4.40). The movable lid covering the central court can have
a vertical opening that reaches up to 20m, while the horizontal opening can slide as much as its
width. In addition, the other smaller lids covering the other two courts can vertically open up
to 25 degrees and can also horizontally slide leaving the inside of the stadiums completely
exposed to the sky.
Figure 4. 40: A drawing to show the different 27 opening positions for the three lids covering
the courts (Jordana, 2012).

The movable lids covering the courts are designed to allow the building to adapt to weather
changes, to allow for passage of air and sunlight by being opened or closed. Also, these lids
allow controlling the environment where the events are taking place varying from exposed to
public or not depending on the degree of the opening and how far. If the stadium is lidded, the
even taking place within remains quiet and unknown to the outside. On the other hand, if the
lid is open, audible traces of the activity will spill out the box.
A lightweight shell is used as the structure system for the Olympic Tennis Center.
The magic box is composed of various fabrics: steel, aluminum, glass and concrete.
The lids are mounted on hydraulic jacks that serve to partially or totally open courts' roofs
(Figure 4.41).
Figure 4. 41: A close view for a hydraulic jack (van Poucke, 2010).
This sports facility creates an entertainment environment. Kineticism is installed on the

building's top turning its roof from a static state into a dynamic one, while allowing it to respond
to different conditions.

04.1.13. Cherokee Studios Lofts
Figure 4. 42: An external view for the Cherokee Studios Lofts (Brooks+ScarpArchitecture,
N/D).
a. Completion Year: The project was completed in 2010.
b. Architect: Design is by Pugh + Scarpa Architects.
d. Introduction:
The Cherokee Lofts (Figure 4.42) is the first "green" Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED) Certified mixed-use, market rated multifamily building per the U.S. Green
Building Council certification system in Southern California, making it the most advanced as
well as distinctive of its kind in Los Angeles. The design of the mixed-use development did not
only meet the goals of a green building, but also enabled the building to be more
environmentally sensitive as well as aesthetically appealing.
e. Location:
The project is in Los Angeles, California, USA.

The design features an owner-controlled operable double façade system that consists of
perforated anodized aluminum panels (Figure 4.43).

Figure 4. 43: Different views for the operable aluminum panels (Brooks+ScarpArchitecture,
N/D).
The kinetic screen for the building aims to provide shade to cool the building, reduce noise,
enhance privacy and yet allows for marvelous views. Also, the perforated screen helps
controlling indoor daylight and maximizing the natural ventilation efficiency even when closed
(Figure 4.44).
Figure 4. 44: A diagram showing reason for installing a kinetic skin

(Brooks+ScarpArchitecture, N/D).
The structure is a concrete skeleton.

Materials such as formaldehyde-free fiberboard, concrete, natural stone, and natural solid
woods were used. Green Materials and Products are used throughout that are recycled,
renewable, and contain low or no VOC’s. Perforated anodized aluminum panels are used for
the operable skin (Figure 4.45 a).
(a) (b)
Figure 4. 45: (a) Close view of the perforated anodized aluminum

panels(Brooks+ScarpArchitecture, N/D). (b) Detailed view for the operable skin
(Brooks+ScarpArchitecture, N/D).
The building's screen is operated manually; a hand push will turn the operable panels from
completely closed to fully opened (Figure 4.45 b).
This development is considered as a living environment although it has some commercial

spaces on the ground level. Kineticism is installed in the building's façade allowing its residents
to control the relation between the interior and the surrounding environment.

4.1.14. The World Trade Center Transportation Hub
Figure 4. 46: A perspective for the exterior of The World Trade Center Transportation Hub
(WorldTradeCenter, N/D).
a. Completion Year: The project completed in 2014.
b. Architect: The hub is designed by Santiago Calatrava.
c. Building Cost: The project costs 3.8 billion USD.
d. Introduction:
The World Trade Center Transportation (WTC) Hub will not only add an architectural beauty
to downtown Manhattan, but it will also enhance the level of services (Figure 4.46). The
transportation hub is designed to accommodate 250000 pedestrians per day along with tourists
and visitors of the World Trade Center and Memorial. Through the hub pedestrians will be able
to access different directions as the hub is connected to 13 subway lines, Port Authority Trans-
Hudson (PATH) trains, Hudson River ferry terminals as well as a possible direct rail link to
John F. Kennedy (JFK) International Airport. The design of the hub was first revealed to the
public in 2004. Later in 2005 and 2008, the design was revised to meet security, engineering
and feasibility requirements.

e. Location:
The hub is located close to the northeast corner of the WTC site at Church and Fulton Streets
(between Towers 2 and 3).
In the original design, the steel ribs with glass panels between them creating the ceiling of the
hub were meant to open to 45 ft wide (Figure 4.47 a,b) before being reduced to 30 ft wide and
changing the ceiling design into fixed later in 2008.
(a) (b)
Figure 4. 47: Section drawing showing the steel ribs that were supposed to move as well as the
lightening system (Yee, 2007, P. 63). (b) Interior prespective views for the main hall while the
top is closed and opened (LowerManhattanConstructionCommandCenter, N/D).
The retractable glass and steel roof was planned to cover the freestanding grand pavilion which
was going to open each year on the anniversary of the September 11th attacks in which a hanging
American flag recovered from the ruins of the Twin Towers was going to be featured. Also, it
was planned to be used to maximize natural light inside the hub.
The structure is a freestanding steel farm work.

Steel, glass and concrete are used.
The design of the transportation hub features advanced controlling, monitoring, security and
signal systems. Those systems include closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems, physical
intrusion protection, chemical, biological and radiological security. Also, platforms and
mezzanines are climate controlled.
The retractable wings were supposed to be automated, moved by hydraulic motorized system
that is connected to automatic control devices.
A kinetic element was meant to be the building's wings allowing it to open on September 11th,
the building itself was to be a magnificent memorial for the attack on the Twin Towers. The
World Trade Center Transportation Hub creates a public environment that allows its users to
access different directions and means of transportation as well as hosting commercial spaces.

04.1.15. Dynamic Tower
Figure 4. 48: A perspective for the Dynamic Tower (DynamicArchitecture, N/D).
a. Completion Year: Dynamic Architecture announced for the Dynamic Tower

to be completed by 2020, as the construction not started
yet..
b. Architect: The tower is designed by Dynamic Architecture Group.
c. Building Cost: The tower will cost approximately 700 million USD.
d. Introduction:
David Fisher, the founder and chairman of Dynamic Architecture Group, thinks that building
construction and materials used in the architectural field didn't develop since over 100 years
ago when reinforced concrete was first used. Buildings are designed and built to last for 50
years while in old ages they lasted longer even for thousands of years. With means of
construction and materials used in buildings today to achieve good quality, they result in
expensive buildings that are unaffordable by many, slow to build and difficult to maintain.
These buildings also are not capable to stand natural catastrophes such as earth quakes,

hurricanes, typhoons or even strong winds, also adding errors done by humans such as
malfunctioning of plumping, gas or electrical systems. David Fisher searching for a mean to
design and construct buildings based on logic and engineering as well as being much safer,
feasible and environment friendly resulted in the "Dynamic Tower". The Dynamic Tower
(Figure 105) is an industrial production making it the easiest to design and build as all its floors
look the same although they may host different uses. What adds the fancy shape to the building
is motion making it not only a building but a living machine.
e. Location:
The tower is planned to be located in Dubai, UAE.
(a) (b)
Figure 4. 49: (a) Drawing representing the installation of wind turbines and the way they are
involved in the design concept (DynamicArchitecture, N/D). (b) Drawing representing the use
of solar panels on top of each rotating floor (DynamicArchitecture, N/D)

The Dynamic Tower consists of 80 floors that rotate creating the first kinetic element in the
tower, while the second element is the 79 wind turbines located between each of those floors.
While the tower's wind turbines produce energy, the floors may rotate to fulfill their users'
desires of changing views or to follow sun and light to produce energy.

The Dynamic Tower will be pre-fabricated and industrialized. The only part of the tower that
will be constructed on-site is the tower central core. Each of the tower floors will consist of 12
modules that will be fully built in factory before arriving at the site. Those modules will be
assembled around the core base and then will be lifted up by cranes and cables (Figure 4.50).
The tower's units are made of steel, aluminum, carbon fiber and other high quality modern
materials. Natural and recyclable materials including stone, marble, glass and wood are
intended for the interior finishing.
Figure 4. 50: Drawing presenting the technical system will be used to construct the tower
(DynamicArchitecture, N/D).
It is planned to install the most advanced monitoring systems and technologies to the Dynamic
Tower. Tower residents and users will be able to control rotation and other installed systems
though out a voice-active mechanism.
Although the tower hosts retail spaces, the Dynamic Tower is considered to create living
environment as the residential part (hotel, apartments and villas) create 75% of the tower uses.
Kineticism creates the tower itself because each of its 80 floors separately revolves around the
central core.
The table next briefly highlights the analytical criteria for each of the fifteen evaluated
buildings. Buildings are categorized according to type of indoor environment. (P.T.O)

05. COMPARATIVE STUDY ANALYSIS AND

INFERENCES
05.1 INFERENCES – LITERATURE STUDIES & CASE STUDIES

Table 5. 1: Analyzed architectural projects.

05.2 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS & FINAL INFERENCES

05.2.1 Location:
The selected projects are located in three continents; Europe, NorthAmerica and Asia (Figure
5). Eight projects are located in Europe where three of them are located in Austria, two are
located in France and one is located in each of UK, Spain and Sweden. Three of the selected
projects are located in North-America where all are located in the USA. The last four projects
are located in Asia where two are located in Japan, one is located in China and one is planned
to be located in the Dubai, UAE.
Figure 05. 1: The world map where the studied projects are located in Europe, North-America
and Asia.
05.2.2 Structural Systems and Used Materials:

Different structural systems are used for kinetic buildings varying from frame to concrete
structures as well as tension ring and prefabricated structures. The most common type used in
the buildings analyzed is the frame structure with 46% epresented in 7 projects followed by
concrete structure with 40% represented in 6 projects (Figure5.).
Figure 05. 2: Structure systems used for analyzed buildings.

Many materials are used in kinetics installed on/in buildings. Sometimes only one material is
used, while on other times a combination of different materials are being used. Most materials
commonly used are characterized by light weight as well as flexibility like aluminum, paper,
stainless steel and fibers. Steel and aluminum are the most materials commonly used combined
with other materials like glass or some other smart materials such as sensors (Figure 5.).
Figure 05. 3: Share of materials used among the studied projects.
05.2.3 Indoor Environment Types:

Based on the kinetic design key elements, studied projects are categorized into four
environments which are living, working environments, entertainment and public environments
(Figure 5.4). 53% of the analyzed buildings are categorized under living environments varying
from single-level private houses to multi-levels private houses and multi-storey residential
buildings. Entertainment environments, varying from cultural centers to museums as well as
stadiums, have a share of 27%, while public environments that varied from transportation hubs
to more spiritual facilities like wedding chapels have a share of 13%. Work environments came
at the end with a share of only 7% based on one analyzed building which is Kiefer Technic
Showroom.
Figure 05. 4: Different architectural environments in which kinetics were used.

05.2.4 Kinetic Elements and Reasons for Motion:

Kinetics are being used in buildings by different ways. In buildings under study kineticism is
used in six different ways; as kinetic elevation elements, interior elements, roof elements,
kinetic walls, kinetic part of the structure itself or as the building as a whole (Figure).
Sometimes a building can adopt different types of kineticism. The most common kineticism
used in the buildings under study are kinetic elevation and roof elements (Figure5.5).
Figure 05. 5: Types of kineticism used in buildings under study, such as: (a) Institut du Monde
Arabe – 1987 (eliinbar, 2011). (b) The Naked House – 2000 (Stang, 2005, P. 89). (c) The
Olympic Tennis Center – 2009 (DominiquePerraultArchitecture, N/D). (d) The Leaf Chapel –
2004 (Picasa, 2009). (e) The Sliding House – 2009 (Meunier, 2012). (f) The Dynamic Tower
(DynamicArchitecture, N/D).
Figure 05. 6: Ways kinetics were installed in buildings.

There are some reasons behind using kinetics in the sample studied. They may vary from
environmental reasons, design concepts, creating flexible spaces and luxury (Figure 5.7). In
some cases there are more than one reason for using kinetics. The most common reason for
using kinetics is controlling and filtering the incoming light (Figure 5.8).
Figure 05. 7: Reasons for using kinetics, such as: (a) Institut du Monde Arabe – 1987 (Dumas,
2009). (b) GucklHupf – 1993 (Olson, 2009). (c) Maison à Bordeaux – 1998 (OMA, N/D). (d)
The Naked House – 2000 (van Poucke, 2011). (e) Magnolia Stadium – 2005
(TheChicagoAthenaeum, 2007). (f) The Leaf Chapel – 2004 (IaaC, 2010). (g) Cherokee Studios
Lofts – 2010 (Brooks+ScarpArchitecture, N/D). (h) Dynamic Tower (DynamicArchitecture,
N/D).
Figure 05. 8: Reasons in which kinetic systems are applied.

06.2.5 Relation between Structural System and Used Materials:

There is a relationship between the structure system and the materials used across the buildings.
When frame structures are used, materials such as steel, wood and paper along with other smart
materials were easily applied as the structure itself is light weighted. When much heavier
structures are used like reinforced concrete structures and tension ring structure, aluminum is
the most used to add flexibility and smoothness to the system (Figure 5. 9).
Figure 05. 9: Relation between structure systems and materials share.
05.2.6 Relation between Structural System and Used Kinetic Elements:

Using frames as a structure system made it easier to install different kinetic systems in buildings
that varied from elevation elements, interior elements, roof elements, kinetic structure part and
kinetic walls. Kinetic walls as well as kinetic structure parts are the most used when structures
are frames. Reinforced concrete structures allow for limited flexibility when using kinetic
systems. Kinetic elevation elements as well as kinetic interior elements are the most common
when structures are concrete (Figure 5.10).
Figure 05. 10: Structure systems effect on the way kineticism is installed.

05.2.7 Relation between Building Environments and Used Kinetic Elements:

When kinetics were applied to living environments, they varied from kinetic elevation
elements, interior elements, kinetic walls to kinetic structure part as well as kinetic whole
buildings. Using kinetic roofs were most common with entertainment environments as well as
public environments (Figure 5.11).
Figure 05. 11: Relation between the different environments and ways kinetics are installed.
05.2.8 Relation between Building Environments and Reasons for Motion:

Kinetics were used in living environments to achieve different possibilities that varied from
creating flexible spaces, handicap accessibility, controlling light, responding to weather
changes, reducing energy consumption, improving natural ventilation as well as design concept
and luxury. Light control was the common reason to apply kinetics in work environments as
well entertainment and public environments (Figure 5.12).
Figure 05. 12: Relation between different environments and the reason kinetics are used.

06. Research
Designing kinetic architecture is still a challenge and not well supported by available computer-
aided architectural design tools since they lack design support for moving elements, electronic
parts and software components. They require complex data exchange with other design and
simulation tools, which leads to an extensive planning effort. A better integration of
architectural and mechatronic design environments would be desirable.
prototyping is a well-established design technique to evaluate the quality of a design and its
feasibility early on. “Foster + Partners have been one of the first architecture practices to fully
integrate rapid prototyping within its design process. … With the introduction of in-house rapid
prototyping machines, the architectural design process within the office has changed.” So far,
the incorporation of rapid
Figure 6. 1. Burke Brise Soleil of the Quadracci Pavilion, addition to the Milwaukee Art
Museum by Santiago Calatrava, calatrava.com
prototyping into the architectural design process seems to be limited to 3D printing, though The
increase in accessibility and affordability of electronic prototyping environments (e.g. Arduino)
further encouraged the development of kinetic architecture, as sketching and prototyping of the
involved electronics became ever more feasible. Architectural design tools pick up the trend by
providing a link to electronic environments (e.g. Grasshopper extensions for Arduino).
However, they are still lacking a full support to “explore the dynamics of architectural space
by rethinking architecture beyond conventional static and single function spatial design.

Adaptive response to change should be considered in the preliminary design process prior to
the stage of construction and use.”
This early stage of design requires interdisciplinary thinking as well as new tools for rapid
prototyping in order to fully support kinetic architecture. Our goal is to have an integrated
environment for designing kinetic architecture, including its mechanical parts, electronic
control units, and software modules for the intended behavior of the designed kinetic building.
06.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS
A design process for kinetic architecture has to take manifold and complex requirements into
account. Kinetic architecture not only deals with movable parts added to static architecture, it
also involves a shift of thinking in the design process towards viewing a building in a process
of change. This includes a strategy for the kinetic movements in order to orchestrate the desired
physical adaptability of buildings. The motivation for adaptability is currently dominated by
energy efficiency, living comfort, or higher percentage of utilization
Hoberman is renowned for his pioneering work in transformable design. Ideas on interactive
architecture as an interdisciplinary design process are summarized by M. Fox in.
For kinetic architecture being complex by nature, it is indispensable to create virtual as well as
physical prototypes that explore the functional aspects of the design goal. As opposed to
traditional media for architectural expression like paper or physical models, an (additional)
virtual model provides viable means to
explore the dynamic and interactive
qualities of an object in a fast manner.
In order to evaluate the feasibility of a
kinetic design, a physical functional
prototype
Figure 6. 2. Design process for kinetic architecture
is required as well, that comprises mechanical, electronic and software components.
Therefore, we propose a design process for kinetic architecture that consists of three major
stages, as depicted in fig. 3: The first stage comprises the sketching of design ideas and goals.
In the second stage, a virtual prototype is built, that allows the simulation of functional aspects.
In stage three, the feasibility of the design can be evaluated with a functional physical
prototype. All stages provide feedback to iteratively improve the design. The ideal prototyping
environment for kinetic architecture provides support for all three stages, and combines them

into a unified system. To facilitate fast iteration cycles, the interchange between the stages
should be as seamless as possible.
06.2 DEPLOYABLE STRUCTURE EXPERIMENT FOR ROOF
A deployable structure is one with full motion or in parts, from mechanisms to achieve an
increase or a new volume setting, achieving adaptive structures that can be transformed
according to the needs of each design, obtaining benefits such as light weight, modulation of
the elements, ease of assembly, structural efficiency and the possibility of being transportable
to be deployed again and reused the structure elsewhere.
It is based primarily on the development of physical and digital models that allow analyze the
possible dimensional and structural failures and the real behavior of the materials through basic
drawing programs such as AutoCAD, SketchUp and WinTess3 that allow a structural
checking, verifying if the structure is balanced.
Were developed for this proposal several scale models that provided at the time final details
for the structural approach and for the proper deployment and assembly process of the stage.
The project consists of a half-circle platform that unfolds horizontally thanks to a structural link
bars and folding that make the flooring, which is covered by five tarps sections attached to
deployable structural arches, that form a half hemispherical dome when lifted and are set at the
top by a central piece which stabilizes the overall structure of the stage. To understand the
structure and elements that allow the deployment movement of the stage, below are described
each of the parts and geometric approaches that make up the project: Floor structure, folding
floor, arches and membrane. Figure 6. 1. & Figure 6.4 Stage components and axonometric
Components.
 Components
Floor structure: The floor structure is a half circumference radially divided into five equal
parts which generates six structural axes for each of the main beams that will support the folding
floor and the deployable arches. The unfolding movement of the floor structure is achieved
through the articulated scissor-type system. Each axis is articulated by scissors that allow
rotating the main axes from the central point following the trajectory of the half circumference,
resembling the opening of a fan. The specific characteristics of the system used in this structure
corresponds to ten straight eccentrics scissors articulated between them, this type of system
generates curves that depend on the eccentricity of the articulation between each bar that

composes the scissor.
Figure 6. 3: Rotation of openable scissor mechanism roof structure
Every two scissors articulates one of the major axes of the stage in plant, these axes are the
beams that support the arches; the beams are articulated by hinges on the ends, allowing the
rotation movement to achieve the opening.
Figure 6. 4: Scissors mechanism for openable roof structure

06.3 TRANSFORMING EXHIBITION SPACES
To developed the form of the multi - adaptive space around the mathematical formula
calculated by Henry Dudeney to transform an equilateral triangle into a square, which
splits the building into four separate modules. modules.splits the building into four separate
modules.
Figure 6. 5: An Equilateral Triangle by Henry Dudeney
This clever and new way of approaching Architecture, makes this ever changing shape,
interesting and unique in its approach.
Rooms would fold out on rails so that interior partitions become exterior walls during warmer
seasons, plus the whole building would also be able to rotate to follow the direction of the sun
across the
day.
Figure 6. 6: Conceptual sketch of dynamic exhibition space

06.4 IMPLEMENTATION
The Implementation of different types kinetic concepts, putting different decision or plan into
effect for the execution of the design part such that overall outcome of a project is multi –
adaptive to its surrounding environment & functional uses. This can be done by doing the
throughout site planning from the beginning of design process such that some new ideas as
shown in figure.6.7 can be easily be implemented in our design.
Figure 6. 7. Multi – adaptive kinetic concept of linear wall partitions implementation on a

site plan
Different type Linear curved wall partitions arrange in a particular grid pattern such that the
wall partitions move horizontally following the grid pattern such that it adapt to change to
create new spaces with the same area using a senor based system.
Figure 6. 8:Site planning using the rails for kinetic parts to adapt the site functioning.

Figure 6. 9:conceptual sketches of what the final design output looks like

07. CONCLUSIONS
When kinetic systems are installed in buildings, they can be controlled by different means.
Controlling kinetic systems may range from simple means by manual control to complicated
automatic control. Automatic control complexity can vary from just allowing users to take a
certain action by turning the system on and off to more complicated pre-programmed automatic
systems. These systems can be fully automated while being connected to a set of sensors and
detectors to realize any changes that occur allowing these kinetic systems to respond according
to pre-programmed settings in which buildings' users can't interfere or change. Also, some pre-
programmed automated kinetic systems may be set to allow users to interact with systems
adding changes and modifications even when connected to sensors. Moreover, kineticism can
be installed in buildings without using any kind of embedded computation and/or automated
systems allowing buildings users to manually fold, slide or even push different parts creating
the environments they desire.
There are many ways where kineticism can be used in the architectural field representing a
wide range of solutions. Kinetic systems can be used as indoor elements ranging from small
elements such as furniture to larger elements such as walls/partitions, floors and ceilings.
Kinetic systems can be used to create the building's envelope represented by walls and roof
elements or even kinetic systems that can be attached to the building's outer-skin. Kineticism
can appear as a part of the building's structure or as the structure as a whole allowing it to
transform.

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B. Arch. 9th Sem. Dissertation (July-Dec 2018)

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B. Arch. 9th Sem. Dissertation (July-Dec 2018)

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B. Arch. 9th Sem.

Dissertation (July-Dec 2018)

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 1

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 2

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 3

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 4

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 5

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 6

LIST OF FIGURES 7-11

01. INTRODUCTION & SYNOPSIS ......................................................................... 14-16

02. RESEARCH DESCRIPTION.............................................................................. 16-17

03. LITERATURE STUDIES ....................................................................................18--33

04. CASE STUDIES / DATA COLLECTION .......................................................... 34-80

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 7

04.1.5. Milwaukee Art Museum "Quadracci Pavilion ................................................ 47

05. COMPARATIVE STUDY ANALYSIS AND INFERENCES ........................... 81-88

06. RESEARCH ........................................................................................................... 89-95

07. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................... 96-98

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 97-103

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 8

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 9

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 10

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 11

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 12

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 13

01. INTRODUCTION & SYNOPSIS

 Kinetic architecture is a system which changes its structure, behaviour or resources

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 14

01.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

01.3 CHOICE OF DISSERTATION TOPIC

01.3.1 Solution for the Unsolved

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 15

01.3.2 Motivational Factors enriching Research Quality

As a result, it is important when designing buildings to study their future compatibility

01.3.3 Learnings Factors

02. RESEARCH DESCRIPTION

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 16

02.1 RESEARCH STATEMENT

02.2 VALIDITY OF THE PROJECT/ SCOPE OF WORK

The research is limited to kinetic Architecture in terms of sustainability.

02.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 17

03. LITERATURE STUDIES

03.1 SPACE MAKING

03.2 KINETIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

The classification is formed around the types of structural elements in an artificial

i. Structural Support Systems

03.2.1 Building components

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 18

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 19

Figure 3. 2: The Expanding Video Screen by Hoberman Associates, in partnership with

03.2.1.2 Building skins: cladding-facades-envelopes

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 20

 Folding rigid surfaces

Figure 3. 4 : Hans Peter Wörndl: GucklHupf (pinterest.com)

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 21

 Folding flexible membranes

Figure 3. 5: sliding house drmm design. (creative ideas box)

Figure 3. 6: Olympic Stage Retractable Curtain.Hoberman (hudsonmachine.com)

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 22

Figure 3. 7: Pneumatic Structures | The Flying Mast

[Muti–adaptive kinetic concepts in space making] 23

Figure 3. 8: veltins arena . 123RF.com