BSc. (PCM ), BSc. (PCM+B.

Ed)

Mathematics
BSP 105 Semester-1
Matrices L T P C
3 1 0 4
2 3
Unit 1. R, R , R as vector spaces over R. Standard basis for each of them. Concept of Linear
2 3
Independence and examples of different bases. Subspaces of R , R .

Unit 2. Translation, Dilation, Rotation, Reflection in a point, line and plane. Matrix form of basic
geometric transformations. Interpretation of eigen values and eigen vectors for such transformations
and eigen spaces as invariant subspaces.

Unit 3. Types of matrices. Rank of a matrix. Invariance of rank under elementary transformations.
Reduction to normal form, Solutions of linear homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations with
number of equations and unknowns upto four.

Unit 4. Matrices in diagonal form. Reduction to diagonal form upto matrices of order 3. Computation
of matrix inverses using elementary row operations. Rank of matrix. Solutions of a system of
linear equations using matrices. Illustrative examples of above concepts from Geometry, Physics,
Chemistry, Combinatorics and Statistics.

Books Recommended
1. A.I. Kostrikin, Introduction to Algebra, Springer Verlag, 1984.
2. S. H. Friedberg, A. L. Insel and L. E. Spence, Linear Algebra, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi, 2004.
3. Richard Bronson, Theory and Problems of Matrix Operations, Tata McGraw Hill, 1989.
 Semester-1
BSP 107 Differential Calculus L T P C
3 1 0 4

Unit 1. Limit (ε-δ definition),Continuity, Discontinuity, properties of continuous functions. Differentiability, Chain
rule of differentiation, Successive differentiation and Leibnitz‘s theorem

Unit 2. Rolle‘s Theorem, First and second mean value theorems. Taylor‘s theorems with Lagrange‘s and Cauchy‘s
forms of remainder. Expansion of functions (in Taylor‘s and Maclaurin‘s series), Indeterminate forms,

Unit 3. Partial differentiation and Euler‘s theorem, Jacobians. Maxima and Minima (for functions of two variables),
Tangents and normal,Curvature.

Recommended Books:

1. Gorakh Prasad, Differential Calculus, Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad, 2000.

2. Gabriel Klambauer, Mathematical Analysis, Marcel Dekkar Inc. New York 1975.

3. Shanti Narayan, Elements of Real Analysis, S. Chand & Company, New Delhi.
BSP 106 Semester-2
Algebra L T P C
3 1 0 4

Unit 1. Definition and examples of groups, examples of abelian and non-abelian groups, the group Zn of
integers under addition modulo n and the group U(n) of units under multiplication modulo n. Cyclic groups from
number systems, complex roots of unity,

Unit 2. circle group, the general linear group GLn (n,R), groups of symmetries of (i) an isosceles triangle, (ii) an
equilateral triangle, (iii) a rectangle, and (iv) a square, the permutation group Sym (n), Group of quaternions.

Unit 3. Subgroups, cyclic subgroups, the concept of a subgroup generated by a subset and the
commutator subgroup of group, examples of subgroups including the center of a group. Cosets,

Index of subgroup, Lagrange’s theorem, order of an element, Normal subgroups: their definition,

examples, and characterizations, Quotient groups.

Unit 4. Definition and examples of rings, examples of commutative and non-commutative rings: rings
from number systems, Zn the ring of integers modulo n, ring of real quaternions, rings of

matrices, polynomial rings, and rings of continuous functions. Subrings and ideals, Integral

domains and fields, examples of fields: Zp, Q, R, and C. Field of rational functions.

Books Recommended

1. John B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 7th Ed., Pearson, 2002.

2. M. Artin, Abstract Algebra, 2nd Ed., Pearson, 2011.

3. Joseph A Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 4th Ed., Narosa, 1999.

4. George E Andrews, Number Theory, Hindustan Publishing Corporation, 1984.

 Semester-2
BSP 108 Analytic Geometry L T P C
3 1 0 4

Unit 1. General equation of second degree, Tracing of conics, System of conics, Confocal conics,
Polar equation of a conic and its properties.

Unit 2. Three dimensional system of co-ordinates, Projection and direction cosines, Plane, Straight
line, Sphere, cone.

Unit 3. Central conicoids, Reduction of general equation of second degree, Tangent plane and
normal to a conicoid,Pole and polar, Conjugate diameters, Generating lines, Plane sections.

Suggested Books:
1- Deepak Chattergy, Analytic Solid Geometry, Prentice Hall of India New Delhi.
2- Roger Fenn, Geometry, Springer India Pvt. Ltd New Delhi .
 Semester-3
BSP 207 Differential Equations L T P C
3 1 0 4

Unit 1. Formation of a differential equation (D.E.), Degree, order and solution of a D.E, Equations
of first order and first degree : Separation of variables method, Solution of homogeneous

equations, linear equations and exact equations, Linear differential equations with constant

coefficients, Homogeneous linear differential equations,

Unit 2. Differential equations of the first order but not of the first degree, Clairaut‘s equations and
singular solutions, Simultaneous linear differential equations with constant coefficients,

Linear differential equations of the second order (including the method of variation
ofparameters),

Unit 3. Order, degree and formation of partial differential equations, Partial differential equations of
the first order, Lagrange‘s equations, Charpit‘s general method, Linear partial differential

equations with constant coefficients.

Suggested Books:

1. B. Rai, D. P. Choudhury and H. I. Freedman, A Course in Ordinary Differential Equations,

Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2002.

2. E. A. Coddington, An Introduction to Ordinary Differential Equations, Prentice Hall of

India, New Delhi, 1968

3. T. Amaranath, An Elementary Course in Partial Differential Equations, Narosa

Publishing House, New Delhi, 2005

 Semester-3
BSP 205 Real Analysis L T P C
3 1 0 4

Unit 1. Finite and infinite sets, examples of countable and uncountable sets. Real line, bounded sets,
suprema and infima, completeness property of R, Archimedean property of R, intervals.
Concept of cluster points and statement of Bolzano- Weierstrass theorem.

Unit 2. Real Sequence, Bounded sequence, Cauchy convergence criterion for sequences. Cauchy’s
theorem on limits, order preservation and squeeze theorem, monotone sequences and their
convergence (monotone convergence theorem without proof).

Unit 3. Infinite series. Cauchy convergence criterion for series, positive term series, geometric series,
comparison test, convergence of p-series, Root test, Ratio test, alternating series, Leibnitz’s test
(Tests of Convergence without proof). Definition and examples of absolute and conditional
convergence.

Unit 4. Sequences and series of functions, Pointwise and uniform convergence. Mn-test, M- test,
Statements of the results about uniform convergence and integrability and differentiability of
functions, Power series and radius of convergence.

Books Recommended
T. M. Apostol, Calculus (Vol. I), John Wiley and Sons (Asia) P. Ltd., 2002.
R.G. Bartle and D. R Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis, John Wiley and Sons (Asia) P. Ltd., 2000.
E. Fischer, Intermediate Real Analysis, Springer Verlag, 1983.
K.A. Ross, Elementary Analysis- The Theory of Calculus Series- Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics,
Springer Verlag, 2003.
 Semester-4
BSP 206 Complex Analysis L T P C
3 1 0 4

Unit 1. Limits, Limits involving the point at infinity, continuity. Properties of complex numbers, regions
in the complex plane, functions of complex variable, mappings. Derivatives, differentiation
formulas, Cauchy-Riemann equations, sufficient conditions for differentiability.

Unit 2. Analytic functions, examples of analytic functions, exponential function, Logarithmic function,
trigonometric function, derivatives of functions, definite integrals of functions. Contours, Contour
integrals and its examples, upper bounds for moduli of contour integrals. Cauchy-Goursat
theorem, Cauchy integral formula.

Unit 3. Liouville’s theorem and the fundamental theorem of algebra. Convergence of sequences and
series, Taylor series and its examples. Laurent series and its examples, absolute and uniform
convergence of power series.

Books Recommended

1. James Ward Brown and Ruel V. Churchill, Complex Variables and Applications,

8th Ed., McGraw – Hill International Edition, 2009.

2. Joseph Bak and Donald J. Newman, Complex analysis, 2nd Ed., Undergraduate Texts in
Mathematics, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York, 1997.
 Semester-4
BSP 208 Linear Programming L T P C
3 1 0 4

Unit 1. Linear Programming Problems, Definition of feasible and basic feasible and Optimal solution
Graphical Approach for Solving some Linear Programs. Convex Sets, Supporting and Separating
Hyperplanes.

Unit 2. Theory of simplex method, optimality and unboundedness, the simplex algorithm, simplex
method in tableau format, introduction to artificial variables, two-phase method, Big-M method
and their comparison.

Unit 3. Transportation problem: Basic-Feasible solution North west corner rule, Vogel’s Approximation
Method

Unit 4. Assignment Models: Mathematical formulation, Hungarian Method for solving assignment
problems, travelling salesman problem Duality, formulation of the dual problem, primal- dual
relationships, economic interpretation of the dual, sensitivity analysis.

Recommended Books

1. Mokhtar S. Bazaraa, John J. Jarvis and Hanif D. Sherali, Linear programming and Network

Flows, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, India, 2004.

2. F.S. Hillier and G.J. Lieberman, Introduction to Operations Research, 8th Ed., Tata McGraw

Hill, Singapore, 2004.

1. Hamdy A. Taha, Operations Research, An Introduction, 8th Ed., Prentice-Hall India, 2006.
 Semester-5
BSP 303 Numerical Analysis L T P C
3 1 0 4

Unit 1. Shift operator, Forward and backward difference operators and their relationships,

Fundamental theorem of difference calculus, Interpolation, Newton-Gregory‘s forward and

backward interpolation formulae.

Unit 2. Divided differences, Newton‘s divided difference formula, Lagrange‘s interpolation formula,

Central differences, Formulae based on central differences: Gauss, Striling‘s, Bessel‘s,

Numerical differentiation.

Unit 3. Numerical integration, General quadrature formula, Trapezoidal and Simpson‘s rules,

Weddle‘s rule, Cote‘s formula, Numerical solution of first order differential equations:

Euler‘s method, Picard‘s method, Runge-Kutta method.

Unit 4. Solution of transcendental and polynomial equations by iteration, bisection, Regula-Falsi and

Newton-Raphson methods.

Suggested Books:

1. Francis Scheid, Numerical Analysis, TMH New Delhi.

2. B.S.Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publishers, 2005

3. E.Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.

 Semester-5
BSP 307 Discrete Mathematics (elective ) L T P C
3 1 0 4

Unit 1. Types of graphs : Simple graph, Directed graph, Multi graph, and Pseudo graph. Graph
modeling, terminology and basics. Special Graphs : CompleteGraph, Cycles, n-dimensional cubes,
Bipartite Graph, Complete Bipartite Graph. Subgraph and basic algebraic operations on graphs,

Unit 2. connectivity, path, cycles, tree to be introduced as a connected graph with no cycles,
introduction to shortest path (least number of edges) problem, solution of shortest path
problem for simple graphs using complete enumeration. Euler and Hamiltonian graphs (for
undirected graphs only) :

Unit 3. Koenigsburg Bridge Problem, statements and interpretations of (i) necessary and
sufficient conditions for Euler cycles and paths (ii) suficient condition for Hamiltonian cycles,
finding Euler cycles and Hamiltonian cycles in a given graph.

Recommended Books

1. K.H. Rosen, Discrete mathematis and its applications, McGraw-Hill

International Editions, 1999.
2. C.F. Gerald and P.O. Wheatley, Applied Numerical Analysis,
 Semester-5
BSP 309 Fluid Mechanics (elective ) L T P C
3 1 0 4

Unit 1. Kinematics of Fluids in Motion Real fluids and Ideal fluids – Velocity of a Fluid at a point – Streamlines
and pthlines – steady and Unsteady flows – the velocity potential – The Vorticity vector – Local and
Particle Rates of Change –

Unit 2. The equation of Continuity – Acceleration of a fluid – Conditions at a rigid boundary – General Analysis of
fluid motion. Equations of motion of a fluid- Pressure at a point in fluid at rest – Pressure at a point in a
moving fluid – Conditions at a boundary of two inviscid immiscible fluids – Euler’s equations of motion –
Bernoulli’s equation – Worked examples.

Unit 3. Viscous flow,Stress components in a real fluid – Relations between Cartesian components of stress –
Translational motion of fluid element – The rate of strain quadric and principal stresses – Some further

properties of the rate of strain quadric – Stress analysis in fluid motion – Relations between stress and

rate of strain – the coefficient of viscosity and laminar flow - The Navier-Stokes equations of motion of a

viscous fluid.

Reference Text Books :

1. A Text Book of Fluid Dynamics by F. Charlton Published by CBS Publications, New Delhi.

2. Classical Mechanics by Herbert Goldstein, published by Narosa Publications, New Delhi.

3. Fluid Mechanics by T. Allen and I.L. Ditsworth published by (McGraw Hill, 1972)

4. Fundamentals of Mechanics of fluids by I.G. Currie published by (CRC, 2002)

5. Fluid Mechanics, An Introduction to the theory by Chia-shun Yeh published by (McGraw Hill, 1974)
 Semester-5
BSP 311 Vector Calculus (elective ) L T P C
3 1 0 4

Unit 1.Vector Algebra. Operations with vectors. Scalar and vector product of three vectors. Product of four
vectors. Reciprocal vectors. Vector Calculus. Scalar-valued functions over the plane and the space. Vector
function of a scalar variable: Curves and Paths. Vector fields.

Unit 2. Vector differentiation. Directional derivatives, the tangent plane, total differential, gradient, divergence,
and curl.

Unit 3. Vector integration: Path, line, surface, and volume integrals. Line integrals of linear differential forms,
integration of total differentials, conservative fields, conditions for line integrals to depend only on the
endpoints, the fundamental theorem on exact differentials. Serret-Frenet Formulas. Theorems of Green,
Gauss, Stokes, and problems based on these.

Books Recommended

1. G.B. Thomas and R.L. Finney, Calculus, 9th Ed., Pearson Education, Delhi, 2005.

2. H. Anton, I. Bivens and S. Davis, Calculus, John Wiley and Sons (Asia) P. Ltd. 2002.

2. P.C. Matthew’s, Vector Calculus, Springer Verlag London Limited, 1998.

 Semester-5
BSP 313 Theory of equation (elective ) L T P C
3 1 0 4

Unit 1. General properties of polynomials, Graphical representation of a polynomials, maximum and

minimum values of a polynomials, General properties of equations, Descarte’s rule of signs

positive and negative rule,

Unit 2. Relation between the roots and the coefficients of equations. Symmetric functions, Applications
symmetric function of the roots, Transformation of equations.

Unit 3. Solutions of reciprocal and binomial equations. Algebraic solutions of the cubic and biquadratic.

Properties of the derived functions.

Books Recommended

1. W.S. Burnside and A.W. Panton, The Theory of Equations, Dublin University Press, 1954.

2. C. C. MacDuffee, Theory of Equations, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1954.

 Semester-6
BSP 304 Statistics and Probability Theory L T P C
3 1 0 4

Unit 1. Concepts of a statistical population and sample from a population, quantitative and qualitative
data, nominal, ordinal and time-series data, discrete and continuous data. Presentation of data by

tables and by diagrams, frequency distributions for discrete and continuous data, graphical

representation of a frequency distribution by histogram and frequency polygon, cumulative

frequency distributions (inclusive and exclusive methods).

Unit 2. Measures of location (or central tendency) and dispersion, moments, measures of skewness and
kurtosis, cumulants. Bivariate data: Scatter diagram, principle of least-square and fitting of

polynomials and exponential curves. Correlation and regression. Karl Pearson coefficient of

correlation, Lines of regression, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, multiple and partial

correlations (for 3 variates only).

Unit 3. Random experiment, sample point and sample space, event, algebra of events, Definition of
Probability - classical, relative frequency and axiomatic approaches to probability, merits and

demerits of these approaches (only general ideas to be given). Theorem on probability,

conditional probability, independent events. Baye’s theorem and its applications.

Books Recommended

1. J.E. Freund, Mathematical Statistics with Applications, 7th Ed., Pearson Education, 2009.

2. A.M. Goon, M.K. Gupta and B. Dasgupta, Fundamentals of Statistics, Vol. I, 8th Ed., World

Press, Kolkatta, 2005.

3. S.C. Gupta and V.K. Kapoor, Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, 11th Ed., Sultan

Chand and Sons, 2007.

4. R.V. Hogg, A.T. Craig and J.W. Mckean, Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 6th Ed.,
Pearson Education, 2005.

5. A.M. Mood, F.A. Graybill and D.C. Boes, Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, 3rd Ed.,

Tata McGraw Hill Publication, 2007.

Semester-6
BSP 308 Number Theory(elective ) L T P C
3 1 0 4

Unit 1. Division algorithm, Lame’s theorem, linear Diophantine equation, fundamental theorem of

arithmetic, prime counting function, statement of prime number theorem.

Unit 2. Goldbach conjecture, binary and decimal representation of integers, linear congruences, complete
set of residues.

Unit 3. Number theoretic functions, sum and number of divisors, totally multiplicative functions,

definition and properties of the Dirichlet product, the Möbius inversion formula, the greatest

integer function, Euler’s phi-function.

Books Recommended

1. David M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, 6th Ed., Tata McGraw-Hill Edition,

Indian reprint, 2007.

2. Richard E. Klima, Neil Sigmon, Ernest Stitzinger, Applications of Abstract Algebra with

Maple, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2000.

3. Neville Robinns, Beginning Number Theory, 2nd Ed., Narosa Publishing House Pvt.

Limited, Delhi, 2007.

 Semester-6

BSP 310 Transportation and Game Theory L T P C

3 1 0 4

Unit 1. Transportation problem and its mathematical formulation, northwest-corner method, least cost
method and Vogel approximation method for determination of starting basic solution, algorithm

for solving transportation problem,

Unit 2. Assignment problem and its mathematical formulation, Hungarian method for solving assignment problem.

Unit 3. Game theory: formulation of two person zero sum games, solving two person zero sum games,
games with mixed strategies, graphical solution procedure.

Books Recommended:

1. Mokhtar S. Bazaraa, John J. Jarvis and Hanif D. Sherali, Linear Programming and Network

Flows, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, India, 2004.

2. F. S. Hillier and G. J. Lieberman, Introduction to Operations Research, 9th Ed., Tata McGraw

Hill, Singapore, 2009.

3. Hamdy A. Taha, Operations Research, An Introduction, 8th Ed., Prentice‐Hall India, 2006.
 Semester-6
BSP 312 Mathematical Finance (elective ) L T P C
3 1 0 4

Unit 1. Basic principles: Comparison, arbitrage and risk aversion, Interest (simple and compound,
discrete and continuous), time value of money, inflation, net present value, internal rate of return

(calculation by bisection and Newton-Raphson methods),

Unit 2. Comparison of NPV and IRR. Bonds, bond prices and yields. floating-rate bonds, immunization.

Unit 3.Asset return, short selling, portfolio return, (brief introduction to expectation, variance,
covariance and correlation), random returns, portfolio mean return and variance, diversification,

portfolio diagram, feasible set, Markowitz model (review of Lagrange multipliers for 1 and 2

constraints).

Books Recommended:

1. David G. Luenberger, Investment Science, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1998.

2. John C. Hull, Options, Futures and Other Derivatives, 6th Ed., Prentice-Hall India, Indian

reprint, 2006.

3. Sheldon Ross, An Elementary Introduction to Mathematical Finance, 2nd Ed., Cambridge

University Press, USA, 2003.

 Semester-6
BSP 314 Mathematical Modeling (elective ) L T P C
3 1 0 4

Unit 1. Applications of differential equations: the vibrations of a mass on a spring, mixture problem, free
damped motion, forced motion, resonance phenomena, electric circuit problem, mechanics of

simultaneous differential equations.

Unit 2.Applications to Traffic Flow. Vibrating string, vibrating membrane, conduction of heat in solids,
gravitatinal potential, conservation laws.

Books Recommended:

1. Shepley L. Ross, Differential Equations, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, 1984.

2. I. Sneddon, Elements of Partial Differential Equations, McGraw-Hill, International Edition,

1967.