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EDUC 707: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

LESSON 2
HUMAN INTEGUMENTARY THE BIG PICTURE
SYSTEM

A/PROF. ANNA CHERYLLE RAMOS | INSTRUCTOR | COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

SKIN AS AN ORGAN
made of tissues that work
together as a single structure
to perform unique and critical
functions

The skin is made of multiple

layers of cells and tissues,
which are held to underlying
structures by connective
tissue

The skin and its accessory structures make

up the integumentary system, which
provides the body with

overall protection

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EPIDERMIS
composed of keratinized, stratified
squamous epithelium.

EPIDERMIS (epi- = “upon” or “over”)

Keratin – structural protein;
hardness and water resistant
property

Stratified - more than one (typically

many) layers, or strata

Squamous - very thin flattened cells

EPIDERMIS EPIDERMIS
made of four or five layers
of epithelial cells,
depending on its location in Thin skin – four layers of
the body cells

Avascular All over your body

Keratinocytes – cell that The cells in all of the layers

manufactures and stores except the stratum basale =
keratin keratinocytes.

EPIDERMIS : Stratum Corneum EPIDERMIS

The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and

regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from the deeper
layers.

the most superficial layer of the epidermis and is the layer exposed to
the outside environment
Thick skin – five layers of cells
Cornification

Prevent microbe penetration, dehydration, mechanical Palm and sole

protection

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EPIDERMIS : Stratum Lucidum EPIDERMIS : Stratum Granulosum

a smooth, seemingly translucent layer of the epidermis located just

above the stratum granulosum and below the stratum corneum.

This thin layer of cells is found only in the thick skin of the palms,
soles, and digits. a grainy appearance due to further changes to the
The keratinocytes are dead and flattened
keratinocytes as they are pushed from the stratum
spinosum.
densely packed with eleiden, a clear protein rich in lipids, which
gives these cells their transparent (i.e., lucid) appearance and
provides a barrier to water.
Produce large amounts of the proteins keratin,
which is fibrous, and keratohyalin, which
accumulates as lamellar granules within the cells

EPIDERMIS : Stratum Spinosum

spiny in appearance due to the protruding cell processes Desmosome
that join the cells via a structure called a desmosome
Circular, dense body that forms the
The desmosomes interlock with each other and strengthen site of attachment between two
the bond between the cells. (strong adhesion) adjacent cells.

macula adherens

Act like “spot rivets”

Anchor together two closely adjacent

but nontouching cells

EPIDERMIS : Stratum Spinosum EPIDERMIS : Stratum Basale

a type of dendritic cell called the Langerhans cell, which
functions as a macrophage a single layer of cells primarily made of basal cells

keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum begin the synthesis of
keratin and release a water-repelling glycolipid that helps
prevent water loss from the body, making the skin relatively
waterproof.
A basal cell is a cuboidal-shaped stem cell that is a
precursor of the keratinocytes of the epidermis.
All of the keratinocytes are produced from this single
layer of cells, which are constantly going through mitosis
to produce new cells.

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EPIDERMIS : Stratum Basale

MELANOCYTE - a cell that produces the pigment melanin.

MELANIN - gives hair and skin its color, and also

helps protect the living cells of the epidermis
from ultraviolet (UV) radiation damage.

MERKEL CELL – function as a receptor, responsible for

stimulating sensory nerves as touch; abundant on the
surfaces of the hands and feet

fingerprints form where the cells of the stratum basale

meet the papillae of the underlying dermal layer
(papillary layer), resulting in the formation of the ridges

FORMS OF
MELANIN
People with more melanin tend
to have darker skin, and people
with less melanin usually have Eumelanin exists
lighter skin. as black and
The color of skin is influenced by brown
a number of pigments, including
melanin, carotene, and
hemoglobin. Pheomelanin
provides a red
color

Pigmentation
Moles are larger masses of
melanocytes

mostly benign, must be monitored

for changes that might indicate the
presence of cancer

range from benign accumulations

The melanin is of melanocytes to melanomas
transferred into the
keratinocytes via a
cellular vesicle called
a melanosome.

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Skin Pigmentation Disorders Skin Pigmentation Disorders

VITILIGO
The melanocytes in certain areas lose
ALBINISM
their ability to produce melanin, a genetic disorder that affects (completely or
possibly due to an autoimmune partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes.
reaction.
inability of melanocytes to produce melanin
Individuals with vitiligo experience Albinos tend to be more sensitive to light
depigmentation that results in lighter and have vision problems due to the lack of
colored patches of skin. pigmentation on the retinal wall.

The condition is especially noticeable

on darker skin.

Ocular & Oculocutaneous

Albinism
Heterochromia iridum
Oculocutaneous presents as
abnormal pigmentation in both
the skin and eyes
Sectoral heterochromia

Ocular albinism mainly affects the

eyes with little or no effect on the
skin.
determined by the production, delivery, and
concentration of melanin
African blue-eyed boy with ocular albinism

LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS

DERMIS (derma = “skin”)

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THE DERMIS
“core” of the integumentary system
contains blood and lymph vessels,
nerves, and other structures, such as
hair follicles and sweat glands
LAYERS OF THE DERMIS
made of two layers of connective
tissue that compose an
interconnected mesh of elastin
and collagenous fibers,
produced by fibroblasts
DERMIS: Reticular Layer
Thicker, with dense, irregular
connective tissue.
well vascularized with a rich sensory
and sympathetic nerve supply
reticular layer appears reticulated
(net-like) due to a tight meshwork of
fibers.
Elastin fibers provide some elasticity
to the skin, enabling movement
Collagen fibers provide structure and
tensile strength
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THE DERMIS
A network of blood vessels in the
dermis also nourishes the living
cells of the skin.
help regulate body temperature
be either radiating heat into the
air or conserving heat
(temperature regulation or
thermoregulation).
allows the body to maintain its
right temperature to perform all
bodily functions efficiently.
DERMIS: Papillary Layer
made of loose, areolar connective
tissue, which means the collagen
and elastin fibers of this layer form
a loose mesh
contains phagocytes, defensive
cells that help fight bacteria or
other infections that have
breached the skin.
lymphatic capillaries, nerve fibers,
and touch receptors called the
Meissner corpuscles.
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contains tiny muscles called

arrector pili that are

HYPODERMIS
attached to hair follicles in
your skin.

it produces little bumps

around the hair - goose (HYPO = “below”)
bumps

helps insulate the body

Hypodermis Hypodermis – lipid storage

Subcutaneous tissue
a layer of connective tissue made mostly of fat. • superficial fascia
acts as a shock absorber, provides additional • serves to connect the skin to
insulation to help conserve body heat and stores the underlying fascia (fibrous
energy tissue) of the bones and
part of the skin that anchors to underlying muscles
organs.
The thickness of subcutaneous tissue varies in • well-vascularized, loose,
different parts of the body areolar connective tissue and
adipose tissue.

Hypodermis – lipid storage Hypodermis – lipid storage

Stored fat functions:
The hypodermis is home • energy reserve
to most of the fat that
concerns people when • insulate the body to
they are trying to keep prevent heat loss, and
their weight under • act as a cushion to
control. protect underlying
structures from trauma.
Adipose tissue present in
the hypodermis consists
of fat-storing cells called
adipocytes.

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Cellulite
Cellulite is deposits of fat within the fibrous connective tissue (muscle)
lying in the subcutaneous layer which form dimples/ bumpy appearances
under the skin.

Fat Distribution Cellulite Distribution and structure difference

Fat distribution changes as our bodies mature and age.
Men tend to accumulate fat in different areas (neck, arms, lower back, and abdomen) than
do women (breasts, hips, thighs, and buttocks).

Several factors are at the origin of cellulite: heredity, sex, percentage of body fat, age, skin thickness,
sedentary lifestyle, insufficient hydration, poor eating habits, smoking, etc.

In much of the developed world, insufficient exercise coupled

with the ready availability and consumption of high-calorie foods
have resulted in unwanted accumulations of adipose tissue in
many people.

Changes in lifestyle (diet and

exercise) are the best ways to
control body fat accumulation,
especially when it reaches levels
that increase the risk of heart
disease and diabetes.

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Lipoma: ball of fats under skin

HAIR
MODIFICATION OF THE SKIN

HAIR Hair Functions

tiny, threadlike, light-colored hairs that are
barely visible which help protect and insulate
your body
• Hairs around your eyes
and ears, and in your
nose, serve a protective
function. They prevent
dust, insects, and other
matter from entering
these organs.
• eyebrows reduce the
amount of light reflected
into your eyes and stop
sweat dripping into your
eyes,
• the eyelashes keep out
specks of dust and dirt

Shapes of follicles and hair types Shapes of follicles and hair types

Oval-shaped follicle Wavy hair Curved follicle curly hair

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Shapes of follicles and hair types

Round follicle straight hair

Hair color is primarily

determined by the
presence of the
pigment melanin.

Blonde hair and red

hair typically contain
less melanin than
brown hair and black
hair.

Hair Growth Cycle

Baldness

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Nail
a tough plate that
NAILS covers the upper
surface at the end of
MODIFICATION OF THE SKIN each of your finger
and toe.

Nail Parts
The matrix lies under the surface of
Nail Parts
the skin at the base of the nail. Most
of the matrix is covered by skin.

The plate is the hard outer part of

the nail. It consists of many layers of
flat, dead cells that contain keratin.

The bed lies under the plate. The

cells of the bed and plate are Near the root of the nail, where
formed in the matrix. growth begins, part of the matrix
forms a whitish half moon that can be
Newly formed cells push the older
ones toward the tip of the nail. This seen called the lunula.
pushing process results in the
growth of the nail.

Sebaceous Gland

GLANDS
Found mostly in hair follicles
secretes oil called sebum into the
follicle.
MODIFICATION OF THE SKIN
The oil flows over the hair,
lubricating the hair and keeping it
soft.

The surface of the skin is also

lubricated to maintain its
waterproof property.

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Glands (Sebaceous)
Sweat Glands
maintain the normal
temperature of the body by
means of a cooling process
called perspiration.

The fluid flows out through

millions of tiny openings in
the skin known as skin pores
in the form of drops.

Most sweat is about 99

percent water and 1
percent dissolved salts and
acids.

Types of
Sweat Glands

Eccrine Sweat Glands Apocrine Sweat Glands:

produce the sweat that cools the produce sweat that has no
body. important function.
located throughout the surface
of the skin but are particularly Most of these glands are in the
numerous on the forehead, armpits and around the genitals
palms, and soles. (external sex organs).
Some eccrine glands produce
secretions continually. They release their secretions into
hair follicles.
Others become active only
when a person is under physical
or emotional stress.

MACULE

SKIN LESIONS Localized changes in skin

Color of less than 1 cm in
diameter

Freckle

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WHEAL (URTICARIA, HIVES) PAPULE

Localized edema in the epidermis causing Solid, elevated lesion less than 1
irregular elevation that may be red or pale, cm in diameter.
may be itchy.

Insect bite
Elevated nevi

VESICLE (Small Blister) BULLA (Large Blister)

Accumulation of fluid between the Localized changes in skin
upper layers of the skin’ elevated Color of less than 1 cm in
mass containing serous fluid less than diameter
10 mm.

Chicken pox Second degree burn

PUSTULE ULCER
Vesicles or bullae that become filled with pus, usually A depressed lesion of the
described as less than 0.5 cm in diameter epidermis and upper papillary
layer of the dermis

Acne
Stage 2 pressure ulcer

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TUMOR
NODULES Same as nodule only greater than
2 cm.
Solid, elevated; however they
extend deeper than papules into
the dermis or subcutaneous
tissues, greater than 10 mm.

Lipoma, erythema, cyst, wart Basal cell carcinoma

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