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02/02/2019 Use the Friction Factor to Calculate Frictional Head Loss (Pressure Drop) for Pipe Flow
Hydraulics in Civil Engineering

Civil Engineering
Use the Friction Factor to Calculate Frictional Head

Loss (Pressure Drop) for Pipe Flow
Hydraulics in Civil Engineering / By Harlan Bengtson / Civil Engineering
Introduction
x
Pipe flow under pressure is used for a lot of purposes. Energy input to the gas or
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liquid is needed to make it flow throughWith
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pipe can count onThis energy input is
conduit.
needed because there is frictional energy loss (also called frictional head loss or
frictional pressure drop) due to the friction between the fluid and the pipe wall
and internal friction within the fluid. The Darcy Weisbach Equation, which will be
discussed in this article, is commonly used for a variety of calculations involving
frictional head loss, pipe diameter, flow rate or velocity, and several other
parameters. The friction factor, which is used in the Darcy Weisbach equation,
depends upon the Reynolds number and the pipe roughness.
Fully Developed, Turbulent Flow
https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hydraulics-civil-engineering/55227-pipe-flow-calculations-3-the-friction-factor-and-frictional-head-loss/ 1/28
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The Darcy Weisbach Equation applies to fully developed, turbulent pipe flow.
Recall that pipe flow will be turbulent for a Reynolds number greater than 4000.
Fully developed flow will be present in a pipe or conduit beyond the entrance
length. The entrance length is where the velocity profile is adjusting to the x
constant profile that is present throughout the fully developed flow region. The
diagram at the left illustrates the concept of the entrance region and fully
developed flow.
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Most pipe and conduit flow of gases and liquids with a viscosity similar to water
will be turbulent flow. If the total pipe length is large compared to the entrance
length, then the entrance effects are negligible and the total pipe length is used
for calculations.
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The Darcy Weisbach Equation With
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you can countHead
on Loss
The Darcy Weisbach Equation provides an empirical relationship among several

pipe flow variables as shown here:
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The equation is: hL = f (L/D)(V2/2g), where x
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hL = frictional head loss, ft-lb/lb
L = pipe length, ft
D = pipe diameter, ft
V = average flow velocity of fluid (= Q/A), ft/sec
g = acceleration due to gravity = 32.2 ft/sec2 x

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f = friction factor, a dimensionless empirical factor that is a function of Reynolds

Number (Re = DVρ/μ) and/or ε/D, where
ε = an empirical pipe roughness, ft
The table at the right shows some typical values for pipe roughness for common
pipe materials.
Relationship Between Frictional Head Loss and Frictional

Pressure Drop
The energy loss in pipe flow due to friction can be expressed as a pressure drop x
instead of as a head loss. Chemical and mechanical engineers often work with
pressure drop, whereas civil engineers usually work with head loss. The
relationship between frictional head loss and frictional pressure drop is simply:
ΔPf = ρghL = γhL, where:
ΔPf = frictional pressure drop, lb/ft2,
hL = frictional head loss, ft-lb/lb (as noted above).
ρ = fluid density, slugs/ft3,
g = acceleration due to gravity, ft/sec2,
γ = specific weight, lb/ft3.

x
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The Friction Factor – Charts and Equations With ads you can count on
The friction factor (also sometimes called the Moody friction factor) can be x
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determined for known values of Reynolds
Withnumber andcount
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on empirically
derived charts and/or equations. A commonly used chart is the Moody friction
factor chart, shown in the diagram on the left. Clicking on the chart will give you
a larger scale diagram, so you can see it better. This chart helps to illustrate how
the friction factor, f, depends upon Reynolds number and pipe roughness/pipe
diameter (ε/D). The straight line at the upper left on the diagram represents
laminar flow, in which f is independent of ε/D and depends only on Re. The
portion of the chart with horizontal lines is called the completely turbulent
region, in which f depends only on ε/D. For the rest of the graph, the transition
region, f depends upon both Re and ε/D. The dark solid line represents "smooth
pipe turbulent flow", in which f depends only on Re.
There are equations available for friction factor for each of the four regions of the x
chart identified above as follows.
For laminar flow (Re < 2100): f = 64/Re
For the completely turbulent region: f = [1.14 + 2 log10(D/ε)]-2
For smooth pipe turbulent flow: f = 0.316/Re1/4
For the transition region: f = {-2 log10[(ε/D)/3.7 + 2.51/Re(f1/2)]}-2
Note that the last equation requires an iterative solution to find f for given values
of ε/D and Re, or "solver" can be used in the Excel spreadsheet.
The Darcy Weisbach Equation relates the variable, hL, D, L, V, ε, ρ and μ. It’s
typical use is to calculate hL, D, L, or V, when all of the other parameters are
x
known. Some of these require iterative calculations.
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For Excel spreadsheet templates that can be downloaded to make pipe

flow/friction factor calculations, see the article, "Pipe Flow/Head Loss/Friction
Factor Calculations Using Excel Spreadsheet Templates."
References
For further information:
1. Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., & Okiishi, T. H., Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics,
4th Ed., New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 2002.
2. Darcy Weisbach equation history – x
https://biosystems.okstate.edu/darcy/DarcyWeisbach/Darcy-
WeisbachHistory.htm
3. Source for pipe roughness values –

https://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/roughness.cfm
This post is part of the series: Pipe Flow Calculations
Pipe flow calculations include using Reynolds number to find if the flow is
laminar flow or turbulent flow. Frictional head loss can be found using the Darcy
Weisbach equation and the friction factor. The entrance length for fully
developed flow can be found for turbulent flow and for laminar flow.
1. Pipe Flow Calculations 1: the Entrance Length for Fully Developed Flow
2. Pipe Flow Calculations 2: Reynolds Number and Laminar & Turbulent Flow
3. Pipe Flow Calculations 3: The Friction Factor & Frictional Head Loss
4. Excel Formulas to Calculate Water Flow Rates for Different Pipe Sizes x
5. Pipe Flow/Head Loss/Friction FactorMonetize
Calculations with Excel Spreadsheet
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Templates
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C J • 4 years ago x
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Hello, thank you for this post. I do have a question your site
though.
Suppose we need to calculate the flow. To With ads you
calculate thecan
flowcount on to calculate the average
we need
velocity. If we are trying to calculate the average velocity based on the pressure drop by
applying Darcy's equation, we will need to know Reynold's number first in order to determine
the friction factor, but to know Reynold's number, we need to know the velocity first. In this
case, how is it possible to determine the flow rate?
Thank you in advance for your time and answer.
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tahir • 4 years ago

how i can calculate flow rate, when the pressure is 2.5 bar and over board dia is 125 mm for
sea water
den • 4 years ago

HI, for which values of Re can we consider to use the smooth pipe formula instead of
Colebrook-White one in case of turbulent flow ? In other words what defines the "smooth pipe"
model exactly ? Thanks
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Pawan • 4 years ago

Sir I want Head Loss Gauges for measuring loss of head in pipes carrying water.
Sakkie Rossouw • 4 years ago

I have a dam with a 1m diamater pipe 16m below the water surface - what will the flow be in
the pipe?
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Harlan Bengtson Mod • 8 years ago With ads you can count on
James,
I don't have practical experience with the situation you've described: an operating point below
the smooth pipe line of the Moody diagram at Re about 10000. It seems to me, however, that
this could occur if laminar flow were maintained beyond the normal Re for transition to
turbulent flow.
James • 8 years ago

Is it possible to have a point in the transition region, say Re=10000, below the smooth pipe
line in the Moody diagram? I did an experiment and that was what I observed. Is there an
explanation for that?
Harlan Bengtson Mod • 8 years ago

Yes, the Darcy Weisbach equation can be used for either a gas or a liquid. You just need to
use the gas properties for calculating the Reynolds number.
sepideh • 8 years ago x

Hi I was wondering if Darcy's equation can be used if we have only gas in the pipe

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bosco • 8 years ago

what is the practical implications of having - 13.7mbar and 8mbar in gas supply pipeline.what
remedy is to apply.
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Harlan Bengtson Mod • 8 years ago With ads you can count on
If the gas supply lines are drawn copper, then the surface roughness is very small, as shown
in the table in this article, and it may be reasonable to use the smooth pipe equation for friction
factor. If the gas supply lines are commercial steel or wrought iron, it would probably be more
accurate to start out assuming that the friction factor depends upon both e/D and Reynolds
number.
bosco • 8 years ago

explain the philosophy of using smooth pipe law for modelling gas supply systems
johnbosco • 8 years ago

question 1.what does reynolds number represent?
question 2 explain the philosophy of using smooth pipe law for modelling gas supply systems.
question 3.what factors which contribute to the deviation from smooth pipe conditions.
question4 why the accurancy of pressure data is importance and why large elevation changes
quest o y t e accu a cy o p essu e data s po ta ce a d y a ge e e at o c a ges
are required x
question 5 with aid a diagram describ steady state flow and transient flow and provide
reasoning asto why these flows are used in the gas industry.

If a pressure gage reads a negative value, it means the pressure being read is less than
atmospheric pressure by the amount of the gage reading. If a pressure gage has a positive
value, it means that the pressure being read is greater than atmospheric pressure by the
amount of the gage reading.

what do you think the practical implications are when pressure guages reading for gas read
(1) negative value
(2) postive value
hence suggest solution this implications

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The thing that I found in common for these two pipe flow conditions is that both are on the
smooth pipe line on the Moody friction factor chart.

i solve a question of PE PIPE I GOT
(1) RELATIVE ROUGHNESS OF

0.000625 ,Re=4.7*〖10〗^3 and moody chart friction factor of 0.00897.
x
(2) RELATIVE
ROUGHNESS OF 0.00005,Re=2.5*〖10〗^4 and from moody chart friction factor of 0.0061.
NOW WHAT DOES THE FRICTION FACTION ON 1 AND 2 ABOVE HV IN COMMON.

I found the friction factor to lie on the smooth pipe line in the Moody diagram for both of the
sets of values for Re and e/D that you provided. Plotting those two sets of values for Re and
e/D on a good Moody diagram, shows that they both lie on the "smooth pipe" line. This means
that the Moody friction factor can be calculated from the equation: f = 0.316/(Re^0.25).
I found f values (Moody friction factor) different than yours,. however:

Case 1 (Re = 4700, e/D = 0.000625 gives f = 0.039.
Case 2 (Re = 25000, e/D = 0.00005 gives f = 0.025.
Are you perhaps working with a friction factor other than the Moody friction factor?

i solve a question of PE PIPE I GOT

0.000625 ,Re=4.7*〖10〗^3 and friction factor of 0.00897.
(2) RELATIVE
ROUGHNESS OF 0.00005,Re=2.5*〖10〗^4 and friction factor of 0.0061.
NOW WHAT DOES THE FRICTION FACTION ON 1 AND 2 ABOVE HV IN COMMON.

x
One thing in common for the friction factor forMonetize yourand
smooth pipes sitethe friction factor for pipes in
the completely turbulent region, is that there is an explicit equation for f in both of these cases.
For smooth pipe flow, f is a function of Re only. For completely turbulent flow, f is a function of
e/D only. In the transition region, the equation normally used for f is an implicit equation that
has f on both sides of the equation, and can't be solved directly for f. Finding a value for f in
the transition region requires an iterative (trial and error) solutin.

pls sir ,what does friction factor for pipelines that has a value laying btw smooth pipes curve
and completely turbulence pipes roughe pipes have in common

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pls what does friction factor of pipelines that has a value between line of completely turbulence
rough pipes and smooth pipes have in common

You can estimate the friction factor from the Moody Friction Factor chart. Also, for more details
about head loss/friction factor calculations and Excel spreadsheets to make the calculations,
see the article, "Pipe Flow/Friction Factor/Head Loss Calculations with Excel Spreadsheet
Templates," at: http://www.brighthub.com/en....
rainier • 8 years ago

how to solve the frictional number? please show me an example the solution?
x
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NIKHIL • 8 years ago
Sir,
Which equation is applicable for finding "FRICTION FACTOR FOR TURBULENT FLOW IN
ENTRANCE REGION OF PIPE" for fluid air.

In order to use the Moody graph to find a friction factor value, you need a value for the
Reynolds number and for the pipe roughness/diameter ratio (e/D). Simply find the Reynolds
number value on the horizontal axis and go vertically upward on the graph until you intersect
the line for your value of e/D. Then go horizontally to the vertical axis to read the friction factor
value.
For another way to get a value for the friction factor, go to the article, "Pipe Flow/Head
Loss/Friction Factor Calculations with Excel Spreadsheet Templates," at
http://www.brighthub.com/en.... You can download an Excel spreadsheet that will calculate
friction factor using the equations given in this article.
Mel Dilag • 8 years ago

x
sir can you help me how to read the moody graph. I have the answer thru reynolds equation
5.16 (10)5 but I don't know how to get the friction factor..thanks

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NS • 8 years ago
Is there any value available in literature for friction factor of electropolished line. x
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Normally IV liquids are dispensed through an infusion pump that carefully controls the flow
rate. You can make a rough check on the flow rate by measuring the length of time for a
certain amount of fluid to get used up.
Paramesha • 8 years ago

sir tell me how measure the flow rate of a I V saline bottle liquid fluid flow, how to make sure is
it correct flow in the product,

I'm not aware of any widely accepted procedures for determining the friction factor value in the
entrance region for pipe flow. If the total length of the pipe is quite large in comparison with the
entrance length, the effects of the entrance region are typically ignored and Darcy Weisbach
calculations are made for the total pipe length as if it were all fully developed flow.
H l B t M d 8
x
Please see the article, "Pipe Flow/Head Loss/Friction Factor Calculations with Excel
Spreadsheet Templates," at http://www.brighthub.com/en.... This article has a table of typical
values of pipe roughness for different pipe materials. Also it has Excel spreadsheet templates
to calculate the friction factor and other pipe flow parameters that can be downloaded.
mamad • 8 years ago

how we can calculte friction factor developing fluid inentrance length before fully developed.?

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atie • 8 years ago

what is the different pipe materials on the friction factor(GI pipe,copper pipe n aluminium
pipe)???tq
mWhitman • 9 years ago

There is also a ref in Van Chow ( 1959) of the relationship in this form:
(8/f) ^1/2 = (R^1/6)/3.8n Equation 8-36 p 211 in my edition


I found two references that give the following relationship between the Darcy friction factor, f,
and the Manning roughness coefficient, n: n = K*(R^1/6)*[f/(8g)]^1/2, where K = 1.0 for S.I.
units and 1.49 for U.S. units; n is the Manning roughness coefficient; f is the Darcy friction
factor, and R is the hydraulic radius (also sometimes called the hydraulic mean depth). R =
(cross-sectional area of flow)/(wetted perimeter).
The two references that give this relationship between n and f are: x
http://www.fsl.orst.edu/geo... and http://www.idosi.org/wasj/w...
Soutom PAL • 9 years ago

sir
if there is a flow in the rectan gular channel .............od depth d ....how can we coreelate darcy
weisbach and manning coeefcient ........is there any realtion which involve m the hydraulic
mean depth.???????
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02/02/2019 Use the Friction Factor to Calculate Frictional Head Loss (Pressure Drop) for Pipe Flow

Hydraulics in Civil Engineering

Use the Friction Factor to Calculate Frictional Head

Fully Developed, Turbulent Flow

*T&C apply. 90.5kW.

The Darcy Weisbach Equation provides an empirical relationship among several

The equation is: hL = f (L/D)(V2/2g), where x

hL = frictional head loss, ft-lb/lb

V = average flow velocity of fluid (= Q/A), ft/sec

g = acceleration due to gravity = 32.2 ft/sec2 x

f = friction factor, a dimensionless empirical factor that is a function of Reynolds

ε = an empirical pipe roughness, ft

Relationship Between Frictional Head Loss and Frictional

ΔPf = ρghL = γhL, where:

ΔPf = frictional pressure drop, lb/ft2,

hL = frictional head loss, ft-lb/lb (as noted above).

ρ = fluid density, slugs/ft3,

g = acceleration due to gravity, ft/sec2,

γ = specific weight, lb/ft3.

For laminar flow (Re < 2100): f = 64/Re

For the completely turbulent region: f = [1.14 + 2 log10(D/ε)]-2

For smooth pipe turbulent flow: f = 0.316/Re1/4

For the transition region: f = {-2 log10[(ε/D)/3.7 + 2.51/Re(f1/2)]}-2

For Excel spreadsheet templates that can be downloaded to make pipe

For further information:

2. Darcy Weisbach equation history – x

3. Source for pipe roughness values –

This post is part of the series: Pipe Flow Calculations

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tahir • 4 years ago

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James • 8 years ago

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bosco • 8 years ago

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Harlan Bengtson Mod • 8 years ago

johnbosco • 8 years ago

(1) RELATIVE ROUGHNESS OF

Harlan Bengtson Mod • 8 years ago

I found f values (Moody friction factor) different than yours,. however:

johnbosco • 8 years ago

(1) RELATIVE ROUGHNESS OF

Harlan Bengtson Mod • 8 years ago

johnbosco • 8 years ago

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