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Lecture
WATER TREATMENT WATER TREATMENT
Chapter 4
FILTRATION
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http://www.elaguapotable.com/WT%20-%20Rapid%20Sand%20Filtration.htm
Chapter 4 Chapter 4
FILTRATION FILTRATION
Contents Definition
– Pressure filter
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http://www.wateronline.com/doc/leopold-filterworx-gravity-granular-media-filter-systems-0001
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FILTRATION FILTRATION
grain diameter =
0.4 mm = 400 µm
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Source: Metcaf and Eddy (2003) Wastewater engineering: Treatment and Reuse (4thed.)
Chapter 4 Chapter 4
FILTRATION FILTRATION
Chemical transformations
Transport and attachment
4 Fe2+ + O2 + 8 HCO3- 4 Fe(OH)3 ↓ + 8 H3O+
• A. Interception
2 Mn2+ + O2 + 6 H2O 2 MnO2 ↓ + 4 H3O+
• B. Sedimentation
Biological transformations
• C. Diffusion
CH2O + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
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2 NO2- + O2 2 NO3- Nitrobacter 8
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Classification Classification
Chapter 4 Chapter 4
FILTRATION FILTRATION
Desirable characteristics for all filter media Materials Used for Rapid Filtration Media
• Good hydraulic characteristics; • Common materials: sand, anthracite coal, garnet, and ilmenite.
• Does not react with substances in the • Anthracite is harder and contains less volatile material than other
• Hard and durable; • Garnet and ilmenite are heavier than sand and
• Free of impurities; and are used as the bottom layer in tri-media filters.
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FILTRATION FILTRATION
A number of properties of filter media affect filtration performance. The particles becomes less spherical, the porosity of a given
Chapter 4 Chapter 4
FILTRATION FILTRATION
Porosity (e) and sphericity (Ψ) Porosity (e) and sphericity (Ψ)
Spherical 1 0.38
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• Uniformity coefficient (UC) Ottawa sand Spherical 0.95 2.65 40 0.4 – 1.0
- UC is the ratio of the 60th percentile media grain diameter to the Silica Gravel Rounded 2.65 40 1.0 – 5.0
Chapter 4 Chapter 4
FILTRATION FILTRATION
Determine the effective size (d10, in mm) and the uniformity coefficient
(UC) for the sand filter media characterized by the sieve analysis results
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FILTRATION FILTRATION
Example: Effective Size and Uniformity Coefficient Example: Effective Size and Uniformity Coefficient
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• The most common type of filter for treating municipal water supplies.
From the graph:
• During filtration, the water flows downward through the bed under the
d10 = 0.51 mm force of gravity.
d60 = 0.73 mm
• When the filter is washed, clean water is
UC = d60/d10
forced upward, expanding the filter bed
= 0.73 /0.51
= 1.43 slightly and carrying away the accumulated
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FILTRATION FILTRATION
Chapter 4 Chapter 4
FILTRATION FILTRATION
• During operation: solids are removed from the water and accumulate
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filter: filter:
Fig. 11.5 Definition sketch for length of filter run based on headloss and effluent turbidity
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Source: Metcaf and Eddy (2003) Wastewater engineering: Treatment and Reuse (4thed.)
Chapter 4 Chapter 4
FILTRATION FILTRATION
Water
Filter bed
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31
Source: Crittenden, C.J. MHW’s Water treatment (3rd ed.)
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FILTRATION FILTRATION
• Filtration rate
• Underdrain
• Backwash arrangements
Filter bed
• Rate control systems
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FILTRATION FILTRATION
Design variables of RSF – Filtration rate Design variables of RSF – Filter media
v = Q / As
A: surface area, m2
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Source: Crittenden, C.J. MHW’s Water treatment (3rd ed.)
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Chapter 4 Chapter 4
FILTRATION FILTRATION
Design variables of RSF – Under drain Bottom of filtration tank – Pipe Laterals
• Nozzle
• Lateral pipes 37 38
superengineers.com
Chapter 4 Chapter 4
FILTRATION FILTRATION
www.ftr.com.tr
• A false-floor slab is located 0,3 –0,6 m above the bottom of filter, thus
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providing an underdrain plenum below the false floor http://www.xylem.com/Assets/Resources/1804-Leopold-FilterWorx-Filtration.pdf
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FILTRATION FILTRATION
Backwash Backwash
Chapter 4 Chapter 4
FILTRATION FILTRATION
Backwash – Full fluidized bed backwash Backwash - Surface wash plus fluidized bed backwash
• Backwash water is introduced into the bottom of the bed through Surface washer : to provide the shearing force to clean the grains of
• Backwash flow is continued with full fluidization until the Surface washing period: 1 – 2 min before backwashing cycle begins
43 44
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Backwash - Surface wash plus fluidized bed backwash Backwash - Surface wash plus fluidized bed backwash
m3/m2.min m/h
Chapter 4 Chapter 4
FILTRATION FILTRATION
Backwash – Water backwash with Auxiliary air scour Backwash – Combined Air – Water backwash
• The use of air to scour the filter to provide vigorous washing • Used in conjunction with the single medium unstratified filter bed.
action than water alone. • Air and water are applied simultaneously for several minutes.
• Air is applied for 3 – 4 min before water backwashing. • At the end the backwashing, a 2 – 3 min water backwash at sub-
• In some cases, air is also injected during the first part of water fluidization velocities is used to remove any air bubbles.
washing.
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FILTRATION FILTRATION
0.41 13.1
0.81 26.2
0.28 6.6
0.61 19.7
49 50
Source: Metcaf and Eddy (2003) Wastewater engineering: Treatment and Reuse (4thed.)
Chapter 4 Chapter 4
FILTRATION FILTRATION
Design variables of RSF – Rate control systems Design variables of RSF – Rate control systems
51 52
Source: Crittenden, C.J. MHW’s Water treatment (3rd ed.)
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Design variables of RSF – Rate control systems Design variables of RSF – Rate control systems
53 54
Source: Crittenden, C.J. MHW’s Water treatment (3rd ed.) Source: Crittenden, C.J. MHW’s Water treatment (3rd ed.)
Chapter 4 Chapter 4
FILTRATION FILTRATION
Head Loss through Clean Granular Filters Head Loss through Clean Granular Filters
• The head loss (hL) through a clean bed of depth L is given by Ergun: • A clean filter has a bed consisting of uniform, water-worn sand
grains 0.7 mm in diameter. The porosity of the bed is 0.4 and the
bed is 0.8 m deep. If the flow rate is 5400 L.h-1.m-2, estimate the
head loss if the viscosity of the water is 1 x 10-3 kg/s.m -2,Ψ =0.9.
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Backwash Hydraulics – Bed expansion and Porosity Backwash Hydraulics – Bed expansion and Porosity
Chapter 4 Chapter 4
FILTRATION FILTRATION
Filtration rate 100 – 475 m3/m2.h • Highly effective for removal of turbidity (usually < 0.1-1 NTU)
Depth of bed 0.5 m of gravel • High filter rate (4 – 12 m3/h.m2), small footprint.
0.75 m of sand
• No limitations regarding initial turbidity levels
Effective size: >= 0.45 mm
UC <= 1.5 • Short-time backwashing, filters can be re-operate instantly
Length of run 12 – 24 – 72 h
Source: Droste, R. 1997. Theory and practice of water and wastewater treatment
59 60
http://www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/water-purification/hardware/semi-centralised-drinking-water-
treatme-14
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• Not effective in removing bacteria, viruses, and organic matter • Polishing filtration (colloids, turbidity)
Chapter 4 Chapter 4
FILTRATION FILTRATION
– Purpose: Extra force to push water Supernatant Water: Layer on Biological Layer: The Schmutzdecke
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Filter Media- Fine Sand Filter Bed Filter Media- Gravel layer
– Criteria for top layer of filter media • Top: Finest (2-8 mm)
Chapter 4 Chapter 4
FILTRATION FILTRATION
Microorganisms
Sand
Gravel
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http://www.msfilter.com/products.php Source: WHO (n.y.) 68
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• A slow sand filter must be cleaned when the fine sand becomes • Cleaning filter bed by scraping off the top layer
• The length of time between cleanings = several weeks to a year, biological filter.
depending on the raw water quality. • The filtered water quality is poor during this time and should not
be used.
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• Daily tasks include reading and recording head loss, raw and
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Advantages: Disadvantages:
- Design and operation simplicity, - Require a large land area, large quantities of filter media
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Chapter 4 Chapter 4
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Source: Crittenden, C.J. MHW’s Water treatment (3rd ed.) Source: http://mefass.net/index.cfm?pgId=22
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• May be a cylindrical tank with vertical axis, or a horizontal axis • Influent is under pressure higher filtration rate
• Be used in small water systems ( e.g industrial applications) • Filter medium is in a closed vessel (i.e, it is not conveniently visible)
Chapter 4 Chapter 4
FILTRATION FILTRATION
pressure filters.
79 80
Source: Droste, R. 1997. Theory and practice of water and wastewater treatment
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