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EXPERIMENT NO.01
Introduction to Protection of Power System and its Equipments

Power-system protection is a branch of electrical power engineering that deals with the
protection of electrical power systems from faults through the isolation of faulted parts from
the rest of the electrical network. The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the power
system stable by isolating only the components that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of
the network as possible still in operation. Thus, protection schemes must apply with
very pragmatic and pessimistic approach to clearing system faults. The devices that are used
to protect the power systems from faults are called protection devices.
Depending on the purpose electrical equipment is designed to accommodate predetermined

maximum voltage and current values. When these maximum limits are exceeded, this not
only leads to the destruction of the components in question, but also to hazards for both man
andanimal and even fire hazards due to the excess temperatures produced. But even operation
with voltage levels that are too low can lead to damage, due to a lack of cooling or lubrication
of machines, for example. In the low voltage range fusible cut-outs have proven to be very
effective and also the most economic protective measure against the most frequent forms of
fault-excessive currents caused by short-circuits. This measure fails in the area of higher
voltages for reasons of a physical nature (the extinguishing of the electric arc produced).
Here protective systems have to be used, which give the next-closest power circuit breaker
the command to open when a fault arises. For historical reasons these power engineering
protective systems are referred to as relays, even though they are equipped today exclusively
with electronic components.
In accordance with the electrical power system, only protective systems for networks of
medium, high and extra-high voltage levels are to be considered in the following. On these
voltage levels there exist certain network forms, which from a technical and economic point
of view demonstrate the optimum structure in terms of supply safety. In addition, various
possibilities for neutral point connection exist for the voltage levels under consideration.
The manner in which the protection system is selected depends on the network form and the
type of neutral point connection. In the experiment literature (Protective relays) the
procedures most commonly used in protective technology are introduced and the most
frequently used relays are investigated. The topics "neutral point connection" and "network
forms" are dealt with in detail in the experiment literature (Overhead line model) and (Series
and parallel connection of HV lines).
Currents and voltages must first be transformed down to a low level by an instrument
transformer, before they can be processed in the relay. For network protection various
transformer circuits have been proven themselves. These are described in the experiment
literature (Instrument transformers).Since the transmission line models used here work with
currents having a magnitude in the order of 1 A, we are able to dispense with the use of
current transformers. This leads to a clear and straight-forward experiment set-up, while still
maintaining its realism. The relay types used here (definite time overcurrent relays,
directional relays, earth fault warming relays, over/under voltage relays) constitute standard
equipment in the area of medium and high-voltage networks. The manner in which these
relays operate can likewise be demonstrated using the transmission line models used in the
electrical power program.
PE-484 Power System Protection

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1.1 Protective device

There are three parts of protective devices:
 Instrument transformer: current or potential (CT or VT)

 Relay
 Circuit breaker
1.2 Protection types

There are different types of protection.
 Overcurrent protection
 Overvoltage/Under Voltage protection
 Over Frequency/Under frequency Protection
 Differential protection
 Inverse Power protection
 Distance(Impedence) Protection
 Bucholz Relays
The type of neutral point connection of a network plays an important role in deciding which
of the various relay types are to be used for its protection. In the case of two-phase and three-
phase faults, high short-circuit currents always flow regardless of the type of neutral point
connection. These currents must be disconnected immediately.
For this task definite time overcurrent relays and inverse time overcurrent relays are suitable
for simple network structures (radial nets or ring nets). When exceeding an adjustable
tripping value these relays operate after a preset delay time (so-called command time) has
elapsed, and this is performed either independent of or dependent on the magnitude of the
fault current, depending on the type of relay.
When a single-phase fault occurs with solid neutral earthing, this is referred as a short-circuit
to earth; in the case of a compensated system or one with an isolated neutral this is referred to
as fault to earth. The latter results in only a slight fault current, which does not necessarily
have to be disconnected immediately. However, due to the danger of the fault spreading, the
earth fault must at least be detected and monitored using the so-called earth fault warning
relay.
One simple criterion for the presence of an earth fault is the so-called neutral displacement
voltage; this is the voltage which the neutral point connection takes on with respect to earth.
The neutral displacement voltage arises simultaneously in all galvanically interconnected
network components (so-called regional networks) and can be detected with the aid of a
special voltage transformer circuit and evaluated in an earth fault signalling relay. Since many
earth faults extinguish on their own after a brief period of time has elapsed, the signal is only
transmitted further after a time delay, i.e. only in the case of a so-called permanent earth fault.
Voltage sensitive loads must be protected from excessively high voltages. Short-lasting
overvoltages, which occur for example during storm (lightnings), can only be dealt with using
so-called arrestors or surge protectors, which operate according to the spark gap principle.
In the case of long lasting voltage rises (and also voltage drops), which can occur, for
example, because of voltage regulator failure in a generator or transformer, protection is
possible through overvoltage and undervoltage relays. These are normally combined into a

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single unit and trip after a defined delay-time whenever the voltage exceeds or drops below a
particular threshold.
1.3 EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENTS
IT-6002 Overhead line model

IT-6004 Resistive load
IT-6003 Three-phase transformer
IT-6017 Three-phase power supply unit
IT-6019 Power circuit breaker
IT-6025 Under/over voltage time relay
IT-6027 Definite time overcurrent relay
IT-6031 Over/Under Voltage and Earth-fault relay
IT-6029 Directional relay
IT-6028 Combined Overcurrent and Earth Fault Relay
IT-6043 Three-phase voltage transformer
IT-6035 Moving coil ammeter
IT-6038 Moving-iron voltmeter
1.4 Instruments and Equipments

It is recommended that you use only moving-iron ammeters and voltmeters, as these
significantly suppress the effects of the harmonics caused by inductors with iron cores. An
accuracy class of 1.5% is sufficient for demonstrating the characteristic effects of the
experiments. In addition, please note that the components used are always manufactured to
certain tolerances so that when carrying out the experiments some deviation from the
measured values given can occur.
1.5 Safety procedures

In accordance with the IEC regulations, metal parts not carrying a voltage in normal
operation (e.g. housings) are to be connected to the PE ground conductor. The ground
conductor is provided solely for this purpose and may not be connected with the neutral
conductor N of the circuit! High induction voltages can occur at the reactors when the current
is interrupted. Before changing the experiment set-up the current is to be shut off using the
three-pole cut-out switch.

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EXPERIMENT NO.02
To study Single-Phase Current Transformer at Over Current
1.0 Objective:
i. Testing the performance of the current transformer at overcurrent.
2.0 Learning Outcomes:
i. Showing the performance of current transformer at over current practically.
3.0 Equipment Required:
 1 IT 6004 Resistive load

 1 IT 6016 Experiment transformer
 1 IT 6023 CT load
 1 IT 6043 Single-phase current transformer
 2 IT 6036 Moving-iron ammeter
4.0 Schematic Diagram:
Diagram: Single-phase current transformer at over current

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5.0 Experiment procedure:
Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram. Do not forget
that the current transformer may not be operated in open circuit on its secondary side!
The resistance load is located in the primary circuit and for this experiment the three
individual resistors are connected in parallel: set the load resistance value to R7.
Set the resistive load for the current transformer on the secondary side to 0.5Ω. Connect the
current transformer so that the resulting current transformation ratio is 1:1.
Set the supply voltage 0÷250 V and starting from 0 V, increase the value of the voltage to
obtain the values I1 = 1 A to 5 A in steps of 0.5 A in the primary circuit of the current
transformer.
Read off the corresponding currents b in the secondary circuit and enter these values in the
following table.
Calculate the current error and enter the result in the table.
Neglecting the ammeter resistance on the secondary side, the current transformer load is
0.5Ω. At the rated load of 5 VA the secondary rated current is
At this value determine the primary current I1 and the current error: verify if the specified
accuracy class is observed.
6.0 Observation:
Transformation ratio 1:1
Maximum current error Fimax = ……………..
7.0 Conclusion:

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EXPERIMENT NO.03
Three-Phase Current Transformer

1.0 Objective:
i. Assembling the common current transformer circuit for measurement on three-

phase network.
i. Practically understanding the concept of three-phase current transformer.
 1 IT 6000 Three-phase power supply

 1 IT 6044 Three-phase current transformer
Diagram: Three-phase current transformer

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Assemble the circuit according to the foregoing topographic diagram.

Do not forget that the current transformer may not be operated in open circuit on its
secondary side!
The resistive load, located in the primary circuit, is star connected and set to resistance value
R6 for every phase.
Connect the three-phase current transformer so that the resulting current transformation ratio
is 1:1. Starting from 0 V, increase the value of the supply voltage to obtain 1 A on the
primary circuit.
Measure the three primary current alternately and read off the secondary currents with the
neutral conductor N connected or disconnected.
The three measured currents must be approximately equal in both cases; slight deviations
may be explained by the components tolerances.
Asymmetrical loads can also be measured with this circuit. Change only the resistive loads of
the phases L2 and L3 to the value R5. Increase the supply voltage to obtain a primary current
ILI = 1 A.
Measure the three secondary currents, once with and once without the neutral conductor N
connected.
Now, when the circuit is not alive, disconnect the conductor L3 at the output side of the three
phase power supply.
Repeat the above measurements.
Note:
The values in brackets are for information only.
6.0 Observation:

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7.0 Conclusion:

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EXPERIMENT NO.04
To study and analyze Summation Current Transformer

1.0 Objective:
i. Measurements on a summation current transformer.

ii. Demonstration of the principle of differential protection.
i. Practically understanding the concept of summation current transformer circuit.

 1 IT 6047 Summation current transformer
Diagram: Summation Current transformer

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Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram.

Do not forget that the current transformer may not be operated in open circuit on its
secondary side!
The resistive load, located in the primary circuit, is star connected and set to resistance value
R7 for every phase.
Starting from 0 V, increase the value of the supply voltage to obtain a current of about 1 A on
the primary circuit.
This supply voltage must be held constant during all the following measurement. With neutral
conductor N connected measure the summation current at different settings of symmetric
resistive load: the summation current is zero in each case. Only if you set an asymmetrical
resistive load the summation current is different from zero.
Now disconnect the neutral conductor N and measure the summation current at different
settings of symmetric and asymmetric resistive load: in each case the summation current is
zero.
Finally, with not alive circuit, alter the circuit so that the phase L3 is no longer connected to
the resistive load via the primary of the summation transformer.
Set the resistive load to R5 and measure the summation current again, once with the neutral
conductor connected and once with it disconnected.
As expected, the summation current transformer indicates a current whether the neutral
conductor is connected or not.
6.0 Observation:
In case of symmetric resistive load:

Summation current = 0A
In case of Asymmetric resistive load:

Summation current is not 0A
The symmetric and asymmetric resistive load without neutral:

Summation current = 0A
Without live wire, whether neutral is connected or not:

Summation current is not 0A
7.0 Conclusion:

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EXPERIMENT NO.05
To understand working principle of Single-Phase Voltage Transformer

1.0 Objective:
i. Determining the transformation ratio of a voltage transformer for various

primary voltages and investigating the influence of the load on the
transformation ratio.
ii. To explain the terms ratio error (voltage error) and accuracy class
i. Practically understanding the concept single-phase voltage transformer.
 1 IT 6016 Experiment transformer

 1 IT 6024 VT load
 1 IT 6045 Single-phase voltage transformer
 4 IT 6038 Moving-iron voltmeter
Diagram: Single-phase voltage transformer

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Initially do not connect the VT load to the two secondary windings: this means that
the only load in the secondary side is the high-ohm one of the voltmeter.
Do not forget that the voltage transformer must never be short-circuited on its
secondary side!
Set the supply voltage 0 ÷ 250 V and starting from 0 V, increase the value of the
supply voltage to obtain the values U1 = 25 V to 225 V in steps of 25 V in the primary
circuit of the voltage transformer.
Read off the corresponding voltages U2 in the secondary and U3 in the tertiary
circuit; enter these values in the following table.
Calculate the voltage errors
and enter the results in the table. Determine the maximum voltage errors:
Being S the apparent power drawn by the voltage transformer, the rated load at secondary and
tertiary circuit is
To study the influence of the load on the transformation ratio, now connect the fixed basic
load to tertiary and the variable load (330Ω min) to secondary, as illustrated in the
topographic diagram.
Set the primary voltage to U1 = 220 V and record the voltages U2 on the secondary side as a
function of the load. Enter the measured values in the following table.
Read off also the voltage U3 on the tertiary side:
With the rated voltage applied to the primary side, calculate the apparent power drawn by the
two secondary windings when the secondary variable load is set to the minimum value of
330Ω and the tertiary load is 220Ω:
Compare the measured value with that specified in the transformer data.

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6.0 Observation:
7.0 Conclusion:

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EXPERIMENT NO.06
To understand working principle of Three Single-Phase Voltage Transformers

Objective:
i. Assembling the common voltage transformer circuit for measurements in

three-phase network.
ii. Measuring the residual voltage in a three-phase system with a fault to
ground.
i. Practically understanding the concept three single-phase voltage

transformers.

 1 IT 6046 Three-phase voltage transformer
 4 IT 6038 Moving-iron voltmeter
Diagram: Three single-phase voltage transformers

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Initially do not use the connection to simulate a fault to ground.
Do not forget that the voltage transformer must never be short-circuited on the
secondary side!
The three-phase voltage transformer is connected as three single-pole isolated
transformers: the secondary side in star connection supplies an image of the three-
phase voltages of the network while the auxiliary windings are connected in series
and serves to measure the faults to ground.
Set the supply voltage to UL12 = 380 V and measure the voltages of secondary
winding:
and the voltage between terminals "n" and "e" of the three individual auxiliary windings
connected in series:
In the symmetrical load operation, the residual voltage Uen = 0 V and the voltage transformer
responds as expected according to the transformation ratio.
Now, in order to simulate a fault to ground in a network with isolated neutral point, remove
the connection of the neutral conductor at the output side of the three-phase power supply and
connect the phase L3 to star point N of the primary winding (see detailed diagram to simulate
a fault to ground).
In this experiment, great care must be taken to ensure that the neutral conductor of the
threephase voltage transformer does not remain connected with the neutral of the three-phase
power supply, as otherwise a short-circuit to ground would occur, which would cause an
overload.
Set again the supply voltage to UL12 = 380 V and measure the voltage at the terminals "n"
and "e" of the three individual auxiliary windings connected in series:
and interpret this measurement result with the help of the following phasor diagram.

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5.0 Observation:
 In the symmetrical load operation, the residual voltage Uen = 0 V and the voltage
transformer responds as expected according to the transformation ratio.
 In order to simulate a fault to ground in a network with isolated neutral point, remove
the connection of the neutral conductor at the output side of the three-phase power
supply and connect the phase L3 to star point N of the primary winding
7.0 Conclusion:

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EXPERIMENT NO.7
To study the impact and Protection of Three-phase short-circuit (Symmetrical
Faults)
1.0 Objective:
i. Measuring and interpreting the current and voltage ratios of a transmission

line during a three-phase short-circuit.
i. Analyze the behavior of transmission line short circuit.
 1 IT-6000 Variable Three-Phase Power Supply

 1 IT-6019 Power Circuit Breaker
 1 IT-6003 Three-Phase Transformer
 1 IT-6002 Overhead Line Model
 1 IT-6048 Power Meter
 2 IT-6035 Moving-Coil Ammeter (2.5 A)
 1 IT-6037 Moving-Iron Voltmeter (600 V)
Diagram: Three phase short circuit

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Assemble the circuit in accordance to the foregoing topographic diagram.

Set primary-side of three-phase transformer in delta connection 380 V and using
bridging plugs set the secondary-side to star UN- 15%.
Insert all bridging plugs connecting the capacitances to overhead line model.
Set the supply voltage to UN = 170 V (use lowest possible voltage!): test short-circuit
current is about 1.5 A.
Due to the high current load on the components during short-circuit, the following
measurement must be carried out quickly.
For quick approximate short-circuit calculations it suffices to take the inductive
reactances of the network into consideration: the result is then on the sure side, i.e. a
short-circuit current on the high side is calculated.
In three-phase short-circuit condition primarily there is a consumption of the inductive
reactive power.
Note: If the short-circuit currents measured here are converted to the real 380 kV
level, realistic results are not obtained. The fault currents arising in this voltage level
can be considerably higher because here we are normally dealing with meshed
networks with several feeds, normally involving line lengths shorter than 360 km.
Furthermore, in this experiment, instead of the initial ac short-circuit current, the so-
called continuous short-circuit current (short-circuit current after the transient
reactions have faded) is measured. If the mains protection is fully-operational, the
faulty components will have already been previously disconnected.
6.0 Observation
Measure the voltage at the beginning of the line, the current at both line ends and the
active and reactive power consumed by the overhead line model:
U1 = …………… (V) P1 = …………… (W) U2 = …………… (Var)ind
I1 = …………… (A) I2 = …………… (A)
6.0 Conclusion:

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EXPERIMENT NO. 08
To study impact and Protection of Asymmetrical short-circuits
1.0 Objective:
i. To measure the fault currents of asymmetrical short-circuits and to

compare the results with those for the three-phase fault.
i. Analyze the behavior of asymmetric short-circuit.
 1 IT-6000 Variable Three-Phase Power Supply

 1 IT-6019 Power Circuit Breaker
 1 IT-6003 Three-Phase Transformer
 1 IT-6002 Overhead Line Model
 3 IT-6035 Moving-Coil Ammeter (2.5 A)
 1 IT-6037 Moving-Iron Voltmeter (600 V)
Part (a): Two phase short circuit with earth contact

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Diagram: Two phase short circuit with earth contact

Set primary-side of three-phase transformer in delta connection 380 V and using
bridging plugs set the secondary-side to star UN - 15% .

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Insert all bridging plugs connecting the capacitances to overhead line model. Set the
supply voltage UN = 170 V (same value as in experiment 3).
Due to the high current load on the components during short-circuit, the following
measurement must be carried out quickly.
The short-circuit current Ikis smaller than the two partial short-circuit currents since
the two partial currents are added together geometrically into the total short-circuit
current at the fault location.
Compare the measured values with those of the two-phase short-circuit without earth
contact (experiment 8.2) and of the three-phase short-circuit (experiment 3).
The partial currents in the case of two-phase short-circuit with earth contact are
larger than for a fault without earth contact.
The fault currents are below the value of the three-phase short-circuit current
Note: The results found here cannot be applied to real networks without reservation,
due the fact that here again we are dealing with measured values taken after
transient response and with a fixed supply voltage.
6.0 Observation
Measure the partial short-circuit currents I2 and I3of the conductors L2 and L3 as well
as the short-circuit current Ik and the voltage of the healthy phase Li with respect to
earth:
I2 = …………… A I3 = …………… AIk= …………… A
U1 = …………… V
Part (b):Two phase short circuit without earth contact

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Diagram: Two phase short circuit without earth contact

1.0 Experiment Procedure:

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Removing the ammeter which measures the total short-circuit current in experiment
8.1 this now simulates a two-phase short-circuit without earth contact.
Compare the measured values with those of the two-phase short-circuit with earth
contact (experiment 5.1) and of the three-phase short-circuit (experiment 3).
The partial currents in the case of two-phase short-circuit with earth contact are
larger than for a fault without earth contact.
The fault currents are below the value of the three-phase short-circuit current.
Note: The results found here cannot be applied to real networks without reservation,
due to the fact that here again we are dealing with measured values taken after
transient response and with a fixed voltage.
2.0 Observation
Measure the short-circuit currents I2 and I3 as well the voltage of healthy phase L1
with respect to earth:
I2 = …………… AI3 = …………… A V1 = …………… V
Part (c): Single phase short-circuit

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Diagram: Single phase short-circuit

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5.0 Experiment Procedure:

Alter the circuit of experiment 5.2 in order to be able to measure the current and
voltage ratios for a single-phase short-circuit.
Compare the measured value of the short-circuit current with that of the three-phase
short circuit. The single-phase short-circuit current is considerably smaller than the
current obtained in the case of the three-phase short-circuit.
Note: The results found here also cannot be applied to real networks without
reservation, due to the fact that here again we are dealing with measured values
taken after transient response and with a fixed supply voltage.
6.0 Observation
Measure the short-circuit current Ikof the faulty phase L1 as well as the voltages of
the two healthy phases L2 and L3 with respect to earth:
Ik= …………… A U2 = …………… V U3 = …………… V
7.0 Conclusion:

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EXPERIMENT NO.09
Analyzing and monitoring Under Voltage and Over Voltage
1.0 Objective:
i. Demonstrating how the relay monitors the protection of a load against under and
over voltage.
i. Observe the behavior of an over and under voltage time relay.
 IT-6002 Overhead line model

 IT-6004 Resistive load
 IT-6003 Three-phase transformer
 IT-6017 Three-phase power supply unit
 IT-6025 Under/over voltage time relay
 IT-6038 Moving-iron voltmeter
Diagram: Over voltage and under voltage montoring

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Set primary-side of three-phase transformer in delta connection 380v and using bridging
plugs set the secondary-side to star Un=220 V.
Insert all bridging plugs connecting the capacitances to line model.
Set the three-phase balanced resistive load to R4 value.
The following settings are to be carried out on the relay:
Overvoltage VM=1.1(+10%); command time TM=11s
Under voltage VM= 0.9(-10%); command time TM=11s
Set the supply voltage to UN=380 V.When the resistive load is set to the R4 value the load
voltage lies in the safety gap 342 V to 418 V (phase-to-neutral voltage 198 V to 242 V).
In order to demonstrate the warning effect of the relay against overvoltage decrease the load
(resistive values R3-R2-R1) until the relay trips after the set command time elapses: by
reducing the load, the voltage drop along the time decreases and the voltage at load increases.
The voltage at which the relay trips must be equal or higher than 242 V: enter the measured
values of the load voltage in the following table.
Compare the measured values for U> with the set value on the relay. Set back the load
resistive value to R4 value: the relay releases.
In order to demonstrate the warning effect of the relay against under voltage increases the
load (resistive values R5-R6-R7) until the relay trips after the set command time elapses: by
increasing the load, the voltage drop along the line increases and the voltage at the load
decreases.The voltage at which the relay trips must be equal or lower than 198 V: enter the
measured values of the load voltage in the following table.
Compare the measured value for U< with the set value on the relay.
Set back the load resistive value to R4: the relay releases.
6.0 Observation:
R Rrelay (V) Uload (V)
R4 242
R3 242
R2 242
R1 242
R Rrelay (V) Uload (V)

R4 198
R5 198
R6 198
R7 198
7.0 Conclusion:

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EXPERIMENT NO.10
Understanding Short Circuit Protection using Definite Time Overcurrent Relay
1.0 Objective:
i. Demonstrating the protection of a transmission line connected in a solid

earthed network, when there is a three-phase, two-phase short-circuits.
i. Observe the behavior of short circuit protection of transmission line. .

 IT-6019 Power circuit breaker
 IT-6027 Definite time overcurrent relay
 IT-6035 Moving coil ammeter

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Diagram: Over voltage and under voltage montoring


Set primary-side of three-phase transformer in delta connection 380v and using
bridging plugs set the secondary-side to star Un-10%.....
Insert all bridging plugs connecting the capacitances to line model.
The following settings are to be carried out at the three individual relays:

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Initial timer TC=10 s;

Command time T1=0.1 s;
Overcurrent tripping value A=0.5 A.
The setting must be made very carefully so that all three phases have identical
values.
Before starting the experiment supply the relay and the power circuit breaker by
means of the auxiliary supply.
Set the three-phase balanced resistive load to R2 (standard operating condition).
Set the supply voltage to UN=380 V switching on the power circuit breaker: the load
condition R2 plays no role when demonstrating the relay’s protective effect.
Measure the phase current I1=……….A.
Switch off the supply voltage.
In the following every short-circuit condition is simulated by an overcurrent in any
given phase.
Before switching on the supply voltage the specified fault is to be implemented in
order to test the response of the relay.
10.1 Short circuit of all three phases
Set the three-phase balanced resistive load to R6 value.

Set again the supply voltage to UN =380 V switching on the power circuit breaker.
Measure the phase current I1=…………A.
The leds of all three-phases light up indicating over current and the relay interrupts the circuit
after the set command time elapses.
10.2 Short-circuiting of two phases
Set the resistive load of phases L1 and L2 to R6 value and of phase L3 to R2 standard
condition.
Set again the supply voltage to UN =380 V switching on the power circuit breaker.
10.3 Short circuit ground
Set the resistive load of phases L1 to R7 value and of phase L2 and L3 to R2 standard
condition.
Set again the supply voltage to UN = 380 V switching on the power circuit breaker.
11 Observation:
Short circuit of all three phases

Measure the phase current I1=……….A
Short-circuiting of two phases
Short circuit ground

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7.0 Conclusion:

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EXPERIMENT NO.11
To implement Overcurrent Protection using Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay

1.0 Objective:
Demonstrating how relay monitors the transmission line for the Inverse Time Current
Fault in a network with isolated neutral connection.
i. Observe the behavior of overcurrent protection practically by using Inverse time

relay.

 IT-6029 Directional Relay
Diagram: Directional relay
Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram. The procedure to
configure a relay is:
 Open the access level "Configurator". The default password for configurator access
level is 2.

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 Set the rated values in menu [CONF] including at least current transformers, voltage
transformers and generator ratings. Also the date and time settings are in this same
main menu.
 Enable the needed protection functions and disable the rest of the protection functions
in main menu [Port].
 Set the setting parameter of the enable protection stages according the application.
 Connect the output relays to the start and trip signals of the enabled protection stages
using the output matrix. This can be done in main menu [DO], although the
VAMPSET program is recommended for output matrix editing.
 Configure the needed digital inputs in main menu [DI].
 Configure blocking and interlocking for protection stages using the block matrix. This
can be done in main menu [Port], although VAMPSET is recommended for block
matrix editing.
Combined overcurrent status: this function is collecting faults, fault types and registered fault
currents of all enabled overcurrent stages. Combined over current status can be used as an
indication of faults. Combined o/c indicates the amplitude of the last occurred fault. Also a
separate indication of the fault type is informed during the start and the trip. Active phases
during the start and the trip are also activated in the output matrix. After the fault is switched
off the active signals will release after the set delay “clearing delay” has passed. The
combined o/c status referred to the following over current stages: I>, I>>, I>>> etc.
The relay has a condition monitoring function that supervises the wearing of the circuit-
breaker. The condition monitoring can give alarm for the need of CB maintenance well
before the CB condition is critical. The CB wear function measures the breaking current of
each CB pole separately and then estimates the wearing of the CB accordingly the
permissible cycle diagram. The breaking current is registered when the trip relay supervised
by the circuit breaker failure protection (CBFP) is activated. (See chapter 2.19 for CBFP and
the setting parameter "CBrelay".)
Setting alarm points: There are two alarm points available having two setting parameters
each.
• Current. The first alarm can be set for example to nominal current of the CB or any
application typical current. The second alarm can be set for example according a typical fault
current.
• Operations left alarm limit an alarm is activated when there are less operation left at the
given current level than this limit. Any actual interrupted current will be logarithmically
weighted for the two given alarm current levels and the number of operations left at the alarm
points is decreased accordingly. When the "operations left" i.e. the number of remaining
operations, goes under the given alarm limit, an alarm signal is issued to the output matrix.
Also an event is generated depending on the event enabling.

34
6.0 Observation:
7.0 Conclusion:

35
EXPERIMENT NO.12
Implementation of Over & Under Voltage Protection using Numerical Relay
1.0 Objective:
i. Investigate the behavior of over and under voltage protection by using numerical
relay.
i. Observe the behavior of over and under voltage protection practically by using
numerical relay.
i. VAMP 40 Numerical Relay

ii. IT 6004 Resistive Load
iii. IT 6003 Three-phase transformer
iv. IT 6017 Three-phase power supply unit
v. IT6019 Power circuit breaker
vi. IT 6037 Moving-iron voltmeter
vii. 6026 Auxiliary relay
viii. Laptop/PC
Diagram: Over & under voltage protection numerical relay

36
level is 2.
main menu.
matrix editing. .
The overvoltage function measures the fundamental frequency component of the line-to-line
voltages regardless of the voltage measurement mode. By using line-to-line voltages any
phase-to-ground over-voltages during earth faults have no effect. (The earth fault protection
functions will take care of earth faults.) Whenever any of these three line-to-line voltages
exceeds the user's pick-up setting of a particular stage, this stage picks up and a start signal is
issued. If the fault situation remains on longer than the user's operation time delay setting, a
trip signal is issued. In rigidly earthed 4-wire networks with loads between phase and neutral
overvoltage protection may be needed for phase-to ground voltages, too. In such applications
the programmable stages can be used. Three independent stages There are three separately
adjustable stages: U>, U>> and U>>>. All the stages can be configured for definite time (DT)
operation characteristic.
This a special under voltage protection for generator applications, where the voltage is
measured at the generator side of the generator circuit breaker. There are special self-blocking
features for starting up and shutting down a generator. This under voltage function measures
the positive sequence of fundamental frequency component U1 of the measured voltages (for
calculation of U1. By using positive sequence all the three phases are supervised with one
value and in case the generator loses connection to the network (loss of mains), the under
voltage situation is detected faster than by using just the minimum of the three line-to-line
voltages. Whenever the positive sequence voltage U1 drops below the user's pick-up setting
of a particular stage, this stage picks up and a start signal is issued. If the fault situation
remains on longer than the user's operation time delay setting, a trip signal is issued.
by the circuit breaker failure protection (CBFP) is activated.
6.0 Observation:

37
7.0 Conclusion:

38
EXPERIMENT NO.13
Implementation of Over & Under Frequency Protection using Numerical Relay
1.0 Objective:
i. Investigate the behavior of over and under frequency protection by using

numerical relay.
i. Describe the concept of over and under frequency protection practically by using
numerical relay.

ii. IT 6004 Resistive load
v. IT 6019 Power circuit breaker
vi. IT 6037 Moving-iron voltmeter
vii. IT 6026 Auxiliary relay
viii. IT 6041 Frequency meter
ix. Shunt dc motor
x. Three-phase synchronous generator
xi. Laptop/PC
Diagram: Over & under frequency protection numerical relay

39
level is 2.
main menu.
matrix editing. .
Frequency protection is used for load sharing, loss of mains detection and as a backup
protection for over-speeding. The frequency function measures the frequency from the two
first voltage inputs. At least one of these two inputs must have a voltage connected to be able
to measure the frequency. Whenever the frequency crosses the user's pick-up setting of a
particular stage, this stage picks up and a start signal is issued. If the fault situation remains
on longer than the user's operation delay setting, a trip signal is issued. For situations, where
no voltage is present an adapted frequency is used.
Protection mode for f>< and f><>< stages:
These two stages can be configured either for over frequency or for under frequency.
6.0 Observation:

40
7.0 Conclusion:

41
EXPERIMENT NO.14
•
To study Earth-fault Monitoring using Earth Fault Relay and Directional
Relay
1.0 Objective:
i. Demonstrating how relay monitors the transmission line for an earth fault in a
network with isolated neutral connection.
i. Illustrate the concept how relay monitors the transmission line for an earth fault.

 IT-6028 Earth Fault Relay
 IT-6043 Three-phase voltage transformer
Diagram: Transmission line for an earth fault

42
Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram. Set the primary-
side of the three-phase transformer in delta connection 380 V and the secondary-side to star
Un-15%.
The load condition prevalent prior to the earth-fault plays no role, thus the resistive load is set
to R1 value so that only a slight current flows. The resistive load is star connected with
isolated neutral point.
Please pay carefully attention to ensure that the neutral point of three-phase transformer may
not be connected to the neutral conductor of the reset of the circuit, since otherwise in the
case of single-phase fault this would not produce an earth fault but an earth short-circuit
instead!
An earth fault in a network with isolated neutral point connection (and also when Petersen
coils are connected) can be detected by the appearance of a displacement voltage, which can
be measured everywhere in the network. With the proposed circuit, only the presence of an
earth fault can be detected, but not the location of the fault.
The relay and the power circuit breaker require an auxiliary voltage. The following initial
settings are to be made at the earth fault warning relay.
Supply the auxiliary voltage of the relay and set the following values that are shown on the
display: When lit, the indicator below the setting knob shows that the concerned setting value
is being displayed.
SETTING DEVICE (2108T18)
The following initial parameter setting are to be made at the overcurrent relay.
 To configure the equipment DL2108T18 please refer to Appendix 1 of this
document>RATED VALUE<
V1=0.22 KV
V2=220 V
 To configure the equipment DL2108T18 please refer to Appendix 1 of this

document>FUNCTION<
V> → DISABLE
V>> → DISABLE
V< → DISABLE
V0> → 0.2VN timer 3 s
Set the supply voltage of the transmission line switching on the power circuit breaker and
measure the voltage between terminals “e” and “n” of the tertiary winding of the three-phase
voltage transformer:
Uen=………..V
The expected value is zero and the relay does not respond.
In order to simulate a fault to ground connect one after the other in all three phases at the end
of the transmission line by establishing a connection to the neutral conductor and then
measure the respective voltage arising between the terminals “e” and “n” of the voltage
transformer.
The expected values are different from zero and approximately equal.
The earth fault warning relay monitors the presence of a fault to ground and trips after the
operate time elapses.

43
6.0 Observation:
Earth-fault Transformer voltage
Phase L1 Uen=………….V
7.0 Conclusion:

44
EXPERIMENT NO.15
Implementation of Earth Fault Protection using Numerical Relay

1.0 Objective:
i. Investigate the behavior of earth fault protection by using numerical relay.
i. Demonstrate the behavior of earth fault protection practically by using numerical

relay.

vi. IT 6036 Ammeter
viii. Laptop/PC
Diagram: Earth fault protection numerical relay

45
level is 2.
main menu.
matrix editing.
The undirectional earth fault protection is to detect earth faults in low impedance earthed
networks. In high impedance earthed networks, compensated networks and isolated networks
undirectional earth fault can be used as back-up protection. The undirectional earth fault
function is sensitive to the fundamental frequency component of the residual current 3I0. The
attenuation of the third harmonic is more than 60 dB. Whenever this fundamental value
exceeds the user's pick-up setting of a particular stage, this stage picks up and a start signal is
issued. If the fault situation remains on longer than the user's operation time delay setting, a
trip signal is issued.
Setting alarm points: There are two alarm points available having two setting parameters
each.
• Current. The first alarm can be set for example to nominal current of the CB or any
application typical current. The second alarm can be set for example according a typical fault
current.
• Operations left alarm limit an alarm is activated when there are less operation left at the
given current level than this limit. Any actual interrupted current will be logarithmically
weighted for the two given alarm current levels and the number of operations left at the alarm
points is decreased accordingly. When the "operations left" i.e. the number of remaining
operations, goes under the given alarm limit, an alarm signal is issued to the output matrix.
Also an event is generated depending on the event enabling.
6.0 Observation:

46
7.0 Conclusion:

47
EXPERIMENT NO.16
To study and analyze Zero Sequence Voltages on Balanced and Unbalanced

Network
1.0 Objective:
i. To examine the behavior of zero sequence voltages on balanced & unbalanced

network by using numerical relay.
i. Explain the concept of zero sequence voltages practically by using numerical

relay.

vi. IT 6037 Moving iron voltmeter
viii. Laptop/PC
Diagram: Zero sequence voltages protection numerical relay

48
level is 2.
main menu.
matrix editing. .
The zero sequence voltage protection is used as unselective backup for earth faults and also
for selective earth fault protections for motors having a unit transformer between the motor
and the busbars. This function is sensitive to the fundamental frequency component of the
zero sequence voltage. The attenuation of the third harmonic is more than 60 db. This is
essential, because 3n harmonics exist between the neutral point and earth also when there is
no earth fault. Whenever the measured value exceeds the user's pick-up setting of a particular
stage, this stage picks up and a start signal is issued. If the fault situation remains on longer
than the user's operation time delay setting, a trip signal is issued. Measuring the zero
sequence voltage. The zero sequence voltage is calculated from the measured phase-to-
neutral voltages either from a VT’s or in 400 V 4-wire system directly from the phases. The
zero sequence voltage is calculated from the phase to ground voltages and therefore a
separate zero sequence voltage transformer is not needed. The setting values are relative to
the configured voltage transformer (VT) voltage/√3.
Two independent stages:
There are two separately adjustable stages: U0> and U0>>. Both stages can be configured
for definite time (DT) operation characteristic. The zero sequence voltage function comprises
two separately adjust-table zero sequence voltage stages (stage U0> and U0>>).

49
6.0 Observation:
7.0 Conclusion:

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1

Introduction to Protection of Power System and its Equipments

Depending on the purpose electrical equipment is designed to accommodate predetermined

PE-484 Power System Protection

1.1 Protective device

 Instrument transformer: current or potential (CT or VT)

1.2 Protection types

PE-484 Power System Protection

1.3 EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENTS

IT-6002 Overhead line model

1.4 Instruments and Equipments

1.5 Safety procedures

PE-484 Power System Protection

To study Single-Phase Current Transformer at Over Current

i. Testing the performance of the current transformer at overcurrent.

2.0 Learning Outcomes:

i. Showing the performance of current transformer at over current practically.

3.0 Equipment Required:

 1 IT 6004 Resistive load

Diagram: Single-phase current transformer at over current

PE-484 Power System Protection

5.0 Experiment procedure:

Transformation ratio 1:1

Maximum current error Fimax = ……………..

PE-484 Power System Protection

Three-Phase Current Transformer

i. Assembling the common current transformer circuit for measurement on three-

2.0 Learning Outcomes:

i. Practically understanding the concept of three-phase current transformer.

3.0 Equipment Required:

 1 IT 6000 Three-phase power supply

Diagram: Three-phase current transformer

PE-484 Power System Protection

5.0 Experiment procedure:

Assemble the circuit according to the foregoing topographic diagram.

PE-484 Power System Protection

PE-484 Power System Protection

To study and analyze Summation Current Transformer

i. Measurements on a summation current transformer.

2.0 Learning Outcomes:

i. Practically understanding the concept of summation current transformer circuit.

3.0 Equipment Required:

 1 IT 6000 Three-phase power supply

Diagram: Summation Current transformer

PE-484 Power System Protection

5.0 Experiment procedure:

Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram.

In case of symmetric resistive load:

In case of Asymmetric resistive load:

The symmetric and asymmetric resistive load without neutral:

Without live wire, whether neutral is connected or not:

PE-484 Power System Protection

To understand working principle of Single-Phase Voltage Transformer

i. Determining the transformation ratio of a voltage transformer for various

2.0 Learning Outcomes:

i. Practically understanding the concept single-phase voltage transformer.

3.0 Equipment Required:

 1 IT 6016 Experiment transformer

Diagram: Single-phase voltage transformer

PE-484 Power System Protection

5.0 Experiment procedure:

Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram.

PE-484 Power System Protection

PE-484 Power System Protection