THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS 92-GT-427

346 E. 47 St., New York, N.Y. 10017

The Society shall not be responsible ter statements or opinions advanced in papers or in dis-
cussion at meetings of Me Society or of its Divisions or Sections, or printed in its publications.
Discussion is printed only if the paper Is published in an ASME Journal. Papers are available
from ASME for fifteen months after the meeting.
Printed in USA.
Copyright © 1992 by ASME

A Practical Guide for Gas Turbine Performance Field

and Test Data Analysis
FRANCOISE M. KRAMPF
Dresser-Rand
Olean, New York

Fuel Low Heating Value LHV (K) /Kg or BTU / lb per weight)
DF2 (Kj/ NCM or BTU / SCF per volume)
INTRODUCTION Diesel Fuel

Aviation Fuel JP4
This paper provides a simple method for correcting and analyzing the
performance data from a simple cycle, two shaft gas turbine. This data may Volumes NCM -- Volume of fuel is sometimes
have been collected in a test cell, in the field or by a user who desires to referred as normal cubic
closely monitor the performance of an engine. meter measuring at 00 C and
1 atmosphere or 1.013 bar
This paper is not meant for the turbine expert but rather to help an SCF -- Standard cubic feet refers
inexperienced technician or engineer to analyze the acquired data by to the fuel at standard con-
comparing it to the standard engine performance parameters and dition of 590 F and 14.69 PSIA
determine if the expected performance is being achieved. Increases
Decreases
NOMENCLATURE
Combustion Nomenclature
Assume the following nomenclature with their corresponding units. The
numbers correspond to different parts of the engine (per Fig. 3). = mols of H /rols of C
= equivalence ratio or
Ambient Temperature T2 (Deg C or F) or K or R Air real ÷ Air Stochiometric
Degree Farenheit °F Fuel Fuel
Degree Rankine
N2 =Nitrogen
°R
Degree Celsius °C 02 =Oxygen

Degree Kelvin °K H20 = Water
Horsepower HP or KW CO2 = Carbon dioxide
Heat rate HR (Kilojoules / KW Hr or BTU / HP HR)
Gas generator speed NGG (RPM) Compressor Efficiency Nomenclature
Power turbine speed NPT (RPM)
Compressor discharge
Inlet temperature (Deg K) Ti
pressure CDP or P3 (PSIA, BAR, KPA) Compressor discharge
Compressor discharge
temperature (Deg K) 13
temperature CDTor 13 (Deg K or R) Compressor pressure ratio Pr
Pressure ratio Pr Relative pressure at
Combustor temperature T4 (Deg K or R) station 1 Prl

Power turbine inlet Pressure at station 3 Pr3
temperature PTIT or T5 (Deg K or R) Enthalpy per unit mass
Exhaust gas temperature EGT (Deg K or R) (BTU / LB or Kj / Kg)
Power Turbine exhaust Enthalpy inlet H1
temperature T6 (Deg K or R) Expected enthalpy at
Mass Flow W (Kg/ sec or lb / sec) station 3 H3E
Mass Flow (inlet) W2 (Kg / sec or lb / sec) Real enthalpy derived from

Mass Flow (exhaust) W6 (Kg! sec orb! sec) 13 at test H3R
Fuel Flow WF (Kg / HR Kj/HR or lb/ Hr of BTU / Hr) (H3E-H1) DHE
Inlet loss coefficient Ki (H3R-H1) DHR
Exhaust loss coefficient Ke DHR / DHE (compressor
Heat Rate Loss Coefficient Kh efficiency)
Relative humidity (%) RH
Specific Heat Cp -- Specific heat at constant
pressure (Kj/ Kg - Deg K or
BTU / lb - Deg R)

Presented at the International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition
Cologne, Germany June 1-4, 1992

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 Software Symbols Gas Turbine Description

A simple cycle two shaft gas turbine is a high-rotational speed engine

" To the power of" = A (meaning following number
is a exponent) consisting of a gas generator unit and a power turbine unit. A simple cycle is
= function which looks for a certain one in which the air enters the gas turbine from the atmosphere and
" Look-up" function
discharges directly to the atmosphere without passing through any exhaust
number in a row or column.
= Bring a file or a block into another file. heat recovery system. A two-shaft gas turbine is one in which the output
"Import" a file
shaft from the power turbine is not mechanically connected to the gas
generator.
PERFORMANCE A gas generator unit, which transforms the ambient air into a high
temperature pressurized stream is made up of three components.
Usually when an engine is sold, it is tested at the manufacturer's facility
1. Compressor: Axial or centrifugal, it compresses the inlet air.
before the initial shipment. The manufacturer can tell from that test if the
2. Combustor: Fuel enters into combustion with the air and raises it to a
engine meets the agreed to standards.
high temperature.
3. Gas Generator Turbine: Its main function is to drive the first compressor.
The American National Standards Committee B133 from ASME and the
American Petroleum Institute Standard 616 not only define the gas turbine
A power turbine is a turbine used as an expander which produces the
ratings but also provides model performance curves (Ref. 3) Including
engine shaft power by transforming the heat and pressure energy into
horsepower, thermal efficiency, airflow and engine temperature versus
mechanical energy. A gas turbine can drive a compressor, a pump or an
shaft speed. The manufacturer supplies curves to the customer to show
that the predicted performance for the installation will be met. Figures 1 and electric generator.
2 represent typical curves which manufacturers include in their proposals.
They show horsepower versus power turbine speed with constant heat Gas Turbine Performance
rate lines. Before going into further detail, the need arises for a simple
description of a gas turbine as an engine. Since the purpose of a gas turbine is to deliver mechanical power, the
rated output will be a parameter of great importance. The variations of
horsepower, fuel, air flow rates and temperatures at different parts of the
100 engine will represent functional changes of the engine for a given rotational
speed.

90 PERFORMANCE AND DATA CORRECTION

Ambient conditions change and when an engine is tested there is a need

to correct the data to a common standard for a correct evaluation. If the
engineer wants to find out if the engine is functioning at site according to
the standard, a record of the standard data is required in order to compare
70 the field data to it. Predicted performance curves are provided by the
manufacturer for a particular ambient temperature (Figures 1 and 2).

60 When a test takes place, the ambient temperature will normally be

different from that used to generate the original performance curves. The
manufacturer, after having built and tested a number of engines, has
50 accumulated a data bank for reference to determine if an engine performs
as predicted. To confirm predicted performance, a method is used that
deals with parameters such as ambient temperature and pressure, inlet and
40 exhaust losses, calorific value of the fuel, relative humidity of the air, and
30 40 50 60 changes of efficiency in different pares of the engine in relation to the
power level.
SHAFT SPEED, % OF RATED
The most important part of the method used in this paper is the well
FIGURE 1. Constant exhaust temperature turbine known ISO correction method. ISO stands for International Standard
Organization. To come up with correction formulae, the ISO correction
technique brings the data to a reference point of ambient temperature,
pressure and humidity, based on a non-dimensional theoretical analysis of
120
SITE RATED gas and energy laws. ISO reference conditions are defined as 150 C
TB INLET (590F), 29.9" HG (14.69 PSIA) and 60% relative humidity.
TEMPERATURE
Each manufacturer will have a standard natural gas calorific value (for
example 20100 BTU / lb.). If the engine is to run with liquid fuel there will be
a typical value too (ex: DF2 = 18400 BTU / lb or JP4 = 19000 BTU / lb.). If a
user is to run an engine with a different fuel gas, there will be a factor or
coefficient to modify the performance (the coefficient may be small if the
combustor is adjusted for the changes, i.e.; different nozzles, orifices,
etc.). The relative humidity will also alter the gas turbine performance,
especially at high ambient conditions. Every gas turbine installation has
inlet and exhaust losses which can vary with the power level. Figure 4
MINIMUM provides typical factors for power losses and heat rate increases as a
POWER function of the inlet or exhaust loss (Ref. 2, 3). It is easy to convert the
1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1
factors for a particular engine into equations that can be entered into a
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
personal computer and incorporated into a formula.
SHAFT SPEED, % OF RATED
A method of correction used by many turbine manufacturers shows how
RATED SITE CONDITIONS the performance curves obtained with this method can be used as a tool for
INLET PRESSURE LOSS (IN. H2O) the field technician or test inspector to verify if the engine is working
EXHAUST PRESSURE LOSS (IN. H2O) properly or where to locate the problem if it is not.
INLET AIR TEMPERATURE (DEG. F)
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE (PSIA)

FIGURE 2. Variable exhaust temperature turbine

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 ▪

Power Turbine Speed (N PT) . 25%

Engine Inlet Temperature (T1) -±. 5%
Engine Inlet Pressure (P1) . 5%
Compressor Discharge Temperature (T3) .5%
Compressor Discharge Pressure (P3) -±. 5%
Power Turbine Inlet Temperature (T5) . 25%
Power Turbine Inlet Pressure (P5) . 5%
Engine Exhaust Temperature (T6) ±. 5%
COMPRESSOR Engine Exhaust Pressure (P6) . 5%
T6

14 Y INLET . 1 - 19.47 x 10. 8 x (T2)2 + 8.3450 10.6x (T2)+ 3.865 x 103)X X

P4.
Y EXHAUST . 1 - 17.52 x 10.8 x (T2) 2 + 8.972 x 10 6 x (T2)4. 1.449 x 10.31x X
Y HEAT RATE . 1 + 19.99 x 10 .8x(72) 2.- 1.159 x 10•6 X (T2) + 1.787 x 10'3) x X
INLET EXHAUST
THESE EQUATIONS CAN BE ENTERED IN ANY SPREAD SHEET AS A MODEL OF
INLET AND EXHAUST LOSSES X FOR EACH AMBIENT T2
P4 . I T2 AMBIENT
1950
P5 - 120 F OR 49C
TI MI=

P, P2 1 .040 MI=

POWER
COMBUSTOR 59 F OR 15C
TURBINE 1.030
OF OR -17C

GAS GENERATOR 1930

TURBINE AI= . _..metre
1.010
. a ..

1.003 on_
Ima ,1
=MO
=MI
0990 =ME M,.

0.980 OF OR -17C

0970
m ■ • 11111•1=IMI
59F OR 15C

0960
41'<4)..
GAS TURBINE STATION 0.950 4;5
NUMBER CODE 0.940
. .4719 120 F OR 49C
OF OR -17C

0.930 59 F OR 15C
FIGURE 3. Gas turbine station number code
+■••11M - -
0.920
..
STATION NUMBERS &NM
0.910
a lMOIMM. 120F OR 49C
To represent different turbine parts it is conventional to use a station
0.900
number code. It varies from one manufacturer to another and from one 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
engine line to the next. This paper will make use of one code for
DUCT PRESS LOSS, IN 120
explanatory purposes and we will leave it to the individual user to change it
as applicable. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Station Number MM 11 2 0
Ambient conditions 1
Compressor inlet: 2 FIGURE 4. Correction factors Y for inlet and exhaust losses X , at Ambient T2
Compressor discharge: 3 for HP or KW and Heat Rate, HR, divide by Y
Combustor and high pressure turbine: 4
Power turbine inlet: 5 DATA ACQUISITION AND CORRECTION
Power turbine exhaust: 6
See Figure 3 Most engines are supplied with instrumentation required only for
equipment protection.
TEST REQUIREMENTS
In the test cell there will be more instrumentation so that the engine
Each manufacturer supplies a written test specifications and requirements performance can be accurately assessed. The data acquired in both
procedure. This information should be read and studied carefully before situations will be compared.
witnessing a test or used to help evaluate field performance data.
The corrections for pressure and temperature variations, in a non-
It is a part of the performance engineer's duty to mention these dimensional form, are traditionally as follows (Ref. 8): Temperature
requirements to whoever will study or evaluate an engine's performance. variations are represented by the Theta ratio where Theta is equal to:
One important thing to keep in mind is the data's accuracy required by the e _ h n n • • -tv- • M
performance engineer for the curves to be meaningful.
(15+273) OK
Listed below are the degrees of accuracy that are normally required. Different parameters affected by temperature will take theta into account.
Parameter Accuracy Ideal theta exponents are obtained from non-dimensional analysis
application of the gas and energy laws (See Ref. 8 and 9).
Ambient Temperature ± .5%
Relative Humidity -± .5% However, each manufacturer will have to refine these exponents after
Barometer . 25% obtaining enough test data. The pressure variations due to atmospheric
Gas Generator Speed (NG6) . 25% conditions, elevation and inlet or exhaust losses will be expressed as
another coefficient traditionally called delta ( 6).

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 A curve (Figure 5) of pressure versus elevation will be recommended as enter the data and formula once and keep this file for any other use in the
one of the tools needed for performance analysis. One can obtain ambient future (once it is proven). The following suggests how the data can be
pressure from a local airport or from a portable barometer. If local airport data entered in a spread sheet:
is used, any difference between the airport altitude and the site altitude --Table 1 shows which raw data will be entered in which order. A set of 5 or
must be taken into account. This chart will confirm the pressure data in case 6 columns, A, B, C, D, & E (one column per scan), will provide enough data
one is not sure of either pressures. to plot a curve. The lines are numbered starting with 1.
--Table 2 shows the calculation succession in order to correct the raw data
(using the ISO correction formulae).
--Table 3 shows the list of corrected data after applying the correction
TW factors and coefficients from Table 2.
WN The data can be transferred into columns of numbers which will be
098 accepted by a graphic software package.
697
696 EXAMPLE OF GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS USING A SPREADSHEET
WM
TABLE 1: RAW DATA
894
10
A
(192
011 1 TEST DATA NAME OF TURBINE/DATE/SERIAL NUMBER OF ENGINE

10 2
0.89
3 ENTER RAW DATA HERE
888
i 987 4 COLUMN OR SCAN 9 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
0.86
5
0.85
6 T AMBIENT (DEC C) 15.00
10
183 7 P AMBIENT (EPA) 100.33
982
8 IN LOSS (MM.H20) 100.00
981
980 9 EXH LOSS (MM.H20) 100.00
on 10 REL HUMIDITY (%) 60.00

11 LHV (KJ/KG) 49344

0.77
0.76 12 FUEL FLOW (KG/HR) 958.00
0.75
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 13 NPT (RPM) 6800.00
ELEVATION FEET) OR X
14 NGG (RPM) 17500
I I I i,i.1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
ELEVATION METERS) OR X 15 W1 (KG/SEC) 19.20

16 T3 (DEG C) 368.00
FIGURE 5. Elevation correction factor for Gas Turbine Performance 17 P3 (EPA) 1177.00

18 P2.1INTERSTAGE PRESS.(KPA)120.00

CORRECTION FORMULAS 19 T5 (DEG C) 650.00

20 P5 (EPA) 259.00
The non-dimensional analysis exponents for an ideal situation are as
21 T6 (DEG C) 473.20
follows:
Theta Delta 22 TEST HORSEPOWER (KW) 3867
Speed:
or NGG 0.5
Temperature
1 TABLE 2: CORRECTION FORMULAS
Pressure 0
Mass Flow -0.5
Horsepower 0.5 A

Here enter ISO Correction Formulas

CALCULATIONS: and coefficients from Curves No. 4 and 5

Formulas appear often in the form (Ref. 6 and 8):
Observed Corrected Units 23
NGG NCG 5 RPM 24 P AMBIENT (B7) Use Curve No. 5 if needed
e•
25 INLET LOSS (08) Include equations from Curve No. 4
HP HP HP or KW
Include equations from Curve No. 4
(Ke x K)) x 6 x e-5 26 EXHAUST Loss (BS)

27 INLET LOSS COEFF Write in value from Curve No. 4

T5 °R or °K Write in value from Curve No. 4
28 EXHAUST LOSS COEFF

29 SHP CORRECTION (0275028)

T3 OR or °K
30 HR CORRECTION Write in value from Curve No. 4

P3 PSIA or KPA 31 DELTA (87/101.3)

6
32 THETA (B6+273)/288

w2 W2 x e.5 lb/sec 33 THETA -.5 (B32)-.5

6
or Kg / sec
34

TEST DATA DISPLAY 35 HR (K3/KW-HR) (812x1311)/B22

36 PT THETA (B19+273)/288
Computers and adequate software have greatly simplified the task of
37 (PT THETA)-.5 (B36)-.5
correcting data to the ISO Standard. Since spread sheets permit the
reproduction of formulae or data in columns or rows, one only needs to 38 PT DELTA (B20)/101.3

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 TABLE 3: FINAL CORRECTED DATA which will make corrected T5 a higher value. If the ambient temperature is
higher than 150 C, say50° C, e will become = 50 + 273 = 1.1215
A
288
and corrected T5 will go down. See Table 4.
52
From Table 4 and Figure No. 13 it can be seen that the three curves will be
53 COMPRESSOR: plots of different levels of power and speeds. At each of these speeds
there are different efficiencies. For example, Figure 12 shows how the
54
compressor efficiency changes with the gas generator speed.
55 CORN P3 (EPA) (B17+B7)/B31 2) The combustion conditions change with the power level and the
56 CORN P2JINTRST.(PSIA) (B18+B7)/B31 specific heat will then vary at each instant (as will the enthalpies in the
engine.)
(B16+273)/832
57 CORN T3 (DEG R)
3) There may be mechanical limits at low ambient conditions that do not
58 CORN WI (LB/SEC) (B158833)/B31 exist at high ambient conditions.
59 PRESSURE RATIO = Pr (B17+B7)/(B7-B25)
TABLE4
60 T3-T2 (B16-B6) VARIATION OF THETA AND CORRECTED HORSEPOWER
"Input" from compressor efficiency
VERSUS AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
61 COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY

62 calculation file (See Table 5)

T2 (0C) Corr 15 Corrected HP

63 CORRECTED PERFORMANCE: 5 <1

64 CORRECTED HP (B22)/(B295B31xB33) 15 1 T5 HP

65 CORRECTED HEAT RATE (B35/B30) 50 >1

66 CORRECTED NGG (RPM) (B14/B33)

67 CORRECTED T5 (DEG R) (B19/B32) 4) Relative humidity will affect the performance at high ambient conditions
68
and the ISO correction does not take it into account. This effect will vary
from engine to engine; if any engine is speed limited, the temperature is
69 lowered by the humidity and the power will suffer.
70 If the engine is temperature limited, its speed could increase giving a
corresponding increase in power.
71
5) This method takes into consideration only the change of pressure and
temperature at site. It would be difficult to evaluate the influence of other
CURVES factors for each power level. The method remains valid as long as the
ambient temperature is relatively near the ISO temperature (150 C or 590 F)
The curves are obtained by plotting the corrected data. It is easy to and as long as one needs to predict an ISO value. Recorrecting for site after
convert the data into columns that will be compatible with an already made ISO analysis, especially at a very different temperature, is not advisable.
template from a graphic software package.

The curves can be the result of manufacturers standards or test data and
will make some excellent tools for the technician who can correct the data in
....TEST CELL DATA
the same manner and plot it on top of the standard engine curves.
mumumu•im•• III • mum Immo
• mummummummuummummemon
The curves could have three points superimposed with data from field
testing. If these points fit on top of the standard curve it would be
ONUOMMIIMMIMMOSIONIMMOMMIORNINOUSE
IMOMIMMONNIONIMINOINNIIIMPYWAVOMOMOIN
•
reasonable to believe that this engine is behaving as well as expected. 8
•NOOMIMIMONIUMMOSIMORIMM•RMIWONOM
"Graphers" software has been preferred to work with for the following NUMMOOMMOMIONOOMMIONOMERIVOINIONO
reasons: INIMIMINIONNUMMOMMIMMINUMMI•MNIIIIIM
It is compatible with Lotus or Quattro and offers curve fits, log curves, etc. OIONIMMIONNUMMOMMUNIPBOIMOUNINIMME
For example, if one has a scatter of points (see Curve No. 6), it will not only INIONIMIONIMISSIOIMMUNINIONORMINIM
uuuIIuIuuuuIuIIIIuuIIWiIluuuuuIluuuuuuuI
let you choose the best curve fit but it will give you the equation of the fit.
For anyone doing the performance evaluation, it is possible to prepare IIIMMOIONINUMMUMRUMIN••MNIKONONE•
•NOMINIUMMUMONIOWAIIINNOMMOUVI••IM
those plots in a portable PC. After the data is entered and corrected one IMMINIONMIMOOMMIONOMOIIINIVINUMMIM
can see if the performance is adequate or if a problem exists in some part of IIIIIIIIIIIIMMINNUM1118111.11.11111111
UMNOMMOINKNOMMONNOMM•NIIMMINUI•MUI
the engine. There is a "graphics" software within Lotus and Quattro in case •IMOMOBOOMBOOMMIUMIUNIIIIORIMMON
Grapher is not available. IIMMOOMMIONUMNOMOMMINOMONIMIMINIONIM
•OMMIONIUMBIREINIMIOMMEMMOROMMIUMBOORM
To determine performance, it is customary to run an engine at a number of •MOUNIMOMMISMINMIONIMMUININOINOIM
MOMMINUIVOIMUMOMIMMINUMMIIMMOOMIN
different power levels and obtain scans of each level. This is the "raw data" •IIIIIIIIMMIRIMI11111.111111111111111
to be entered in the spread sheet for correction and then plotted (see uiiuuuuIIupplUIUIuIUUIIuIuIuuuIIIIIIIuI
IIMMINOWSMOIXIMONOMMISIMIUMININIVIIM
curves on Figures 7 to 11). IMINIONIMOOMMOMOMMIMMOIMIIMINIIMMIN
IMINIONIORIMMUMMIONIONOMMUOMMION
On the curve a line which represents the speed or temperature limit can umMINKWOMISOMISONNImmummurnm
be drawn. That is where the "maximum power" will be read. It could
•NVIONOORSIOURIMUMNIMOINIIIIIIMMIN
INOWNOVIMMIIMMINUMMUNIONNIUMIN
represent a "guarantee point." The choice of test scans and points are
chosen according to the application. IMONAMINIUMOOMMIMOVIMINUOIVINIUM
lOOMINERVONINUMMISOOMMOVIMIUMOIM
IuIPiiuuuuIIUuUIuuIlIuuUIuIuuIuIIuIIIuuII
DISCUSSION OF THE ISO CORRECTION METHOD IMMUNIOUNIUMMIONISMOIRMINMINININIM
•MOMIVIUMBOMMORMINIMMUNOUNIUMONIMI
60 100
It is easy to understand why the method is not perfect. The following CORRECTED T5 IN PER CENT OF RATED)
curve will show that three engines tested at three different ambient
Y -.0135309X 2+ 5638080- 50993.1
temperatures of -50 C, 150 C and500 C will provide three very different
plots for the same model. The reasons are several:
FIGURE 6. Gas Turbine Performance Test Data
1) In the relation of corrected power versus corrected T5 , corrected Corrected Horsepower vs Corrected T5
15 = T5 /8. If the ambient is less than 150 C, say 50 C, e will be Test data scatter and its curve fit.

=5 + 273 = .965
288

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 •

- TEST CELL DATA

- TEST CELL DATA
X X X FIELD POINTS X X X FIELD POINTS

1111111111111111 11111111111111111111iii
• umumuumn•nunnanumu
S PR MM HMI
immrommossmilsimil OOOOO rellM1111111111
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....................... ................
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..
..................or M1111111111111
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.. •••••...........

EMEMENEME1111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111
1 LT,
111111111111111111111111111MMEMOMMIMMI
11111M111111111111111MMOMMIIIIIIIIIMMIN
1111111111111111111111111111111121111111111111111M11111
uIuIuuuuIuuIIUuuuIIIIIIuuuuIUuIUUUIIuI
111111111111111111111MUMMIMIIIIMMONIN
1111111111111111111111111111/111111111111111111111111111111111 ••nnuom•o•m••u•u•••m
1111111111111111111111111111EMIMMINIIIIIIIIIMIN
munumnormummunnumnan
ommummummomnimmumms.
•IIMMIIIIIIIIMMINUM1111111111111111MMIN
usummummumumull1111111111111111

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uuuluuuuuuuIluIuuIUuIuuIUuIIUIUIUIIIuI
1111111111111111113111111111IIIMMINIIIIIMIN
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• U11111111111EMINIIIIIIMIIMINU•UMIN

• .m.................... ..••.u•........
•11111111MINIIIIIMMUMMIMMINIMMI
11111111111/1111111111111111111IIIIIIIIIIIIIIM•III mom ................. •••••••••
111111111111111MINIMMIIIMINEIMMIN 70 100
•MIONIIIMMI1111111111111111111111111111MMIll
•MME1111111111111IIMMIMMISIIIIIIMIN CORRECTED NGG RPM (IN PER CENT OF FULL RATED SPEED)
11111111111111111
u nnumunnannonsminumna FIGURE 10. Gas Turbine Performance Test Data
1111111111111111M111111111111MUMMI Corrected P3 versus Corrected NGG
11111111111•111
- TEST CELL DATA
60 100 X X X FIELD POINTS
CORRECTED T5.2 (IN PER CENT OF RATED)

FIGURE 7. Gas Turbine Performance Test Data 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111

Corrected Horsepower vs Corrected T5 1111111111111111111111111111111111111%11
1111111111111111111111111M111111111111
1111111111111MMIMMIIIIMMIUM
- TEST CELL DATA
X X X FIELD POINTS 111111111111111111111111111111111111111
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N 111111111111
M IMII
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\ 11111111111/1111111111111111111111M1111
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11/%111111111111111111111111M101M11111 •
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MIUMMUMMIMMIMIUM11
100
CORRECTED T (IN PER CENT OF RATED)
50 100
CORRECTED T5.2 (IN PER CENT OF RATED)
FIGURE 11. Gas Turbine Performance Test Data
FIGURE 8. Gas Turbine Performance Test Data Corrected NGG vs Corrected T5.2
Corrected HR versus Corrected T5

90 100

50 100 CORRECTED NGG RPM (IN PER CENT OF FULL RATED SPEED)
CORRECTED NOG RPM (IN PER CENT OF FULL RATED SPEED)
FIGURE 12. Gas Turbine Performance Test Data
FIGURE 9. Gas Turbine Performance Test Data
Compressor Efficiency vs Corrected NGG
Corrected Comp. Disch. Temperature T3 vs Corrected NGG

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 ISO CORRECTION METHOD'S CORRECTION FACTORS
Figure 13 shows that for the two extreme conditions of temperature there
could be a difference of ten per cent in the power data. Most manufacturers
are aware of this problem and make a point of "tuning" their exponents to
"tighten the curve". Exponents might be changed from .5 to .4 ... or .6 ...
to achieve a smaller difference in the horsepower for extreme temperature
data. Figure 14 shows the same data corrected with another theta
exponent to reduce the difference between horsepowers. However within
a relatively close band of temperature the method remains very valid as T5
corrected values do not vary enough to create a difference in the power
levels.
As soon as an engine is built and tested a set of curves can be plotted as
follows:
CORR HP vs CORR T5 ( OR CORR T6), CORR HR vs CORR T5 ( OR CORR
T6), CORR T5 vs CORR NGG, CORR P3 vs CORR NGG, CORR T3 vs CORR
NGG, CORR W2 vs CORR NGG, CORR WF vs CORR T5, CORR W2 vs
PRESSURE RATIO, and more. See curves, Figure 7 to 12.
VARIATION OF THETA VALUES
For a more sophisticated and accurate analysis of the engine performance
it can be assumed that the "inlet temperature" of each engine part is
actually equal to the exhaust temperature of the previous part. This will
create a much larger variation in the theta or delta ratios but will be useful to
approximate the temperatures in the different parts of the engine. Some of
the theta values can be added to the spread sheet for power turbine
analysis (see Table 2, Lines 36, 37 and 38).

FROM STANDARD DATA TO THE FIELD

; 100 The prototype curves which represent the first newly built engine
performance will be replaced when the manufacturer accumulates data from
testing of the next engines. A good software package will give a curve fit
and equation from the "scatter" of accumulated points. This curve fit will
become the standard curve, Fig. 6. This standard curve equation should be
entered into the computer to provide an "expected" performance curve in
the field.

FIELD AND INSPECTING WORK

The following curves will show how the "standard engine" data can be
used for performance monitoring.
60
Compressor

These two curves represents a curve fit of data points taken in the
compressor discharge. (The well known CDT and CDP.) See Figures 9 and
10. With such a curve and an "ISO correction ready" spreadsheet (see
Tables 2 and 3) the field engineer will be able to plot those points on the
curve and compare with the original test data of a new engine.

FIGURE 13. Gas Turbine Performance Data! Corrected HP vs Corrected T5
Performance calculated from three different ambients temps
T5 theta exponent = 1 and HP theta exponent = .5
Same model engine for three ambients / 100 per cent NPT.
A low CDP could indicate that the trouble is indeed the compressor and
that fouling could be the reason for a poor efficiency and lower power (Ref.
7 ). A compressor wash might solve that problem. If to the contrary, the
point is on the curve then it would indicate that one should look elsewhere
if there is a performance deficiency.

**** MODEL TO -S DEC C Compressor Efficiency

0000 MODEL 7 15 DEC C
+++ MODEL 72 50 DEC C

NINENIIIMIIMMIENPINIMMINO
IMMO
A final decision on the compressor should not be made without the
IMPIPPO efficiency calculation directly derived from the CDT and CDP. A compressor
MM •
......... EMIM efficiency calculation for each scan can be made using the portable PC.
MIMIMPW
MMEIMPMENPRO Since air inlet mass flow measurement is not always possible in the field we
deal with a calculation for one pound (or one kilogram) of air, assuming it
100
MMIMITAI =MOM=
remains at a fairly low pressure.

TABLE 5
tt5
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY (n) CALCULATIONS FOR ONE POUND/ONE KILO OF AIR
1.11112112 TO ENTER INTO A SPREAD SHEET
INMIM
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
...... M11111111.• MI M1
M.MMI
(AIR AT LOW PRESSURES)

COLUMN I COLUMN 2 (Enter Value Here)

"4)
T3 (Deg. K)

Pr

Prl

Pr3

.Look up" in Tables

HI "Look up.

FIGURE 14. Gas Turbine Performance Data! Corrected HP vs Corrected T5 HOE "Look up.
Performance calculated from three different ambient temps NOR "Look up.
Theta exponents have been modified to tighten the curve
DHE H3E-H1
Same model engine for the three temperatures! 100 per-
cent NPT. DHR NOR-Hi

DHR/DHE

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 The calculation method can be entered in a spread sheet, making use of Discussion of The Accuracy of This Method
gas tables (Ref. 4) and the thermodynamic properties of air. The gas table
values need only be entered once into the file and then a function of the Usually the flow measurements in the field are not precise enough to be
spread sheet is to find the needed values of enthalpy and relative used during performance evaluation. One also should be very careful with
pressure. (For the software experts, such functions are called "look-up" the use of the specific heat function at constant pressure (Cp). It varies not
functions) (Ref. 10 and 11). only with the temperature of the flow but with the composition of the
products in the flow which vary at any instant according to the power, fuel
Once the inlet and discharge conditions for the compressor are type, etc.
measured, the corresponding enthalpies and relative pressures will provide
a compressor efficiency ?i at each power level (Table 5). These values, Actually the compressor section calculation can predict a good efficiency
plotted on the standard curve of ?7 versus corrected NGG will determine value. The reason for this is that we are dealing with air alone which has a
stable composition at that condition. (The pressure and temperature
the compressor performance (Fig. 12). measurements at inlet and discharge should be based on total and not
If the efficiency proves to be low, again the compressor could be dirty. As static conditions.) When the power turbine efficiency is calculated, it should
mentioned above, a wash is recommended which can be more effective
be kept in mind that not all of the flow is involved in the combustion process
with hot water and a commercial cleaner. Make sure that the manufacturer's
and the composition changes with fuel calorific value, load, and combustor
recommendations for the cleaning solution and method of application are
efficiency. The specific heat function is a very sensitive one which should
followed.
be plotted as a curve of Cp versus temperature and integrated under that
curve. So it will be necessary to write a small program that gives the Cp as a
A low compressor efficiency (if the engine is fairly new) could be caused
function of both the mixture temperature and exhaust gas composition.
by a faulty installation especially in the inlet system. It could also be caused
This is determined by using a simple equilibrium combustion equation with
by bleed valves or variable vanes not being properly set. A technician can
the knowledge of a fuel / air ratio which can be obtained if the fuel and air
verify the situation. Another way to verify a bleed valve problem is
flow are measured (Ref. 1 and 4).
presented later in this paper.
This might seem like a lot of work for a service engineer or technician but
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPEED AND TEMPERATURE
by performing the calculation it will be possible to elude some problems and
these programs, once entered in the computer will be useful for different
A very important parameter to plot and analyse is the power turbine inlet
conditions for many years.
temperature in the engine (or T5). Since turbine combustor temperatures
are high (2200 - 2500°R) in gas turbines, the tendency is to put probes in
TABLE FOR Cp CALCULATIONS FOR TURBINE EXHAUST AIR AND
the gas generator exhaust (or power turbine inlet). Gas generator
PRODUCTS
manufacturers will call it EGT (exhaust gas temperature). Gas turbine
manufacturers call it PTIT (power turbine inlet temperature). Usually there is
Most manufacturers have compiled tables of specific heats for different
a location in the power turbine inlet where a number of probes are spaced
situations in their turbines.
around the power turbine inlet (8 to 24). There is enough variation in the
flow conditions to create a difference in the data from those probes. The
In case this is not available, it can be obtained in the following manner:
manufacturer will allow a certain deviation between each probe value or
1) Obtain the composition of the exhaust products.
between each probe value and its average. This temperature distribution is
2) Look in a gas tables reference book for the Cp of each
usually known as a temperature profile. One should find out what maximum
constituent at each temperature (inlet and exhaust of
and minimum temperature deviations are allowed before testing.
part of the machine). (Ref. 4)
3) Prorate the Cp of each to the per cent of the composition,
If the deviation is larger than expected the technician can assume that
and add the total.
something might be wrong in the combustor area. First one should check This will not be entirely accurate, but for the same conditions it should
the functioning of the probes by checking the calibration and readout provide an acceptable value. A new value should be calculated for each
device and then by changing probe positions. If they seem to be power point being considered. See Figures No. 15 and 16.
functioning well then the combustor might have to be opened or at least
the fuel nozzles examined for damage or plugging of the flow passages.
Then one can check for leaks in the combustor liner. NATURAL GAS
ENTER PRODUCTS
The curve of PTIT (or T5) versus gas generator speed (or NGG) represents HERE
IN
an important relationship. See curve No. 11. The field performance points WT/100
will be plotted on the new engine's test standard curve of corrected NGG N2 0.7557 THIS IS ESTIMATED EXHAUST PRODUCTS AT ISO FOR THIS GAS
02 0.1712
versus Corrected T5. H20 0.0324
CO2 0.0407
If this relationship has not changed since the original test, it will mean the DEG F
DEG C
engine is performing well. But in some cases compressor seals will wear MW 640 740 840 1040 1140 1240 1340
and flow areas will vary. This might be represented on that curve as a higher 338 393 449 560 616 671 727
T5 for the same NGG. This curve usually provides an indication of engine N2 0.7557 28.013 7.209 7.293 7.38 7.564 7.65 7.73 7.813
02 0.1712 32 7.692 7.813 7.922 8.11 8.192 8.266 8.332
conditions. The data of temperature and speed are easy to obtain, H20 0.0324 18 8.707 8.863 9.023 9.353 9.522 9.693 9.365
especially the NGG which is considered the most accurate data. CO2 0.0407 44 11.374 11.67 11.954 12.42 12.633 12.81 13.14

POWER TURBINE AND MATCHING

DEG F 640 740 840
DEG C 338 393 449
At times the manufacturer will prefer to measure the exhaust temperature 0.257 0.19447 0.2603 0.19674 0.263 0.19908
from the engine which is called T6 and use it as a reference to control the 0.240 0.04115 0.2441 0.04179 0.247 0.04238
0.483 0.01567 0.4923 0.01595 0.501 0.01624
engine performance. If it is at all possible, the power turbine inlet 0.258 0.01052 0.2654 0.01080 0.271 0.01105
temperature should also be measured in order to obtain the temperature CP 0.26182 0.26529 0.26877 BTU/LB/DEG F
1.09616 1.11072 1.12526 1(3/KG/DEG C
difference across the power turbine or delta 1=15 - 16. One can calculate
the horsepower with the following relation:
HP = W x Cp x delta lx (unit coefficient) (2) DEG F 1040 1140

1240

1340
If one can measure the flow and obtain a value for Cp which is consistent DEG C 560 616 671 727
with the average power turbine temperature, one can compare the driven 0.270 0.20405 0.2730 0.20637 0.275 0.20853 0.278 0.21076
0.253 0.04338 0.256 0.04382 0.258 0.04422 0.260 0.04457
equipment power with this calculated horsepower. 0.519 0.01683 0.529 0.01713 0.538 0.01744 0.548 0.01775
0.282 0.01149 0.2871 0.01168 0.291 0.01185 0.298 0.01215
This concept can also be used to calculate the efficiencies in different CP 0.27577 0.27902 0.28205 0.28525 BTU/LB/DEG F
1.15457 1.16819 1.18089 1.19429 Ma/KG/DEG C
parts of the engine, i.e., compressor or power turbine, as long as the
temperatures at inlet and exhaust of that part are measured and the flow
remains constant. FIGURE 15. Suggested Spread Sheet for calculation of Specific Heat
at constant Pressure for a given Gas Analysis.

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 NGG 16000 17000 18000 The corrected flow W2 vs pressure ratio Pr for each speed of the
ENGLISH UNITS
HP 5365 5956 6144 compressor should be entered as a "Grapher file" and plotted if a
W INLET(LB/SEC) 41.71 43.1524 43.589 compressor map is available. See Figure 17. For an engine tested at
LB/HR 150156 155349 156920
W EXHAUST W6(LB/SEC) 42.508 43.9766 44.42 different power levels, the flow and pressure ratio can be obtained as well
LB/HR 153029 158316 159912 as speed. They can be plotted on Figure 17 as a standard gas turbine
T5 (DEG R) 1669 1729 1749
operating line.
T6 (DEG R) 1335.46 1374.6 1387.915
CPT5(BTU/LB-DEG R) 0.274803 0.276835 0.277518
CPT6(B3'13/L9-DEG R) 0.263562 0.264882 0.265331
FORMULA:HP=WXCPXDELTA TXUNIT COEFF. 5891 6566 6792 GT OPERATING LINE
EFFICIENCY=HP TEST/HP CALCS 0.910676 0.907114 0.904590 X X X FIELD POINTS

METRICSORSAUMTS
KW 4000 4441 4581
W INLET(KG/SEC) 18.92 19.57 19.77
KG/HR 68098 70453 71166
W EXHAUST W6(KG/SEC) 19.28 19.94 20.15
HG/1-02. 69401 71799 72522
TO (DEG K) 927 961 972

T6 (DEG K) 742 764 771 N6

CPT5(KJ/KG-DEG K) 1.150522 1.159029 1.161891
CPT6(KJ/KG-DEG K) 1.103458 1.108985 1.110865
FORMULA,HP=WXCPXDELTA TXUNIT COEFF. 4392.499 4895.514 5064.131 95
EFFICIENCY=HP TEST/HP CALCS 0.910676 0.907114 0.904590 94

FIGURE 16. Power Turbine Efficiency Program

EXHAUST PRODUCTS (Ref. 1,4 and 5)

Now without going deeply into combustions thermodynamics, we will 5'0 160
show that there is a way to obtain an exhaust product spread sheet from a CORRECTED FLOW IN PER CENT OF RATED)

typical combustor equation. The needed parameters are: FIGURE 17. Compressor Map and Gas Turbine Operating Line
1. A complete fuel gas analysis.
Ni, N2, N3 etc represent Corrected Speeds (NGG)
2. A fuel flow WF and air flow W2 at the corresponding power level
Let us assume that we can modify the combustion equation of CHn as
follows: The operating line superimposed on the compressor map will be a
with n = mols H obtained from gas analysis reference for the matching. If flow data is available in the field one can check
mols C where it fits in reference to that line. At least two parameters will be needed,
flow and pressure ratio of the compressor (P3 / P1) or pressure ratio Pr and
and \ = AIR real + AIR Stochiometric speed. These points should place themselves close enough to the turbine
FUEL FUEL
operating line. If not, at least some observation can be made about how
Stochiometric = with the minimum amount of air required to burn all the fuel.
close the points are from compressor surge or if the flow is low a bleed valve
Real = not all of the needed oxygen is used.
may be open.
Reactants CHn + (1 + n) 02 + X (1 + n) j. AIR -- (1 + n) 02 =
4 4 .21 4
BLEED VALVE
(3)
Products CO2 + n H20 + X (1 + n) 1 AIR -- (1 + n) 02
4 21 4 In some cases the compressor characteristic is such that surge is
2
encountered at low speeds. To remedy this the manufaiturer has made
provision to bleed a quantity of air from the compressor to move the
For a fuel with H / C = .3165 Kg/Kg operating point of the compressor away from surge. (Ref. 8)
typical n = 3.8
typical X R3.5 So at reduced power the bleed valve / s will normally be open while at
full power it/ they will be closed. During operation it is sometimes difficult to
In replacing n and X in this combustion equation we can obtain a typical tell lithe bleed valves are open or closed.
composition in mol :
However, the problem can be overcome by developing comparative
N2 = 76.7 performance curves over the high power end of the operating envelope.
02 = 14.57 One curve should show the bleed valve open condition and the other, the
H20 = 5.65 bleed valve closed. Parameters that should be compared are NGG vs T5,
CO2 = 3.00 CDP and fuel flow.
The details of this calculation are left to the reader or to a combustion
If these points are plotted with the engine running in the field one should
adviser.
be able to tell if it is running with the valve open or closed. A bleed valve
Cogeneration companies and environment agencies often require these
open could increase the fuel consumption and heat rate by 3 to 5 %. So it is
very important to check manually and from a curve if it has been functioning
exhaust gas compositions in addition to other emissions.
correctly. See curve Figure No. 17.
The following will be useful in case there is no other way to measure these
SURGING
products:

Set up of small gas analysis spread sheet above this combustion program. The opposite case would be when a bleed valve does not open. This may
Then the H / C, n and X will be entered as formula from the performance cause an engine surge which can seriously damage engine parts.
flow data. It will permit an estimated exhaust gas analysis at different power
levels. This has been referred to as "explosions" inside the engine. In the field,
loud "booms" should immediately suggest that operation at that point be
MATCHING discontinued and there is a need for the technician to check the bleed
system. "Hunting" of the fuel control valve and pulsations in the fuel supply
The gas generator and power turbine each have their own flow areas and should also be examined. See curve Figure No. 17.
optimum efficiencies. Good "matching" means that at the different
performance levels each part of the engine should have its optimum
individual efficiency. In order to verify this matching, the engine must be
tested. The curves which will best represent matching of gas generator and
power turbine are corrected NGG vs corrected T5, NGG vs corrected T6,
and corrected W2 vs compressor pressure ratio Pr.

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 CONCLUSIONS

This paper demonstrated several known methods to analyze gas turbine

performance discussing the advantages and drawbacks of each method. It
emphasizes the use of a personal computer to prepare calculations and
draw curves which facilitates the task of a performance engineer.

Some examples (to be entered in a spreadsheet and carried in the

portable computer) of these calculations and analyses will be useful in the
field or in the test cell to predict or verify the gas turbine performance.

REFERENCES

(1) Biard, E. Editeur and Sennac, J. R. , "Technique de I 'Utilisation du

Gas," (Mars 1955)

(2) Blauser, D. L. and Gulati, U. , "Performance Considerations in

Selections and Application of Gas Turbine Drivers for Centrifugal
Compressors," ASME Transaction, 952 / Vol. 106, October, 1984.

(3) Fejer , A. A. and Hendrickson, R. L. , "Proposed Gas Turbine

Procurement Standard," ASME Paper No. 71-WA / GT -2.

(4) Keenan, J. H. , and Kaye, J. , Gas Tables, Wiley and Sons, 1948.

(5) Pichot, Pierre, Chef du groupe d'gquipment gazier, Gas de France

Tome 3 of "Les compresseurs et stations de compression, moteurs
d'entrainement des compresseurs," Paragraphe 5: Turbines aas.

(6) Price, Thornton W. , Author and Editor, Culy, D. G. , Davidson, J. and

Mongia, H. Contributing Editors, "Basic Gas Turbine Engine
Technologies," Chapter 6, IGTC, ASME Gas Turbine Div.

(7) Saravanamutto, I. A. and Lakshminarasimha, A. N. , "A Preliminary

Assessment of Compressor Fouling," ASME, 85-GT-153, September,
1985.

(8) Shepherd, D. G. , "An Introduction to the Gas Turbine," (Rev. 1960),

Van Nostrand, New York.

(9) Shepherd, D. G. , "Principles of Turbomachinery," (1956), MacMillian,

New York.

SOFTWARE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

(10) Lotus 123, Copyright 1985, 1989, Lotus Development Corp.

(11) Quattro Pro, Copyright 1989 by Borland International, Inc.

(12) Grapher, 1.75, 1988, Copyright Goldensoftware.

10

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