dr.

mohammad Suleiman
Medics Index Member

Caused by certain nephritogenic strains of Group A streptococci .Complexes rest

under the epithelium and induce proliferation of endothelium and mesangium .Most
patients achieve complete recovery, though a small percentage of them has severe
damage rapidly progressing to kidney
. failure
Otitis and sinusitis
Sinusitis refers to an inflammation of the mucosa lining the cavities that are within the
facial bones .This illness frequently follows an extended infectious process that begins
in the nasal mucosa .By contrast ,otitis media refers to an inflammatory
condition of the middle ear cavity following an infection process in the upper airway
extending from the nasopharynx .Although many viruses can cause infections in the
airway associated to the respiratory system ,bacteria-caused infections have greater
clinical importance .S. pneumoniae, H.influenzae and S.aureus are agents commonly
found in middle ear and paranasal sinuses
. conditions
Laryngitis and epiglottitis
Viral infections affecting the upper respiratory tract can extend deeper to affect the
larynx and trachea .Parainfluenza virus type I and III are the most common viruses
forming colonies in and affecting the larynx ,though respiratory syncytial virus and
influenza virus are also causing agents .Epiglottitis is found in infants ,it is commonly
caused by H.influenzae virus dissemination from the nasopharynx
Wooping cough
Wooping
cough or coqueluche is caused by infection with the Brudetella pertussis coccabacillus
, which is spread through the air by respiratory droplets from an infected person
.Microorganisms multiply only in association with ciliated epithelium and result in
 several virulence factors .After7 or 10 days ,the infection starts with a catarrh stage
and low fever, rhinorrhea , profussion of lacrimal fluid and conjunctivitis . Cough
. progresses to severe paroxysms that end in strong inspiratory whoop
Acute bronchitis
Acute bronchitis refers to inflammation of the bronchial mucosa .It generally follows
serious infections of the upper respiratory airway as a complication of
them,particularly infections caused by H. influenzae virus in the larynx of infants, and
influenzae in children and adults .Cough is the most common symptom and treatment
. is frequently aimed at relieving symptoms
Bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis is a common illness of the lower respiratory airway of infants under the
age of 1 year following inflammatory obstruction of the small airways in the lungs.
Respiratory syncytial virus can account for more than 50%of cases,other viruses that
can cause bronchiolitis include :parainfluinza III ,mycoplasma ,and some
adenoviruses .The infection is generally transmitted by a family member suffering
from a mild respiratory infection .The characteristic features of illness are obstruction
of the bronchioles due to edema and accumulation of mucus and cell remains ,which
. results in air hyperinflation
Bacterial pneumonia
S.pneumoniae accounts for 25%to60% of acute bacterial pneumonia infections .
Other common causing agent is H.influenzae virus (5%-15%) .The infection starts as
an acute condition with fever and chills .It is frequently accompanied by pleural
involvement and hemoptysis .During the first stage ,the alveoli are filled with edema
fluid ,bacteria ,neutrophils and lysate erythrocytes (red hepatization) .The following
stage includes neutrophils lysis and macrophages phagocytizing them (gray
. hepatization ),then ,resolution of the condition
Viral pneumonitis
Viruses can invade the lungs from the blood stream or directly through the airways
.Many viral agents can cause pneumonia, including influenza ,parainfluenza and
measles ,among others . At the beginning of the infection , the alveolar epithelium is
affected and an interstitial mononuclear infiltrate is formed .Based on the sverity
. degree ,pneumonocyte I necrosis, or pneumonocyte II hyperplasia may occur
Pulmonary tuberculosis
Primary tuberculosis refers to the infection caused by Koch's bacillus to persons that
have never been in touch with it before .Typically ,it induces Ghon complex ,a
pulmonary condition that causes damage in the corresponding hilar lymph nodes
.Frequently ,secondary tuberculosis results from bacilli reactivation or reinfection by
exogenous bacilli .It generally affects adults and the most common symptom is
coughing up blood .If the immune system suffers alterations ,bacteria may be miliary
. tuberculosis with very bad prognosis
I nfections caused by Streptococcus pneumonia
Pneumococci commonly lodge in the upper respiratory tract , and may become
invasive pathogens .About 90% of infants between the age of 6 months and 4,5 years
carry S .pneumoniae at some stage of their life .S .pneumoniae is the most frequent
cause of pneumonia and bacterial otitis media, and the third most frequent cause of
. meningitis
Infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae
 This pathogen is frequently endemic ,though it can cause outbreaks of the illness
particularly in nursery schools and healthcare facilities for chronic patients
H,influenzae type b accounts for almost 95% of the severe infections caused by
encapsulated H.influenzae viruses (meningitis ,acute epiglottitis , pneumonia, septic
arthritis ,cellulites ,osteomyelitis ,pericarditis ).Non encapsulated strains are etiologic
agents of upper respiratory tract infection ,such as acute otitis media . & nbsp

dr.mohammad Suleiman
Medics Index Member

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