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Dear students
It is the dream of every one of you to make a mark in this arena called life. The IITJEE is one of
the most rigorous test that you have to clear to take firm steps towards achieving this. All of you
want to do well in this examination or some other engineering entrance competition in order to
realize your dreams and also to see those tears of satisfaction in the eyes of your parents who
are proud of your success.
To succeed in any endeavour what a person needs is velocity. Yes, the same velocity that you
study in physics. Velocity is a combination of speed and direction.
Speed is the ability to do our work with utmost efficiency and negligible wastage of resources
m
such as time. At this stage of our career speed is very important for all of us.
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I would like to take the help of an example to explain the term ‘direction’.
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A young guy was lost on a road and he asked an elderly fellow, “Sir, could you tell me where
this road will take me?”
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Without a moment’s hesitation the elderly chap said, “ Son, this road will take you anywhere in
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the world you want to go, if you are moving in the right direction.”
So direction is the right path towards our aim. You can tread on that path only when you have
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your goal clearly in front of your eyes and you are working for that goal intensely with a strong
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desire and an unshakable determination level, always believing that you’ll do it. Your attitude
and motivation are of utmost importance. Remember, this test that you are taking is not just a
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test of your knowledge but also of how strong are you, mentally.
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In this booklet we have made a sincere attempt to keep your velocity of preparations to the
maximum. The formulae will help you revise your chapters in a very quick time and the
motivational quotes will help you move in the right direction.
Hope you’ll benefit from this book and all the best for your examinations.
Praveen Tyagi
Gaurav Mittal
Prasoon Kumar
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Formula Booklet – Physics XII
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CONTENTS
2. Current Electricity 12
m
5. Electromagnetic Induction 20
.co
6. Alternating Current 22
7. Light 26
8. Modern Physics n gg 35
ye
9. Some Study Tips 43
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w.
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Formula Booklet – Physics XII
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2. Electric field
→
→ F
m
(a) E=
q0
.co
→ 1 q ^
(b) Electric field due to a point charge: (i) E = . r (if charge q is placed at the origin)
4πε 0 r 2
gg
→ →
→ 1 q( r − r 0) →
(ii) E= (if charge q is placed at some point having position vector r0)
4 πε0 → → 3 n
| r− r0|
(c) [E] = [M1L1T–3A–1]
ye
3. Electric field on the axis of a uniformly charged ring
m
1 qx
(a) Eaxial = (R = radius of the ring)
(
4πε 0 R 2 + x 2 3 / 2 )
w.
(b) Ecentre = 0
ww
4. Electric dipole
(a) dipole moment p = q(2l) (where 2l = length of the dipole)
://
1 2pr
(b) Eaxial = (r = distance of axial point w.r.t. centre of dipole)
[
4πε 0 r 2 − l 2 2 ]
tp
1 2p
≅ (if r >>l)
ht
4πε 0 r 3
1 p 1 p
(c) Eequat. = ≈ (if r >>l)
[
4πε 0 r + l 2
2
]
3/ 2 4πε 0 r 3
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Formula Booklet – Physics XII
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(iii) Ez =
(
1 p 3z 2 − r 2 )
4πε 0 r5
→ → →
(g) Torque on a dipole : (i) τ = p x E ; (ii) τ = pE sin θ
→ →
(h) Potential energy of a dipole: (i) U = − p . E = − pE cos θ
(ii) Work done in rotating a dipole from angle θ1 to angle θ2
W = U2 – U1 = pE (cos θ1 – cos θ2)
5. Electric flux
→ →
(a) dφ = E . dS
→ →
(b) φ ∫ E . dS = EA cos θ (If electric field is constant over the whole surface)
2
(c) Unit of φ = (Nm /Coulomb) = J.m/Couplomb
(d) [φ]= [M1L3T–3A–1]
m
→ →
q
6. Gauss’s Law: E . dS =
.co
∫
ε0
7. Electric field due to various systems of charges
gg
r 1 q
(a) Isolated Charge: E=
n 4 π ε0 r 2
q Fig. 1 P
ye
E⊥ y• →
m
E|| → 1 2p
(b) Electric dipole: P (i) E || =
• • • • 4π ε 0 x 3
–q
w.
+q
2a
→
→
ww
1 p
x (ii) E ⊥ = −
4 π ε0 y 3
Fig. 2
://
•
r
tp
θ 1 p
(iii)E = 1 + 3 cos 2 θ
• • → 4π ε 0 r 3
ht
–q +q p
Fig. 3
+++
+ + q
+ R +
+ + 1 qx
(c) A ring of charge:+ • •P E=
+
+
+
x (
4π ε 0 R 2 + x 2 )
3/ 2
+ +
+
+ + ++ Fig. 4
+
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Formula Booklet – Physics XII
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+ ++
+ +q
+ R +
+ + σ x
(d) A disc of charge:
+ • •P E= 1 −
+ x 2ε 0
+ x + R2
2
+
+ +
+ + Fig. 5
++ +
+
+
+ σ
(e) Infinite sheet of charge: + E=
+ σ 2ε 0
+
+
Fig. 6
m
.co
+ λ
(f) Infinitely long line of charge: E=
+ •P 2π ε 0 x
+ x
gg
+ λ
Fig. 7
n
ye
+
+
m
+ α λ
(g) Finite line of charge: P E⊥= (sin α + sin β)
+ β 4 π ε0 x
w.
+
+ λ
E||= (cos α+cos β)
ww
4 π ε0
x
Fig. 8
://
tp
+ + +
+
ht
+ q
+ R
(h) Charged spherical shell: + + (i) Inside: 0 ≤ r ≤ R
+ + E=0
+ + (ii) Outside: r ≥ R
+ + + q
E=
Fig. 9 4π ε 0 r 2
+ +
+ R
(i) Solid sphere of charge: + (i) Inside: 0 ≤ r ≤ r
++ + + +
+ + ++ E = ρr/3ε0
(ii) Outside : r ≥ R
2
Fig. 10 ρR R
E=
3ε 0 r
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Formula Booklet – Physics XII
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8. Force on a charged conductor: The force per unit area or electric pressure
dF σ 2
Pelec. = =
dA 2ε 0
4T σ 2
9. Charged soap bubble: (a) Pin – Pout = −
r 2ε 0
4T σ 2
(b) If air pressure inside and outside are assumed equal then: Pin = Pout and =
r 2ε 0
8ε 0 T σ2r
or r= or T = or σ = √(8ε0T/r) or Q = 8πr√(2ε0rT)
σ2 8ε 0
2 2 1/3
or r = [Q /128π ε0T]
m
10. Electric potential:
.co
(a) V = (W/q)
(b) Unit of V = Volt
2 –3 –1
(c) [V] = [ML T A ]
gg
→ →
(d) E = −VV n
1 q
(e) Potential due to a point charge, V =
ye
4π ε0 r
1 q1 q 2 q 3
m
4π ε 0 r 2
1 p cos θ
(iii) V (r, θ) =
4π ε 0 ρ2
://
1 q
(iii) inside : V = Vsurface =
4π ε 0 R
(i) Potential due to a charged spherical conductor is the same as that due to a charged spherical shell.
(j) Potential due to a uniformly charged nonconducting sphere
1 q 1 q
(i) outside: V= ; (ii) surface: V =
4π ε 0 r 4πε0 R
(iii) inside: V=
(
1 q 3 R 2 − r2 )
; (iv) centre: V = 3 x 1 q = 1.5 Vsurface
4πε0 3 2 4π ε0 R
2R
(k) Common potential (Two spheres joined by thin wire)
1 Q1 + Q2
(i) common potential V=
4π ε 0 r +r
1 2
r1 (Q1 + Q 2 ) rQ r2 Q
(ii) q1 = = 1 ; q2 =
(r1 + r2 ) r1 + r2 r1 + r2
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Formula Booklet – Physics XII
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q1 r1 σ1 r2
(iii) = or =
q 2 r2 σ 2 r1
1
13. Energy density of electrostatic field: u = ε0E 2
m
2
.co
CAPACITANCE
14. Capacitance:
gg
(a) C = (q/V)
(b) Unit of C = farad (F) n
–1 –2 4 2
(c) Dimensions of C = [M L T A ]
ye
15. Energy stored in a charged capacitor
m
1 1 1 Q2
(a) U= CV2 ; (b)
U= QV; (c) U =
2 2 2 C
w.
1 2 1 σ2
16. Energy density: (a) u = ε0E ; (b) u =
2 2 ε0
ww
2 2ε 0 2ε 0 A
tp
4π ε 0ra rb 4π ε 0 K ra rb
(b) Spherical capacitor: (i) Cair = ; (ii) Cmed =
rb − ra (rb − ra )
ε0A Kε 0 A
(c) Parallel plate capacitor: (i) Cair = ; (ii) Cmed =
d d
2 π ε 0l 2πKε 0 l
(d) Cylindrical capacitor: (i) Cair = ; (ii) Cmed =
loge (rb / ra ) log e (rb / ra )
ε0 l
(e) Two long parallel wires: C= where d is the separation between wires and a radius of
log e (d/a )
each wire (d>>a)
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1 1 1 1
(c) = + +
C C1 C 2 C 3
(d) For two capacitors in series: C = C1C2/(C1 + C2)
(e) Energy stored: U = U1 + U2 + U3
m
(c) Polarization vector: (i) | P | =Qp/A ; (ii) | P | =ε0χEd
.co
22. Capacitance formulae with dielectric
ε0 A K ε0 A
(a) C− = (For a dielectric slab of thickness t)
1 K d − t (K − 1)
gg
d − t 1 −
K
(b) C=
ε0 A n
(For a metallic slab of thickness t)
ye
d−t
m
K1 d
w.
ε 0 A K1 + K 2 K2
(c) C=
d 2
ww
A/1 A/2
Fig. 11
://
tp
ht
K1 d/2
2ε A K K
(d) C = 0 1 2 K2 d/2
d K1 + K 2
A/2 A/2
Fig. 12
ε0 A 2K 2 K 3 K2 d
(e) C= K1 + K1
4d K 2 + K 3 K3 d
ε0A
(g) C= K1 K2 K3
t1 t2 t3
K + K + K
1 2 3
t1 t2 t3
Fig. 14
23. Spherical capacitor with inner sphere grounded
4π ε 0 r1 r2
(a) C= + 4 π ε0 r2
(r2 − r1 )
m
(b) Charge on inner sphere = –q1, while charge on outer sphere = +q2
.co
r
(c) Magnitude of charge on inner sphere: q1 = 1 q2
r2
gg
24. Insertion of dielectric slab
(a) Battery remains connected when slab is introduced
(i)
n
V’ = V; (ii) C’ = KC ; (iii) Q’ = KQ ; (iv) E’ = E; (v) U’ = KU
ye
(b) Battery is disconnected after charging the capacitor and slab is introduced
m
25. Charge transfer, Common potential and energy loss when two capacitors are connected
C V + C 2 V2 q 1 + q 2
ww
C1 + C 2
1 C1C 2
(V1 − V2 )2
tp
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CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. Electric Current
(a) I = (q/t); (b) I = (dq/dt); (c) I = (ne/t); (d) q = ∫ IdT
3. Current density
(a) J = (I/A); (b) J = nevd; (c) J = σE; (d) µ = (vd/E); (e) σ =neµ
m
ρ − ρ0
(d) α=
ρ0 (T − T0 )
.co
W E
5. Cell: (a) E = ; (b) I = ; (c) V = E – Ir (where V = IR)
gg
Q r+R
6.
(a)
Series Combination of Resistances
R = R1 + R2 + R3; (b) V = V1 + V2 + V3;
n
ye
(c) I = constant = I1 = I2 = I3; (d) V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2, V3 = IR3
m
(a) = + + ;
R R1 R 2 R 3
ww
(b) I= I1 + I2 + I3;
(c) V = constant = V1 = V2 = V3;
V V V
(d) I1 = , I2 = , I3 =
://
R1 R2 R3
(e) For a parallel combination of two resistances:
tp
R 1R 2 R2 R1
(i) R= ; (ii) I1 = I; (iii) I2 = I
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2
ht
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2 2 4
R 2 l 1 A1 l 2 A1 r
= x = = = 1 [ Q l1A1 = l2A2]
R 1 l 2 A 2 l 1 A 2 r2
nE E
12. Cells in series: I = = (if n r <<R)
nr + R R
E E
13. Cells in parallel: I = = (if r << R)
(r / n ) + R R
nE
= (if r >>R)
r
14. Mixed Combination (m rows with each containing n cells in series)
nE mnE
(a) I= = ;
(nr / m) + R nr + m R
m
(b) I is maximum when n r = m R ;
.co
mnE
(c) Imax =
2 mnrR
gg
15. Chemical effect of current:
(a) Faraday’s first law of electrolysis: m = Zq = ZIt n
(b) Faraday’s second law of electrolysis:
ye
(i) m ∝ W (W = ECE) or m/W = constant (where W = atomic weight/valency)
m
m1 Z1 m1 W1 Z W
(ii) As = and = ; so 1 = 1
m 2 Z2 m 2 W2 Z 2 W2
w.
ww
βθ 2
tp
α de
17. Neutral temperature: θN = – = 0
β dθ θΝ
θ1 + θ C
18. Temperature of inversion: θ Ν = [ Q θI – θN = θN – θC]
2
de
19. Thermoelectric power or Seebeck Coefficient: S = =α + βθ
dθ
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∆Q/time
(ii) Thomson coefficient, σ =
I ∆θ
m
.co
n gg
ye
m
w.
ww
://
tp
ht
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m
4µ N I
Field at the point of inflexion: B = 0 = 0.716 Bcentre
5 5a
.co
µ 0 2M
25. Magnetic moment of circular coil: (a) M = NIA ; (b) Field: B=
gg
4π x 3
26. Field due to an arc of current:
(a)
2
B = (µ0Il/4πR ) ;
n
ye
(b) B = (µ0Iθ/4πR)
(c) At the centre of a semicircular coil: B = (µ0I/4R)
m
µ0I
27. Field due to finite length of wire: B = (sin φ1 + sin φ2)
w.
4πa
2 2 µ0I
Field at the centre of a square loop: B =
ww
28.
πl
→ → → →
29. Ampere’s law: (a∫) ∫
B . d l = µ0 I ; (b) H. d l =1
://
µ0I r
(a) outside: B = (µ0 I/2πr) ; (b) surface: B = (µ0 I/2πR); (c) inside: B=
ht
2π R 2
31. Field due to a current carrying solenoid:
(a) inside: B = µ0n I ; (b) at one end : B = (µ0n I/2)
µ nI
(c) at an axial point: B = 0 (cos α2 – cos α1)
2
32. Field due to a toroid: (a) inside: B=µ0nI – µ0NI/2πR ; (b) outside: B = 0
→ → →
33. Force on electric current: F = H x B
F µ 0 I1 I 2
34. Force between two parallel conductors: =
l 2πd
35. Comparison of magnetic and electric forces between two moving charges: (Fmagnetic/Felectric) =
2 2
(v /c )
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→
36. Force on a current loop in a magnetic field: F = 0 (any shape)
→ → →
37. Torque on a current loop in a magnetic field: τ = M x B or τ M B sin θ
39. Ammeter:
(a) Shunt resistance S = (IgG/ I– Ig);
2
(b) Length of shunt wire, l = S πr /ρ;
(c) Effective resistance of ammeter, RA = GS/(G+S);
(d) For an ideal ammeter, RA = 0
m
40. Voltmeter:
.co
V
(a) High resistance in series, R = − G ;
Ig
(b) For converted Voltmeter, RV = R + G;
gg
(c) For an ideal Voltmeter, RV = ∞
→ →
(a) When v is ⊥ to B :
(i) path = circular; (ii) r = (mv/qB) ; (iii) ν = (qB/2πm);
://
→ →
(b) When angle between v and B is θ:
ht
43. Cyclotron:
(i) T = (2πm/qB) ;
(ii) ν = (qB/2πm) ;
(iii) ω = (θB/m) ;
(iv) radius of particle acquiring energy E, r = [√(2mE)/qB];
(v) velocity of particle at radius r, v = qBr/m;
(vi) the maximum kinetic energy (with upper limit of radius = R)
1 q 2 B2 R 2
K max =
2 m
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µ 0 q v sin θ
(b) B=
4π r2
m
.co
n gg
ye
m
w.
ww
://
tp
ht
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m
µ0
B
.co
(b) For vacuum, H = ;
µ0
(c) For medium, h = B/µ;
gg
(d) H =nI (solenoid);
(e) H = I/2 πr (straight wire); n
I dl sin θ
(f) H= (Biot-Savart law) ;
ye
r2
→ →
(g) ∫ H . d l = Ifree
m
w.
µ0 m
54. Field due to a pole: B =
4π r 2
55. Field due to a bar magnet:
µ 0 2 Mr µ 0 2M
(a) Axial point: B = = (if r > > l)
(
4π r 2 − l 2 )
2 4π r 3
µ0 M µ0 M
(b) Equatorial point: B = =
(
4π r 2 + l 2 )3/ 2 4π r3
µ0 M
(c) At arbitrary point: B = 1 + 3 cos 2 θ
4π r 3
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→ →
57. Potential energy of a dipole in magnetic field: U = − M . B = – MB cos θ
(a) B = BH tan θ;
2r B H
(b) I = K tan θ, where K =
µ0n
I
59. Vibration magnetometer: T = 2π
M BH
m
.co
Nothing will happen
gg
until
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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
60. Magnetic flux:
→ → → →
(a) dφ = B. d A = BdA cos θ; (b) φ= ∫ B . d A ;
→ → →
(c) φ = BA cos θ; (d) ∫ B . d S = 0 ; (e) V. B = 0
m
(c) For a rod rotating with angular frequency ω or rotating disc, induced e.m.f.,
.co
1 2
e= Bl ω = Βπfl 2 = Baƒ
2
gg
63. Motion of conducting loop in a magnetic field:
(a) Induced e.m.f. e = Blv ; (b) Induced current, I = (e/R) = (Blv/R)
(c)
2 2
F = IlB = B l v/R ;
n
(d) P = Fv = IlBv = B2l2v 2R;
ye
2 2 2 2
(e) H = I R = (B l v /R);
(f) In non uniform magnetic field, e = (B1–B2) lv and I = (B1–B2)lv/R
m
→ →
65. Induced electric field: Induced e.m.f. = ∫ E . dl
66. Self Inductance:
://
(a) L = φ/ I ;
(b) e = – (LdI/dt);
tp
2 2
(c) L = µ0N A/l = µ0n Al (For a solenoid with air core);
2
(d) L = µrµ0N A/l (For a solenoid with a material core);
ht
2
(e) L = µ0N πR/2 (For a plane circular coil)
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(d) M = K√(L1L2)
(if two coils of self inductances, L1 and L2 are over each other)
m
but they, while their companions slept…
.co
…were toiling upwards in the night.
n gg
ye
m
w.
ww
://
tp
ht
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ALTERNATING CURRENT
71. A.C. Currrent and e.m.f. :
(a) I = I0 sin (ωt ± φ) ;
(b) e= e0 sin (ωt ± φ);
2I 0
(c) < I > = 0, < I >1/2 = =0.637 I0 ;
π
(d) < I 2 > I 02 / 2 ;
(e) Irms = (I0/√2) = 0.707 I0 ;
(f) form factor = π/2√2
m
(iv) e0 = I0R;
(v) erms = Irms R
.co
(b) Inductance only:
(i) e = e0 sin ωt;
gg
(ii) I = I0 sin (ωt–π/2) ;
(iii) current lags the voltage or voltage leads the current by a phase π/2;
n (iv) e0 =
I0XL;
ye
(iv) erms = Irms XL ; (vi) XL = ωL
m
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(i) e = e0 sin ωt ;
(ii) I = I0 sin (ωt – φ);
–1 XL − XC
(iii) φ=tan , φ is positive for XL > XC, φ is negative for XL<XC;
R
(iv) current lags and circuit is inductive if XL < XC ;
(v) current leads and circuit is capacitive if XL < XC ; (vi) e0 = I0Z;
(vi) Impedance, Z = √[R2 + (XL – XC)2];
XL − XC
(viii) cos φ = (R/Z) and sin φ =
Z
73. Resonance
1
(a) Resonance frequency, ƒr =
2π LC
(b) At resonance, XL = XC, φ = 0, Z = R (minimum), cos φ = 1, sin φ = 0 and
current is maximum (=E0/R)
m
R R
(a) lower, ƒ1 = ƒr – or ω1 = ωr –
4 πL
.co
2L
R R
(b) upper, ƒ2 = ƒr + or ω2 = ωr +
4 πL 2L
gg
R R
75. Band width: ∆ƒ = or ∆ω = n
2 πL L
ye
76. Quality factor
ω ωL
(a) Q= r = r ;
m
∆ω R
1 1 1
(b) As ωr = , hence Qα√L, Qα and Q α ;
w.
LC R C
1
ww
(c) Q= ;
ω r CR
(X L )res (X C )res
(d) Q= or ;
://
R R
ƒ ƒr
Q = r or ∆f =
tp
(e)
∆ƒ Q
ht
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m
1 1 1 1
(a) = + − ;
Z 2
R X L XC
.co
Y = G 2 + (S L − SC ) ;
2
(b)
(c) I0 = E0Y;
gg
S − SC
(d) tan φ = L ;
G n
1 R 2
ye
1
(e) ωr = or ωr = −
LC LC L2 ;
m
(f) in parallel resonance circuit, impedance is maximum, admittance is minimum and current is
minimum.
w.
81. Transformer:
ww
dφ dφ
(a) Cp = Np and es = Ns
dt dt
://
ep Np
(b) =
e N
s s
tp
I ep Np
(c) Q ep Ip = es Is, so s = =
ht
Ip
es Ns
(d) Step down: es < ep, Ns < Np and Is > Ip
(e) Step up : es > ep, Ns > Np and Is < Ip
e I
(f) Efficiency, η = s s
ep Ip
82. AC generator: e = e0 sin (2πƒt), (where e0 = NBAω)
83. DC motor:
E−e
(a) I=
R
(b) IE = Ie = I2R
e Back emf
(c) efficiency, η =
E Applied emf
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LIGHT
1. Intensity of light
P 1
(a) Spherical wave front: (i) I = 2
, (ii) amplitude ∝
4 πr r
1 1
(b) Cylindrical wave front: (i) I ∝ , (ii) amplitude ∝
r r
(c) Plane wave front: (i) I ∝ r0, (i) A ∝ r0 (i.e. I and A are both constants)
m
η η
(c) η1 sin i = η2 sin r
.co
5. Electromagnetic nature of light
→ → E
gg
(a) The magnitude of E and B are related in vacuum by: B=
C
→ → → → n
(b) E and B are such that E x B is always in the direction of propagation of wave
ye
1 1
(c) c= and v=
µ0ε0 µε
m
(e) The EM wave propagating in the positive x–direction may be represented by:
ww
1 1 B2
(a) Energy density of electromagnetic wave is: u = ue + um = ε0 E2 +
tp
2 2 µ0
E 1
and = √ (µ0 ε0), hence
ht
8. Pointing vector
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→ → → 1 → → → →
(a) S = ExH= ( E x B ) = c 2ε 0 ( E x B )
µ0
2 2
(b) S = cε0E = √(ε0/µ0)E
(c) I = S and S = cu
(d) Impedance of free space, Z = √ (µ0/ε0) ≅ 377 ohm
9. Pressure of EM Radiation
(a) Change in momentum (normal incidence)
U S A∆t
∆p = = (absorber)
c c
2 U S A∆t
∆p = = (reflector)
c c
m
S
.co
P= =u (absorber)
c
gg
2S
P= = 2u (reflector)
c
1S 1
P= = u (absorber)
3 c 3
w.
2 S 2
P= = u (reflector)
ww
3 c 3
10. Quantum theory of light:
(a) Energy of photon, E = hν = hc/λ
://
E h
(b) Momentum, p = =
c λ
tp
360
n= − 1 (whatever may be location of the object)
θ
0 0
(b) When 360 is exactly divisible by θ and 360/θ) is an odd integer, then the number of images
formed is
360
n= − 1 (for symmetrical placement)
θ
360
= (for unsymmetrical placement)
θ
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(c) When 3600 is not exactly divisible by θ, then the number of images formed is
= integer value of n (where n = 360/θ)
m
1 1 B
(c) η2 = ; (d) Cauchy’s relation: η = A +
2η1 λ2
.co
14. Parallel slab
(a) Angle of incidence, i = Angle of emergence, e
gg
(b) Lateral shift = [t sin (i – r)/cos r]
15.
n
Composite block: η1 sin θ1 = η2 sin θ2 = η3 sin θ3 = constant
ye
16. Apparent depth
m
R t
(a) a= = (where R = Real depth)
η η
w.
(b) If there is an ink spot at the bottom of a glass slab, if appears to be raised by a distance
t 1
ww
depths t1, t2, t3 respectively, then the apparent depth of the beaker is:
t t t
a= 1 + 2 + 3
tp
η1 η 2 η3
1
ht
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21. Dispersion:
(a) δred < δviolet because ηred < ηviolet
(b) Angular dispersion: θ = δV – δR = (ηV–ηR)A
δ V − δ R ηV − ηR ηB − ηR
(c) Dispersive power: ω = = = (In practice)
δY ηY − 1 ηY − 1
AF η − ηCR
(e) Deviation without dispersion: (i) θC + θF = 0 or, = − CV
AC η FV − ηFR
ωF δ
(ii) Also, = − CY
ωC δ FY
m
22. Principle of superposition: y = y1 + y2
.co
23. Superposition of waves of equal frequency and constant phase difference
2 2
(a) Resultant wave amplitude, a = √(a1 + a2 + 2a1a2 cos φ)
(b) Resultant wave intensity, I = I1 + I2 + 2√(I1I2) cos φ
gg
(c) If a1 = a2 = a0, and I1 = I2 = I0, then a = 2a0 cos (φ/2) and I = 4I0 cos2 (φ/2)
(b) amax = a1 + a2
Imax ∝ (a1 + a2)2
w.
(c)
(d) Imax = I1 + I2 + 2 √ (I1I2) = (√I1 + √I2)2
(e) Imax = 4I0 ; If I1 = I2 = I0
ww
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λ
(b) Angular fringe width, α =
d
β air λ air
(c) βliquid = air
or λliquid = air
ηliquid ηliquid
3
(d) βwater = βair
4
28. When a thin shit is introduced in the path of one of the interfering waves:
(a) (η–1) t = nλ
(b) Shift of the central fringe =
(η − 1) t β
λ
I max − I min
29. Fringe visibility: V =
I max − I min
30. Frensel’s biprism:
m
(a) d = 2a (η–1) α ; (b) d = √(d1d2)
(c) β = (Dλ/d); (d) dliquid < dair, for example, dwater = dair/4
.co
ηg − 1
(e) βliquid > βair ; βliquid = βair
ηg − ηt
gg
31. Newton’s rings:
(a) Diameter of nth dark fringe, Dn = √(4nλR)
(b) λ=
D 2n +p − D 2n D 2 − D 2n
and η = n2+ p
n
ye
4 pR D' n + p − D' 2n
m
33. Diffraction:
://
2
sin φ
(c) Intensity distribution of the screen I = I0
ht
φ
πa y
where, φ = and I0 = Intensity at central point of screen
λD
1.22 λ
(d) Limit of resolution of telescope: θ =
a
1 a
(e) Resolving power of telescope = =
θ 1.22λ
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I v ƒ ƒ−v
(d) Linear magnification: m = =− = =
o u ƒ−u ƒ
v2
(e) Longitudinal magnification: m = −
u2
m
v / η2
(v) Magnification: m =
u/η1
.co
n gg
ye
(d) Lens Maker’s formula:
1 η2 1 1 η1 η1 1 1
= − 1 or, = (η2 − η1 )
m
(i) − − −
ƒ η1 1 R R
2 v u R
1 R
2
[When medium is same on both sides of the lens]
w.
η3 η1 η 2 − η1 η3 − η 2
(ii) − = +
u R 1 R 2
ww
v
[When different medium exist on two sides of the lens]
://
1 2 (η − 1)
(e) Biconvex or biconcave lens of the same radii for two surfaces: =
ƒ R
tp
I v ƒ−v ƒ
(f) Linear magnification: m = = = =
O u ƒ ƒ+u
ht
1
(g) Power of lens: P=
ƒ
(h) Lenses in contact:
1 1 1
(i) = + ; (ii) P = P1 + P2
ƒ ƒ1 ƒ 2
1 1 1 d
(iii) For lenses separated by a distance d = = + −
ƒ ƒ1 ƒ 2 ƒ1ƒ 2
ω ω'
(i) Achromatic lens combinations: Condition of achromatism, =−
ƒy ƒ 'y
36. Silvering at one surface:
1 1 1 1 2 2 (η - 1) R η
(a) = + + = =
F ƒl ƒ m ƒl ƒl R
Fig. 1
QUEST - Power Coaching for IITJEE 28
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η R
1 2 1 (η − 1) 2 2n
(b) = + =2 + = R
F ƒl ƒ m R R
Fig. 2
1 R1 η R2
1 2 1 1 2
(c) = + = 2(η − 1) + +
F ƒl ƒ m R1 R 2 R 2
Fig. 3
37. Optical Instruments
(a) Astronomical Telescope:
ƒ0
m
(i) For normal adjustment: m =
ƒe
.co
ƒ0 ƒ
(ii) For near–point adjustment: m = 1 + e
ƒe D
(b) Simple Microscope:
gg
D
(i) For normal adjustment: m =
ƒ n
D
ye
(ii) For near–point adjustment = m = 1+
ƒ
(c) Compound Microscope:
m
D
v0
(i) For normal adjustment: m =
ƒe
w.
u0
v D
(ii) For near–point adjustment: m = 0 1 +
ww
u0 ƒe
://
tp
ht
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MODERN PHYSICS
CATHODE RAYS AND POSITIVE RAYS
1. Cathode rays
(a) Thomson identified cathode rays as an electron beam.
11
(b) Specific charge q/m as measured by Thomson is: (q/m) = 1.759 x 10 Coulomb/Kg
2. Positive rays
(a) Positive rays were discovered by Goldstein.
(b) (q/m) for positive rays is much less than that of electrons.
m
2
(f) The displacement on the screen = Y = (qELD/mu )
.co
4. Motion of charged particle through magnetic field (Field ⊥ to initial velocity)
(a) The path is circular with radius: r = (mu/qB)
(b) Momentum of the particle: p = qBr
gg
(c) The deflection on the screen: X = (qBLD/mu)
5. Mass spectrographs
n
ye
(a) Thomson’s mass spectrograph
(i) Traces on the screen are parabolic in nature
m
(ii) Other relations: r = (Mv/qB’) = (ME/qBB’) (whre B’ is the magnetic field in dome);
d =2r; (d2 – d1) ∝ (M2–M1) ; M1 : M2 = d1 : d2 [where d1 and d2 are the
tp
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PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
Work function W
6. Threshold frequency: v0 = =
h h
c hc hc
7. Threshold wavelength: λ0 = = =
v 0 hv 0 W
–6
(To calculate λ0, use hc = 1240 (eV) (nm) = 1.24 x 10 eV) (m)
m
10. Energy, momentum and mass of a photon
hc
(a) Rest mass of photon = 0 (b) E = hv =
.co
λ
E h E h
(c) p= = (d) m = 2 =
c λ c cλ
(c) number of electrons emitted per second = (efficiency of surface) x number of photons incident per
second.
ww
(a) λc = =2.426 pm
m0C
tp
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ATOMIC STRUCTURE
2 Ze2 1
14. Distance of closest approach: r0 = (where E = mu2 = KE of the
(4π ε0 )E 2
α–particle)
15. Bohr’s atomic model
nh
(a) L = mvr =
2π
hc
(b) hv = Ei = Ef =
λ
(c) Radius of nth orbit:
m
n2 n2 h2
(i) rn ∝ , (ii) rn =
.co
Z 4 π 2 m ke 2
Z
(iii) Bohr’s radius: a0 = (h2/4π2mke2) = 0.529 Å
gg
r + r ++ 1 1
(iv) Ratio of radii: r1:r2 : r3 = 1 : 4 : 9 ; rN : He : Li = 1 : : =6:3:1
2 3
n 137 n ch 137
1 1
w.
(ii) v1 : v 2 ; v3 = 1 : : = 6 : 3 : 2
2 3
st
(iii) v1 = velocity of electron is 1 orbit of H–atom = (c/137)
ww
1 2 2
(ii) K = mv = (kZe /2r)
2
tp
2
(iii) E = K + U = – (kZe /2r) = (U/2) = –K
(iv) K = – (U/2) or U = 2K = 2E
ht
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1 1 1 2π 2 m k 2 e 4
= RZ 2 2 − 2 where R = = 1.097 x 10 7 m -1
λ n 3
1 n2 ch
m
(j) Series limits (λmin)
(i) Lyman: λmin = 912 Å
.co
(ii) Balmer: λmin = 3645 Å
(iii) Paschen: λmin = 8201 Å
gg
16. Number of emission lines from excited state n = n(n–1)/2
8 27
19. Current due to orbital motion
ww
2 3
(a) In ∝ (Z /n ) ; (b) I1 = 1 mA
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m
MATTER WAVES
34. For photons:
.co
(a) E = hv = (hc/λ) ;
(b) p = (hv/c) = (E/c) = (h/λ) ;
gg
(c) m = (E/c2) = (hv/c2) = h/cλ
(d) rest mass = 0, charge = 0, spin = 1 (h/2π)
12.27
(b) (i) For electron λe = Å
w.
V
0.286
For proton, λp =
ww
(ii) Å
V
0.101
(iii) For alpha particle λα = Å
://
V
h 3
(c) For particle at temperature T : λ = E = kT
tp
3 m KT 2
(i) For neutron or proton: λ = (25.2/√T) Å [if E = (3/2) kT, average energy]
ht
30.8
but λ= Å [if E = kT, most probable energy]
T
12.27
(d) The wavelength of electron accelerated by potential difference of V volts is: λe = Å
v
Hence, accelerating potential required for obtaining de Broglie wavelength for as electron is:
150.6
V= volt
λ2e
(e) Condition for obtaining stable orbit: 2πrn = nλ
(f) The phase velocity of a de Broglie wave of wavelength λ and frequency v is
Ε h mc 2 h c2
v p = vλ = x = x = i.e. v p > c.
h mv h mv v
(g) Group velocity, vg = (dω/dk). It is found that group velocity is equal to particle velocity i.e., v g = v
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RADIOACTIVITY
Decay law: (a) (dN/dt) = – λN ; (b) N = N0 e λ ; (c) (N/N0) = (1/2)
– t t/T
36.
39. Activity:
R = |dN/dt| ; (b) R = λN ; (c) R = R0e λ ; (d) (R/R0) = (1/2) ;
– t t/T
(a)
10
(e) 1 Becquerel = 1 dps ; (f) 1 curie = 1 ci = 3.7 x 10 dps;
6 6
(g) 1 Rutherford = 1Rd = 10 Rd = 10 dps
m
40. Decay of active mass:
–λt 6.023 x 10 23 x m
.co
(a) m = m0 e ; (b) (m/m0) = (1/2)t/T ; (c) N =
A
41. Radioactive equilibrium: NAλA = NBλB
gg
T1 T2
42. Decay constant for two channels: (a) λ = λ1 + λ2 ; (b) T =
T1 + T2
n
ye
–µx
43. Gamma intensity absorption: (a) I = I0e ; (b) Half value thickness, x1/2 = (0.693/µ)
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
m
44. Atomic mass unit: (a) 1 amu = 1.66 x 10–27 kg ; (b) 1 amu ≡ 1u ≡ 931.5 MeV
w.
1/3
(a) Radius: R = R0A where R0 = 1.2 fermi
4 3 4 3
(b) Volume: V αA Q V = 3 πR = 3 π R 0 A
://
17 3
(c) Density: ρ = 2.4 x 10 Kg/m (ρ is independent of A)
tp
47. Packing fraction: ƒ = ∆/A = mass excess per nucleon [∆ = –∆M = mass excess]
48. Binding energy: ∆E = BE = (∆M)c2
ELECTRONICS
50. Richarson equation
2 –W/KT
(a) J = AT e where A = 60 x 104 A/K2m2
2 11600 W/T –23 –5
(b) J = AT e [∴ K = Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38 x 10 J/K = 8.62 x 10 eV/K
Hence, 1/K = 11600 kelvin/eV]
2 –W/KT
(c) I = AT Se
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3/2
51. Child’s law: Ip = KVp [K = constant of proportionality]
m
54.
µ
.co
55. Cut off voltage: Vg = – (Vp/µ)
gg
(a) Ip = (µVg/RL + rp); (b) A = (µRL/RL + rp)
(c) Amax = µ;
(d) µ = A 1 +
rp
;
(e) A = µ/2 if RL = rp
n
ye
RL
57. Conductivity of semi conductors
m
− E / 2 KT
(a) Intrinsic: (i) σ = e (neµe + nh µh) ; (ii) σ = σ0e g
w.
58. Transistor:
ww
(b) (i ) α = ΙC , α ac = ∆IC
Current gains:
://
ΙE ∆ΙΕ
(ii ) β = Ι C , βac = ∆ IC
tp
IB ∆ IB
ht
β α
(c) Relation between α and β: α = or β=
1+ β 1− α
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Formula Booklet – Physics XII
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STUDY TIPS
• Combination of Subjects
Study a combination of subjects during a day i. e. after studying 2–3 hrs of mathematics shift to
any theoretical subject for 2 horrs. When we study a subject like math, a particular part of the
brain is working more than rest of the brain. When we shift to a theoretical subject, practically the
other part of the brain would become active and the part studying maths will go for rest.
• Revision
Always refresh your memory by revising the matter learned. At the end of the day you must revise
whatever you’ve learnt during that day (or revise the previous days work before starting studies
the next day). On an average brain is able to retain the newly learned information 80% only for 12
hours, after that the forgetting cycle begins. After this revision, now the brain is able to hold the
matter for 7 days. So next revision should be after 7 days (sundays could be kept for just
revision). This ways you will get rid of the problem of forgetting what you study and save a lot of
time in restudying that topic.
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• Use All Your Senses
Whatever you read, try to convert that into picture and visualize it. Our eye memory is many times
stronger than our ear memory since the nerves connecting brain to eye are many times stronger
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than nerves connecting brain to ear. So instead of trying to mug up by repeating it loudly try to
see it while reapeating (loudly or in your mind). This is applicable in theoritical subjects. Try to use
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all your senses while learning a subject matter. On an average we remember 25% of what we
ye
read, 35% of what we hear, 50% of what we say, 75% of what we see, 95% of what we read,
hear, say and see.
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w.
hence in your concentration. Pranayam can do wonders to your concentration, relaxation and
sharpening your mined (by supplying oxygen to it). Aerobic exercises like skipping, jogging,
swimming and cycling are also very helpful.
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1, Vigyan Vihar, Near Anand Vihar, Delhi – 92. Ph: 55270275, 55278916
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Rohini, Delhi – 85, Ph: 55395439, 30911585
Formula Booklet – Physics XII
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Stick to your task, though the pace seems slow,
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You may succeed with just another blow.
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It seems to a faint and faltering man.
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Often the struggler has given up.
When he might have captured the victor’s cup.
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And he learned too late, when the night slipped down,
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It’s when things seem worst, that you must never quit!
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Edwin Markham
1, Vigyan Vihar, Near Anand Vihar, Delhi – 92. Ph: 55270275, 55278916
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Rohini, Delhi – 85, Ph: 55395439, 30911585
Formula Booklet – Physics XII
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will never be a waste.
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For in trying to win, you build a skill.
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You learn that winning depends on will.
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You never grow by how much you win,
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you only grow by how much you put in.
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w.
1, Vigyan Vihar, Near Anand Vihar, Delhi – 92. Ph: 55270275, 55278916
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Rohini, Delhi – 85, Ph: 55395439, 30911585
Formula Booklet – Physics XII
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You can…
if you think
you can!
If you think you are beaten, you are;
If you think that you dare not, you don’t;
If you’d like to win, but think you can’t,
It’s almost certain you won’t.
If you think you’ll lose, you’ve lost,
For out in the world you find,
Success begins with a fellow’s will,
It’s all in the state of mind.
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Often many a race is lost,
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Before even a step is run,
And many a coward fails,
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Before even his work’s begun.
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Think big, and your deeds will grow
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Think small, and you’ll fall behind.
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1, Vigyan Vihar, Near Anand Vihar, Delhi – 92. Ph: 55270275, 55278916
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E-16/289, Sector 8, by http://www.myengg.com
Rohini, Delhi – 85, Ph: 55395439, 30911585