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O
θ
dA h
dF
FR y
r'
Liquid
density ρ
dy
dA x
x'
y'
y
y
Point of application
The pressure force acting on an element of the upper surface, d A , is given by
d F p d A (3.10)
The resultant force acting on the surface is found by summing the contribution of the
infinitesimal forces over the entire area. Thus
1
FR A
pdA (3.11)
and hence
h
p p o g dh
o
If the position vector, from an arbitrary origin of coordinates to the point of application of
the resultant force, is designated as r ' , then
(3.12)
r' F R r d F A
r pd A
Referring to Figure above, it can be seen that r ' ix ' jy ' , r ix jy , and d A dA k
Since the resultant force, F R , acts against the surface (in a direction opposite to that of
d A ), then F R FR k . Substituting into Eq. 3.12 gives
ix' jy' FR k ix jy d F ix jy p dA k
A
Therefore,
jx ' FR iy ' FR jxp iyp dA
A
and x ' FR A
x p dA (3.13b)
Example 3.4
The inclined surface shown, hinged along A, is 5 m wide. Determine the resultant force,
F R , of the water on the incline surface.
2
D=2m
h
L=4m
30o
GIVEN:
Rectangular gate, hinged along A. w = 5 m
FIND:
Resultant force, F R , of the water on the gate.
SOLUTION:
In order to completely determine F R , we must specify: (a) the magnitude, (b) the
r ' FR r p d A
A
Consider the gate, hinged at A, lying in the xy plane, with coordinates as shown.
d A w dy k
FR p d A p w dy k
A A
dF
y
We now need ρ as a function of y to perform the integration. From the basic pressure-
height relation,
3
dp
g
dh
p h
so dp g dh and po
dp
o
g dh
By assuming ρ = constant,
p p o g dh This gives p p h . We need p p y
FR p d A g D y sin 30 o w dy k
L
A 0
L
y2 L2
gw Dy sin 30 o k gw DL sin 30 o k
2 0 2
kg m 16 m 2
1 N.sec 2
999 3 9.81 2
5m 2m 4m k
m sec 2 2 kg.m
FR 588 k kN
Force acts in negative z dirction F R
To find the line of action of the resultant force, F R , we recognize that the line of action
of the resultant force must be such that the moment of the resultant force about an axis
through point A equals the moment of distributed force about the same axis. That is,
r' F R r d F r p d A A
Then
y ' FR A
y p dA
gw L
y D y sin 30 0 dy
1 1 L
y'
FR A
y p dA
FR 0
ypw dy
FR 0
4
L
gw D 2 y 3 0 gw DL2 L3
y sin 30 sin 30 o
FR 2 3 0 FR 2 3
kg m 5m 2m 16m 2 64m3 1 N.sec
999 9.81
m3 sec 2 5.88 105 N 2 3 2 kg.m
y ' 2.22m
Also
In calculating the moment of the distributed force (right side), recall from your earlier
courses in statics, that the centroid of the area element must be used for “x”. Since the
area element is of constant width, x = w/2, and
p dA
x ' FR A
x p dA
x
1 w w w
x'
FR A 2 p dA 2 FR A p dA 2 2.5 m w/2 F
r ' ix ' jy '
This problem illustrates the procedure utilized in determining the resultant force, F R ,
patm
D=5’
S.O.
h L S
10’ A patm
30o B
GIVEN:
Rectangular gate, AB, hinged along B. width, w = 5 ft, and length, L = 10 ft. Neglected
weight of the gate
5
FIND:
Force per unit width against stop along A.
SOLUTION:
dp
Basic equation: FR F R pdA g
A
dh
Moment, M M Fd
Where d is the moment arm (counterclockwise moment assumed positive).
For equilibrium, M 0
If we consider the gate hinged along B as a free body, lying in the xy plane, with
coordinate as shown, then:
z
FA
A
L
dF
B
y
L-y
(a). F A , the force of the stop on the gate, acts along the line y = 0 as shown.
(b). dF is an element of the distributed force due to the water acting as shown.
Note: If in calculating the distributed force due to the water, we do not need to include the
force due to atmospheric pressure acting on the upper surface of the gate.
Moment about x axis through B:
(a). of F A is FA • L
Since M 0, then
FA L L y dF 0
FA L L y p dA 0
A
1
L y p dA
L A
FA
The element of are, dA, of the gate is dA = w dy, where w is the gate width.
1 L
L y pw dy
L 0
FA
6
We need p as a function of y in order to perform the integration. From the basic pressure-
height relation,
dp p h
dh
g dp dh and po
dp
o
dh
By assuming γ = constant,
p po h this gives p p h . We need p p y
From the diagram,
h D y sin 30 o where D = 5 ft
p p o D y sin 30 o
When we wrote the moment equation ( M 0 ), we did not include the moment of the
force due to atmospheric pressure acting on the top of the gate. Consequently, in figuring
the moment due to the water, we should not include the effect of the atmospheric pressure
at the free surface. Hence the pressure due to the water alone is
p D y sin 30 o
Thus
L y pw dy L y D y sin 30 o dy
1 L w L
FA
L 0 L 0
FA L
or
w L 0
DL Ly sin 30 o Dy y 2 sin 30 o dy
L
L D 2 y3
DLy y 2 sin 30 o y sin 30 o
L 2 2 3 0
2 L3 DL2 L3
DL sin 30 o sin 30 o
L 2 2 3
FA DL2 1 3
L sin 30 o
w L 2 16
Where FA is the force of the top on the gate. The force on the stop acts in the opposite
direction. Therefore,
FA
on stop FA k 2080 k lbf
w w ft
7
this problem illustrate s the direct use of the distribute d moment without evaluating
the resultant force and line of applicatio n separately.
(3.11)
z
z = zo
dAx
dAy dA
We can write y
F R iFRx jFR y k FRz
x y
x
z
z dA
where FR , FR , and FR , are components of F R in the positive x, y, and z directions,
respectively.
To evaluate the components of the force in a given direction, we take the dot product of
the force with the unit vector in the given direction. Then,
FRx dF x FR i d F i A
p d Ai
8
Likewise,
FRy p dA cos y p dAy
A A
where: θx is the angle between d A and i
θy is the angle between d A and j
θz is the angle between d A and k
dAx dA cos x is the projection of the area element dA on a plane perpendicular to
the x axis
dA y dA cos y is the projection of the area element dA on a plane perpendicular to
the y axis
dAz dA cos z is the projection of the area element dA on a plane perpendicular to
the z axis
In general the component of the resultant force in the l direction is given by
FRl p dAl
Al
In considering the vertical component, FR , of resultant force we note that the pressure
z
zz
The vertical component of the resultant force is obtained by integrating over the entire
surface.
zo
Fz g dz dAz
Az zz
In working with cylindrical surface, that is, surfaces with a constant radius of curvature,
than dA wR d , where R is the radius, and w the width, of the cylindrical surface. In
these cases it is often easier to use θ as the variable of integration. Then
2
FRl p dA cos θ p cos θ wR d
A 1
where θ is the angle between d A and the unit vector in the l direction.
To find the line of action of each of the components of the resultant force on a curved
surface, we would write
9
rx' i FRx r dF x i
ry' j FR y r dFy j
rz' k FRz r dF z k
where rx' , ry' , and rz' are vectors to the lines of action of the components of the
dA sin z'
y y
dA cos z
dAz
The z component of F R has magnitude p dA z and acts in the negative z direction. By
1 1
y'
FRZ
AZ
y p dAz or y'
FRV AZ
y p dAz
10
Example 3.6
The gate shown has a constant width, w, of 5 m. The equation of the surface is x = y2/a,
where a = 4 m. The depth of water to the right of the gate is 4 m. Find the components
FRx and FR of the resultant force due to the water and the line of action each.
y
y2
x D=4m
a
water
0 x
GIVEN:
Gate with constant width, w = 5 m.
Equation of surface in xy plane is x = y2/a, where a = 4 m.
Water stands at depth, D. of 4 m to the right of the gate.
FIND:
FRx , FR and line of action of each.
y
SOLUTION:
dp
Basic equation d F p d A g
dh
y
Moment of a force, M r F
FRy
A
FRx p d A i
AX
p dAx pwdy
D
o x' y'
FRX
D2 / a x
FR y p d A j p dAy p w dx FR x and FR x are
A Ay o
assumed positive
In order to perform the necessary integrations, we need expressions for p(y) and p(x)
along the surface of the gate.
dp p h
dh
g , dp g dh and
po
dp
o
g dh
11
p p o gh
Since atmospheric pressure acts on both the top of the gate and the free surface of the
liquid, there is no net contribution of the atmospheric pressure force. Thus, in determining
the force due to the liquid, we take p = ρgh.
We now need an expression for h = h(y) and h = h(x) along the surface of the gate.
Along the surface the gate, h = D-y. Since the equation of the gate surface is x = y2/a, then
along gate y a x 1 / 2 and thus h can also be written as h D a x1 / 2 . Substituting the
appropriate equations for h info the expressions for FRx and FR , gives y
D y dy
D D D D
FRx pw dy ghw dy g h dy gw
o 0 0 0
D
y2 2 D2 gwD 3
gw Dy gw D
2 0 2 2
FRx
999 kg 9.81 m
5 m
4 m 3 N sec2 392 kN 3
m3 sec 2 2 kg m
gw
D2 / a
0
D y dx gw0
D2 / a
D
a x1/ 2 dx
D2 / a
2 D3 2 D 3 gwD 3
gw Dx a x3/ 2 gw a 3/ 2
3 0 a 3 a 3a
FRy
999 kg 9.81 m
5 m
4 m 3 1 N sec 2 261 kN 3
m3 sec 2 3 4m kg m
y ' j FRx i yj dFx i yj p dAx i
Therefore,
1
y ' FRx Ax
y p dAx and y'
FRx Ax
y p dAz x
1 D2 / a 1 D2 / a gw D
2
/a
x'
FR y o
xp w dx
FR y 0
xghw dx
FR 0
x D a x1 / 2 dx
y
D2 / a
gw D 2 2 gw D 5 2 D 5 gwD 5
x ax5/ 2 a
FRy 2 5 0 FRy 2a 2 5 a 5 / 2 10 FRy a 2
12
gwD 5 3a
gwD 3
10a 2
3D 2 3 1
4 m 2
2
x' 1.2 m
10a 10 4m
ANY QUESTIONS?
13