The Impact of Short-Circuit Electromagnetic Forces in a 12-

pulse Converter Transformer

Kamran Dawood1, Bora Alboyaci2, and Mehmet Aytac Cinar3
1
Electrical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey
kamransdaud@yahoo.com
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
alboyaci@kocaeli.edu.tr
3
Izmit Vocational School Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
aytac@kocaeli.edu.tr

Abstract 2. Electromagnetic Forces

Transformers are one of the most costly, critical and major
electrical components of the electric power system. Operation
and stability of the electric power system mainly depend on
the working of the transformer. Short-circuit forces can
damage the transformer and accurate calculation of such
forces is crucial for the transformer designers. Miscalculation
can result in the non-optimal design. There are many
different analytical methods for the calculation of the
electromagnetic forces. However, these analytical methods do
not consider the main factors of the transformer such as
material properties of the winding and core, and complexity
of the geometry. The numerical method like finite element
method takes these factors into account. In this study, the 2-
dimensional model is developed to calculate the short-circuit
forces acting on the different parts of a 12-pulse converter
transformer.
1. Introduction
In power system, transformer is one of the important and
expensive components. Power quality of the power system
mainly depends on the operation of the transformer. Transformers
are excited 24 hours a day and variety of the mechanical stresses
and faults occur during the operation. External short-circuits is
one of the most common and suddenly occurred faults. Transient
duration of a transformer is very short but it still damages the
transformer. Resulting electromagnetic forces and thermal
accumulations are main reasons for the mechanical faults in the
transformers; the performance of the transformer can also be
predicted from these two parameters.
This research focused on the investigation of electromagnetic
forces during short-circuit and normal conditions. A short-circuit
condition is a system disturbance and it produces higher current
as compared to the normal conditions, the currents show nearly a
tenfold increase [1]. For the safe operation, electromagnetic force
due to short-circuit current must be predicted and analyzed
correctly before installing a transformer at electric power system
[2]. Electromagnetic forces accumulation can cause displacement
in transformer windings and damage level can be increased with
time, if the mechanical fault is not cleared in the earliest stage.
Electromagnetic forces at over current initiate vibration and these
vibrations are one of the major reasons for internal faults [3].
The electromagnetic forces in the transformer windings are
due to the interaction between magnetic field density (B) and
current density (J). Force (f) can be calculated by using Eq. (1):
f =J×B (1)
These forces are exerted on the both inner and outer parts of
the windings. During the normal conditions electromagnetic
forces and leakage magnetic fluxes in the transformer’s winding
are relatively small but when external fault occurs it increases the
current, which cause higher electromagnetic forces in the
winding. During faulty conditions, the radial and axial
components of the leakage field and electromagnetic forces must
be fully considered [4]. Forces can be divided into radial and axial
forces.
During the normal conditions axial component of the leakage
flux density is much higher as compared to the radial components
of the leakage flux density. At the top and bottom of the
transformer windings radial flux is high and it is lowest in the mid
of the windings. Radial force is generated by the interaction
between axial flux density and current passing the windings.
Radial force can be calculated as follow;
Fr =Bz ×Jφ (2)
2×π2 ×(NI)2 ×Dm ×10-7
Fr = (3)
h
where, Jφ is the current density in φ -axis direction and Bz is the
magnetic flux density in the z-direction. NI is the ampere-turn of
the winding, Dm is the mean diameter of the winding and h is the
height of the winding. The nature of the radial force is such that
the free distance between the two windings increases. Therefore,
these forces act outward on the outer winding and inward on the
inner winding [4,5,6].
Fig. 1. Buckling of the inner winding due to the radial force [7]
 Axial force is generated due to the interaction between radial
component of the leakage flux and current passing through the
winding. Axial force tends to compress windings conductors
along the vertical axis in the middle [4, 5]. Large axial forces are
mainly due to the asymmetry of LV and HV windings and these
forces can cause serious risk for the transformer integrity [8].
Axial force can be calculated as follow:

Fa =Br ×Jφ (4)

2×π2 ×A×(NI)2 ×Dm ×10-7

Fr = (5) Fig. 4. Dimensions of the multi-winding transformer
heff

where A is the length of the tap section and it is expressed as a Magnetic flux density distributions, obtained from 3-D and 2-D
fraction of the total length of the winding, heff is the effective analyses, are shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 respectively.
length of path of radial flux and value of the heff varies for each
arrangement of tapping. Reference [9] can be used for the
calculation of the force for different kind of tap arrangements.

Fig. 5. Magnetic flux density distribution in 3-D model

Fig. 2. Effects of the axial force [7]

Calculation of the axial force and radial leakage field density

is not easy and accurate as compared to radial force and axial
leakage field intensity. However residual ampere-turn method is
well known approach for the calculation of the axial force and
radial leakage field density. In this method winding is split into
two groups having same ampere-turns. The radial field is
produced by one part and another part produces axial field [9].
Compression and expansion of the windings are mainly due to the
axial force [10].
Fig. 6. Magnetic flux density distribution in 2-D model
3. Finite Element Method
Table 1. Transformer data
Finite element method is a numerical method for solving
integral and differential equations such as electromagnetic, Power High voltage Low voltage
magnetostatic and thermal conductivity [11]. FEM divide the Rating (kVA) (V) (V)
geometry in small sub domain elements which is known as finite 25 500 55
element. In FEM complex problems are represented as Core Flux No-load
differential equation form, the solution of the FEM is limitless for Core Material Density(T) losses (W)
the engineering design problems in physical science. M5 1.71 157
In this study 25 kVA, Dd0y11 connected three-phase multi- Number of Number of Number of
winding 12-pulse transformer is used. Main parameters, figure turns of HV turns of upper turns of lower
and dimensions of the transformer is given in Table 1, Fig. 3 and Winding winding LV winding LV winding
Fig. 4 respectively. 173 19 11

3.1. Electromagnetic Forces Calculation using FEM

Table 2 shows the radial forces acting on the LV and HV

windings during the normal operating condition. By using
ANSYS Maxwell electromagnetic analysis software, we get the
distributed radial force (Fr-d) along the winding, which can be
calculated using equation (6) [12],

2×π×(NI)2 ×10-7
Fig. 3. 500/55 V, 25 kVA prototype transformer Fr-d = (6)
h
 HVALOWER_OUT
Table 2. Radial forces acting on the multi-winding transformer
Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT
14.00
Curve Inf o pk2pk
HVALOWER_OUT.Force_mag
12.5448
Setup1 : Transient
12.00
HVALOWER_OUT.Force_x
12.1462
Setup1 : Transient
HVALOWER_OUT.Force_y
4.0472

Analytical (N) FEM (N)

10.00 Setup1 : Transient

8.00

Winding Total Total Error%

Y1 [kNewton]
Fr-d Fr-d
6.00

Force Force 4.00

Upper HV 58.03 32.53 51.50 28.87 11.25

2.00

0.00

Lower HV 58.03 32.53 51.30 28.75 11.60 -2.00

0.00 20.00 40.00
Time [ms ]
60.00 80.00 100.00

Upper LV 57.45 24.26 50.50 21.33 12.10 Fig. 10 Forces in HVA lower outer winding (Condition I)
Lower LV 57.98 24.48 50.70 21.41 12.55
LVALOW ER_IN Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT
14.00
Curve Info pk2pk
LVALOWER_IN.Force_mag
13.5960
Setup1 : Transient
12.00

Axial forces are small and negligible in the magnetostatic analysis

LVALOWER_IN.Force_x
13.5924
Setup1 : Transient
LVALOWER_IN.Force_y
0.9132
10.00 Setup1 : Transient

during the normal operating condition. Axial forces acting on the 8.00

Y1 [kNewton]
LV and HV windings are between 0 to 2 N. 6.00

4.00

2.00

3.2. Short-Circuit Test 0.00

-2.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Tim e [m s ]

During short-circuit test, multi-winding transformer has been

analyzed under three different conditions. In condition I all the Fig. 11 Forces in LVA lower inner winding (Condition I)
phases of the LV wye windings (lower LV winding) are short LVALOWER_OUT Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT

circuited and delta connections of LV (upper LV winding) remain

15.00
Curve Info pk2pk
LV ALOWER_OUT.Force_mag
14.9098
Setup1 : Transient
LV ALOWER_OUT.Force_x

open circuited during the short-circuit test. During the condition

10.00 14.2576
Setup1 : Transient
LV ALOWER_OUT.Force_y
5.1196
Setup1 : Transient

I lower windings have higher current. Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 show 5.00
Y1 [kNewton]

current in the lower windings. 0.00

CURRENTHVLOWER Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT

600.00
Curve Info rms
-5.00
Current(HVALOWER)
355.2422
Setup1 : Transient
Current(HVBLOWER)
400.00 Setup1 : Transient 359.0023

Current(HVCLOWER) 333.3016 -10.00

Setup1 : Transient

200.00

-15.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Time [ms ]
Y1 [A]

0.00

-200.00
Fig. 12 Forces in LVA lower outer winding (Condition I)
-400.00

-600.00
0.00 20.00 40.00
Time [ms]
60.00 80.00 100.00 During the Condition I lower windings of phase B and C also have
higher current and forces. Upper windings of the transformer
Fig. 7. Current in HV lower windings (Condition I) have less current as compared to the lower windings which
CURRENTLVLOWER Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT
resulted in the fewer forces.
In Condition II all the phases of LV delta windings are short-
10000.00
Curve Info rms
Current(LVALOWER)
6088.4054
Setup1 : Transient
7500.00

circuited and wye connections of LV remain open circuited.

Current(LVBLOWER)
6109.7450
Setup1 : Transient

5000.00 Current(LVCLOWER)
5928.7800
Setup1 : Transient

2500.00
During the Condition II upper windings have higher current.
Current of the upper windings are shown in Fig. 13 and Fig. 14.
0.00
Y1 [A]

-2500.00
CURRENTHVUPPER Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT
600.00
Curve Info rms
-5000.00 Current(HVAUPPER)
362.0637
Setup1 : Transient
Current(HVBUPPER)
360.1739
400.00 Setup1 : Transient
-7500.00
Current(HVCUPPER)
340.7264
Setup1 : Transient

-10000.00 200.00

-12500.00
Y1 [A]

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00

Time [ms ] 0.00

-200.00

Fig. 8. Current in LV lower windings (Condition I) -400.00

-600.00

During the short circuit test of the multi-winding transformer, in

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Tim e [m s ]

first few cycles, the forces along the windings are different due to Fig. 13. Current in HV upper windings (Condition II)
the inrush current. However, after few cycles, inrush current
becomes zero which resulted in the same ampere-turn in the lower 6000.00
CURRENTLVUPPER Maxwell2DDesign1
Curve Inf o rms
ANSOFT

LV and HV windings, which resulted in approximately same

Current(LVA UPPER)
3611.4867
Setup1 : Transient
4000.00 Current(LVBUPPER)
3556.4961
Setup1 : Transient
Current(LVCUPPER)

distributed radial forces along the windings. Forces of the phase

3500.4158
Setup1 : Transient
2000.00

A lower windings are shown in Fig.9, to fig. 12. 0.00

Y1 [A]

HVALOWER_IN Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT

12.50 -2000.00
Curve Inf o pk2pk
HVALOWER_IN.Force_mag
11.2186
Setup1 : Transient
-4000.00
HVALOWER_IN.Force_x
11.2897
Setup1 : Transient
HVALOWER_IN.Force_y
0.8378
6.25 Setup1 : Transient -6000.00

-8000.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Time [ms ]
Y1 [kNewton]

0.00

Fig. 14 Current in LV upper windings (Condition II)

-6.25

Due to the higher current in upper windings, forces of the upper

-12.50
0.00 20.00 40.00
Time [ms ]
60.00 80.00 100.00
windings are also high. For the first few cycles, forces are even
higher than the normal short-circuit conditions due to the inrush
Fig. 9 Forces in HVA lower inner winding (Condition I) current. However, after few cycles, minimization in the inrush
 CURRENTLVUPPER
current resulted in the approximately same distributed radial force
Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT
6000.00
Curve Info rms
Current(LVAUPPER) 3382.9927
Setup1 : Transient

along the windings. Forces of the phase A upper windings are

Current(LVBUPPER)
4000.00 Setup1 : Transient 3320.9726

Current(LVCUPPER)
3262.0440
Setup1 : Transient

shown in Fig. 15 to Fig. 18. 2000.00

HVAUPPER_IN Maxwell2DDesign1

Y1 [A]
ANSOFT
12.50 0.00
Curve Info pk2pk
HV A UPPER_IN.Force_mag
12.0521
Setup1 : Transient
HV A UPPER_IN.Force_x
12.1387 -2000.00
Setup1 : Transient
HV A UPPER_IN.Force_y
0.7619
6.25 Setup1 : Transient

-4000.00
Y1 [kNewton]

-6000.00
0.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Time [m s]

-6.25
Fig. 20. Current in LV upper windings (Condition III)
-12.50 CURRENTHVLOWER Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 600.00
Tim e [ms ] Curve Info rms
Current(HVALOWER)
Setup1 : Transient 357.4716

Current(HVBLOWER)
362.8005
400.00 Setup1 : Transient

Fig. 15. Forces in HVA UPPER inner winding (Condition II)

Current(HVCLOWER)
Setup1 : Transient 357.3941

200.00

Y1 [A]
0.00
HVAUPPER_OUT Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT
14.00
Curve Info pk2pk
HVAUPPER_OUT.Force_mag
13.5040 -200.00
Setup1 : Transient
12.00
HVAUPPER_OUT.Force_x
13.0795
Setup1 : Transient
10.00 HVAUPPER_OUT.Force_y
4.3557 -400.00
Setup1 : Transient

8.00
-600.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Y1 [kNewton]

6.00 Tim e [ms]

4.00

2.00 Fig. 21. Current in HV lower windings (Condition III)

0.00

-2.00 CURRENTLVLOWER Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT

10000.00
Curve Inf o rms
Current(LVALOWER)
-4.00 Setup1 : Transient 5712.2869
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 7500.00 Current(LVBLOWER)
Tim e [m s] Setup1 : Transient 5683.7262

Current(LVCLOWER) 5533.3762
5000.00 Setup1 : Transient

Fig. 16. Forces in HVA upper outer winding (Condition II) 2500.00
Y1 [A]

0.00

-2500.00
LVAUPPER_IN Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT
15.00
Curve Inf o pk2pk
-5000.00
LVAUPPER_IN.Force_mag
14.6009
Setup1 : Transient
12.50 LVAUPPER_IN.Force_x
14.6063
Setup1 : Transient -7500.00

LVAUPPER_IN.Force_y
Setup1 : Transient 0.9403
-10000.00
10.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Tim e [ms ]
Y1 [kNewton]

7.50

5.00
Fig. 22. Current in LV lower windings (Condition III)
2.50

0.00
During Condition III after first few cycles, distributed radial
-2.50
forces become approximately same for all of the windings. The
forces of the phase A windings are shown in Fig.23 to Fig. 30.
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Tim e [m s]

HVALOWER_IN Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT

Fig. 17. Forces in LVA upper inner winding (Condition II)

12.50
Curve Info pk2pk
HV ALOWER_IN.Force_mag
11.8169
Setup1 : Transient
HV ALOWER_IN.Force_x
11.8083
Setup1 : Transient
HV ALOWER_IN.Force_y
0.5576
6.25 Setup1 : Transient
LVAUPPER_OUT Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT
20.00
Curve Inf o pk2pk
LVA UPPER_OUT.Force_mag
16.0082
Setup1 : Transient
Y1 [kNewton]

15.00
LVA UPPER_OUT.Force_x
15.2998
Setup1 : Transient
0.00
LVA UPPER_OUT.Force_y
Setup1 : Transient 5.5409
10.00

5.00
Y1 [kNewton]

-6.25

0.00

-5.00

-12.50
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
-10.00 Time [ms ]

-15.00

-20.00
Fig. 23. Forces in HVA lower inner winding (Condition III)
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Time [ms ]

HVALOWER_OUT Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT

Fig. 18. Forces in LVA upper outer winding (Condition II)

14.00
Curve Info pk2pk
HVALOWER_OUT.Force_mag
13.7430
Setup1 : Transient
12.00 HVALOWER_OUT.Force_x
13.7595
Setup1 : Transient
HVALOWER_OUT.Force_y
0.3343
10.00 Setup1 : Transient

During the Condition II upper windings of phase B and C also 8.00

Y1 [kNewton]

have higher current and forces. Lower windings of the 6.00

transformer carry less current as compared to the upper windings 4.00

which resulted in the fewer forces.

2.00

0.00

During the Condition III, all of the low voltage windings are -2.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00

short-circuited which resulted in the higher current in all of the

Time [ms]

windings. Current of the high and low voltage windings are Fig.24. Forces in HVA lower outer winding (Condition III)
shown in Fig. 19 to Fig. 22.
CURRENTHVUPPER Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT HVAUPPER_IN Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT
600.00 15.00
Curve Info rms Curve Info pk2pk
Current(HVAUPPER) HVAUPPER_IN.Force_mag
364.8492 12.6278
Setup1 : Transient Setup1 : Transient
Current(HVBUPPER) HVAUPPER_IN.Force_x
366.9679 12.6103
400.00 Setup1 : Transient 10.00 Setup1 : Transient
Current(HVCUPPER) HVAUPPER_IN.Force_y
365.0987 Setup1 : Transient 0.7095
Setup1 : Transient

200.00 5.00
Y1 [kNewton]
Y1 [A]

0.00 0.00

-200.00 -5.00

-400.00 -10.00

-600.00 -15.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Tim e [ms] Time [ms ]

Fig. 19. Current in HV upper windings (Condition III) Fig. 25. Forces in HVA upper inner winding (Condition III)
 HVAUPPER_OUT

4. Conclusions
Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT
15.00
Curve Inf o pk2pk
HVAUPPER_OUT.Force_mag
14.6210
Setup1 : Transient
12.50 HVAUPPER_OUT.Force_x
14.6256
Setup1 : Transient
HVAUPPER_OUT.Force_y
0.4045
Setup1 : Transient

In this study, two dimensional finite element analysis has been

10.00
Y1 [kNewton]

7.50

5.00
used for the calculation of the magnetic flux density and short-
2.50
circuit forces in a 12-pulse multi-winding converter transformer.
0.00 For this multi-winding transformer, the radial and axial forces
-2.50
0.00 20.00 40.00
Tim e [m s ]
60.00 80.00 100.00
computed for three different conditions. For first two conditions
single winding was short-circuited and for the third condition
Fig. 26. Forces in HVA upper outer winding (Condition III) both windings were short-circuited. Results show that axial forces
LVALOWER_IN Maxwell2DDesign1
were higher during the single winding short circuit as compared
to the both short circuited.
ANSOFT
15.00
Curve Info pk2pk
LVA LOWER_IN.Force_mag
12.8931
Setup1 : Transient

Results also show that axial forces exerted during the inrush
LVA LOWER_IN.Force_x
12.7150
12.50 Setup1 : Transient
LVA LOWER_IN.Force_y
2.1370
Setup1 : Transient

10.00
current are larger than short-circuit forces. It is recommended that
Y1 [kNewton]

7.50
during the transformer design stage, inrush current must be
5.00 considered as one of the main factors because inrush current
2.50 occurs frequently and sometimes duration of the inrush current is
0.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
much higher as compared to the short circuit. Due to the higher
duration of inrush current, its continuous repetition can damage
Time [ms ]

Fig. 27. Forces in LVA lower inner winding (Condition III) the transformer and which will be resulted in high financial
losses.
LVALOWER_OUT Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT
15.00
Curve Inf o pk2pk
LVALOWER_OUT.Force_mag
13.6659

5. References
Setup1 : Transient
LVALOWER_OUT.Force_x 13.6515
10.00 Setup1 : Transient
LVALOWER_OUT.Force_y
0.6790
Setup1 : Transient

5.00

[1] Ahn, H. M. et al, "Finite-element analysis of short-circuit

Y1 [kNewton]

0.00

-5.00
electromagnetic force in power transformer", IEEE Trans.
Ind. Appl., vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 1267-1272, 2011.
[2] Ahn, H. M. et al, "Experimental verification and finite
-10.00

-15.00
0.00 20.00 40.00
Time [ms]
60.00 80.00 100.00 element analysis of short-circuit electromagnetic force for
dry-type transformer", IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 48, no. 2, pp
Fig. 28. Forces in LVA lower outer winding (Condition III) 819-822, 2012.
LVAUPPER_IN Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT
[3] Steurer M., and Klaus F., "The impact of inrush currents on
the mechanical stress of high voltage power transformer
15.00
Curve Inf o pk2pk
LV AUPPER_IN.Force_mag
13.8612
Setup1 : Transient
12.50 LV AUPPER_IN.Force_x

coils", IEEE Trans. Power Del, vol. 17, no. 1, pp 155-160,

13.6689
Setup1 : Transient
LV AUPPER_IN.Force_y
2.3071
Setup1 : Transient
10.00

2002.
Y1 [kNewton]

7.50

5.00
[4] Azevedo A. C. et al, "Investigation of Transformer
2.50
Electromagnetic Forces Caused by External Faults Using
0.00
FEM" , Transmission & Distribution Conf. and Exposition:
-2.50
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Latin America, Caracas, Venezuela, 15-18 August, 2006.
[5] Faiz J. et al, "Computation of static and dynamic axial and
Tim e [ms ]

Fig. 29. Forces in LVA upper inner winding (Condition III) radial forces on power transformer windings due to inrush
and short circuit currents" , App. Elec. Eng. and Computing
LVAUPPER_OUT
Tech. IEEE Conf., Amman, Jordan, 06-08 December, 2011.
Maxwell2DDesign1 ANSOFT
15.00
Curve Inf o pk2pk
LV AUPPER_OUT.Force_mag
14.6253
Setup1 : Transient

10.00
LV AUPPER_OUT.Force_x
Setup1 : Transient
LV AUPPER_OUT.Force_y
14.6225

0.4420
[6] S. Güneri et al, "Transformatörde Kısa Devre Kuvvetleri",
Eleco 2014, Bursa, Turkey, 27-29 Nov. 2014.
Setup1 : Transient

5.00

[7] K. Dawood, "Çok sargılı transformatörler için kısa devre

Y1 [kNewton]

0.00

-5.00
empedansı ve sargılara etkiyen kuvvetlerin belirlenmesi için
yeni bir yaklaşım", M.S. thesis, Dept. Elect. Eng., Kocaeli
-10.00

Univ., Kocaeli, Turkey, 2017.

-15.00
0.00 20.00 40.00
Tim e [m s ]
60.00
Fig. 30. Forces in LVA upper outer winding (Condition III)
It can be observed from the results that axial force is higher during
the inrush current. Results also show that axial forces are higher
during the condition I and II as compared to Condition III i.e.
when one LV winding is short-circuited; axial forces are higher
as compared to the both LV windings short-circuited. In normal
conditions, the distributed radial force in LV and HV windings
was less than 60 N. However, during short-circuit transient test,
these forces can be increased up to 16 kN. From the results of the
simulation, it can be concluded that during the short-circuit
conditions, forces in the HV and LV windings can be increased
more than 266 times of the normal conditions.
80.00 100.00 [8] Ji T. Y. et al, "Detection of power transformer winding
deformation and variation of measurement connections
using a hybrid winding model", Electrical Power System
Research, vol. 87, no. 1, pp 39–46, 2012.
[9] M. Water, "The short circuit strength of power
transformers", Mcdonald & Co Ltd., London, 1966.
[10] Heathcote M., "J & P Transformer book", Newnes, U.K.,
2007.
[11] K. Dawood et al., "A new method for the calculation of
leakage reactance in power transformers", J. Elect. Eng.
Technol., vol. 12, no. 5, 1883-1890, 2017.
[12] K. Dawood et al, "Modelling and Analysis of Transformer
using Numerical and Analytical Methods", 18th Int. Symp.
ISEF 2017, Lodz, Poland, 14-16 Sept. 2017.