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Ayerl5lim (3): 63-95 ISSN: 1134-2277
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/. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografta
Introduccion
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J. Antonio Montero ]imenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
publica de los Estados Unidos. Como tal pueden entenderse los dis-
tintos esfuerzos del gobierno norteamericano destinados a promocio-
nar en el exterior sus propios ideales, asi como a fomentar una mejor
comprension de sus politicas (Tuch, 1990, 3). Bajo este paraguas los
propios funcionarios estadounidenses distinguieron entre dos tipos
de acciones: la informacion y las relaciones culturales2. La primera
implicaba generalmente una planificacion a corto plazo, y se encon-
traba estrechamente vinculada a la coyuntura politica; sus estrategias
podian alcanzar un alto grado de agresividad, e incluian la manipula-
tion de la verdad. Las relaciones culturales se concebian en un tono
mas positivo y no se programaban con la intencion de obtener resul-
tados inmediatos. Se basaban en la promotion de productos como la
literatura, la musica o el sistema educativo, y en muchas ocasiones
implicaban un contacto directo entre estadounidenses y extranjeros.
Entre los ejecutores de la diplomacia publica se encontraban tanto
organismos gubernamentales como organizaciones privadas que cola-
boraban con aquellos - fundaciones, varias ONG - , generalmente
en el terreno del intercambio educativo y cientifico.
2 Para una mejor aclaracion de las acciones que se esconden bajo el concepto de
diplomacia publica, cfr. el articulo de Antonio Nino, incluido en el presente dossier.
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/. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
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J. Antonio Montero ]imenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografta
3 El desarrollo institucional que siguio a esta norma puede seguirse a traves del
articulo de Lorenzo Delgado, incluido en este dossier.
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica , debate politico e historiografia
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografta
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografla
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
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J. Antonio Montero ]imenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografta
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J. Antonio Montero ]imenez Diplomacia publica , debate politico e historiografta
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica , debate politico e historiografia
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J. Antonio Montero ]imenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografta
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografta
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/. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografta
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
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J. Antonio Montero ]imenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografta
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
que en Europa pesaban mucho mas las pervivencias que los cambios.
El triunfo de determinados productos culturales americanos resulto
de la voluntaria aceptacion de los mismos por parte de los europeos,
quienes ademas alteraron su significado, adaptandolo a sus propias
tradiciones: «La Americanization de Europa fue principalmente sim-
bolica - un fenomeno asociado demasiado facilmente con un conjun-
to de marcas, iconos y senas altamente visibles (...). Sin embargo, los
estilos de vida y actitudes europeos resultaron tan solo parcialmente
alterados por la presencia de la cultura de masas y las mercancias nor-
teamericanas. El impacto americano, supuestamente destructor de las
tradiciones locales y nacionales, se vio siempre limitado por la distin-
tas costumbres e instituciones europeas, y por su diversidad lingiiistica
y etnica». En cualquier caso, las influencias norteamericanas en Euro-
pa se correspondieron con un proceso similar de importation en los
Estados Unidos de costumbres y modos propios del Viejo Continente:
«Los europeos tambien exportaron su cultura y sus productos de con-
sumo a America, especialmente de los anos setenta en adelante. De
hecho, la relation posbelica entre Europa y los Estados Unidos nunca
fue tan desigual como los escritores y lideres politicos europeos han
asentado. Estuvo marcada mas por un proceso de fertilization cruza-
da, un intercambio reciproco de ideas (...). En este sentido, tambien la
cultura americana estuvo parcialmente Europeizada». La caracterfstica
primordial del mundo actual, segun Pells, no es la americanizacion,
sino una globalization entendida como un intercambio multipolar de
ideas y costumbres en constante evolution. En el proceso, las identi-
dades pueden reafirmarse o variar, pero en ningun caso parecen 11a-
madas a desaparecer: «la amenaza del globalismo, al igual que los peli-
gros de la Americanizacion, pueden haberse sobreestimado. Igual que
los paises de Europa occidental mantuvieron su idiosincrasia social y
economica a pesar de la penetration de los productos y medios de
comunicacion americanos, tampoco las culturas locales y regionales se
encontraban al borde de la extincion, a pesar de las presiones de la glo-
balization. A finales del siglo XX, lo national y lo international conti-
nuaban coexistiendo (...) de igual manera que lo hatian a sus comien-
zos» (Pells, 1997,279, 326).
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/. Antonio Montero ]imenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
Conclusiones
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J. Antonio Montero ]imenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
Bibliografia
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografta
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
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J. Antonio Montero Jimenez Diplomacia publica, debate politico e historiografia
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J. Antonio Montero ]imenez Diplomacia puhlica, debate politico e historiografta
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