AWWA MANUAL Chapier 5 : Buried Pipe Design 5.1 INTRODUCTION ‘The structural design procedure for buried fiberglass pipe involves establishment of design conditions, selection of pipe cl onding pipe properties. selection of installation parameters, and performance of pertinent calculations to ens.ire that the design requirements of Sec. 5.7 are satisfied. If the results of any celcula:ion indieate that a requirement is not satisfied, it will be necessary to upgrade installation parameters or select a pipe with different properties, or both, and ra¢o pertinent calculations. Special information and caleulations not covered in this cha:ter may be roquired in unusual cases (see Sec. 5.9), Both rigorous and empirical methods are used in the design of fberglass pipe. In addition to short-term tests, many performance limits are determined at 50 years through statistical extrapolation of data obtained from long-term tests under simulated service conditions. Design stress or strain values are obtained by redveing performance limits using appropriate design factors. Design factors are established to ensure adequate performance over the intended services life of the pipe by providing for variations in ‘material properties and loads not anticipated by design calculations. Desigr factors are based on judgment, past experience, and sound engineering principles. ‘The design method discussed in this chapter applies in concept t pipe with uniform walls and to pipe with ribbed-wall cross sections. However, “or design of pipe with ribbed walls, some of the equations must be modified to allow for the special properties of this pips. Also, additional calculations not addressed in this chapter may be required to ensure an adequate design for a ribbed-wall eross seesion. 5.2. DESIGN TERMINOLOGY The foliowing definitions apply to buried pipe design as discussed in this chapter, Working pressure Pix The maximum anticipated, long-term operating pres- sure of the fluid system resulting from typical system operation. Pressure class P.. The maximvm sustained pressure for which designed in the absence of ather loading conditions 108 and cone: 2 pipe is36 FIBERGLASS PIPE DESIGN Surge pressure P,. The transient pressure increase above the working pressure, sometimes called water hammer, that is anticipated in a tem as a result of a change in the velocity of the fluid, such as when valves a-e operated or when pumps are started or stopped. Surge allowance Pro, That portion of the surge pressure that ean be accommodated without changing pressure class. The surge allowance is expected to accommodate pressure surges usually encountered in typical sys:ems Hydrostatic design basis HDB. ‘The long-term hydrostatic hoop strength of a specific fiberglass pipe material as determined by tests and detailed evaluation procedures in accordance with ANSVAWWA Standard C950, Pressure Classes subseetion on long-term hydrostatic design pressure. Design factor FS. A specific number greater than one used to reduce a specific mechanical or physical property in order to establish a design value for use in calculations. Variables. For definitions of variables used in equations and formulas in this, chapter, see Figure 5-1. 5.3. DESIGN CONDITIONS Design conditions are largely determined by required ow rate and flow velocity limitations, hydraulics, pipeline elevations and associated geology ad topography, available right-of-ways, and installation requirements. B Ba D Dr Dt E e Es Ey Ey EI wa empirical coefficient of elastic support (dimensioniess) trench width at pipe springline, in. (mm) mean pipe diameter, in. (mm) shape factor por Table 5-1 (dimensionless) deflection lag factor (dimensioniess) ring flexural modulus of elasticity, psi (MPa) composite modulus of soil reaction, psi (MPa) modulus of soil reaction of the pipe zone backfill embedment, psi (MPa) modulus of soil reaction of the native soil at pipe elevation, psi (MPa) hoop tensile modulus of elasticity, psi (MPa) stiffness factor per unit length of pipe wall, in.?-Ibyin. (m?-N/m) Joad per unit length, Ib/in. (N/m) design factor pipe stiffness, psi (MPa) burial depth to top of pipe, ft (m) height of ground surface above top of pipe, in. (mm) height of water surface above top of pipe, in. (mm) hydrostatic design basis, psi (kPa) (for stress basis) or in. per in, Gnnw/mm) (for strain basis) inside diameter, in, (mm) moment of inertia of pipe wall for ring bending, in. (mm) to the fourth power per lineal in. (mm) [nbieDy bedding coefficient (dimensionless) distance between rigid ring stiffeners, in, (mm) dimension of area of wheel load at pipe crown depth in the direction of travel, ft. (m) (see Figure 5-2)BURIED PIP! DESIGN 37 12 = dimension of area of whee! load at pipe crown depth transverse to the direction of travel, ft. (m) (see Figure 5-2) Ir impact factor (dimensionless) n number of lobes formed at buckling 2 2 OD = outside diameter, in. (mm) P vehicular traffic load (wheel load), Tb (kg) PS pipe stiffness Pe pressure class, psi (kPa) By surge pressure, psi (kPa) Pa surge allowance, psi (kPa) Po internal vacuum pressure, psi (kPa) Pu working pressure, psi (kPa) ca allowable buciling pressure, psi (kPa) a ‘unconfined compressive strength, US tons/®? (N/m’) r mean pipe radius, in. (mm) re rerounding, coefficient (dimensionless) Ru water buoyaney factor (dimensionless) Se long-term, ring-bending strain, in./in. (mm/mm) Se soil support combining factor (dimensionless) Ss: ultimate hoop tensile strength, psi (kPa) Ss hoop tensile stress, psi (kPa) or strain, inJin. (mm/mm) at pressure lass t thickness of pipe reinforced wall, per ASTM D3567, in, (am) a thickness of liner (when used), in. (mm) t total thickness of pipe wall and liner (when used), in. (mm) We vertical soil load on the pipe, Ib/in.* (N/m) We live load on the pipe, Ibvin.? (Nm) % specific weight of the soil, Ibyft? (N/m®) Ye specific weight of water, Ib/in.’ (N/m*) vu Poisson's ratio, applied hoop stress via Poisson's ratio, applied longitudinal stress ay predicted vertical pipe deftection, in. (mm) Aye ‘maximum allowable long-term vertical pipe deflection, in. (mm) o ‘maximum ring-bending stress due to deflection, psi (kPa) oe maximum stress due to combined loading, psi (kPa) Spr working stress due to internal pressure, psi (kPa) bd maximum permitted long-term installed deflection, in. (zum) & maximum ring-bending strain due to deflection, infin. (ram/mm) & maximum strain due to combined loading, inJin. (ram/rrm) fpr working strain due to internal pressure, inJin. (mrvmm} Figure 5-1 Definition of common variables used in chapter 5 5.3.1 Head Losses Hydraulic head loss due to pipe friction may be significantly lower for fiberglass pipe than for other types of pipe due to fiberglass pipe's generally smoother bores and freedom from tuberculation and corrosion. This is reflected in typical long-term flow coefficient values of 0.009 for Manning’s n and 150 for the Hazen-Williams’ C. The designer may wish to consider this in establishing design conditions. (See chapter 4 on hydraulics.)