rammar Reference

•
UNIT 1 1.5 Plural nouns • Ex. 5
1. M o s t n o u n s a d d -s i n the p l u r a l .
1.1 Verb t o be • Ex. 1 stamps keys cameras
Affirmative 2. I f the n o u n ends i n -s, -ss, -sh, o r -ch, a d d -es.
bus —• buses w i s h —• wishes
I am I'm = I am
class —• classes m a t c h —» m a t c h e s
He He's = H e is 3. I f the n o u n ends i n a c o n s o n a n t + -y, the - y changes t o -ies.
She is She's = She is c o u n t r y —» c o u n t r i e s p a r t y —» parties
It f r o m the U.S. It's = I t is B u t i f the n o u n ends i n a v o w e l + -y, the - y doesn't change.
We W e ' r e = W e are k e y —• keys day —• days
You are Y o u ' r e = Y o u are 4. Some n o u n s are i r r e g u l a r . D i c t i o n a r i e s s h o w this.
They T h e y ' r e = T h e y are child children person people
woman women man men
Question

am I 1.6 Numbers 1 - 2 0
he 1 one 6 six 11 eleven 16 sixteen
is she 2 two 7 seven 12 twelve 17 seventeen
Where it from? 3 three 8 eight 13 thirteen 18 eighteen
4 four 9 nine 14 fourteen 19 nineteen
we 5 five 10 ten 15 fifteen 20 twenty
are you
they
1.7 Prepositions
W h e r e are y o u from?
I'm20 I live i n a house i n Fortaleza.
W h a t ' s t h i s i n English?
I ' m 20. NOT I ' m 20 ycars.
I ' m 20 years o l d . I havo 20 yoars

1.2 Possessive adjectives • Ex. 2 EXERCISES

my 1 C o m p l e t e t h e sentences. Use am, is, o r are.

What's your name? W h a t ' s = W h a t is
1. H o w you?
his
2. I fine, t h a n k s .
her
its 3. P a t r i c k m y brother.
T h i s is our house. 4. W e b o t h 23 years o l d .
your 5. Katie a n d Paul married.
their
2 C o m p l e t e t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n . Use my, your, her, o r his.
Ann H i , (1) n a m e s A n n . W h a t ' s (2)
1.3 Question words • Ex. 3 name?
N i c k H i ! (3) name's N i c k . T h i s is m y sister.
W h a t is y o u r p h o n e n u m b e r ?
W h e r e are y o u f r o m ? ( 4 ) _ name's M a r i a .
H o w are you? Ann H i . T h i s is m y b r o t h e r . ( 5 ) n a m e is T o m .

3 Choose the correct question w o r d .

1.4 a / a n • Ex. 4
1. How I What is y o u r name?
2. What I How are you?
ticket. apple.
3. What I Where are y o u f r o m ?
It's a newspaper. It's an envelope.
magazine. English d i c t i o n a r y . 4 C o m p l e t e t h e sentences. Use a o r an.

1. I t ' s _ stamp. Fm . student.

W e use an before a v o w e l .
2. He's _ teacher. It's. orange.
I ' m a doctor. F m doctor.
NOT 3. It's apple.
F m a student. F m student.
W r i t e the p l u r a l f o r m .
1. d i c t i o n a r y child
2. student day
3. orange

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 EXERCISES

-: :~ • Ex. 1-2 1 C o m p l e t e t h e q u e s t i o n s . Use What, Where, Who, How much, o r

Éh q w e r t i o n w o r d s How old.
Answers
are you? I ' m 22.
is h e r last name? Jefferson.
is Nick? He's at h o m e .
\NTiat is his job? He's a p o l i c e o f f i c e r .
is her address? 82 H i l l R o a d . is this? It's $40.
is y o u r job? I ' m a teacher.
is she
is that? It's A l e x .
Where are y o u from? México.
are t h e y 2 M a k e q u e s t i o n s a n d n e g a t i v e sentences.
is Lara? 1. y o u / are / c o l d / ?
Who She's Patrick's d a u g h t e r .
is she? 2. w e / teachers / English / aren't
is he? 3. P m / f r o m / Italy / n o t
How old Twenty-two.
are you? 4. is / a / she / student / ?
How much is a b r o w n i e ? O n e seventy-five. 3 R e w r i t e t h e sentences. Use t h e possessive 's.
1. Jane + b o o k Jane's book
Yes/No q u e s t i o n s Short answers
2. m y f r i e n d + bag
he Yes, he is.
3. m y f a m i l y + house
Is she young? N o , she i s n ' t .
Yes, i t is. 4 . John + son
it
5. A n d r e a + b r o t h e r
you N o , I ' m n o t . / N o , w e aren't.
Are married? 6. his w i f e + n a m e
they Yes, t h e y are./No, t h e y aren't.
4 M a t c h the n u m b e r s .
Negative
1. fifty a. 31
1 ' m not T m not = I am not ( I amn't
2. t w e n t y b. 25
He H e isn't = H e is n o t 3. t h i r t y c. 20
She isn't She i s n ' t = She is n o t 1. t h i r t y - o n e d. 30
It f r o m the U.S. I t isn't = I t is n o t 5. t w e n t y - f i v e e. 50

We W e aren't = W e are n o t
You aren't Y o u a r e n ' t = Y o u are n o t
They T h e y aren't = T h e y are n o t UNIT 3

2.2 Possessive 's • Ex. 3 3.1 Present Simple he, she, it • Ex. 1-3

M y w i f e ' s n a m e is Judy. That's A n d r e a ' s d i c t i o n a r y . 1. T h e Present S i m p l e expresses a fact w h i c h is always t r u e , o r t r u e

for a l o n g time.
H e comes f r o m T a i w a n . She w o r k s i n a b a n k .
2.3 Numbers 21-100
2. I t also expresses a h a b i t .
21 twenty-one 30 t h i r t y
She likes p l a y i n g tennis. H e has n o free t i m e .
22 twenty-two 31 t h i r t y - o n e
23 twenty-three 40 f o r t y Affirmative
24 twenty-four 50 fifty He Have is i r r e g u l a r .
25 twenty-five 60 sixty She lives in Kenya. She has a d o g .
26 twenty-six 70 seventy It N O T she havcs
27 twenty-seven 80 eighty
28 twenty-eight 90 n i n e t y Negative
29 twenty-nine 100 o n e h u n d r e d
He
She doesn't live i n Japan. doesn't = does n o t
2.4 Prepositions • Ex. 4 It
T h i s is a p h o t o o f m y f a m i l y .
Question
It's g o o d practice for y o u .
he
I ' m at h o m e . M y m o t h e r a n d father are at w o r k .
W h e r e does she live?
P m at La G u a r d i a C o m m u n i t y College.
it
L m i n N e w Y o r k . L m i n a class w i t h seven students.
Yes/No q u e s t i o n s Short answers
I live w i t h an A m e r i c a n f a m i l y i n an a p a r t m e n t .
he Yes, he does.
i n Kenya?
Does she live N o , she doesn't.
i n Japan?
it Yes, it does.

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3.2 Spelling of the third person singular • Ex. 4 UNIT 4
1. M o s t verbs a d d - 5 i n the t h i r d person s i n g u l a r .
wear —» wears speak —• speaks live —» lives 4.1 Present Simple • Ex. 1-2
B u t go a n d do are d i f f e r e n t . T h e y a d d -es. Affirmative Negative
go —» goes d o —* does
I I
2. I f the v e r b ends i n -s, -sh, o r -c/i, a d d -es.
You You
fínish —* fínishes w a t c h —» watches start don't
We We
3. I f the verb ends i n a consonant + -y, the - y changes t o -ies. They They
at 6:30. start at 6:30.
fly —> flies s t u d y —» studies
B u t i f the v e r b ends i n a v o w e l + -y the - y does n o t change. He He
play —* plays She starts She doesn't
It It
4. H t i v e is irregular.
have —• has Question

I
3.3 Prepositions
you
do
She lives i n Kenya. we
H e plays t c n n i s i n his free t i m e . When they start?
A nurse l o o k s a f t e r people i n the h o s p i t a l . he
H e lives o n an i s l a n d i n the west o f Scotland. does she
H e gets the m a i l f r o m the b oat. it
H e drives the c h i l d r e n t o s c hool.
Tourists come b y boat. Yes/No q u e s t i o n s Short answers

It\ a b o u t 6:30. you N o , I don't./No, we don't.

Do have a camera?
they Yes, they d o .

he Yes, he does.
EXERCISES Does she like Chinese food? N o , she doesn't.
it Yes, i t does.

1 C h a n g e t h e sentences f r o m a f f i r m a t i v e t o n e g a t i v e .
1. M i g u e l comes f r o m M é x i c o . 4.2 Adverbs of frequency • Ex. 3
2. Sandra w o r k s i n a s c h ool. 0% 50% 100%
3. B i l l speaks Japanese.
never sometimes often usually always
4. M y sister has t w o c h i l d r e n .
5. L u c y goes t o Greece every year. 1. These adverbs usually c o m e before the m a i n v e r b .
6. Peter studies art i n college. She n e v e r eats meat.
I s o m e t i m e s play t e n n i s o n Saturdays.
2 M a k e questions. I d o n ' t o f t e n go s w i m m i n g .
I u s u a l l y go t o bed a b o u t 11:00.
1. s t u d y / H a r r y / Portuguese / at s c h o o l / does / ?
W e a l w a y s w a t c h T V i n the evenings.

2. does / she / live / w h e r e / ? 2. Sometimes a n d usually can also c o m e at the b e g i n n i n g o r the e n d o f a

sentence.
3. does / c o m e / t h i s s t a m p / w h e r e / f r o m / ? S o m e t i m e s we play cards. W e p l a y cards s o m e t i m e s .
U s u a l l y I w a l k t o school . I w a l k t o school u s u a l l y .
4. sports / does / e n j o y / she / w h a t / ? 3. Never a n d always can't c o m e at the b e g i n n i n g o r the e n d o f a
sentence.
5. George / have / d o g / a / does / ? NOT N e v e r I go to the theater.
Always I have toa i n the m o r n i n g .
3 C o m p l e t e t h e sentences. Use t h e Pr es ent S i m p l e .
1. he i n T h a i l a n d ? ( live) 4.3 like/love + verb + -ing • Ex. 4
2. Y o u in a bank. (not w o r k )
W h e n like a n d love are f o l l o w e d b y a v e r b , it is u s u a l l y v e r b + -ing.
3. I T V i n the evenings. ( w a t c h ) I l i k e c o o k i n g . She loves l i s t e n i n g t o m u s i c .
4. M a r t a a new b o y f r i e n d . (have)
5. I Spanish. ( n o t speak) 4.4 Prepositions
6. Carlos English? ( s t u d y ) She gets u p early o n weekdays.
4 W r i t e the t h i r d person singular f o r m o f the verbs. She goes t o the g y m o n F r i d a y m o r n i n g s .
T h e y never go o u t o n Saturday evenings.
1. d o 4. speak
D o y o u relax o n weekends?
2. w a t c h 5. have She gets u p a t six o'clock.
3. listen 6. w a l k She gets u p early i n the m o r n i n g .
W e go o u t i n the e v e n i n g .
She goes s u r f i n g i n the s u m m e r .

Grammar Reference
 EXERCISES 5.2 How many ...? • Ex. 3
H o w m a n y b o o k s d o y o u have?
1 C o m p l e t e the sentences. Use the a f f i r m a t i v e f o r m o f the verbs i n
the b o x . 5.3 some/any • Ex. 3
play go live work speak Affirmative
1. M y best f r i e n d i n Brazil. There are s o m e f l o w e r s . some + p l u r a l n o u n
2. l o h n and Kate Japanese and Korean. Negative
3. Nádia often r u n n i n g before breakfast. T h e r e aren't a n y cups. any + p l u r a l n o u n
4. I six days a week. Question
5. M y brother the piano. A r e there a n y books? any + p l u r a l n o u n

2 M a k e questions a n d s h o r t answers. Use the Present Simple. 5.4 this, that, these, those • Ex. 4
1. he / like / swimming?
W e use this/these t o t a l k a b o u t people/things that are near t o us.
I like t h i s ice cream.
No, I w a n t these shoes.
2. y o u / have / a computer? W e use that/those t o talk a b o u t people/things that a r e n ' t near t o us.
D o y o u like t h a t p i c t u r e o n the wall?
W h o are t h o s e c h i l d r e n outside?
Yes,
3. they / live / i n Peru?
5.5 Prepositions
H e lives i n the s o u t h o f France.
Yes,
T h e r e is a p h o t o o n the t e l e v i s i o n .
4. she / start / at 9:00?
T h e r e are t w o pictures o n the w a l l .
T h e m o v i e theater is o n the left, across f r o m the newsstand.
No, T h e b a n k is n e x t t o the s u p e r m a r k e t .
5. we / speak / English? T h e bus stop is n e a r the p a r k .
T h e r e is a m a i l b o x i n f r o n t o f the post office.
Yes, T h e r e are magazines u n d e r the table.

3 Put the adverb i n the correct place.

1. George walks to w o r k . (always) _ EXERCISES
2. Sandra watches T V . (never)
3. Y o u d o n ' t go r u n n i n g . (often)
1 M a t c h t h e t w o halves o f t h e sentences.
4 F i n d a n d correct t w o i n c o r r e c t sentences.
1. Vickv loves listen to the radio. 1. Is there a. any boys?

2. M y sister likes going shopping. 2. T h e r e are b. a computer.

3. They love reading. 3. A r e there c. a letter?
4. David likes to cooking. 4. T h e r e isn't d . t w o girls.

2 M a k e sentences. Use t h e v e r b be ( + , - , o r ? ) .

UNIT 5 1. (?) there any books?

2. ( - ) There any cake.

5.1 There is/are • Ex. 1-2 3. ( + ) There five glasses.

4. (?) there a d i c t i o n a r y ?
Affirmative
5. ( - ) There any magazines.
is a sofa. (singular) a black d o g .
6. ( + ) There
There
are t w o books. (plural) 3 C o m p l e t e t h e sentences. Use some, any, o r many.

Negative 1. H o w apples are there?

2. T h e r e are photos.
isn't an a r m c h a i r . (singular)
There 3. A r e there glasses?
aren't any flowers. (plural) 4. T h e r e are cookies.

Yes/No q u e s t i o n s Short answers 5. H o w sandwiches d o y o u want?

Yes, there is. 4 Choose the correct w o r d .

Is a table?
N o , there isn't. 1. I l i k e this / these dock.
there
Yes, there are. 2. D o y o u w a n t those I that books?
Are any photos?
N o , there aren't. 3. These I this f l o w e r s are b e a u t i f u l !
4. W h e r e is that I those cafe?

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UNIT 6 Question

I?
6.1 can/carít • E x . 1-2 was
he/she/it?
Where
Can a n d carít have the same f o r m i n ali persons.
were we/you/they?
There is n o do o r does.
Can is f o l l o w e d by the i n f i n i t i v e ( w i t h o u t to).

Yes/No q u e s t i o n s Short answers

could/couldrít
he N o , he w a s n ' t .
Could is the past o f can. Was
she at w o r k ? Yes, she was.
Could a n d couldnt have the same f o r m i n ali persons. at home?
you Yes, I was./Yes, w e were.
Could is f o l l o w e d b y the i n f i n i t i v e ( w i t h o u t to). Were
they N o , they weren't.
Affirmative

I
was born
He/She/It
can
We swim.
could she I was b o r n i n
You was
he B r o o k l y n i n 1980.
They Where born?
were you NOT I a m b o r n i n 1980.
Negative they

6.3 Prepositions
NOT H e doesn't can dance.
I was at a p a r t y .
Yesterday there was a p a r t y at m y house.
C a n I speak t o you?
Question H e sits at his c o m p u t e r f o r h o u r s .
I
you
can
What he/she/it do? EXERCISES
could
we
they
1 C o r r e c t t h e sentences.

Yes/No q u e s t i o n s Short answers 1. T a n y a can sing, b u t she c o u l d n ' t dance.

you N o , I can't./No, we c o u l d n ' t .

Can drive? 2. M a r k c o u l d t o s w i m t w o years ago, b u t he c o u l d n ' t ride a bicycle.
she Yes, she can/could.
Could cook?
they Yes, they can/could.
3. D o y o u can p l a y tennis?
NOT D o y o u can drive?

4. W h a t I can d o today?
6.2 was/were • Ex. 3
Was/were is the past o f am/is/are.
W r i t e sentences t h a t are t r u e f o r y o u . Use can/can't o r could/
Affirmative couldn't.
I play an i n s t r u m e n t .
was
He/She/It use a c o m p u t e r .
i n Chicago yesterday.
We f l y a plane,
i n B a n g k o k last year.
You were cook.
They r i d e a b i k e w h e n I was six.
s w i m w h e n I was t w o .
Negative
speak t w o languages w h e n I was eight.
I
wasn't I speak m y language w h e n I was f o u r .
He/She/It
at s c h o o l yesterday. 3 R e w r i t e t h e sentences i n t h e past. Use was o r were.
We at the p a r t y last n i g h t .
You weren't 1 I'm in New York.

They 2 T h e y are at a p a r t y . _
3 W h e r e are you?
4 Y o u a r e n ' t at school.
5 She's at h o m e .
6. A r e they i n the restaurant?
7. W h e r e ' s David?
8. W e a r e n ' t at w o r k .

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 UNIT 7 EXERCISES

7.1 Past Simple - spelling of regular verbs • Ex. 1 1 C o m p l e t e t h e sentences. Use t h e Past S i m p l e .

1. T h e n o r m a l r u l e is t o a d d -ed. 1. I p l a y i n g f o o t b a l l at 5 P . M . ( s t o p )
worked started She. i n a cafe last s u m m e r . ( w o r k )
I f the v e r b ends i n -e, a d d -d. You John last week. ( n o t see)
lived loved
they t o college? ( g o )
2. I f the v e r b has o n l y one syllable a n d o n e v o w e l a n d one Sarah. i n N e w Y o r k i n 2002. ( l i v e )
c o n s o n a n t , d o u b l e the c o n s o n a n t .
When he ? (arrive)
stopped planned
Peter _ . to travei a r o u n d E u r o p e . (decide)
3. V e r b s t h a t e n d i n a c o n s o n a n t + -y change t o -ied.
8. L u k e _ t w o dogs a n d a cat. (have)
studied carried
9. W h e n _ the m o v i e ? (finish)

7.2 Past Simple • E x . 1-3 10. T h e y _ a vacation in Florida, ( w a n t )

T h e Past S i m p l e expresses a past a c t i o n that is f i n i s h e d . 2 W r i t e t h e Past S i m p l e of t h e v e r b s .

I l i v e d i n Seoul w h e n I was six. 1. w a l k 6. w r i t e
She s t a r t e d w o r k w h e n she was eight. 2. go 7. s t u d y
T h e f o r m o f the Past S i m p l e is the same i n ali persons.
3. see 8. r u n
Affirmative 9. s i n g
4. eat
I 5. b e c o m e 10. hear
He/She/It
moved 3 W r i t e s h o r t a n s w e r s t h a t are t r u e f o r y o u .
We t o A t l a n t a i n 1995.
went 1. D i d y o u w a t c h T V last week?
You
They 2. D i d y o u a n d y o u r f r i e n d s go o u t last weekend?
3. D i d v o u r father teach v o u t o ride a bike?
Negative
4. D i d y o u r parents travei abroad w h e n y o u were a child?
W e use didrít + i n f i n i t i v e ( w i t h o u t to) i n ali persons.
4 Put the t i m e expressions i n the correct c o l u m n .
I
He/She/It morning night afternoon year evening week
We didn't move to Atlanta.
You last yesterday
They

Question
W e use did + i n f i n i t i v e ( w i t h o u t to) i n ali persons.

I UNIT 8
When you
did go?
Where he/she/it
we/they
8.1 Past Simple • Ex. 1-3
Negative
Yes/No q u e s t i o n s Short answers
Negatives i n the Past Simple are the same i n ali persons.
you No, I didn't.
I/He/She go out
she like the movie? No, we d i d n ' t . didn't last n i g h t .
Did We/You/They see T o m
they enjoy the party? Yes, she d i d .
etc. No, they d i d n ' t .
ago
T h e r e is list o f i r r e g u l a r verbs o n page 133.
I w e n t t o Brazil ten years/two weeks/a m o n t h ago
7.3 Time expressions • Ex. 4
8.2 Time expressions • Ex. 4
night month morning
last week year yesterday afternoon the t w e n t i e t h century/1924/the 1990s
Saturday evening w i n t e r / s u m m e r / t h e evening/morning/September

011 O c t o b e r 10/Christmas Day/Saturday/Sunday e v e n i n g

7.4 Prepositions
at seven o'clock/night
T h e y t a l k e d about t h e i r p r o b l e m s .
H e w o r k e d i n a coal m i n e .
8.3 Prepositions
She w o r k e d for a r a d i o s t a t i o n .
She w e n t to school w h e n she was 20. H e started i n the 1820s. People laughed at her idea.
She flew a c r o s s the A t l a n t i c . O n l y U.S. cars had windshield wipers by 1916. I fell i n love w i t h h i m .
A r e y o u interested i n m o d e m art? I t r i e d t o forget about h i m . T h e y l i v e d by the lake.
People d i d n ' t hear about his i n v e n t i o n .

118 Grammar Reference

EXERCISES 9.3 some and any • E x . 3-4
W e use some i n a f f i r m a t i v e sentences w i t h n o n c o u n t n o u n s a n d
1 M a k e sentences. plural nouns.
1. Sue / yesterday / t o the m o v i e s / w e n t There is bread
some o n the table.
There are oranges
2. ago / 1 / m e t / N i c k / t w o years
W e use some i n questions w h e n w e ask f o r t h i n g s a n d o f f e r t h i n g s .

3. last n i g h t / go / they / o u t / d i d n ' t C a n I have coffee, please?

some
W o u l d y o u like grapes?
4. three weeks / Jack / ago / was b o r n W e use any i n questions a n d negative sentences w i t h n o n n c o u n t
nouns and plural nouns.
5. F r i d a y / w e / last / m e t Is there water? (1 d o n ' t k n o w i f there is
any water. I d o n ' t k n o w
Does she have children?
any i f she has any c h i l d r e n . )
2 R e w r i t e t h e sentences. Use t h e n e g a t i v e f o r m o f t h e Past S i m p l e .
I can't see rice.
1. I w a t c h e d T V last n i g h t .
2. T h e y traveled b y t r a i n . There aren't people.

3. M a r y sang i n the c o n c e r t last week. _

4. Pete saw three m e n o u t s i d e the b a n k .
9.4 How much ...? and How many ...? • Ex. 4
5. W e w e n t t o N e w Y o r k i n 2002.
W e use How much ... f w i t h noncount nouns.
3 C o m p l e t e t h e sentences. Use t h e Past S i m p l e . H o w m u c h rice is there? T h e r e isn't m u c h rice.
1. N i c k o f f his b i k e . ( f a l i ) W e use How many ... ?with c o u n t n o u n s .
2. I t h e m an e - m a i l . (send) H o w m a n y apples are there? T h e r e aren't m a n y apples.
3. Y o u m y glasses! ( f i n d )
4. She a c u p o f coffee. ( d r i n k ) 9.5 Prepositions
5. W e . a new D V D . ( b u y ) I have a b o o k by John G r i s h a m .
W h a t d i d y o u have f o r breakfast?
4 Choose the correct p r e p o s i t i o n .
1. T h e y m e t on I at I in June 1 1 .
2. Kate was b o r n in I at / on the 1980s.
3. W e p l a y t e n n i s on I in I a r w e e k e n d s . EXERCISES
4. She b o u g h t the a p a r t m e n t at I on I in M a y .
5. W h a t d i d y o u d o in I at I on M o n d a y ?
1 W r i t e C (count) or N (noncount).
1. m i l k 5. apple

UNIT 9 2. m o n e y 6. bread
3. h o m e w o r k 7. f r u i t
9.1 Count and noncount nouns • Ex. 1 4. C D 8. tea

Some n o u n s are c o u n t a b l e . 2 C o m p l e t e t h e sentences. Use Would... like o r 'd like.

a b o o k —* t w o b o o k s a n egg —• six eggs 1. I a c u p o f coffee, please.
Some n o u n s are u n c o u n t a b l e . 2. they some food?
bread rice
3. you t o go o u t t o n i g h t ?
Some n o u n s are b o t h !
D o y o u like coffee? W e ' d like three coffees, please. 4. she a drink?

3 Choose the correct w o r d .

9.2 would like • Ex. 2 1. C a n I have any I some m i l k , please?
Would is the same i n ali persons. 2. D o they have some I any sandwiches?
W e use would like i n offers a n d requests. 3. T h e r e are some I any oranges.
4. W o u l d y o u like any I some coffee?
Affirmative
5. A r e there any I some cookies?
I
4 C o m p l e t e t h e sentences. Use is, are, some, any, much, o r many.
You
He/She/It ' d like a drink. 'd = would 1. H o w sugar is there?
We 2. I ' d like water, please.
They 3. there any bread?
4. H o w people d i d y o u see?
Yes/No q u e s t i o n s Short answers
5. T h e r e some letters f o r y o u .
you
Yes, please. 6. D o y o u have money
Would he/she/it like a cookie?
No, thank you.
they
UNIT 10 10.3 Whose + possessive pronouns • Ex. 4
Whose ... Pasks a b o u t possession.
10.1 Present Continuous • Ex. 1-2
Subject Object Adjective Pronoun
1. T h e Present C o n t i n u o u s describes an a c t i v i t y t h a t is
happening now. I me my mine
She's w e a r i n g jeans. You you your yours
T m s t u d y i n g English. He him his his
She her her hers
2. I t also describes an a c t i v i t y i n the near f u t u r e .
We us our ours
I ' m p l a y i n g tennis this afternoon.
They them their theirs
Jane's g o i n g to a p a r t y t o n i g h t .

mine.
A f f i r m a t i v e a n d negative
yours.
W h o s e is t h i s book?
I am hers.
W h o s e b o o k is this? It's
his.
He W h o s e is it?
ours.
She is
theirs.
It (not) going outside.

We
You are 10.4 Prepositions
They W e have t h i s sweater i n r e d .
He's t a l k i n g t o M a n d y .
Question There's a g i r l w i t h b l o n d e h a i r .
I ' m l o o k i n g f o r a sweater.
am I
I always p a y b y c r e d i t c a r d .
he
is she
Where it going?
EXERCISES
we
are you C o m p l e t e t h e sentences. Use t h e P r e s e n t C o n t i n u o u s .
they
1. H e m a t h at the u n i v e r s i t y . ( s t u d y )
2. I away t h i s w e e k e n d . ( n o t g o )
Yes/No q u e s t i o n s Short answers
3. they ? (work)
A r e y o u h a v i n g a g o o d time? Yes, w e are.
Is m y English g e t t i n g better? Yes, i t is. 4. She the p a r t y . ( n o t enjoy)
A r e they h a v i n g a party? N o , they aren't. 5. you Sam t o n i g h t ? (see)

W r i t e the -ingform.
Spelling of verb + -ing
1. w r i t e
1. M o s t verbs j u s t a d d -ing. 2. s t o p
wear —* w e a r i n g g o —* g o i n g c o o k —• c o o k i n g
3. wear
2. I f the i n f i n i t i v e ends i n -e, d r o p the -e. 4. go
w r i t e —• w r i t i n g smile —* s m i l i n g
5. dance
3. W h e n a one-syllable v e r b has o n e v o w e l a n d ends i n a
C o m p l e t e t h e sentences. Use t h e P r e s e n t S i m p l e o r
c o n s o n a n t , d o u b l e the c o n s o n a n t .
Continuous.
sit —• s i t t i n g get —* g e t t i n g r u n —• r u n n i n g
1. Juan f r o m San Jose. ( c o m e )

10.2 Present Simple and Present Continuous • Ex. 3 2. I Jo at 6 P . M . t o n i g h t . ( m e e t )

3. W h y you now? ( l a u g h )
1 T h e Present S i m p l e describes t h i n g s t h a t are always t r u e , o r t r u e
for a long time. 4. She always nice clothes. ( w e a r )
I come from Taiwan. 5. W e ' r e late! you (come)
He w o r k s i n a bank.
4 C o m p l e t e t h e sentences. Use Whose o r Who's.
2 T h e Present C o n t i n u o u s describes activities h a p p e n i n g n o w , b o o k s are these?
a n d t e m p o r a r y activities.
s t a n d i n g at the door?
W h y are y o u w e a r i n g a suit? Y o u usually wear jeans.
g o i n g t o pass the exam?
p e n is this?
d o g is that?
UNIT 11 EXERCISES

11.1 going to • Ex. l 1 C o m p l e t e the sentences. U s e going to ( + , - , o r ? ) .

1. Going to expresses a person's plans and intentions. 1. (+) Look! It be a nice day!
She\ going to be a ballet dancer when she grows up. (?) Bill see D a n tonight?
We're going to stay in a villa in France this s u m m e r . (-) I study this weekend.
2. Often there is no difference between going to and the Present (+) Be careful! Y o u fali.
C o n t i n u o u s to refer to a future intention. (-) W e play football today.
P m seeing Peter tonight. (?) you cook dinner tonight?
P m going to see Peter tonight. ( + ) He pass the exam.
3. W e also use going to when we can see n o w that something is H I work tomorrow.
sure to happen in the future.
they stay with us?
Careful! That glass is going to fali!
2 W r i t e the comparative a n d superlative f o r m .
A f f i r m a t i v e a n d negative 1. easy —»
I am 2. boring —»
take a break. 3. far -»
He/She/It is (not) going to 4. noisy —•
stay at home.
We/You/They are 5. nice —»

Questions 3 Put a check next to the correct sentence i n each pair.

,ini I 1. • M y computer's bigger than yours.

take a break? • M y computer is more big than yours.
When is he/she/it going to
stay at home?
2. • T h i s is the noisyest city I know!
are we/you/they
• T h i s is the noisiest city I know!
W i t h the verbs to go and to come, we usually use the Present
C o n t i n u o u s for future plans. 3. • It's the worse movie in the world.

W e ' r e going to San Francisco next week. • It's the worst movie in the world.
Joe and T i m are c o m i n g for lunch tomorrow.
4. • M i a m i is hotter than Atlanta.
• M i a m i is hoter than Atlanta.
11.2 Comparative and superlative adjectives • Ex. 2-3
5. • M u s e u m s are boringer than parks.
Adjective Comparative Superlative • M u s e u m s are more boring than parks.
One-syllable old older the oldest
adjectives safe safer the safest
big bigger* the biggest*
hot hotter* the hottest*

Adjectives noisy noisier the noisiest

ending in -y dirty dirtier the dirtiest

T w o or more boring m o r e boring the most boring

syllable . beautiful m o r e beautiful the most beautiful
adjectives

Irregular good better the best

adjectives bad worse the worst
far farther the farthest

* Adjectives that end in one vowel and one consonant double the
consonant.
Y o u ' r e older than me.
New Y o r k is d i r t i e r than Seoul.
Kyoto is one of the most beautiful cities in Asia.

11.3 Prepositions

What did he do as a child? W h a f s o n T V tonight?

H e grew up i n the city. P m going to Florida i n a year.

Grammar Reference 121

UNIT 12 EXERCISES

12.1 Present Perfect • E x . 1-4

1 Put a check next to the correct sentence i n each p a i r .
1. T h e Present Perfect refers t o an a c t i o n t h a t h a p p e n e d some t i m e
1. • I went to T o k y o last year.
before n o w .
• I have been to T o k y o last year.
She's t r a v e l e d t o m o s t parts o f the w o r l d .
H a v e y o u ever been i n a car accident? 2. • Have y o u ever met a famous person?
2. I f w e w a n t t o say when these actions h a p p e n e d , w e m u s t use the • D i d y o u ever meet a famous person?
Past S i m p l e .
3. • Kate's not here. She's been to Boston.
She went t o Singapore t w o years ago.
I was i n a crash w h e n I was 10. • Kate's not here. She's gone to Boston.

3. N o t i c e the t i m e expressions used w i t h the Past S i m p l e . 4. Q Y o u have met h i m w h e n y o u were six.

I left last night/yesterday/in 1990/at three o'clock/on M o n d a y . • Y o u met h i m w h e n y o u were six.

A f f i r m a t i v e and negative 2 C o m p l e t e the sentences. Use the Present Perfect ( + , - , o r ?).

I 1. ( + ) He ali over the w o r l d . (travei)
You 2. (?) you ever this movie? (see)
have
We 3. ( - ) We o n vacation this year. (be)
They ( n o t ) been t o Canada. 4. ( + ) T h e y . y o u r letter. (read)
He 5. (?) Bill the laundry? ( do )
She has the card yet. (send)
6. (-) We _
It
Put the adverb i n the correct place.

I V e been = I have been
Y o u V e been = Y o u have been
W e ' v e been = W e have been
T h e y V e been = T h e y have been
He's been = H e has been 1. Have you finished the report? (yet)
She's been = She has been 2. IVe been to Austrália, (never)
It's been = I t has been 3. Has T o n y lived i n New York? (ever)
4 W r i t e s h o r t answers t h a t are t r u e f o r y o u .

been and gone 1. Have you ever been to Taiwan?

2. Have y o u taken any exams this year?
She's g o n e t o Korea. ( = she's there n o w )
She's b e e n t o K o r e a . ( = n o w she has r e t u r n e d ) 3. Have any o f y o u r friends ever played i n a rock band?
4. Has your best friend ever lied to you?
Question
5. Has the class ended yet?
I
you Yes/No q u e s t i o n s
have
we H a v e y o u been t o C o l ô m b i a ?
Where they been?
Short answers
she Yes, I have./No, I haven't .
has he
it

ever and never

W e use ever i n questions a n d never i n negative sentences.
Have y o u ever been t o C o l ô m b i a ?
I've never been t o C o l ô m b i a .

12.2 yet • Ex. 3

W e use yet i n negative sentences a n d questions.

H a v e y o u d o n e y o u r h o m e w o r k yet?
I haven't d o n e i t yet ( b u t I ' m g o i n g t o ) .

12.3 Prepositions
She w o r k s f o r a b i g c o m p a n y .
Ryan a n d Tara are o n their h o n e y m o o n .
Hamlet is a play by Shakespeare.