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Formula Booklet – Physics XII

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Dear students
It is the dream of every one of you to make a mark in this arena called life. The IITJEE is one of
the most rigorous test that you have to clear to take firm steps towards achieving this. All of you
want to do well in this examination or some other engineering entrance competition in order to
realize your dreams and also to see those tears of satisfaction in the eyes of your parents who
are proud of your success.

To succeed in any endeavour what a person needs is velocity. Yes, the same velocity that you
study in physics. Velocity is a combination of speed and direction.

Speed is the ability to do our work with utmost efficiency and negligible wastage of resources

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such as time. At this stage of our career speed is very important for all of us.

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I would like to take the help of an example to explain the term ‘direction’.

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A young guy was lost on a road and he asked an elderly fellow, “Sir, could you tell me where
this road will take me?”
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Without a moment’s hesitation the elderly chap said, “ Son, this road will take you anywhere in
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the world you want to go, if you are moving in the right direction.”
So direction is the right path towards our aim. You can tread on that path only when you have
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your goal clearly in front of your eyes and you are working for that goal intensely with a strong
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desire and an unshakable determination level, always believing that you’ll do it. Your attitude
and motivation are of utmost importance. Remember, this test that you are taking is not just a
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test of your knowledge but also of how strong are you, mentally.
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In this booklet we have made a sincere attempt to keep your velocity of preparations to the
maximum. The formulae will help you revise your chapters in a very quick time and the
motivational quotes will help you move in the right direction.
Hope you’ll benefit from this book and all the best for your examinations.

Praveen Tyagi
Gaurav Mittal
Prasoon Kumar

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Formula Booklet – Physics XII
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CONTENTS

Description Page Number

1. Elecrotstatics and Capacitance 03

2. Current Electricity 12

3. Magnetic Effects of Current 15

4. Magnetic Properties of Current 18

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5. Electromagnetic Induction 20

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6. Alternating Current 22

7. Light 26

8. Modern Physics n gg 35
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9. Some Study Tips 43
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ELECTROSTATICS & CAPACITANCE


ELECTROSTATICS
1. Coulomb’s Law
1 q 1q 2
(a) Fm = , K = Dielectric constant or relative permittivity of the medium
4πε 0 K r 2
F
(b) Fm = 0 [F0 – Force between point charges placed in vacuum]
K
(c) [ε0] = [M–1L–3T4A2]
Fe
(d) =2.4 x 1039 [For electron–proton pair)
Fg
36
=1.2 x 10 (For proton–proton pair)

2. Electric field

→ F

m
(a) E=
q0

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→ 1 q ^
(b) Electric field due to a point charge: (i) E = . r (if charge q is placed at the origin)
4πε 0 r 2

gg
→ →
→ 1 q( r − r 0) →
(ii) E= (if charge q is placed at some point having position vector r0)
4 πε0 → → 3 n
| r− r0|
(c) [E] = [M1L1T–3A–1]
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3. Electric field on the axis of a uniformly charged ring
m

1 qx
(a) Eaxial = (R = radius of the ring)
(
4πε 0 R 2 + x 2 3 / 2 )
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(b) Ecentre = 0
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4. Electric dipole
(a) dipole moment p = q(2l) (where 2l = length of the dipole)
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1 2pr
(b) Eaxial = (r = distance of axial point w.r.t. centre of dipole)
[
4πε 0 r 2 − l 2 2 ]
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1 2p
≅ (if r >>l)
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4πε 0 r 3
1 p 1 p
(c) Eequat. = ≈ (if r >>l)
[
4πε 0 r + l 2
2
]
3/ 2 4πε 0 r 3

(d) (Eaxial/Eequat.) = 2/1


(e) Dipole field at an arbitrary point (r, θ)
1 2p cos θ 1 p sin θ
(i) Er = 3
; (ii) Eθ =
4πε 0 r 4 πε 0 r3
1 p
(iii) E = E 2r + E θ2 = 1 + 3 cos 2 θ
4πε 0 r 3

(f) Dipole field component at (x, y, z) point


1 3xz p 1 3yz p
(i) Ex = ; (ii) Ey = ;
4πε 0 r s 4πε0 r 5

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Formula Booklet – Physics XII
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(iii) Ez =
(
1 p 3z 2 − r 2 )
4πε 0 r5

→ → →
(g) Torque on a dipole : (i) τ = p x E ; (ii) τ = pE sin θ
→ →
(h) Potential energy of a dipole: (i) U = − p . E = − pE cos θ
(ii) Work done in rotating a dipole from angle θ1 to angle θ2
W = U2 – U1 = pE (cos θ1 – cos θ2)

5. Electric flux
→ →
(a) dφ = E . dS
→ →
(b) φ ∫ E . dS = EA cos θ (If electric field is constant over the whole surface)
2
(c) Unit of φ = (Nm /Coulomb) = J.m/Couplomb
(d) [φ]= [M1L3T–3A–1]

m
→ →
q
6. Gauss’s Law: E . dS =

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ε0
7. Electric field due to various systems of charges

gg
r 1 q
(a) Isolated Charge: E=
n 4 π ε0 r 2
q Fig. 1 P
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E⊥ y• →
m

E|| → 1 2p
(b) Electric dipole: P (i) E || =
• • • • 4π ε 0 x 3
–q
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+q
2a


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1 p
x (ii) E ⊥ = −
4 π ε0 y 3
Fig. 2
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r
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θ 1 p
(iii)E = 1 + 3 cos 2 θ
• • → 4π ε 0 r 3
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–q +q p
Fig. 3

+++
+ + q
+ R +
+ + 1 qx
(c) A ring of charge:+ • •P E=
+
+
+
x (
4π ε 0 R 2 + x 2 )
3/ 2

+ +
+
+ + ++ Fig. 4
+

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Formula Booklet – Physics XII
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+ ++
+ +q
+ R +
+ + σ  x 
(d) A disc of charge:
+ • •P E= 1 − 
+ x 2ε 0  
+  x + R2
2
+
+ +
+ + Fig. 5
++ +
+

+
+ σ
(e) Infinite sheet of charge: + E=
+ σ 2ε 0
+
+

Fig. 6

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+ λ
(f) Infinitely long line of charge: E=
+ •P 2π ε 0 x
+ x

gg
+ λ

Fig. 7
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+
+
m

+ α λ
(g) Finite line of charge: P E⊥= (sin α + sin β)
+ β 4 π ε0 x
w.

+
+ λ
E||= (cos α+cos β)
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4 π ε0
x
Fig. 8
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+ + +
+
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+ q
+ R
(h) Charged spherical shell: + + (i) Inside: 0 ≤ r ≤ R
+ + E=0
+ + (ii) Outside: r ≥ R
+ + + q
E=
Fig. 9 4π ε 0 r 2

+ +
+ R
(i) Solid sphere of charge: + (i) Inside: 0 ≤ r ≤ r
++ + + +
+ + ++ E = ρr/3ε0
(ii) Outside : r ≥ R
2
Fig. 10 ρR R
E=  
3ε 0 r 
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8. Force on a charged conductor: The force per unit area or electric pressure
dF σ 2
Pelec. = =
dA 2ε 0

4T σ 2
9. Charged soap bubble: (a) Pin – Pout = −
r 2ε 0
4T σ 2
(b) If air pressure inside and outside are assumed equal then: Pin = Pout and =
r 2ε 0
8ε 0 T σ2r
or r= or T = or σ = √(8ε0T/r) or Q = 8πr√(2ε0rT)
σ2 8ε 0

2 2 1/3
or r = [Q /128π ε0T]

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10. Electric potential:

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(a) V = (W/q)
(b) Unit of V = Volt
2 –3 –1
(c) [V] = [ML T A ]

gg
→ →
(d) E = −VV n
1 q
(e) Potential due to a point charge, V =
ye
4π ε0 r
1  q1 q 2 q 3 
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(f) Potential due to a group of charges, V =  + + 


4π ε 0  r1 r2 r3 
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(g) Potential due to a dipole:


1 p
(i) Axial point, V = ; (ii) equatorial point, V = 0;
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4π ε 0 r 2
1 p cos θ
(iii) V (r, θ) =
4π ε 0 ρ2
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(h) Potential due to a charged spherical shell


1 q 1 q
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(i) outside: V = (ii) surface: V = ;


4π ε0 r 4π ε 0 R
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1 q
(iii) inside : V = Vsurface =
4π ε 0 R
(i) Potential due to a charged spherical conductor is the same as that due to a charged spherical shell.
(j) Potential due to a uniformly charged nonconducting sphere
1 q 1 q
(i) outside: V= ; (ii) surface: V =
4π ε 0 r 4πε0 R

(iii) inside: V=
(
1 q 3 R 2 − r2 )
; (iv) centre: V = 3 x 1 q = 1.5 Vsurface
4πε0 3 2 4π ε0 R
2R
(k) Common potential (Two spheres joined by thin wire)
1  Q1 + Q2 
(i) common potential V=  
4π ε 0  r +r 
 1 2 
r1 (Q1 + Q 2 ) rQ r2 Q
(ii) q1 = = 1 ; q2 =
(r1 + r2 ) r1 + r2 r1 + r2

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q1 r1 σ1 r2
(iii) = or =
q 2 r2 σ 2 r1

11. Potential energy


1 q1 q 2
(a) U= = q1V1 (For a system of two charges)
4πε 0 r
1 q1q 2 1 q1q 3 1 q 2 q3
(b) U= + + (For a system of three charges)
4π ε 0 r12 4 π ε 0 r13 4π ε0 r23
→ →
(c) U = − p .E (For an electric dipole)

12. If n drops coalesce to form one drop, then


1/3 2/3
(a) Q = nq; (b) R=n r ; (c) V = n Vsmall ;
1/3 1/3
(d) σ = n σsmall (e) E=n Esmall

1
13. Energy density of electrostatic field: u = ε0E 2

m
2

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CAPACITANCE

14. Capacitance:

gg
(a) C = (q/V)
(b) Unit of C = farad (F) n
–1 –2 4 2
(c) Dimensions of C = [M L T A ]
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15. Energy stored in a charged capacitor
m

1 1 1 Q2
(a) U= CV2 ; (b)
U= QV; (c) U =
2 2 2 C
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1 2 1 σ2
16. Energy density: (a) u = ε0E ; (b) u =
2 2 ε0
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17. Force of attraction between plates of a charged capacitor


1 σ2A Q2
(a) F= ε0E2A; (b) F = ; (c) F=
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2 2ε 0 2ε 0 A
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18. Capacitance formulae


(a) Sphere: (i) Cair = 4π ε0R; (ii) Cmed = K (4π ε0R)
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4π ε 0ra rb 4π ε 0 K ra rb
(b) Spherical capacitor: (i) Cair = ; (ii) Cmed =
rb − ra (rb − ra )
ε0A Kε 0 A
(c) Parallel plate capacitor: (i) Cair = ; (ii) Cmed =
d d
2 π ε 0l 2πKε 0 l
(d) Cylindrical capacitor: (i) Cair = ; (ii) Cmed =
loge (rb / ra ) log e (rb / ra )
ε0 l
(e) Two long parallel wires: C= where d is the separation between wires and a radius of
log e (d/a )
each wire (d>>a)

19. Series Combination of Capacitors


(a) q1 = q2 = q3 = q (Charge remains same)
q q q
(b) V1 = , V2 = , V3 = (Potential difference is different)
C1 C2 C3

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1 1 1 1
(c) = + +
C C1 C 2 C 3
(d) For two capacitors in series: C = C1C2/(C1 + C2)
(e) Energy stored: U = U1 + U2 + U3

20. Parallel Combination of Capacitors


(a) V1 = V2 = V3 = V (Potential difference remains same)
(b) q1 = C1V, q2 = C2V, q3 = C3V (Charges are different)
(c) C = C1 + C2 + C3
(d) U = U1 + U2 + U3

21. Effect of dielectric


(a) Field inside dielectric, Ed = E0/K
(b) Polarization charges on surface of dielectric:
 1 Qp  1
(i) Qp = Q  1 −  ; (ii) σp = =σ 1 − 
 K A  K
→ →

m
(c) Polarization vector: (i) | P | =Qp/A ; (ii) | P | =ε0χEd

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22. Capacitance formulae with dielectric
ε0 A K ε0 A
(a) C− = (For a dielectric slab of thickness t)
 1  K d − t (K − 1)

gg
d − t 1 − 
 K

(b) C=
ε0 A n
(For a metallic slab of thickness t)
ye
d−t
m

K1 d
w.

ε 0 A  K1 + K 2  K2
(c) C=  
d  2 
ww

A/1 A/2

Fig. 11
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K1 d/2
2ε A  K K 
(d) C = 0  1 2  K2 d/2
d  K1 + K 2 
A/2 A/2

Fig. 12

ε0 A  2K 2 K 3  K2 d
(e) C=  K1 +  K1
4d   K 2 + K 3  K3 d

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(f) For n plates with alternate plates connected: C = (n–1) ε0A/d

ε0A
(g) C= K1 K2 K3
 t1 t2 t3 
 
K + K + K 
 1 2 3 

t1 t2 t3
Fig. 14
23. Spherical capacitor with inner sphere grounded
4π ε 0 r1 r2
(a) C= + 4 π ε0 r2
(r2 − r1 )

m
(b) Charge on inner sphere = –q1, while charge on outer sphere = +q2

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r 
(c) Magnitude of charge on inner sphere: q1 =  1  q2
 r2 

gg
24. Insertion of dielectric slab
(a) Battery remains connected when slab is introduced
(i)
n
V’ = V; (ii) C’ = KC ; (iii) Q’ = KQ ; (iv) E’ = E; (v) U’ = KU
ye
(b) Battery is disconnected after charging the capacitor and slab is introduced
m

(i) Q’ = Q; (ii) C’ = KC ; (iii) E’ = E/K; (iv) V’ = V/K; (v) U’ = U/K


w.

25. Charge transfer, Common potential and energy loss when two capacitors are connected
C V + C 2 V2 q 1 + q 2
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(a) Common potential: V = 1 1 =


C1 + C 2 C1 + C 2
C1C 2
(b) Charge transfer: ∆q = (V1 − V2 )
://

C1 + C 2
1 C1C 2
(V1 − V2 )2
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(c) Energy loss: ∆U =


2 C1 + C 2
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26. Charging and discharging of a capacitor


–t/RC
(a) Charging: (i) q = q0 (1–e ) ; (ii) V = V0 (1–e–t/RC); (iii) I = I0e–t/RC;
(iv) I0 = V0/R
–t/RC –t/RC –t/RC
(b) Discharge: (i) q = q0e ; (ii) V = V0e ; (iii) I = – I0e
(b) Time constant: τ = RC

Whether you think you can…

…or you think you can’t…

…either ways you are right!

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CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. Electric Current
(a) I = (q/t); (b) I = (dq/dt); (c) I = (ne/t); (d) q = ∫ IdT

2. Ohm’s law, Resistivity and Conductivity


(a) V = IR ; (b) R= ρ(l/A) ; (c) σ = (1/ρ) (d) vd = (eEτ/m); (e) I = neAvd;
 m  l  m ne 2 τ
(f) R =  2    ; (g) ρ = ; (h) σ =
 ne τ   A  ne 2 τ m

3. Current density
(a) J = (I/A); (b) J = nevd; (c) J = σE; (d) µ = (vd/E); (e) σ =neµ

4. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance


R − R0
(a) R = R0[1 + α(T–T0)] ; (b) α = ; (c) ρ = ρ0 [1+α(T–T0)] ;
R 0 (T − T0 )

m
ρ − ρ0
(d) α=
ρ0 (T − T0 )

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W E
5. Cell: (a) E = ; (b) I = ; (c) V = E – Ir (where V = IR)

gg
Q r+R

6.
(a)
Series Combination of Resistances
R = R1 + R2 + R3; (b) V = V1 + V2 + V3;
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(c) I = constant = I1 = I2 = I3; (d) V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2, V3 = IR3
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7. Parallel Combination of resistances


1 1 1 1
w.

(a) = + + ;
R R1 R 2 R 3
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(b) I= I1 + I2 + I3;
(c) V = constant = V1 = V2 = V3;
V V V
(d) I1 = , I2 = , I3 =
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R1 R2 R3
(e) For a parallel combination of two resistances:
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R 1R 2 R2 R1
(i) R= ; (ii) I1 = I; (iii) I2 = I
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2
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8. Heating effect of current


(a) W = VI t;
(b) P = VI ;
2 2
(c) P = I R = V /R;
I 2 Rt
(d) H = I2 Rt Joule = Calorie
J
2
9. Electric bulb: (a) Resistance of filament R = V /P;
(b) Maximum current that can be allowed to pass through
bulb, Imax = (P/V)

10. Total Power Consumed


(a) Parallel combination: P = P1 + P2 + P3
1 1 1 1
(b) Series combination: = + +
P P1 P2 P3

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11. Effect of stretching a resistance wire

2 2 4
R 2 l 1 A1  l 2   A1  r 
= x =  =  =  1  [ Q l1A1 = l2A2]
R 1 l 2 A 2  l 1   A 2   r2 

nE E
12. Cells in series: I = = (if n r <<R)
nr + R R

E E
13. Cells in parallel: I = = (if r << R)
(r / n ) + R R
nE
= (if r >>R)
r
14. Mixed Combination (m rows with each containing n cells in series)
nE mnE
(a) I= = ;
(nr / m) + R nr + m R

m
(b) I is maximum when n r = m R ;

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mnE
(c) Imax =
2 mnrR

gg
15. Chemical effect of current:
(a) Faraday’s first law of electrolysis: m = Zq = ZIt n
(b) Faraday’s second law of electrolysis:
ye
(i) m ∝ W (W = ECE) or m/W = constant (where W = atomic weight/valency)
m

m1 Z1 m1 W1 Z W
(ii) As = and = ; so 1 = 1
m 2 Z2 m 2 W2 Z 2 W2
w.
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(c) Faraday : 1 Faraday = 96,500 Coulomb


W
(d) = F = Faraday’s constant
Z
://

βθ 2
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16. Thermo e.m.f. : e = αθ + (where θ = θH = θC)


2
ht

α  de  
17. Neutral temperature: θN = –     = 0 
β  dθ  θΝ 
θ1 + θ C
18. Temperature of inversion: θ Ν = [ Q θI – θN = θN – θC]
2

de
19. Thermoelectric power or Seebeck Coefficient: S = =α + βθ

20. Peltier effect:


(i) Heat absorbed per second at a junction when a current I flows = πI (where π = Peltier coefficient)
(ii) Peltier coefficient, π = SθH

21. Thomson Coefficient:θΗ


(i) Heat absorbed/ sec ∫=
θΧI σdθ

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∆Q/time
(ii) Thomson coefficient, σ =
I ∆θ

m
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n gg
ye
m
w.
ww
://
tp
ht

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Formula Booklet – Physics XII
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MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT


µ 0 I dl sin θ
22. Biot–Savart law : dB =
4π r2
µ0 I
23. Field due to a long straight wire: B =
2 πr
24. Field due to a circular coil:
µ NI
(a) at centre: B = 0 ;
2a
µ0 N I a 2
(b) at an axial point: B =
(
2 a2 + x2
3/ 2
)
µ0 N I a 2
(c) on axis when x >> a : B =
2 x3
(d) point of inflexion: It occurs at x = a/2

m
 4µ N I 
Field at the point of inflexion: B =  0  = 0.716 Bcentre
 5 5a 

.co
µ 0 2M
25. Magnetic moment of circular coil: (a) M = NIA ; (b) Field: B=

gg
4π x 3
26. Field due to an arc of current:
(a)
2
B = (µ0Il/4πR ) ;
n
ye
(b) B = (µ0Iθ/4πR)
(c) At the centre of a semicircular coil: B = (µ0I/4R)
m

µ0I
27. Field due to finite length of wire: B = (sin φ1 + sin φ2)
w.

4πa
 2 2 µ0I 
Field at the centre of a square loop: B =  
ww

28.
 πl 
 
→ → → →
29. Ampere’s law: (a∫) ∫
B . d l = µ0 I ; (b) H. d l =1
://

30. Field due to a current in cylindrical rod:


tp

µ0I r
(a) outside: B = (µ0 I/2πr) ; (b) surface: B = (µ0 I/2πR); (c) inside: B=
ht

2π R 2
31. Field due to a current carrying solenoid:
(a) inside: B = µ0n I ; (b) at one end : B = (µ0n I/2)
µ nI
(c) at an axial point: B = 0 (cos α2 – cos α1)
2

32. Field due to a toroid: (a) inside: B=µ0nI – µ0NI/2πR ; (b) outside: B = 0

→ → →
33. Force on electric current: F = H x B

F µ 0 I1 I 2
34. Force between two parallel conductors: =
l 2πd

35. Comparison of magnetic and electric forces between two moving charges: (Fmagnetic/Felectric) =
2 2
(v /c )

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36. Force on a current loop in a magnetic field: F = 0 (any shape)
→ → →
37. Torque on a current loop in a magnetic field: τ = M x B or τ M B sin θ

38. Moving coil galvanometer:


(a) τ–NIAB;
(b) τ =Kθ ;
 K 
(c) I=  θ ;
 N AB 
(d) Current sensitivity = (θ/I) = (NaB/K) ; (e) Voltage sensitivity = (θ/V) = (θ/IR) = (NAB/KR)

39. Ammeter:
(a) Shunt resistance S = (IgG/ I– Ig);
2
(b) Length of shunt wire, l = S πr /ρ;
(c) Effective resistance of ammeter, RA = GS/(G+S);
(d) For an ideal ammeter, RA = 0

m
40. Voltmeter:

.co
V 
(a) High resistance in series, R =  − G  ;
 Ig 
 
(b) For converted Voltmeter, RV = R + G;

gg
(c) For an ideal Voltmeter, RV = ∞

41. Force on a moving charge:


n
ye
→ → →
(a) F = q v x B  ; (b) F = q v B sin θ
 
m
w.

42. Path of a moving charge in a magnetic field


ww

→ →
(a) When v is ⊥ to B :
(i) path = circular; (ii) r = (mv/qB) ; (iii) ν = (qB/2πm);
://

(iv) T = (2πm/qB) ; (v) ω = qB/m)


tp

→ →
(b) When angle between v and B is θ:
ht

(i) path=helical ; (ii) r = (mv⊥/qB) = (mv sin θ/qB);


2πm
(iii) ν = (qB/2πm); (iv) T = ; (v) ω = (qB/m);
qB
(vi) pitch p = 2πr/tan θ (where tan θ = (v⊥/v ||)

43. Cyclotron:
(i) T = (2πm/qB) ;
(ii) ν = (qB/2πm) ;
(iii) ω = (θB/m) ;
(iv) radius of particle acquiring energy E, r = [√(2mE)/qB];
(v) velocity of particle at radius r, v = qBr/m;
(vi) the maximum kinetic energy (with upper limit of radius = R)
1 q 2 B2 R 2
K max =
2 m

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44. Magnetic field produced by a moving charge:


→ →
→ µ q (v x r )
(a) B= 0 ;
4π r3

µ 0 q v sin θ
(b) B=
4π r2

m
.co
n gg
ye
m
w.
ww
://
tp
ht

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MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF CURRENT


45. Magnetic field:
F 1  dF 
(a) B = max ; (b) B=  
qv I  dl  max

46. Atomic magnetic moments:


eL eS
(a) µL = – ; (b) µS = – ;
2m m
eJ eh
(c) µJ = – g ; (d) µB = = 0.927 x 10–23 J/T
2m 4πm

47. Intensity of magnetization: I = (M/V)

48. Magnetizing field:


B
(a) H= −I;

m
µ0
B

.co
(b) For vacuum, H = ;
µ0
(c) For medium, h = B/µ;

gg
(d) H =nI (solenoid);
(e) H = I/2 πr (straight wire); n
I dl sin θ
(f) H= (Biot-Savart law) ;
ye
r2
→ →
(g) ∫ H . d l = Ifree
m
w.

49. Magnetic susceptibility: χ = (I/H)

50. Magnetic permeability:


ww

(a) µ = (B/H) ; (b) µr = (µ/µ0) ; (c) µr = (B/B0)


://

51. Other relations:


(a) µ = µ0 (1+χ) ; (b) µr = 1 + χ or χ = µr – 1;
tp

(c) B = B0 (1+ χ) : (d) B = µ0 (H + I)


ht

52. Pole strength: m = F/B


53. Magnetic moment of dipole : M = m x 2l

µ0  m 
54. Field due to a pole: B =  
4π  r 2 
55. Field due to a bar magnet:
µ 0 2 Mr µ 0  2M 
(a) Axial point: B = =   (if r > > l)
(
4π r 2 − l 2 )
2 4π  r 3 

µ0 M µ0  M 
(b) Equatorial point: B = =  
(
4π r 2 + l 2 )3/ 2 4π  r3 

µ0 M
(c) At arbitrary point: B = 1 + 3 cos 2 θ
4π r 3

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56. Force and torque on a dipole in uniform magnetic field


→ → → →
(a) F = 0; (b) τ = M x B ; (c) τ MB sin θ

→ →
57. Potential energy of a dipole in magnetic field: U = − M . B = – MB cos θ

58. Tangent galvanometer:

(a) B = BH tan θ;
2r B H
(b) I = K tan θ, where K =
µ0n
I
59. Vibration magnetometer: T = 2π
M BH

m
.co
Nothing will happen

gg
until

you generate the will to


n
ye
make it happen!
m
w.

The most powerful weapon on earth is


ww

human soul on fire!


://
tp
ht

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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
60. Magnetic flux:
→ → → →
(a) dφ = B. d A = BdA cos θ; (b) φ= ∫ B . d A ;
→ → →
(c) φ = BA cos θ; (d) ∫ B . d S = 0 ; (e) V. B = 0

61. Faraday’s laws of e.m. induction:


(a) Induced e.m.f., e = – (dφ/dt);
e 1 dφ
(b) Induced current, I = =− ;
R R dt
(c) Induced charge, q = (φ1 – φ2)/R

62. Motion of a conducting rod:


→ → →
(a) F = − e ( v x B) ;
(b) Induced e.m.f., e = B/v

m
(c) For a rod rotating with angular frequency ω or rotating disc, induced e.m.f.,

.co
1 2
e= Bl ω = Βπfl 2 = Baƒ
2

gg
63. Motion of conducting loop in a magnetic field:
(a) Induced e.m.f. e = Blv ; (b) Induced current, I = (e/R) = (Blv/R)
(c)
2 2
F = IlB = B l v/R ;
n
(d) P = Fv = IlBv = B2l2v 2R;
ye
2 2 2 2
(e) H = I R = (B l v /R);
(f) In non uniform magnetic field, e = (B1–B2) lv and I = (B1–B2)lv/R
m

64. Rotating loop:


w.

(a) φ = NAB cos ωt = φ0 cos ωt, with φ0 = NAB;


(b) e = e0 sin ωt, where e0 = NaBω; (c) I = (e0 sin ωt/R) = I0 sin ωt, with I 0 = e0/R
ww

→ →
65. Induced electric field: Induced e.m.f. = ∫ E . dl
66. Self Inductance:
://

(a) L = φ/ I ;
(b) e = – (LdI/dt);
tp

2 2
(c) L = µ0N A/l = µ0n Al (For a solenoid with air core);
2
(d) L = µrµ0N A/l (For a solenoid with a material core);
ht

2
(e) L = µ0N πR/2 (For a plane circular coil)

67. Mutual inductance:


(a) M = (φ2/ I1) ; (b) e2 = – M(dI 1/dt); (c) M = µ0NsNp A/lp

68. Series and parallel combination


(a) L = L1 + L2 (if inductors are kept far apart and joined in series)
(b) L = L1 + L2 ±2M (if inductors are connected in series and they have mutual inductance M)
LL 1 1 1
(c) L= 1 2 or = +
L1 + L 2 L L1 L 2
(if two inductors are connected in parallel and are kept for apart)

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(d) M = K√(L1L2)
(if two coils of self inductances, L1 and L2 are over each other)

69. Energy stored in an inductor:


1 2
(a) U = LI 2 ; (b) uB = (B /2µ0)
2

70. Growth and decay of current in LR circuit


I = I0 (1–e τ)
–t/
(a) (for growth), where τ = L/R
–t/τ
(b) I = I0 e (for decay), where τ = L/R

The heights by great men reached and kept…


…were not attained by sudden flight,

m
but they, while their companions slept…

.co
…were toiling upwards in the night.

n gg
ye
m
w.
ww
://
tp
ht

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ALTERNATING CURRENT
71. A.C. Currrent and e.m.f. :
(a) I = I0 sin (ωt ± φ) ;
(b) e= e0 sin (ωt ± φ);
2I 0
(c) < I > = 0, < I >1/2 = =0.637 I0 ;
π
(d) < I 2 > I 02 / 2 ;
(e) Irms = (I0/√2) = 0.707 I0 ;
(f) form factor = π/2√2

72. A.C. response of R, L, C and their series combinations


(a) Resistance only:
(i) e = e0 sin ωt;
(ii) I = I0 sin ωt ;
(iii) phase difference φ = 0;

m
(iv) e0 = I0R;
(v) erms = Irms R

.co
(b) Inductance only:
(i) e = e0 sin ωt;

gg
(ii) I = I0 sin (ωt–π/2) ;
(iii) current lags the voltage or voltage leads the current by a phase π/2;
n (iv) e0 =
I0XL;
ye
(iv) erms = Irms XL ; (vi) XL = ωL
m

(c) Capacitance only:


(i) e = e0 sin ωt ;
w.

(ii) I = I0 sin (ωt + π/2);


(iii) current leads the voltage or voltage lags the current by a phase π/2 ; (iv) e0 = I0XC;
ww

(v) erms = Irms XC ;


(vi) XC = (1/ωC)
://

(d) Series LR circuit:


(i) e = e0 sin ωt ;
tp

(ii) I = I0 sin (ωt + φ);


(iii) the current lags the voltage or voltage leads the current by a phase φ = tan–1 (XL/R);
ht

(iv) cos φ = (R/Z) and sin θ = (XL/Z);


(v) Impedance, Z = √ [R2 +(ωL)2)] ;
(vi) e0 = I0Z;
(vii) erms = Irms Z

(e) Series RC circuit:


(i) e = e0 sin ωt ;
(ii) I = I0 sin (ωt + φ);
(iii) The current leads the voltage or voltage lags behind the current by a phase φ = tan–1 (XC/R)
(iv) cos φ = (R/Z);
(v) Impedance, Z = √[R2 + (1+ωC)2)];
(vi) e0 = I0Z ;
(vii) erms = Irms Z

(f) Series LCR circuit:

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(i) e = e0 sin ωt ;
(ii) I = I0 sin (ωt – φ);
–1  XL − XC 
(iii) φ=tan   , φ is positive for XL > XC, φ is negative for XL<XC;
 R 
(iv) current lags and circuit is inductive if XL < XC ;
(v) current leads and circuit is capacitive if XL < XC ; (vi) e0 = I0Z;
(vi) Impedance, Z = √[R2 + (XL – XC)2];
 XL − XC 
(viii) cos φ = (R/Z) and sin φ =  
 Z 
73. Resonance
 1 
(a) Resonance frequency, ƒr =  

 2π LC 
(b) At resonance, XL = XC, φ = 0, Z = R (minimum), cos φ = 1, sin φ = 0 and
current is maximum (=E0/R)

74. Half power frequencies

m
R R
(a) lower, ƒ1 = ƒr – or ω1 = ωr –
4 πL

.co
2L
R R
(b) upper, ƒ2 = ƒr + or ω2 = ωr +
4 πL 2L

gg
R R
75. Band width: ∆ƒ = or ∆ω = n
2 πL L
ye
76. Quality factor
ω ωL
(a) Q= r = r ;
m

∆ω R
1 1 1
(b) As ωr = , hence Qα√L, Qα and Q α ;
w.

LC R C
1
ww

(c) Q= ;
ω r CR
(X L )res (X C )res
(d) Q= or ;
://

R R
ƒ  ƒr
Q =  r  or ∆f =
tp

(e)
 ∆ƒ  Q
ht

77. At resonance, peak voltages are


(a) (VL)res = e0Q; (b) (VC)res = e0Q ; (c) (VR)res = e0

78. Conductance, susceptance and admittance


(a) Conductance, G= (1/R);
(b) Susceptance, S = (1/X);
(c) SL = (1/XL) and SC=(1/XC) =ωC;
(d) admittance Y = (1/Z);
(e) Impedance add in series while admittance add in parallel

79. Power in AC circuits


1
(a) Pav = E0I0 cos φ = Erms Irms cos φ;
2
Re al power Pav
(b) Power factor, cos φ = =
Virtual power E rms I rms

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(c) Cos φ = (R/Z)


e 2rms
(d) (i) R only : φ = 0, cos φ = 1, Pav = I2rms R =
R
0
(ii) C only : φ = – 90 = –π/2, cos φ = 0, Pav = 0
(iii) L only : φ = 900 = π/2, cos φ = 0, Pav = 0
–1  XL  –1  X 
(iv) Series RL or RC: φ = tan   or φ = tan  C 
 R   R 
E 2rms R
Pav = Erms Irms cos φ = = I 2rms R
Z2
 X − XC  E2 R
(iv) Series LCR: φ = tan–1 φ = tan–1  L 2
 , PAV = rms2 = I rms R,
 R  Z
2 2
At resonance, φ = 0, cos φ = 1 and Pav = I rms R = E rms/R

80. Parallel LCR circuit


2

m
1 1  1 1 
(a) = +  −  ;
Z 2 
R  X L XC 

.co
Y = G 2 + (S L − SC ) ;
2
(b)
(c) I0 = E0Y;

gg
S − SC
(d) tan φ = L ;
G n
 1 R 2 
ye
1 
(e) ωr = or ωr = −
LC  LC L2  ;
 
m

(f) in parallel resonance circuit, impedance is maximum, admittance is minimum and current is
minimum.
w.

81. Transformer:
ww

 dφ   dφ 
(a) Cp = Np   and es = Ns  
 dt   dt 
://

 ep   Np 
(b)  = 
e  N 
 s   s 
tp

 I   ep   Np 
(c) Q ep Ip = es Is, so  s  =   =  
ht

 Ip  
   es   Ns 
(d) Step down: es < ep, Ns < Np and Is > Ip
(e) Step up : es > ep, Ns > Np and Is < Ip
e I 
(f) Efficiency, η =  s s 
 ep Ip 
 
82. AC generator: e = e0 sin (2πƒt), (where e0 = NBAω)

83. DC motor:
E−e
(a) I= 
 R 
(b) IE = Ie = I2R
e Back emf
(c) efficiency, η   =
 E  Applied emf

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LIGHT
1. Intensity of light
P 1
(a) Spherical wave front: (i) I = 2
, (ii) amplitude ∝
4 πr r
1 1
(b) Cylindrical wave front: (i) I ∝ , (ii) amplitude ∝
r r
(c) Plane wave front: (i) I ∝ r0, (i) A ∝ r0 (i.e. I and A are both constants)

2. Law of reflection: Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of reflection (r)


sin i
3. Law of reflection: Snell’s law: η =
sin r
4. Other relations
v c
(a) 2η1 = 1 and η =
v2 v
λ air v air
(b) λmedium = or vmedium = (Q νmedium = νair)

m
η η
(c) η1 sin i = η2 sin r

.co
5. Electromagnetic nature of light
→ → E

gg
(a) The magnitude of E and B are related in vacuum by: B=
C
→ → → → n
(b) E and B are such that E x B is always in the direction of propagation of wave
ye
1 1
(c) c= and v=
µ0ε0 µε
m

(d) Refractive index, η = √(µr εr) (µr = µ/µ0 and εr = ε/ε0)


For non–magnetic material, µr ≈ 1 and η = √(εr)
w.

(e) The EM wave propagating in the positive x–direction may be represented by:
ww

Ey = E0 sin (kx – ωt) and Bz = B0 sin (kx – ωt)

6. Energy transmitted by an electromagnetic wave


://

1 1 B2
(a) Energy density of electromagnetic wave is: u = ue + um = ε0 E2 +
tp

2 2 µ0
E 1
and = √ (µ0 ε0), hence
ht

(b) As for EM wave, B =


C c
1 1 E2 1 1
u= ε 0E 2 + = ε 0 E 2 + ε0 E 2 = ε 0E 2
2 2µ0 c 2 2 2
1
(c) Time averaged value of energy density is: u = ε0 E 0 2
2

7. Intensity of an electromagnetic wave


1 
(a) In a medium: I =  ε0 E02  v
2 
1 
(b) In free space: I =  ε 0 E02  c
 2 

8. Pointing vector

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→ → → 1 → → → →
(a) S = ExH= ( E x B ) = c 2ε 0 ( E x B )
µ0
2 2
(b) S = cε0E = √(ε0/µ0)E
(c) I = S and S = cu
(d) Impedance of free space, Z = √ (µ0/ε0) ≅ 377 ohm

9. Pressure of EM Radiation
(a) Change in momentum (normal incidence)

U S A∆t
∆p = = (absorber)
c c

2 U S A∆t
∆p = = (reflector)
c c

(b) Pressure (normal incidence)

m
S

.co
P= =u (absorber)
c

gg
2S
P= = 2u (reflector)
c

(c) Pressure for diffused radiation


n
ye
m

1S 1
P= = u (absorber)
3 c 3
w.

2 S 2
P= = u (reflector)
ww

3 c 3
10. Quantum theory of light:
(a) Energy of photon, E = hν = hc/λ
://

E h
(b) Momentum, p = =
c λ
tp

(c) Rest mass of photon = 0


2
(d) Mass equivalent of energy, m = (E/c )
ht

11. Inclined mirrors: number of images


0 0 0 0
(a) When 360 is exactly divisible by θ and 360 /θ is an even integer then the number of images
formed is

360
n= − 1 (whatever may be location of the object)
θ
0 0
(b) When 360 is exactly divisible by θ and 360/θ) is an odd integer, then the number of images
formed is

360
n= − 1 (for symmetrical placement)
θ
360
= (for unsymmetrical placement)
θ

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(c) When 3600 is not exactly divisible by θ, then the number of images formed is
= integer value of n (where n = 360/θ)

12. Reflection amplitude and intensity


(a) When a ray of light is incident (with angle of incidence i ≈ 0) from a medium 1 of refractive index η1
to the plane surface of medium 2 of refractive index η2, then reflection amplitude is
η − η2
R= 1
η1 + η 2
2
I r  η1 − η 2 
(b) The ratio of the reflected intensity and the incident intensity is: =  .
I i  η1 + η 2 

13. Refraction of light


sin i 1 sin θ1
(a) η= ; (b) η2 = ;
sin r sin θ 2

m
1 1 B
(c) η2 = ; (d) Cauchy’s relation: η = A +
2η1 λ2

.co
14. Parallel slab
(a) Angle of incidence, i = Angle of emergence, e

gg
(b) Lateral shift = [t sin (i – r)/cos r]

15.
n
Composite block: η1 sin θ1 = η2 sin θ2 = η3 sin θ3 = constant
ye
16. Apparent depth
m

R t
(a) a= = (where R = Real depth)
η η
w.

(b) If there is an ink spot at the bottom of a glass slab, if appears to be raised by a distance
t  1
ww

x=t–a=t– = t 1 −  , where t is the thickness of the glass slab


η  η
(c) If a beaker is filled with immissible transparent liquids of refractive indices η1, η2, η3 and individual
://

depths t1, t2, t3 respectively, then the apparent depth of the beaker is:
t t t
a= 1 + 2 + 3
tp

η1 η 2 η3
1
ht

17. Total internal reflection: Critical angle iC is given by: sin iC =


η
18. For a luminous body at a depth d inside a liquid: Radius of bright circular patch at the surface
d
r = d tan iC =
η2 − 1

19. For optical fibre: sin i ≤ [(n 2 / n1 ) − 1


2
]
20. Prism:
(a) i+e=A+δ
(b) r1 + r2 = A;
 A + δm 
sin  
(c) At minimum deviation: i = e and r1 = r2. Hence, η =  2 
A
sin  
2
(d) For small angle prism: δ = (η–1) A
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21. Dispersion:
(a) δred < δviolet because ηred < ηviolet
(b) Angular dispersion: θ = δV – δR = (ηV–ηR)A
δ V − δ R ηV − ηR ηB − ηR
(c) Dispersive power: ω = = = (In practice)
δY ηY − 1 ηY − 1

(d) Dispersion without deviation: (i) δC + δF = 0 or


AF (η − 1)
=− C
AC (η F − 1)
(ii) Also, angular dispersion, θ=AC (ηC–1) (ωC–ωF)

AF η − ηCR
(e) Deviation without dispersion: (i) θC + θF = 0 or, = − CV
AC η FV − ηFR
ωF δ
(ii) Also, = − CY
ωC δ FY

m
22. Principle of superposition: y = y1 + y2

.co
23. Superposition of waves of equal frequency and constant phase difference
2 2
(a) Resultant wave amplitude, a = √(a1 + a2 + 2a1a2 cos φ)
(b) Resultant wave intensity, I = I1 + I2 + 2√(I1I2) cos φ

gg
(c) If a1 = a2 = a0, and I1 = I2 = I0, then a = 2a0 cos (φ/2) and I = 4I0 cos2 (φ/2)

24. Constructive interference


n
ye
(a) conditions: φ = 2nπ ≡ 0, 2π, 4π, 6π,…..
or, ∆ = nλ ≡ 0, λ, 2λ, 3λ, ……
m

(b) amax = a1 + a2
Imax ∝ (a1 + a2)2
w.

(c)
(d) Imax = I1 + I2 + 2 √ (I1I2) = (√I1 + √I2)2
(e) Imax = 4I0 ; If I1 = I2 = I0
ww

25. Destructive interference


λ λ 3λ 5λ
://

(a) conditions: φ = (2n –1) π ≡ π, 3π, 5π,…… or, ∆ = (2n–1) = , , ,.........


2 2 2 2
(b) amin = a1 – a2
tp

(c) Imin ∝ (a1 – a2)2


ht

(d) Imin = I1 + I2 – 2√(I1I2) = (√I1 – √I2)2


(e) Imin = 0 if I1 – I2 = I0

26. Young’s double slit experiment


2π 2π
(a) Phase difference, φ = (S2P – S1P) = x path difference
λ λ
(b) A = 2a0 cos (φ/2) and I 4I0 cos2 (φ/2)
(c) Position of nth fringe on the screen:
nDλ
(i) for bright fringe, x n =
d
(ii) for dark fringe, x n =
(2 n − 1) Dλ
2d

27. Fringe width:



(a) Linear fringe width, β =
d
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λ
(b) Angular fringe width, α =
d
β air λ air
(c) βliquid = air
or λliquid = air
ηliquid ηliquid
3
(d) βwater = βair
4

28. When a thin shit is introduced in the path of one of the interfering waves:
(a) (η–1) t = nλ
(b) Shift of the central fringe =
(η − 1) t β
λ

I max − I min
29. Fringe visibility: V =
I max − I min
30. Frensel’s biprism:

m
(a) d = 2a (η–1) α ; (b) d = √(d1d2)
(c) β = (Dλ/d); (d) dliquid < dair, for example, dwater = dair/4

.co
 ηg − 1 
(e) βliquid > βair ; βliquid = βair  
 ηg − ηt 
 

gg
31. Newton’s rings:
(a) Diameter of nth dark fringe, Dn = √(4nλR)

(b) λ=
D 2n +p − D 2n D 2 − D 2n
and η = n2+ p
n
ye
4 pR D' n + p − D' 2n
m

32. Thin films: For reflected light


w.

2ηt cos r = nλ (Dark fringe)


1
ww

2ηt cos r = (n– )λ (Bright fringe)


2

33. Diffraction:
://

(a) a sin θ = nλ (a = width of slit)


(b) Half angular width of central maxima, θ = sin–1 (λ/a)
tp

2
 sin φ 
(c) Intensity distribution of the screen I = I0  
ht

 φ 
πa y
where, φ = and I0 = Intensity at central point of screen
λD
1.22 λ
(d) Limit of resolution of telescope: θ =
a
1 a
(e) Resolving power of telescope = =
θ 1.22λ

34. Spherical mirrors:


(a) Focal length: ƒ = (R/2)
1 1 1
(b) Mirror formula: = +
ƒ v u
(c) Newton’s formula: ƒ2 = xy (x and y are the distances of the object and image from the principal
focus respectively)

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I v ƒ ƒ−v
(d) Linear magnification: m = =− = =
o u ƒ−u ƒ
v2
(e) Longitudinal magnification: m = −
u2

35. Spherical lenses:


(c) A single spherical surface:
η 2 η1 (η 2 − η1 )
(i) − = [For an object placed in a medium of refractive index η1]
v u R
η1 η 2 (η1 − η 2 )
(ii) − = [For an object placed in a medium of refractive index η2]
v u R
R
(iii) First principal focus: ƒ1 = where η = η2/η1
(η − 1)
ηR
(iv) Second principal focus: ƒ2 =
(η − 1)

m
v / η2
(v) Magnification: m =
u/η1

.co
n gg
ye
(d) Lens Maker’s formula:
1  η2  1 1  η1 η1  1 1 
= − 1   or, = (η2 − η1 )  
m

(i) − − −
ƒ  η1  1 R R 
2 v u R
 1 R 
2
[When medium is same on both sides of the lens]
w.

η3 η1  η 2 − η1   η3 − η 2 
(ii) − = + 
u  R 1   R 2
ww

v 
[When different medium exist on two sides of the lens]
://

1 2 (η − 1)
(e) Biconvex or biconcave lens of the same radii for two surfaces: =
ƒ R
tp

I v ƒ−v ƒ
(f) Linear magnification: m = = = =
O u ƒ ƒ+u
ht

1
(g) Power of lens: P=
ƒ
(h) Lenses in contact:
1 1 1
(i) = + ; (ii) P = P1 + P2
ƒ ƒ1 ƒ 2
1 1 1 d
(iii) For lenses separated by a distance d = = + −
ƒ ƒ1 ƒ 2 ƒ1ƒ 2
ω ω'
(i) Achromatic lens combinations: Condition of achromatism, =−
ƒy ƒ 'y
36. Silvering at one surface:

1 1 1 1 2 2 (η - 1) R η
(a) = + + = =
F ƒl ƒ m ƒl ƒl R

Fig. 1
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η R
1 2 1  (η − 1)  2 2n
(b) = + =2 + = R
F ƒl ƒ m  R  R
Fig. 2

 1 R1 η R2
1 2 1 1  2
(c) = + = 2(η − 1)  + +

F ƒl ƒ m  R1 R 2  R 2

Fig. 3
37. Optical Instruments
(a) Astronomical Telescope:
ƒ0

m
(i) For normal adjustment: m =
ƒe

.co
ƒ0  ƒ 
(ii) For near–point adjustment: m = 1 + e 
ƒe  D
(b) Simple Microscope:

gg
D
(i) For normal adjustment: m =
ƒ n
D
ye
(ii) For near–point adjustment = m = 1+
ƒ
(c) Compound Microscope:
m

D
v0
(i) For normal adjustment: m =  
 ƒe 
w.

u0
v  D
(ii) For near–point adjustment: m = 0 1 + 
ww

u0  ƒe 
://
tp
ht

I do not ask to walk smooth paths, nor bear an easy load.


I pray for strength and fortitude to climb rock-strewn road.
Give me such courage I can scale the hardest peaks alone,
And transform every stumbling block into a stepping-stone.
– Gail Brook Burkett

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MODERN PHYSICS
CATHODE RAYS AND POSITIVE RAYS
1. Cathode rays
(a) Thomson identified cathode rays as an electron beam.
11
(b) Specific charge q/m as measured by Thomson is: (q/m) = 1.759 x 10 Coulomb/Kg

2. Positive rays
(a) Positive rays were discovered by Goldstein.
(b) (q/m) for positive rays is much less than that of electrons.

3. Motion of charge particle through electric field (Field ⊥ to initial velocity)


2 2
(a) The path is parabolic: y = (qE/2mu )x
(b) The time spent in the electric field: t = (L/u)
(c) The y–component of velocity acquired: vy = (qEL/mu)
(d) The angle at which particle emerges out tan θ = qEL/mu2
(e) The displacement in y-direction, when the particle emerges out of the field: y1=(qEL2/2mu2)

m
2
(f) The displacement on the screen = Y = (qELD/mu )

.co
4. Motion of charged particle through magnetic field (Field ⊥ to initial velocity)
(a) The path is circular with radius: r = (mu/qB)
(b) Momentum of the particle: p = qBr

gg
(c) The deflection on the screen: X = (qBLD/mu)

5. Mass spectrographs
n
ye
(a) Thomson’s mass spectrograph
(i) Traces on the screen are parabolic in nature
m

(ii) Inner parabola corresponding to heavy M white outer parabola to light M.


(iii) The upper portion of parabola is due to small v ions, while lower portion is due to high v ions.
w.

(iv) Only v = ∞ ions can reach vertex of parabola.


2 2
(v) Equation of parabola: X = (B LD/E) (q/M) Y = K (q/M) Y
ww

(b) Brain bridge mass spectrograph


(i) Velocity selector: v = (E/B)
://

(ii) Other relations: r = (Mv/qB’) = (ME/qBB’) (whre B’ is the magnetic field in dome);
d =2r; (d2 – d1) ∝ (M2–M1) ; M1 : M2 = d1 : d2 [where d1 and d2 are the
tp

distances of traces 1 and 2 from the slit S2 of velocity selector].


ht

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PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
Work function W
6. Threshold frequency: v0 = =
h h
c hc hc
7. Threshold wavelength: λ0 = = =
v 0 hv 0 W
–6
(To calculate λ0, use hc = 1240 (eV) (nm) = 1.24 x 10 eV) (m)

8. Maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons


1 2
(a) Kmax = mv max = eV0
2
1 1 
(b) Kmax = hv – W = h (v – v0) = hc  − 

 λ λ0 
h
9. Slope of (V0 v) graph =
e

m
10. Energy, momentum and mass of a photon
hc
(a) Rest mass of photon = 0 (b) E = hv =

.co
λ
E h E h
(c) p= = (d) m = 2 =
c λ c cλ

11. Number of photons:


(
n gg
Intensity Watt/m 2 )
ye
(a) number of photons per sec per m2, np =
hv
Power (Watt )
m

(b) number of photons incident per second, np =


hv
w.

(c) number of electrons emitted per second = (efficiency of surface) x number of photons incident per
second.
ww

12. Compton wavelength:


h
://

(a) λc = =2.426 pm
m0C
tp

(b) Change in wavelenth, (λ’ – λ) = λc (1– cos φ)


ht

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

13. Rutherford’s α–particle scattering


(a) N(θ) ∝ cosec4 (θ/2)

(b) Impact parameter, b =


(Ze )cot (θ/ 2) ,
2
(where E =
1
mu2 = KE of the α–particle)
(4 π ε 0 ) E 2

2 Ze2 1
14. Distance of closest approach: r0 = (where E = mu2 = KE of the
(4π ε0 )E 2
α–particle)
15. Bohr’s atomic model
nh
(a) L = mvr =

hc
(b) hv = Ei = Ef =
λ
(c) Radius of nth orbit:

m
n2  n2 h2 
(i) rn ∝ , (ii) rn =  

.co
Z  4 π 2 m ke 2 
Z
 
(iii) Bohr’s radius: a0 = (h2/4π2mke2) = 0.529 Å

gg
r + r ++ 1 1
(iv) Ratio of radii: r1:r2 : r3 = 1 : 4 : 9 ; rN : He : Li = 1 : : =6:3:1
2 3

(d) Velcotiy of electron in nth orbit:


n
ye
Z c  Z 2π Ke 2 1
(i) vn =  = αc (where α = = = fine structures constant)
m

n  137  n ch 137
1 1
w.

(ii) v1 : v 2 ; v3 = 1 : : = 6 : 3 : 2
2 3
st
(iii) v1 = velocity of electron is 1 orbit of H–atom = (c/137)
ww

(e) Total energy of electron:


2
(i) Potential energy, U = – (kZe /r)
://

1 2 2
(ii) K = mv = (kZe /2r)
2
tp

2
(iii) E = K + U = – (kZe /2r) = (U/2) = –K
(iv) K = – (U/2) or U = 2K = 2E
ht

13.6 Z 2 Z 2  2π 2 m k 2e 4  2.18 x 10-18 Z2


(v) En = – eV = – =− J
n2 n 2  h2 
 n2
2
(f) Ionization energy = – E1 = + (13.6Z )eV
(i) For H–atom, I.E. = 13.6 eV
+
(ii) For He – ion, I.E = 54.4 eV
++
(iii) For Li –ion, I.E. = 122.4 eV

(g) Ionization potential:


(i) For H–atom, I.P. = 13.6 V
+
(ii) For He ion, I.P. = 54.42

(h) Series formula (wave number v = 1/λ

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1  1 1  2π 2 m k 2 e 4
= RZ 2  2 − 2  where R = = 1.097 x 10 7 m -1
λ n  3
 1 n2  ch

(i) Series formula for H–atom


1  1 
(i) Lyman series: = R 1 − 2 , n = 2, 3, 4, ......∞
λ  n 
1  1 1 
(ii) Balmer series: = R  2 − 2 , n = 3, 4, 5....∞
λ  2 n 
1  1 1 
(iii) Paschen series: = R  2 − 2  , n = 4, 5, 6....∞
λ 3 n 
1  1 1 
(iv) Brackett series: = R  2 − 2 , n = 5, 6, 7….∞
λ 4 n 
1  1 1 
(v) P–fund series: = R  2 − 2 , n = 6, 7, 8 ….∞
λ 5 n 

m
(j) Series limits (λmin)
(i) Lyman: λmin = 912 Å

.co
(ii) Balmer: λmin = 3645 Å
(iii) Paschen: λmin = 8201 Å

gg
16. Number of emission lines from excited state n = n(n–1)/2

17. Time period of revolution


n
ye
3 2
(a) Tn ∝ (n /Z ) ; (b) T1 = 1.5 x 10–16 sec ; (c) T1 : T2 : T3 = 1 : 8 : 27
m

18. Frequency of revolution


1 1
(a) vn ∝ (Z2/n3); (b) v1 = 6.6 x 1015 Hz ; (c) v1 : v2 : v3 = 1 : :
w.

8 27
19. Current due to orbital motion
ww

2 3
(a) In ∝ (Z /n ) ; (b) I1 = 1 mA

20. Magnetic field at nucleus due to orbital motion of electron


://

(a) Bn ∝ (Z3/n5) ; (b) B1 = 12.5 Tesla


tp

21. Magnetic moment:


(a) Mn = (eL/2m) = (nhe/4πm);
ht

(b) M1 = (eh/4πm) = µB = Bohr Magneton = 9.27 x 10–24 Am2

22. Magnitude of angular momentum: L = √[l(l+1)] (h/2π)

23. Angle of angular momentum vector from z–axis


(a) cos θ = [ml√{l(l+1)}]; (b) the least angle is for ml = l i.e. cos θmin = [l/√{l(l+1})]

24. Magnitude of spin angular momentum


3
S = √[s (s+1)] (h/2π) = (h/2π)
2
X–RAYS
25. Continuous X–rays:
(a) vmax = (eV/h) ; (b) λmin = (hc/eV) = (12400/V) Å

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26. Characterictic X–rays:


(a) λKα < λLα < λMα ; (b) vKα > vLα > vMα
3cR
27. Frequency of Kα line : v (Kα) = (Z–1)2 = 2.47 x 1015 (Z–1)2
4
28. Wavelength of Kα line: λ(Kα) = [4/3R(Z–1)2] = [1216/(Z–1)2]Å

29. Energy of Kα X–ray photon: E(Kα) = 10.2 (Z–1)2 eV

30. Mosley’s law:


2 5
(a) v = a (Z–b) , where a = (3cR/4) = 2.47 x 10 Hz
(b) For Kα line, b = 1; (c) √v α Z

31. Bragg’s law: 2d sin θ = nλ

32. Absorption formula: I = I0 e–µx


33. Half–value thickness: x1/2 = (0.693/µ)

m
MATTER WAVES
34. For photons:

.co
(a) E = hv = (hc/λ) ;
(b) p = (hv/c) = (E/c) = (h/λ) ;

gg
(c) m = (E/c2) = (hv/c2) = h/cλ
(d) rest mass = 0, charge = 0, spin = 1 (h/2π)

35. Matter waves:


n
ye
(a) de Broglie wavelength, λ = h = h = h
=
h
[Q E =
1
mv 2 = qV ]
p mv 2m E 2mqV
m

12.27
(b) (i) For electron λe = Å
w.

V
0.286
For proton, λp =
ww

(ii) Å
V
0.101
(iii) For alpha particle λα = Å
://

V
h  3 
(c) For particle at temperature T : λ =  E = kT 
tp

3 m KT  2 
(i) For neutron or proton: λ = (25.2/√T) Å [if E = (3/2) kT, average energy]
ht

30.8
but λ= Å [if E = kT, most probable energy]
T
12.27
(d) The wavelength of electron accelerated by potential difference of V volts is: λe = Å
v
Hence, accelerating potential required for obtaining de Broglie wavelength for as electron is:

150.6
V= volt
λ2e
(e) Condition for obtaining stable orbit: 2πrn = nλ
(f) The phase velocity of a de Broglie wave of wavelength λ and frequency v is
Ε h mc 2 h c2
v p = vλ = x = x = i.e. v p > c.
h mv h mv v
(g) Group velocity, vg = (dω/dk). It is found that group velocity is equal to particle velocity i.e., v g = v

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Rohini, Delhi – 85, Ph: 55395439, 30911585
Formula Booklet – Physics XII
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RADIOACTIVITY
Decay law: (a) (dN/dt) = – λN ; (b) N = N0 e λ ; (c) (N/N0) = (1/2)
– t t/T
36.

37. Half life and decay constant:


(a) λ=−
(dN/dt ) ; (b) λT = log 2 or T = (0.693/λ) or λ = (0.693/T)
e
N

38. Mean life:


(a) τ = (1/λ) or λ=(1/τ); (b) T = 0.693τ or τ = 1.443 T

39. Activity:
R = |dN/dt| ; (b) R = λN ; (c) R = R0e λ ; (d) (R/R0) = (1/2) ;
– t t/T
(a)
10
(e) 1 Becquerel = 1 dps ; (f) 1 curie = 1 ci = 3.7 x 10 dps;
6 6
(g) 1 Rutherford = 1Rd = 10 Rd = 10 dps

m
40. Decay of active mass:
–λt 6.023 x 10 23 x m

.co
(a) m = m0 e ; (b) (m/m0) = (1/2)t/T ; (c) N =
A
41. Radioactive equilibrium: NAλA = NBλB

gg
T1 T2
42. Decay constant for two channels: (a) λ = λ1 + λ2 ; (b) T =
T1 + T2
n
ye
–µx
43. Gamma intensity absorption: (a) I = I0e ; (b) Half value thickness, x1/2 = (0.693/µ)

NUCLEAR PHYSICS
m

44. Atomic mass unit: (a) 1 amu = 1.66 x 10–27 kg ; (b) 1 amu ≡ 1u ≡ 931.5 MeV
w.

45. Properties of nucleus


ww

1/3
(a) Radius: R = R0A where R0 = 1.2 fermi
 4 3 4 3 
(b) Volume: V αA Q V = 3 πR = 3 π R 0 A 
://

 
17 3
(c) Density: ρ = 2.4 x 10 Kg/m (ρ is independent of A)
tp

46. Mass defect: ∆M = Zmp + (A–Z) mn – M


ht

47. Packing fraction: ƒ = ∆/A = mass excess per nucleon [∆ = –∆M = mass excess]
48. Binding energy: ∆E = BE = (∆M)c2

49. Binding energy per ncuelon:


(a) BEN = (BE/A);
(b) BEN for Helium = 7.1 MeV/nucleon
(c) BEN for Deuterium = 1.1 MeV/nucleon

ELECTRONICS
50. Richarson equation
2 –W/KT
(a) J = AT e where A = 60 x 104 A/K2m2
2 11600 W/T –23 –5
(b) J = AT e [∴ K = Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38 x 10 J/K = 8.62 x 10 eV/K
Hence, 1/K = 11600 kelvin/eV]
2 –W/KT
(c) I = AT Se

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Formula Booklet – Physics XII
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3/2
51. Child’s law: Ip = KVp [K = constant of proportionality]

52. Diode resistance


(a) Static plate resistance: (i) Rp = (Vp/ Ip); (ii) Rp ∝ Vp–1/2 (iii) Rp ∝ I −p 1 / 3
(b) Dynamic plate resistance: (i) rp = (∆Vp/∆ Ip); (ii) rp ∝ v −p 1 / 2 ; (iii) rp ∝ I −p 1 / 3 .

53. Triode Constants:


 ∆Vp   ∆I p 
(a) rp =   ; (b) gm =   ;
 ∆I p   ∆Vg 
  Vg = constant   Vp =cons tan t
 ∆Vp 
(c) µ=   ; (d) µ = rp x gm ; (e) rp ∝ Ip
–1/3 1/3
; (f) gm ∝ Ip
 ∆Vg 
  I p =consant
3/ 2
 Vp 
Plate current equation: Ip = K  Vg + 

m
54.
 µ 

.co
55. Cut off voltage: Vg = – (Vp/µ)

56. Triode as an amplifier:

gg
(a) Ip = (µVg/RL + rp); (b) A = (µRL/RL + rp)

(c) Amax = µ;

(d) µ = A 1 +
rp 
;
 (e) A = µ/2 if RL = rp
n
ye
 RL 
57. Conductivity of semi conductors
m

− E / 2 KT
(a) Intrinsic: (i) σ = e (neµe + nh µh) ; (ii) σ = σ0e g
w.

(b) Extrinsic: (i) n–type : σ = eneµe; (ii) p–type : σ = enhµh

58. Transistor:
ww

(a) IE = IC + IB (IB << IE, IB << IC)

(b) (i ) α = ΙC , α ac = ∆IC
Current gains:
://

ΙE ∆ΙΕ

(ii ) β = Ι C , βac = ∆ IC
tp

IB ∆ IB
ht

β α
(c) Relation between α and β: α = or β=
1+ β 1− α

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powered
E-16/289, Sector 8, by http://www.myengg.com
Rohini, Delhi – 85, Ph: 55395439, 30911585
Formula Booklet – Physics XII
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STUDY TIPS

• Combination of Subjects
Study a combination of subjects during a day i. e. after studying 2–3 hrs of mathematics shift to
any theoretical subject for 2 horrs. When we study a subject like math, a particular part of the
brain is working more than rest of the brain. When we shift to a theoretical subject, practically the
other part of the brain would become active and the part studying maths will go for rest.

• Revision
Always refresh your memory by revising the matter learned. At the end of the day you must revise
whatever you’ve learnt during that day (or revise the previous days work before starting studies
the next day). On an average brain is able to retain the newly learned information 80% only for 12
hours, after that the forgetting cycle begins. After this revision, now the brain is able to hold the
matter for 7 days. So next revision should be after 7 days (sundays could be kept for just
revision). This ways you will get rid of the problem of forgetting what you study and save a lot of
time in restudying that topic.

m
.co
• Use All Your Senses
Whatever you read, try to convert that into picture and visualize it. Our eye memory is many times
stronger than our ear memory since the nerves connecting brain to eye are many times stronger

gg
than nerves connecting brain to ear. So instead of trying to mug up by repeating it loudly try to
see it while reapeating (loudly or in your mind). This is applicable in theoritical subjects. Try to use
n
all your senses while learning a subject matter. On an average we remember 25% of what we
ye
read, 35% of what we hear, 50% of what we say, 75% of what we see, 95% of what we read,
hear, say and see.
m
w.

• Breathing and Relaxation


Take special care of your breathing. Deep breaths are very important for relaxing your mind and
ww

hence in your concentration. Pranayam can do wonders to your concentration, relaxation and
sharpening your mined (by supplying oxygen to it). Aerobic exercises like skipping, jogging,
swimming and cycling are also very helpful.
://
tp

The most powerful weapon on earth is


human soul on fire!
ht

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1, Vigyan Vihar, Near Anand Vihar, Delhi – 92. Ph: 55270275, 55278916
powered
E-16/289, Sector 8, by http://www.myengg.com
Rohini, Delhi – 85, Ph: 55395439, 30911585
Formula Booklet – Physics XII
powered by http://www.myengg.com

Never say Quit!


When things go wrong, as they sometimes will,
When the road you are trudging seems all uphill.

When the funds are low and debts are high,


And you want to smile, but you have to sigh.

When care is pressing, you’re down a bit.


Rest if you must, but never quit.

Life is queer, with its twists and turns,


As every one of us, sometimes learns.

And many a fellow turns about,


When he might have won, if he had stuck it out.

m
Stick to your task, though the pace seems slow,

.co
You may succeed with just another blow.

Often the goal is nearer than,

gg
It seems to a faint and faltering man.
n
Often the struggler has given up.
When he might have captured the victor’s cup.
ye
And he learned too late, when the night slipped down,
m

How close he was to the golden crown.


w.

Success is failure turned inside out,


The silver tints of the clouds of doubt.
ww

And you never can tell how close you are,


It may be near when it seems afar.
://

So stick to the fight when you are hardest hit,


tp

It’s when things seem worst, that you must never quit!
ht

Edwin Markham

QUEST - Power Coaching for IITJEE 38

1, Vigyan Vihar, Near Anand Vihar, Delhi – 92. Ph: 55270275, 55278916
powered
E-16/289, Sector 8, by http://www.myengg.com
Rohini, Delhi – 85, Ph: 55395439, 30911585
Formula Booklet – Physics XII
powered by http://www.myengg.com

Put Forth Your Best…


And You’ve Already Won!

The contest last for just moments,


though the training’s taken years.
It was’nt the winning alone
that was worth the work and tears.

The applause will be forgotten,


the prize will be misplaced.
But the long hours of practise

m
will never be a waste.

.co
For in trying to win, you build a skill.

gg
You learn that winning depends on will.
n
You never grow by how much you win,
ye
you only grow by how much you put in.
m
w.

So any new challenge you’ve just begun,


Put forth your best and you’ve already won!
ww
://
tp
ht

QUEST - Power Coaching for IITJEE 39

1, Vigyan Vihar, Near Anand Vihar, Delhi – 92. Ph: 55270275, 55278916
powered
E-16/289, Sector 8, by http://www.myengg.com
Rohini, Delhi – 85, Ph: 55395439, 30911585
Formula Booklet – Physics XII
powered by http://www.myengg.com

You can…
if you think
you can!
If you think you are beaten, you are;
If you think that you dare not, you don’t;
If you’d like to win, but think you can’t,
It’s almost certain you won’t.
If you think you’ll lose, you’ve lost,
For out in the world you find,
Success begins with a fellow’s will,
It’s all in the state of mind.

m
Often many a race is lost,

.co
Before even a step is run,
And many a coward fails,

gg
Before even his work’s begun.
n
Think big, and your deeds will grow
ye
Think small, and you’ll fall behind.
m

Think that you can, and you will,


It’s all in the state of mind.
w.
ww

If you think you’re outclassed, you are;


You’ve got to think high to rise;
://

You’ve got to be sure of yourself,


Befoe you can ever win a prize.
tp

Life’s battles don’t always go,


ht

To the stronger or faster man,


BUT SOONER OR LATER THE MAN WHO WINS,
IS THE ONE WHO THINKS HE CAN.
–Edwin Markham

QUEST - Power Coaching for IITJEE 40

1, Vigyan Vihar, Near Anand Vihar, Delhi – 92. Ph: 55270275, 55278916
powered
E-16/289, Sector 8, by http://www.myengg.com
Rohini, Delhi – 85, Ph: 55395439, 30911585

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