ANATOMY OF CARDIOVASCULER 1

CHODIDJAH
 The Heart

Location
 Thorax between the lungs
 Superior surface of diaphragm
 Left of the midline
 Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to
the sternum
 The Heart: Coverings

Pericardium
A superficial fibrous pericardium
A deep two-layer serous pericardium
 The parietal layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous
pericardium
 The visceral layer or epicardium lines the surface of the heart

 Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium

 The Heart: Heart Wall

 Three layers
 Epicardium
 This serous membrane of smooth outer surface of heart
Outside layer

This layer is the parietal pericardium

Connective tissue layer
 Myocardium
Middle layer
composed of cardiac muscle cell
responsibility for heart contracting

 Endocardium
Inner layer
Endothelium
 The Heart: Chambers

 Four chambers
 Atria
 Right atrium
 Left atrium
 Ventricles
 Right ventricle
 Left ventricle
 External Heart: Major Vessels of the Heart

 Vessels returning blood to the heart include:

1. Superior and inferior venae cavae
2. Right and left pulmonary veins
 Vessels conveying blood away from the heart include:
1. Pulmonary trunk, which splits into right and left
pulmonary arteries
2. Ascending aorta (three branches) –
a. Brachiocephalic
b. Left common carotid
c. Subclavian arteries
External Heart: Posterior View
Anatomy of Heart: Frontal Section
 Atria of the Heart

 Atria are the receiving chambers of the heart

 Each atrium has a protruding auricle
 Pectinate muscles mark atrial walls
 Blood enters right atria from superior and inferior
venae cavae and coronary sinus
 Blood enters left atria from pulmonary veins
Right Atria has
 inferior vein cava ( valve of inferior vein cava)
 superior vein cava
 sinus coronarius osteum (valve of osteum sinus coronarius)
 cordis minimi veins
 Pectinati mucle
 terminalis cristae= tuberculum intervenosum
 Ovalis fossa
 Limbus of ovalis fossa
 Right atrio ventricularis osteum (tricuspidalis)
 Right Auricula .
 Ventricles of the Heart

Right Ventricle has:

 Pulmonalis trunk (semilunair valve)
 Papilaris anterior muscle and papillaris posterior
muscle
 Chorda tendenea
 Trabecula carnae.
 Left ventricle has:
 Base of the aorta ( posterior, dextra and sinistra
semilunair valve)
 Left atrioventriculair osteum ( bicuspidalis =
mitralis )
 Papilaris muscle
 Chorda tendenea
 Trabecula carnae
Right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk
Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta
 Coronary Circulation

 Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish

the myocardium
 The heart has its own nourishing circulatory
system
 Coronary arteries
 Cardiac veins
 Blood empties into the right atrium via the
coronary sinus
 Coronary Circulation

Branches of ascendens aorta :

Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Branches of Right coronary artery
 marginalis arteries
 posterior descendens arteries
Supplies blood to the right ventricle . right atrium SA
node and AV node.
Branches of left coronary arteria:
 circumflex branch
 anterior descendens artery
Left coronary arteries: Supplies blood to the left
ventricle and left atrium

 circumflex branch supplies blood to lateral side and

back of the heart
 anterior descendens artery supplies blood to the font
of the left side of the heart
Veins :
 great cardiac vein ( vena cordis magna),
 posterior vein to left ( Vena posterior ventriculi sinistri),
 coronary sinus ( Sinus coronarius), and
 middle cardiac vein ( Vena cordis media)
 cordis minimi vein ( cardiaca minimi vein) dexter atria
 oblique atrii sinistri vein
 Cardiaca anterior vein dexter atria
 The Heart: Valves

 Four valves

 Atrioventricular valves – between atria and ventricles

Bicuspid valve (left)
Tricuspid valve (right)

 Semilunar valves between ventricle and artery

Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
 The Heart: Valves

 Valves open as blood is pumped through

 Close to prevent backflow

The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
 Aorta

 Leaves left ventricle

 Pulmonary arteries

 Leave right ventricle

 Vena cava

 Enters right atrium

 Pulmonary veins (four)

 Enter left atrium

 Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs

 Right atrium  tricuspid valve  right ventricle

 Right ventricle  pulmonary semilunar valve 
pulmonary arteries  lungs
 Lungs  pulmonary veins  left atrium
 Left atrium  bicuspid valve  left ventricle
 Left ventricle  aortic semilunar valve  aorta
 Aorta  systemic circulation
 Cardiac Pathology

 = Inadequate blood
 = Angina Pectoris
Branches of the aorta
 Glomus caroticus and Sinus caroticus
 Glomus caroticus
( carotid body):
 Is a small cluster of
chemoreceptors and
supporting cells located
near the bifurcation of
the carotid artery, that
monitors changes in the
oxygen content of the
blood and help control
respiratory activity
 They release a variety of
neurotransmitter .
 Sinus caroticus is the
dilated area to the
bifurcation of the
common carotid at the
level of the superior
border of thyrod
cartilage
Pulmonary circuit
The blood pathway
between the right side
of the heart, to the
lungs, and back to the
left side of the heart.

Systemic circuit
The pathway between
the left and right sides
of the heart.
 Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs

 Right atrium  tricuspid valve  right ventricle

 Right ventricle  pulmonary semilunar valve 
pulmonary arteries  lungs
 Lungs  pulmonary veins  left atrium
 Left atrium  bicuspid valve  left ventricle
 Left ventricle  aortic semilunar valve  aorta
 Aorta  systemic circulation
Blood Circulation
Coronary Circulation: Arterial Supply
Flow Chart of Fetal Circulation
 Congenital Heart Disease

 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
 Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AV Canal)
 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
ASD VSD
Complete AVSD
Pulmonary Stenosis Aortic Stenosis
Coartation of the Aorta
 The Heart: Conduction System

Sinoatrial node (right

atrium)

 Pacemaker

Atrioventricular node
(junction of r&l atria and
ventricles)

Atrioventricular bundle
(Bundle of His)

Bundle branches (right

and left)

Purkinje fibers
Impulse passes from atria to ventricles via the
atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
 AV bundle splits into two pathways in the interventricular
septum (bundle branches)
1. Bundle branches carry the impulse toward the apex of
the heart
2. Purkinje fibers carry the impulse to the heart apex and
ventricular walls
 Extrinsic Innervation of the Heart

 Heart is stimulated by
the sympathetic
cardioacceleratory center
 Heart is inhibited by the
parasympathetic
cardioinhibitory center
 Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation is
activated by stress, anxiety, or exercise
 Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
stimulation is mediated by acetylcholine and opposes
the SNS
Lokasi proyeksi katub. Jantung:
Katub Aorta : ICS II kanan, linea sternalis
Katub. Pulmonal : ICS II kiri , linea sternalis
Katub. Trikuspid : ICS IV-V linea sternalis kanan- kiri
Katub. Mitral : ICS V linea Midclavicularis, 2 cm ke
medial . ( Apex )
 BATAS – BATAS jantung

BATAS KANAN:
ICS V ( cartilago costa VI) Linea sternalis kanan
BATAS ATAS:
ICS II Linea parasternalis kiri
BATAS KIRI BAWAH ( APEX CORDIS )
ICS V 1- 2 cm disebelah medial linea midclavicularis.
PINGGANG JANTUNG:
ICS III linea parasternalis kiri.
 The Vascular System

 Taking blood to the tissues and back

 Arteries
 Arterioles
 Capillaries
 Venules
 Veins
The Vascular System
RETICULAR VEIN