UNIDAD 1 MÓDULO 1

EL USO DE REFERENTES

UNIDAD 1
MÓDULO 1
EL USO DE REFERENTES

Objetivos de la unidad:
1. Identificar qué información ha sido sustituida y omitida en una lectura, a través del uso de
los diversos referentes (pronombres, adjetivos y adverbios), con el propósito de leer de una
manera más fluida y dinámica textos en inglés.
2. reconocer cómo las oraciones se conectan entre sí.

Los referentes son usados para evitar la repetición de ciertas palabras. Remplazan, substituyen a:
1) una palabra
2) un grupo de palabras
Generalmente, los referentes están indicados por pronombres. Consideremos los siguientes casos a
manera de illustración:

1) ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS
I my (mi,mis)
YOU your (tu, tus ó su, sus)
HE his (su, sus -de él)
SHE her (su, sus -de ella)
IT its (su, sus -de ello)
WE our (nuestro,a,s)
YOU your (su, sus -de ustedes)
THEY their (su, sus -de ellos)

Ejemplo:

Taylor diagnosed the three main problems of industrial psychology. He tried to prove his point by comparing results.
He se refiere a Taylor.
his se refiere a Taylor.

2) PRONOMBRES COMPLEMENTARIOS
I me (a mi / me)
YOU you (a ti /te)
HE him (a él / lo)
SHE her (a ella / la)
IT it (a ello / lo,le, la)
WE us (a nosotros / nos)
YOU you (a ustedes / les)
THEY them (a ellos / les, las)

Ejemplo:
When a child sells roses at the street and you buy them, you are participating in the underground economy.
them se refiere a roses.

3) PRONOMBRES DEMOSTRATIVOS
this (este,a,o) these (estas,os)
that (ese,a,o) those (esas,os)

Ejemplo:
a) Underground economy is also known as the informal market. This is one of the many terms it has received.
This se refiere a informal market.

b) People produce goods and services. This originates markets.

This se refiere a people produce goods and services.

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 UNIDAD 1 MÓDULO 1
EL USO DE REFERENTES

4) ONE (ONES)
The collapse of an economy is a result of many factors. One is that the conversion of profit to internal savings is not automatic.
One se refiere a uno de many factors.

5) SUCH ( + NOUN)
Our era is distinguished by much discussion on patriotism, social welfare, law, and order. Some people believe that such talk is only
a mask to hide private indifference to public issues.
Such talk se refiere a discussion on patriotism, social welfare, law, and order.

6) SO
The treasurer is worried about the present economic situation. He thinks the rate of inflation will rise. I think so, too.
So se refiere a the rate of inflation will rise.

7) THE FORMER (el primero), THE LATTER (lo ultimo)

Industrious, useful human beings may be divided into two classes:
people for whom work is work and pleasure is pleasure and people for whom work and pleasure are one. The former are the
majority.
The former se refiere a people for whom work is work and pleasure is pleasure.

Political authority and education are common sources of social status. The latter, however, is usually easy to achieve.
The latter se refiere a education.

8) THERE, THEN
Engels returned from England a changed man. What he witnessed there led him to write his book on the condition of the English
working class, as seen from a socialist perspective.
There se refiere a England.

It is in the depression phase of the business cycle that national income begins to contract because it is then that the decrease in
income leads to a larger disinvestment of capital with a consequent decrease in income and consumption . The further decrease in
income leads to a further disinvestment which causes a further lowering of consumption and so forth.
then se refiere a the depression phase of the business cycle .

9. Existen ciertas construcciones en las cuales se pueden omitir palabras para evitar la repetición.
One commission member may be from Sonora, another from Yucatan, and a third from Monterrey.
One commission member may be from Sonora, another (may be) from Yucatan, and a third (may be) from Monterrey.

Ronald Reagan supported Prime Minister Thatcher and she him.

Ronald Reagan supported Prime Minister Thatcher and she (supported) him.

Thousands rushed to support the President in victory; in defeat, none.

Thousands rushed to support the President in victory; in defeat, none ( rushed to support him).

Mexico´s income taxes are higher than Argentina´s.

Mexico´s income taxes are higher than Argentina´s (income taxes).

The USA imported more oil from Saudi Arabia than Mexico.
The USA imported more oil from Saudi Arabia than (from) Mexico.

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EL USO DE REFERENTES

Los referentes, substitutos más comunes son los que aparecen a continuación:

SUBJECT REFLEXIVE OBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE

PRONOUN PRONOUN PRONOUN ADJECTIVE PRONOUN
I myself ( a mi mismo) me my mine
you yourself you your yours
he himself him his his
she herself her her hers
it itself it its its
we ourselves us our ours
you yourselves you your yours
they themselves them their theirs

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