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MILITARY TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGE
MTCC3006 Introduction to Civil Engineering
Week 5: Leveling and Contouring
Vocabulary
Contour: is an imaginary line on the ground surface joining the points of equal elevation.
Contour interval: is the elevation difference between the adjacent contours.
Contour map: A map showing only the contour lines of an area.
Traverse: is a continuous series of connected lines of known lengths related to one another by known
angles.
Mean Sea‐Level (MSL): The average height of the sea’s surface for all stages of the tide.
Elevation or Reduced Level (RL): the vertical distance from a datum to a point or object.
Bench‐Mark (BM): A relatively permanent object, natural or artificial, having a marked point whose
elevation above or below an adopted datum is known or assumed.
Datum: an instruments similar to passometer, but it records the distance instead of paces. For this,
walking zero setting is made and length of pace is set depending on the person carrying it.
Height of the instrument or the height of collimation: It is the vertical distance from a datum to the
instrument line of sight.
Turning Point (TP): is a point temporarily used to transfer an elevation.
BackSight (BS): is a rod/staff reading taken on a point of known elevation to establish the elevation of
the instrument line of sight.
Foresight (FS): is defined as the staff reading on a point whose elevation is desired.
Intermediate sight (IS): is a rod reading taken at any point where the elevation is required.
Stadia: is a method of surveying in which distances are read by noting the interval on a graduated rod
intercepted by two parallel cross hairs (stadia hairs or stadia wires) mounted in the telescope of a
surveying instrument, the rod being placed at one end of the distance to be measured and the surveying
instrument at the other.