Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
CL Citizenship Preparation
Other Services
LINC Care for Newcomer Children
ESL Nursery Program
416-397-6600
contact.adulted@tcdsb.org
www.tcdsb.org/adulted
TO REGISTER:
All eligible LINC and ESL clients have to be assessed at YMCA and come to the course location with 2 pieces of identification showing status and address
in Canada (one with picture, original). Registration is on site during instructional hours.
For more information, call or visit the location of your choice.
17
2 27
1
6 5
15 20
16
23 22
7 19
18 24
25
East
Central 20
13
West 3
12
10 14
21
12
9
8
13 17
15 11 13
11 TTC SUBWAY
Note: All information contained in this Program Directory is valid at the time of printing (July 2018).
List of Locations
West Toronto
Map
number page Day Evening Saturday
1 Driftwood Community Centre 6
2 John Booth Memorial Arena 6
3 L.E.F. - Learning Enrichment Foundation 6
4 Lakeshore LINC Centre 6
5 Norfinch Adult Education Centre 6
6 St. Andrew Catholic School 6
7 St. Jane Frances Catholic School 7
13 Cedarbrae Library 9
14 Dawes Library 9
15 Finch@Warden Adult Education Centre 9
16 Francis Libermann Catholic Secondary School 9
17 Goldhawk Library 9
18 Malvern Library 10
19 Mary Ward LINC & ESL Centre 10
20 Midland Adult Education Centre 11
21 Oakridge Community Centre 11
22 S.A.F.S.S. 11
23 St. Aidan Catholic School 11
24 St. Mother Teresa Catholic Academy 12
25 Victoria Park LINC Centre 12
Monsignor Fraser College – TCDSB Adult Secondary School Diploma Program T: 416.393.5533
Campuses throughout the city of Toronto – OSSD completion/course upgrading/9-week credit courses
Annex Isabella Midland Midtown Norfinch
700 Markham St. 146 Isabella St. 2900 Midland Ave. 36 Eglinton Ave W. 45 Norfinch Dr.
1
Academic Preparation and TOEFL/IELTS page Day Evening Saturday
2
LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY ASSESSMENT
All eligible LINC, ESL, and FSL clients must undergo a language assessment at one of the YMCA Language Assessment Centres.
For more information or to book an appointment for testing please call 416-925-5462 or email www.ymcagta.org/language .
What is an assessment?
An assessment measures client’s language ability in order to place the client in the right level course. It is not a test to pass or fail.
Clients must have a new assessment if:
• they have been out of a language training program for one year or more.
OR
• they did not attend a language training program after they were assessed, and one year or more has passed.
To enroll in one of our FSL courses, you must follow the steps below:
1. ASSESSMENT (please see the top of the page)
2. WAITLIST: After assessment, you will be placed on a waitlist for an appropriate course. Please provide YMCA with
a contact number with voice mail .
3. NOTIFICATION: TCDSB staff will contact you when space in appropriate FSL course is available (based on the date
you were placed on the waitlist). Please do not call or visit the school.
4. BEGIN COURSE: After we phone you, you may begin the course. On the first day please bring 2 pieces of identifi-
cation showing status and address in Canada (one with picture, original). Registration is on site during instructional
hours.
Monsignor Fraser College – TCDSB Adult Secondary School Diploma Program T: 416.393.5533
Campuses throughout the city of Toronto – OSSD completion/course upgrading/9-week credit courses
Annex Isabella Midland Midtown Norfinch
700 Markham St. 146 Isabella St. 2900 Midland Ave. 36 Eglinton Ave W. 45 Norfinch Dr.
3
Academic Preparation and TOEFL/IELTS
Academic Preparation classes are offered to learners who plan to attend college or university and need the
reading, writing, communication and pronunciation skills successfully pursue academic studies. Through a
range of authentic materials, learners will become familiar with the language used in common academic
texts. For details on the courses, see “Academic Preparation” (p. 2), or call locations listed in this directory.
TOEFL/IELTS classes help learners develop the skills needed to achieve the highest possible score on the
TOEFL/IELTS tests., increase their confidence in spoken English and write a well-developed essay.
Citizenship Preparation
These courses prepare permanent residents for the Citizenship interview/test. They help newcomers to broad-
en their knowledge of Canadian culture and to participate in the community. The courses cover topics such as
Canadian History and Geography, Rights and Responsibilities of a Citizen, Levels of Government, Elections and
Voting.
Hybrid Courses
Hybrid courses are offered part time in the evenings and during the day. In Hybrid courses, learners study to
improve their English skills both in the classroom and independently, from home, online. Details about
the course structure are available to learners upon registration in the course.
4
5
West Toronto
Driftwood Community Centre (Jane & Finch) 4401 Jane St.
1
416-397-6600 M3N 2K3
Beginning English for Daily Life ESL CLB 1-3 Mon-Fri 9:00-12:00 DAY
John Booth Memorial Arena (Jane & Steeles) 230 Gosford Blvd
2
416-397-6600 M3N 2H1
Improving English for Daily Life ESL CLB 3-5 Mon-Fri 8:30-1:00 DAY
L.E.F. Learning Enrichment Foundation (Black Creek & Eglinton) 116 Industry St.
3
416-769-0830 ext. 2095 M6M 4L8
Literacy and Basic Skills LBS Tue-Thu 10:00-2:30 DAY
Lakeshore LINC Centre (Lake Shore & Parklawn) LINC Care for Newcomer 2275 Lake Shore Blvd W., 2nd floor,
4 Children 19 to 72 months
416-397-6945 416-397-6340 Suite 200 M8V 3Y3
Developing English for Daily Life LINC CLB 2-3 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Developing Communication/Pronunciation LINC CLB 2-3 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Improving English for Daily Life LINC CLB 4-5 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Improving English for Daily Life LINC CLB 4-5 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Perfecting English for Daily Life LINC CLB 6-7 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
English ++ for Work & Daily Life LINC CLB 6-7 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Norfinch Adult Education Centre (Highway 400 & Finch) 45 Norfinch Dr., 3rd floor
5
416-397-6390 M3N 1W8
English for Work and Daily Life ESL CLB 3-5 Mon-Fri 9:00-12:00 DAY
Communicate Effectively Daily Life ESL CLB 2-4 Mon-Fri 12:30-2:30 DAY
Literacy and Basic Skills LBS Tue-Fri 9:00-2:30 DAY
St. Andrew Catholic School (Kipling & Finch) 2533 Kipling Ave.
6
416-397-6600 M9V 3A8
Beginning English for Daily Life ESL CLB 0-1 Tue/Thu 6:30-8:30 EVE
Beginning English for Daily Life ESL CLB 1-2 Tue/Thu 6:30-8:30 EVE
Beginning English+ for Daily Life ESL CLB 2 Tue/Thu 6:30-8:30 EVE
Listening/Speaking for Daily Life ESL CLB 3 Tue/Thu 6:30-8:30 EVE
Reading/Writing for Daily Life ESL CLB 3 Tue/Thu 6:30-8:30 EVE
Developing English for Daily Life (Hybrid) ESL CLB 4 Tue/Thu 6:30-8:30 EVE
Listening/Speaking for Daily Life ESL CLB 4 Tue/Thu 6:30-8:30 EVE
Reading/Writing+ for Daily Life ESL CLB 4-5 Tue/Thu 6:30-8:30 EVE
English+ for Work & Daily Life ESL CLB 5-6 Tue/Thu 6:30-8:30 EVE
English for Citizenship * ESL CLB 5-7 Thu 6:30-8:30 EVE
6
West Toronto
St. Jane Frances Catholic School (Jane & Sheppard) 2745 Jane St.
7
416-397-6600 M3L 2E8
Beginning English for Daily Life ESL CLB 1-2 Tue/Thu 6:30-9:00 EVE
Developing English for Daily Life ESL CLB 3-4 Tue/Thu 6:30-9:00 EVE
Central Toronto
COSTI Corvetti Education Centre (College & Ossington) ESL Nursery Program 760 College St., 2nd floor
8 30 to 72 months for day learners
416-534-7400 416-534-7400 M6G 1C4
Beginning English for Daily Life ESL CLB 1-2 Mon-Fri 9:30-2:00 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life ESL CLB 3 Mon-Fri 9:00-2:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life ESL CLB 4 Mon-Fri 9:00-2:30 DAY
Improving English for Daily Life ESL CLB 5 Mon-Fri 9:00-2:30 DAY
Reading & Writing for Study ESL CLB 6 Mon-Fri 9:00-2:30 DAY
Listening/Speaking for Work & Study ESL CLB 6-7 Mon-Thu 9:00-2:30 DAY
Fluent Reading & Writing for Study ESL CLB 7-8 Mon-Fri 9:00-2:30 DAY
English for Study: IELTS Prep ESL CLB 8-9 Mon-Fri 9:00-2:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life* ESL CLB 3-4 Mon/Wed 6:30-9:00 EVE
Improving English for Daily Life* ESL CLB 5-6 Mon/Wed 6:30-9:00 EVE
English for Citizenship* ESL CLB 5-7 Mon/Wed 6:30-9:00 EVE
EglintonLINC
LINC&&ESL
ESLCentre
Centre(Yonge & Eglinton E) CHILDMINDING
LINC Care for Newcomer 90 Eglinton Ave. E, 2nd floor, suite 200
10
9 Eglinton Children 19-to31
72tomonths for day
LINC day only 72 months
416-397-6196
416-397-6196 learners 416-397-6626 M4P
M4P 2Y3
2Y3
Developing English for Daily Life LINC CLB 2-3 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Developing Communication/Pronunciation LINC CLB 2-3 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Improving English for Daily Life LINC CLB 4 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Better Communication/Pronunciation LINC CLB 4 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Improving English for Daily Life LINC CLB 5 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Improving Communication/Presentation Skills LINC CLB 5 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
English+ for Work & Daily Life LINC CLB 6 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Refining Accuracy for Communication LINC CLB 6 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
English++ for Work & Daily Life LINC CLB 7-8 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Fluent Communication for Daily Life LINC CLB 7-8 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
English for Study: TOEFL/IELTS Prep LINC CLB 7-8 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Enhancing IELTS Test-Taking Skills LINC CLB 7-8 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
7
Central Toronto
EglintonLINC
LINC&&ESL
ESLCentre
Centre(Yonge & Eglinton E) CHILDMINDING
LINC Care for Newcomer 90 Eglinton Ave. E, 2nd floor, suite 200
10
9 Eglinton Children 19-to31
72to
months for day
LINC daylearners
only 72 months
416-397-6626
416-397-6196
416-397-6196 M4P 2Y3
M4P 2Y3
Conversation+ for Daily Life ESL CLB 4-5 Mon-Wed 9:00-12:00 DAY
Fluent Speaking for Daily Life ESL CLB 6-7 Mon-Fri 12:30-2:30 DAY
Improving Accuracy for Communication ESL CLB 4-5 Tue/Thu 6:30-9:00 EVE
Communication for Work/Daily Life LINC CLB 4-5 Tue/Thu 6:30-9:00 EVE
Better Communication for Work/Daily Life LINC CLB 6-7 Tue/Thu 6:30-9:00 EVE
Fluent Communication for Work LINC CLB 7-8 Tue/Thu 6:30-9:00 EVE
Idioms for Communication for Work/Daily Life ESL CLB 7-8 Tue/Thu 6:30-9:00 EVE
St. Rita Catholic School (Dupont & Dundas W.) 178 Edwin Ave.
10
416-397-6350 M6P 3Z9
Listening/Speaking for Daily Life ESL CLB 4-6 Mon/Wed/Fri 9:30-12:00 DAY
Reading/Writing for Daily Life ESL CLB 3-5 Tue/Thu 9:30-12:00 DAY
Terra Nova Seniors Building (Dundas & Dovercourt) 1289 Dundas St. W. Main Floor
11
416-397-6600 M6J 3S2
Beginning English for Daily Life ESL CLB 1-2 Tue/Thu 9:00-2:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life ESL CLB 2-3 Mon/Wed/Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life ESL CLB 3-4 Mon/Wed/Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Worship Centre (Don Mills & Eglinton) 150 Gateway Blvd., Basement
12
416-397-6171 M3C 3E2
Beginning English for Daily Life ESL CLB 1-2 Mon-Fri 9:00-2:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life ESL CLB 3-4 Mon-Fri 9:00-2:30 DAY
Monsignor Fraser College – TCDSB Adult Secondary School Diploma Program T: 416.393.5533
Campuses throughout the city of Toronto – OSSD completion/course upgrading/9-week credit courses
Annex Isabella Midland Midtown Norfinch
700 Markham St. 146 Isabella St. 2900 Midland Ave. 36 Eglinton Ave W. 45 Norfinch Dr.
8
East Toronto
Cedarbrae Library (Lawrence E & Markham) 545 Markham Rd.
13
416-397-6600 M1H 2A1
Developing English for Daily Life ESL CLB 2-4 Wed/Fri 10:30-1:30 DAY
Finch@Warden Adult Education Centre (Finch & Warden) 3430 Finch Ave. E. Suite 204
15
416-397-6600 M1W 2R5
Beginning English for Daily Life LINC CLB 0-1 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Beginning English for Daily Life LINC CLB 0-1 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Beginning English for Daily Life LINC CLB 2 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life LINC CLB 3-4 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
English+ for Work & Daily Life LINC CLB 5-6 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
English+ for Work & Daily Life LINC CLB 5-6 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
English for Daily Life: Seniors ESL CLB 1-2 Tue/Thu 9:00-11:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life ESL CLB 3-4 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Reading & Writing for Daily Life ESL CLB 5-7 Mon/Tue/Wed 9:00-11:30 DAY
Fluent Conversation for Daily Life ESL CLB 5-7 Thu/Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Francis Libermann Catholic Secondary School (Brimley & Finch) 4640 Finch Ave. E.
16
416-397-6600 M1S 4G2
Beginning English for Daily Life ESL CLB 1-2 Sat 9:30-12:30 SAT
English for Daily Life: Seniors ESL CLB 1-3 Sat 9:30-12:30 SAT
Developing English for Daily Life ESL CLB 3 Sat 9:30-12:30 SAT
Improving English for Daily Life ESL CLB 4-5 Sat 9:30-12:30 SAT
Daily Life Conversations: Seniors ESL CLB 4-5 Sat 9:30-12:30 SAT
English++ for Work & Daily Life ESL CLB 6 Sat 9:30-12:30 SAT
English for Study: TOEFL/IELTS Prep ESL CLB 6-8 Sat 9:30-12:30 SAT
English++ for Work & Daily Life ESL CLB 7-8 Sat 9:30-12:30 SAT
9
East Toronto
Malvern Library (Neilson & Sheppard) 30 Sewells Rd.
416-397-6600 M1B 3G5
Beginning English for Daily Life ESL CLB 1-2 Tue, Wed, Thu 9:30-12:30 DAY
Mary Ward LINC & ESL Centre (Finch & Pharmacy) 44 Kelvinway Dr.
19 LINC Care for Newcomer Children Program
416-397-6046 19 to 72 months for LINC day learners 416-397-6893 M1W 1N6
Pronunciation for Daily Life LINC CLB 0-0 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Literacy
Beginning English for Daily Life LINC CLB 1 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life LINC CLB 2 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life LINC CLB 3 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life LINC CLB 4 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Listening/Speaking for Daily Life LINC CLB 4 Mon, Tue, Wed 9:00-11:30 DAY
Reading/Writing for Daily Life LINC CLB 4 Thu/Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Improving English for Daily Life LINC CLB 5 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Better Grammar for Daily Life LINC CLB 6 Mon, Tue, Wed 12:00-2:30 DAY
Listening Speaking for Daily Life LINC CLB 6 Thu/Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Listening/Speaking+ for Daily Life LINC CLB 5 Mon, Tue, Wed 9:00-11:30 DAY
Reading/Writing+ for Daily Life LINC CLB 56 Thu/Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Beginning English for Daily Life ESL CLB 2 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life ESL CLB 4 Mon, Tue, Wed 12:00-2:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life ESL CLB 3 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Listening/Speaking+ for Daily Life (Hybrid) ESL CLB 6 Mon/Tue/Wed 12:00-2:30 DAY
Better Grammar for Daily Life ESL CLB 5 Thu/Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Reading/Writing+ for Daily Life ESL CLB 5 Mon/Tue/Wed 9:00-11:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life* LINC CLB 2-3 Tue/Thu 6:30-9:00 EVE
Developing English for Daily Life* LINC CLB 4-5 Tue/Thu 6:30-9:00 EVE
English for Work & Daily Life * LINC CLB 6-7 Tue/Thu 6:30-9:00 EVE
Developing English for Daily Life ESL CLB 2-3 Sat 9:30-12:30 SAT
Improving English for Daily Life ESL CLB 4-5 Sat 9:30-12:30 SAT
Perfecting English for Daily Life ESL CLB 6-7 Sat 9:30-12:30 SAT
Monsignor Fraser College – TCDSB Adult Secondary School Diploma Program T: 416.393.5533
Campuses throughout the city of Toronto – OSSD completion/course upgrading/9-week credit courses
Annex Isabella Midland Midtown Norfinch
700 Markham St. 146 Isabella St. 2900 Midland Ave. 36 Eglinton Ave W. 45 Norfinch Dr.
10
East Toronto
Midland Adult Education Centre (Midland & Finch E) 3320 Midland Ave., Suite 203
20
416-397-6133 M1V 5E6
Beginning English for Daily Life ESL CLB 0-1, 1-2, 2 Mon/Wed/Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Beginning English for Daily Life ESL CLB 1-2, 2 Mon/Wed/Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Beginning English for Daily Life ESL CLB 0-1, 2 Tue/Thu 9:00-11:30 DAY
Beginning English for Daily Life ESL CLB 0-1, 2 Tue/Thu 12:00-2:30 DAY
Pronunciation for Daily Life ESL CLB 1-4 Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life ESL CLB 3 Mon/Wed/Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life ESL CLB 3 Mon/Wed/Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life ESL CLB 3 Tue/Thu 9:00-11:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life ESL CLB 3 Tue/Thu 12:00-2:30 DAY
English for Work & Daily Life ESL CLB 4 Tue/Thu 9:00-11:30 DAY
English for Work & Daily Life ESL CLB 4 Tue/Thu 12:00-2:30 DAY
English for Work & Daily Life ESL CLB 4 Mon/Wed 12:00-2:30 DAY
English+ for Work & Daily Life ESL CLB 4-5 Mon/Wed/Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Speaking/Listening+ for Daily Life ESL CLB 5-6 Mon/Wed/Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
English for Work: Customer Service ESL CLB 5-6 Tue/Thu 9:00-2:30 DAY
S.A.F.S.S. - Settlement Assistance & Family Support Services 5637 Finch Ave. E. Unit 8
22
416-293-9263 (Finch & Tapscott) M1B 5K9
Developing English for Daily Life* ESL CLB 2-3 Tue/Thu 6:00-8:30 EVE
Improving English for Daily Life* ESL CLB 4-5 Tue/Thu 6:00-8:30 EVE
23 St. Aidan Catholic School (Birchmount & Finch) 3521 Finch Ave. E.
Beginning English for Daily Life* ESL CLB 1 Mon/Wed 6:30-9:00 EVE
Beginning English for Daily Life* ESL CLB 2 Mon/Wed 6:30-9:00 EVE
Developing English for Daily Life* ESL CLB 3 Mon/Wed 6:30-9:00 EVE
Improving English for Daily Life* ESL CLB 4 Mon/Wed 6:30-9:00 EVE
Conversation for Daily Life (Hybrid) ESL CLB 5-6 Mon/Wed 6:30-9:00 EVE
11
East Toronto
St. Mother Teresa Catholic Academy (Sheppard & Neilson) 40 Sewells Rd.
24
416-397-6600 M1B 3G5
Developing English for Daily Life ESL CLB 3-4 Tue, Wed, Thu 9:30-12:30 DAY
Victoria Park LINC Centre (Sheppard & Victoria Park) LINC Care for Newcomer 2 Lansing Square, Unit 102
25 Children 19 to 72 months
416-397-6591 416-397-6370 M2J 4P8
Beginning English for Daily Life LINC Literacy CLB 1 Mon-Fri 12:30-2:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life LINC CLB 3 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Developing English for Daily Life LINC CLB 4 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
English for Work : Customer Service LINC CLB 4-5 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
English+ for Work & Daily Life LINC CLB 4-5 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Fluent English for Work LINC CLB 6-7 Mon-Fri 9:00-11:30 DAY
Canadian Citizenship Preparation LINC CLB 6-7 Mon-Fri 12:00-2:30 DAY
Monsignor Fraser College – TCDSB Adult Secondary School Diploma Program T: 416.393.5533
Campuses throughout the city of Toronto – OSSD completion/course upgrading/9-week credit courses
Annex Isabella Midland Midtown Norfinch
700 Markham St. 146 Isabella St. 2900 Midland Ave. 36 Eglinton Ave W. 45 Norfinch Dr.
12
Trustee Telephone Ward
Joseph Martino 416-512-3401 1 (Etobicoke)
Markus de Domenico 416-512-3402 2 (Etobicoke)
Ida Li Preti 416-512-3403 3 (North York)
Teresa Lubinski 416-512-3404 4 (North York)
Maria Rizzo, Vice-Chair 416-512-3405 5 (North York)
Frank D’Amico 416-512-3406 6 (York)
Michael Del Grande 416-512-3407 7 (Scarborough/North York)
Garry Tanuan 416-512-3408 8 (Scarborough)
Norm Di Pasquale 416-512-3409 9 (Toronto)
Daniel Di Giorgio 416-512-3410 10 (Toronto)
Angela Kennedy 416-512-3411 11 (East York/Toronto)
Nancy Crawford 416-512-3412 12 (Scarborough)
Taylor Dallin 416-512-3413 Student Trustee
Joel Ndongmi 416-512-3417 Student Trustee
Mission
We are the Adult Education Program of the Toronto Catholic District School Board.
Our Mission is to provide quality English language instruction to adult learners in order
to facilitate their integration and full participation in Canadian society.
Vision
We strive to create an environment characterized by mutual respect, appreciation of
differences, teamwork, positive interaction, professional excellence and continuous learning.
We believe that by adhering to these principles we will make a positive contribution to
Canadian society.