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AIMS OF GEM
• Measure entrepreneurial attitudes
AIMS OF GEM
• Measure entrepreneurial attitudes
• Measure entrepreneurial activity
AIMS OF GEM
• Measure entrepreneurial attitudes
• Measure entrepreneurial activity
• Measure entrepreneurial aspirations
2. Definitions
Factor-Driven Economies
• Low level of economic development
• Large agricultural sector
• Emerging extraction industry
• Population live mostly in the country side
• > $2000 GDP PP
Efficiency-Driven Economies
• Medium level of economic development
•Emerging industrial sector
• Development of supporting institutions
• Emerging economic and financial institutions
support large national businesses
• Development of SME manufacturing sector
• $3000 – 9000 GDP PP
Innovation-Driven Economies
• High level of economic development
• Declining in manufacturing
• Expanding in services sector
• Increasing R&D and knowledge intensity
• Innovation by “creative destruction”
• < $17,000 GDP
Which of the following is an Factor Driven Economy and why?
Thailand Botswana
Mozambique China
Which of the following is an Factor Driven Economy and why?
Thailand Botswana
Mozambique China
Which of the following is an efficiency based economy and why?
Greece India
Greece India
Ireland Peru
Brazil Malaysia
Which of the following is an innovation based economy and why?
Ireland Peru
Brazil Malaysia
3. Findings - Attitudes
GEM Report – Entrepreneurial attitudes
Do you agree with the following statement?
1. I see a good opportunities for starting a business starting a
business in the next 6 month?
2. Fear of failure would prevent me from starting a business in the
next six months?
3. I personally know someone who has started a business in the last
2 years?
4. I have the knowledge and skills to start a new business?
5. I consider entrepreneurship a desirable career choice?
6. I perceive the media attention given to entrepreneurs to be
positive?
Findings - Activity
Payment of salaries or wages
for a period longer then three
months (Including the owner.)
GEM Report – Entrepreneurial activity
Do you agree with the following statement?
1. Are you currently a nascent entrepreneur? (Activity involved in
setting up a business)
2. Are you currently an owner manager of a new business? (Owning
managing the business for more then three months.)
3. Are you currently an owner manager of an established business?
(Owning managing a business for more then 42 months.)
4. In the past 12 months, have you discontinued a business, by
either selling, shutting down, or otherwise an
owner/management relationship with the business.
GEM Definitions
• Opportunity entrepreneurs
GEM Definitions
• Opportunity entrepreneurs
• Necessity entrepreneurs
Ghana GDP vs. Microsoft Turnover
Findings - Aspirations
GEM Report – Entrepreneurial aspirations
Do you agree with the following statement?
1. Are you a nascent entrepreneur or owner-manager of a new
business and expect to employ at least 20 employees?
2. Are you an early stage entrepreneur which sells a product or
service which at least some customers indicate is new/ not many
business offer the same product?
3. Are you an early stage entrepreneur who business is in the ‘high
technology’ or ‘medium high’ technology sector?
Entrepreneurship &
economic development
Entrepreneurship Education