J

our
nalo
fIr
onandS
tee
lRe
sea
rch, I
nte
rna
ti l２４ (２０１７) ４３－４９　　　　　　　　　　
ona

Morphology, mi
cros
truc
tureandde
compo
sit
ionbehav
ioro
f
M２Cc a
rb i
desinhighspeedst
eel
Xue
ＧfengZhou１ ∗ , 　DiL
iu１ , 　Wang
ＧlongZhu２ , 　FengFang１ , 　Yi
ＧyouTu , 　J
ian
Ｇqi
ngJ
iang３
, １

１
JiangsuKeyLabo rator
yo fAdvanced Meta
lli
c Mat
eri
als, Schoolof Mate
ria
lsSc i
enceandEng i
nee
ring, Sou
the
astUn
ive
rsi
ty,
Nanjng２１１１８９, J
i angsu, Ch
i ina
２
JiangsuEngine
eringRe se
archCent
e rofToolandDieS t
eel, Danyang２１２３１２, J
iangsu, Ch
ina
３
Nanji
ngUniversi
tyo fInf
ormati
onSc i
enc
eandTe chnoogy, Nan
l i
jng２１００４４, J
iangsu, Chi
na

ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT

Keywo rds: Themo rpho ogy, mi

l crostructureandde c ompo sit
ionbehav ioro f M２Cc arbi
de sinh ighspe eds teelswith
Highspe eds te
el diff
e r
entchemi calc ompo si
tionshaveb ee
ni nve s
tia
gtedbys canninge l
ectr
onmi c r
oscopy, tr
ansmissione l
ect
ron
Carbide mi c
r oscopy, elect
r onba ckscatterd i
f f
ractionandXＧ raydiff
r ac
tion．Ther esultsshowt hatthemo rphology
M２C andsubs tructur
eo fM２Cc a rbidesa reve rys ensit
ivet ochemi calc ompositi
onso fhighspe eds teels．M２C
Mo r
pho logy carbidesp resentt hep la
teＧl
i keshapei ntungs tenＧmolybdenums t e
elandp resentt hepolycrysta
lo r
ientat
ion
Substructure int heeu tecti
cc el
l． Inc ontrast, theyshowt hefibrousshapei n mo l
ybdenumＧ basesteelandexh ibitthe
Decompo sit
ion mono c
rys t
a lori
en tati
on． PlateＧ
l i
keandf ibrousM２Cc arb
idesa rebo thme tastableandde compo sei n
t oM６C
togetherwi th MCa thight empe ra
t ures．MCnuc lea
tesinsidet hep la
teＧl
ikeM２C wh i
leitisf ormeda tthe
f
i brousM２C/ma trixi nterf
a cedur ingt hede compo si
tionpr ocess．Suchd if
ferencesa reexpe ctedt oa ri
se
fromd i
fferentc ompo sit
ionso fp lateＧl
ikeandf ibrousM２Cc ar
bi des．

gieso f M２Ceu tecti

cc a rbi de sc anbec lassifiedi n to
１．
Int
rodu
cti
on thep lateＧli ket ea ndt hef ibrouso ne, d e e n di n
yp p g
　Hi ghspe eds teel
sa ref errous Ｇba s eda lloyso fFe Ｇ ona lloy c ompo si
tions７ ．P lateＧl
ike M２Cc arbid esa re
[ ]

CＧX mu ltiＧcomponen ts ys tem whe reXr epresents mo stlyc rea te di nt ungste nＧmo lybdenum s teels e( 􀆰g 􀆰,
diff
er enta l
loyinge l
eme n ts, s uc ha s Mo, W, V, and )
M２ andp r omo t e
dbyi n crea singc onte
n t
so fc arbono r
Cr．Th eya rech a
racteri
ze dbyh ighh ar dnessand we ar alumi num ８Ｇ１０ ．The ya re me tastableath ight emp e raＧ
[ ]

resi
st anc ebo tha tr oomande leva t edt empe ratures, turesandd e c ompo sei ntoa mi xtureo f M６Cand MC
andw idelyu sedi nhighＧtemp er
at urea pp l
icat
ion s．Their carbid esaft erann eali
ngabov e１０００° C１１Ｇ１４ ．Fr ed riks Ｇ
[ ]

excellentpr ope r
tiesa rea s sociated wi tht hecha racＧ sone ta l􀆰
[１４]
haver epo r
t edt ha tthe ma trixi si nＧ
teri
sticmi cr os
tructu re, name lyma r tens i
tes trengthＧ volvedi nt hede compos itionr eactionandt hede comＧ
enedbyag reatquan tityo falloyi ngc arb i
de s． positi onp r oc essc anbec l
a ss if
ieda saqu asiＧperite c
t oid
　Iti swe llknownt hatt heme chan ic alp ropertiesof reaction, M２C＋γ Ｇaust enit e→ M６C＋ MC．I n con Ｇ
high spe ed s teels trong l y depend on t he c arbide trast, fibr ousM２Cc arb ide sa regener al
ly f or m edi n
type, shape, s iz
eandd i str ibut
i on, wh icha rec l
osely mo lybdenumＧba s
es teels (e 􀆰g 􀆰, M４２) andf avo r ed
relat
edt ot hea s
Ｇ c
as tstruc tureo fi ngo ts, especial
ly byh ighe rn itr ogeno rlowe rvanad i
umcon tents
[１５,１６]
．
thoseeu tec t
icc arbides１Ｇ４ ．Di fferen tt ypeso feutecＧ Theya lso d ecompo sei n t
o M６C and MC a te l evat ed
[ ]

ticcarb ide scanbec reat edt hrought heeu tecticreacＧ temp e ra

tur e s１７ ．Howe
[ ]
v er,l ittleha sbee nknownabou t
tioni nh ighspe eds teel．Thema jo reu tecticcarbides thed iffe
r enc e sbe twe en p l at e
Ｇlikeandf ibr ous M２C
are M２C, M６C and MC, depend i ng ont hea lloy carbi desexc ep tf ormo r pho l ogies．
compo si
t ion and c ooling r a
te５ ６ ．Among t hem, 　Thep re s en ta rti
clei sde signedt oi nve stigatet he
[ , ]

M２Ct ypei st hemo stp r edomi nan toneandex istsin influenc eo fchemi calcompos i
tions ont he mi cr oＧ
almos ta llh ighspe eds t ee ls． struc tureandde compos i
tionbehav ior so f M２Ceu Ｇ
　Pr eviouss tudieshaveshownt ha tt he mo rpholoＧ tecticc arb i de si nh ighspe eds tee
ls．Empha sisha s
∗Corre
spond
ingau t
hor．As so
c．Prof．, Ph．
D．
EＧma
iladdres: xuefengzhou＠s
s eue．duc．n．

Recei
ved２３Augus t２０１６; Re
cei
vedinrevi
sedform２０Sept r２０１６; Ac
embe cepted２３Sep tember２０１６
Avai
lableonl
ine１５J anua
ry２０１７
１００６
Ｇ７０６X/Copyr
i tⓒ２０１７, Th
gh eed
ito
ria
loff
iceo
fJour
nalo
fI r
onandS
tee
lRe s
ear
c h, I
nte
rna
tion
al．Pub
lis
hedbyE
lse
vie
rLimi
ted．Al
lri
ght
sre
ser
ved．
 􀅰 ４４ 􀅰 　　　X􀆰F ．
Zhoue
tal．/Journa
lofI
ronandSt
eelRe
s ch, In
ear terna
ti l２４ (２０１７) ４３－４９
ona

beenp l
acedonc la
rifyi
ngd i
ffe
r en
tcha rac
ter
ist
icso f typica
lg ra
d eso ftungsten
Ｇmo lybdenum and mo l
ybdeＧ
plat
eＧl
ikeM２Ci n M２s te
e landf i
br ous M２Ci n M４２ numＧb asehighs pee
ds tee
ls, r
e se
pcti
vely．Thec omposi
Ｇ
st
e e
ldu ri
ngt hesoli
dif
ica
tiona nds ubse
quenth e
ating t
i onsofM２and M４２a relistedinTab le１．Thes t
e e
l
proce
sstopr ov
idemo rei nsi
ghtsi nto micros
tructure wa sreme l
tedandt henc asti nsand mou ds, t
l hediＧ
tr
ansforma i
oninsuchac omp lexs ystem． mens ionso fwh ichwe reϕ６０ mm×１５０ mm．
　The mo rpho l
ogieso fcarb i
des wer eobs e
rvedby
２．Ma
ter
ialand Me
thod
s op t
icalmicroscopyu si
ng Mu rakamie t
chant, i
nwh ich
　　Ma
ter
ial
sus
edwe
reAI
SIM２and M４２, wh
icha
re M２C (b lack) c
arbidesareselect
ivel
y et
chedb utnotthe

Tab
le１
Chemi
calc
ompo
sit
ionso
fM２and M４２s
tee
lsus
edi
nth
iswo
rk (ma
ss％ )
S
tee
l C S
i Mn W Mo Cr V Co Fe
M２ ０
􀆰８９ ０
􀆰３５ ０
􀆰２４ ５
􀆰９３ ４
􀆰８２ ３
􀆰９５ ２
􀆰０８ － Ba
lanc
e
M４２ １
􀆰０５ ０
􀆰５４ ０
􀆰３８ １
􀆰６０ ９
􀆰４５ ３
􀆰９０ １
􀆰１５ ８
􀆰３０ Ba
lanc
e

ma tri
xand MCc arbi des１８ ．The ma trix wa sde ep l
y
[ ]

etchedt oobs ervet hre eＧdimens i onalmo r

３．Re s ultsandDi scussion
pholog i
e so f
carbid
esby s canning e l e
ctron mi croscopy (SEM, FEI
) ３􀆰１．Mo rpho logyof M ２Ccar bides
Sir
ionＧ４００ ． Thec arbidec ompo s
ition swe reme asuredby
Gene si
s６０Sene rgyd i spersivespe ctroscopy (EDS) ． 　F i
g􀆰１i ll ustratest her ep r
e sentativea s
Ｇca ststrucＧ
　Themi c rostructu reo feu te c
ti cc arbideswa si nv es
Ｇ t ureo fhighspe eds teel, cons ist
ingo fthema t
rixand
tiga
tedbyX Ｇrayd if
fract on (XRD), e
i lectr
onba cks cat
Ｇ ne two rkso feu t
e c
ticc a
rbi desd istr
i bu t
edi nt heinterＧ
terd i
ffra c
ti on (EBSD) andt ransmi ssione l
e c
tr onmi Ｇ dend riticr egions．Thos eeu tecticca rbidesc anbed iＧ
croscopy (TEM ) ．Ca rbide powde rs wer eex tracted v idedi ntotwod if
ferentt ype s, M２CandMC, d is
tinＧ
fromt hei ngo tsandt henexami nedbyus ingaBruke r gu ishedbyt he Mur akamie tchan t１８ ．Amongt hem,
[ ]

D８ XＧ r ay d if
fractome ter．The s amp lesf o
r EBSD M２Cc a
rbi desa r ethe p redomi nantt ype．The mo rＧ
we repr epa redby me chan icallypo lishingande l e
ctr o
Ｇ pho log i
eso fM２Ca rever y sen si
tive toc he micalco mＧ
polishing ． T heE B S D m easure m entsw er
e carriedo ut posit
io nso fh i hs
g p eeds t ee
l ． The y ass umea p Ｇ
la
te
usingt heEDAX d i
ffr actions y ste m． T hes peci mens l
ikeo rne ed l
eＧlikeshapei n M２whe r eastheyappe ar
for TEM we ret hinf o
ils, p repa red by me chan ical i
naf ibrousshapei n M４２．
polishingandtwi nＧ
je te lectropo lishing．Then, t hey 　F i
g􀆰２f ur thershowst het hreeＧdimens ional mo rＧ
we reexami nedbyTe cnaiG TEM．
２
pholog i
eso fp lateＧ
likeandf ibrous M２Cc arbides．It
　Samp le ss l
icedf romi ngo t
swe reh eateda t１１００° Cf o
r c anbes eent hat M２Cc a rbide shavequ it
ed if
ferent
６０, １８０and３６０ mi n, r espective l
y．Thet ransforma Ｇ mo rpholog icalcha racter
ist i
csi ndiffe r
en thi ghspe ed
ion ofc arb ides du ring he ating wa si nvesti
gat ed by s teel
s．They exh ibi
tal ame llars truc ture wi thflat
SEM a nd TEM．Ca rbid epowd ers we ree xtrac
tedf rom p latesi n M２, sugge st
ing t hatp lateＧli
ke c arbides
specimenshe atedf or６０ mi n, andt henexami nedby g row an iso tropical
ly and muchf asteri nd irec
tions
XRD．Thec ompo sition me asur emen twa sc onduc ted pa rall
elt osur fa
c esofp la
t es． Incon tr at,t
s heydeve lＧ
onc arbi desi nspe c
imensa f
terhe atingf or１８０ mi n． opi ntoaf i brouss truct
urewi thr oundou tl
inesi n M４２．

(a) P
lat
eＧl
ikeM２Cc
arb
i n M２; 　 (b) F
dei ibr
ousM２Cc
arb
idei
n M４２．
F
ig i
􀆰１．　Typca
lmo
rpho
log
ieso
fM２Cc
arb
ide
saf
ters
ele
cti
vel
yet
chi
ngwi
th Mu
rakamie
tchan
t．
 　　　X􀆰F ．
Zhoue
tal．/Journa
lofI
ronandSt
eelRe
s ch, In
ear terna
ti l２４ (２０１７) ４３－４９
ona 􀅰 ４５ 􀅰

(a) P
lat
eＧl
ikeM２Cc
arb
i n M２; 　 (b) F
dei ibr
ousM２Cc
arb
idei
n M４２．
F
ig􀆰２．　Thr
eeＧ
dimens
iona
lmo
rpho
log
ieso
fM２Cc
arb
ide
saf
terde
epl
yet
chi
ng．

Fewcha racteri
sticso fan iso tr
op i
cg rowt hcou ldbe
３
􀆰２．Mi
cro
struc
tur
eof M ２Ccar
bide
s
iden ti
fiedf romt heou tlineo ffibrousc arb ides．ItimＧ
pli e
st ha tplateＧlikeandf i
br ousM２C mayhavet otalＧ 　F ig􀆰３i llustratest hec ryst alo rientationso fp lateＧ
lyd ifferentg rowi ngcha rac
t eri
sticsduringt hes oli
diＧ l
i keandf ibrousM２Cc arbide si nt heeu tecticc ell． In
ficationp roc ess． plateＧlike M２C, t he Ki kuch i patterns o fad ja cent
　Be si
de s mo rpho log
ie s, plateＧ
likeandf ibrousc arＧ plates rotat ere marka bl ,
y p re senting th e cha r
a cte r
isＧ
bide sa lsohaved if
ferentc ompo si
tions, a st abulated ticso fpo lycrys talorientation． Incon t rast, t hepa tＧ
inTab le２． PlateＧli
keM２Cc arbidesarer ichi n Wand ternsr otateve rylittleamong va rious pa rtso ff iＧ
Mobu tpoo ri nFe． Inc ontr at, Moi
s sc onsiderably br ous M２C, sugge st
ingt hatf ibrousc arbi deshave
enr ichedi nfi brousc a
r bide
s． Suchd i
ffer
enc esa reclos
ely almos ti den t
icalo ri
en t
a t
ioni nt hec el
l． Itpr ove st hat
as sociatedwi thchemi calc ompo si
tionso fh i
ghspe ed the g rowt h behav iorsa re qu ited ifferen t be twe en
ste el．Compa red wi th M２, t he Moc ont enti s much plateＧlikeandf ibrousM２Cc a rbides．
highe ri n M４２．Thed iffer
en tc ompo s
ition so fplateＧ 　F igs􀆰４and５showt hec arb idet ype si nt hei ngo ts
l
i keandf i
br ous M２Cc arbideshaveas ign if
icanti nＧ andc arb i
de powde r
sex tract edf rom co rre spond ing
fluenc eont heirde compo s
itionbehav iorsdu ringsub Ｇ ingo ts, re
s pecti
vely．Asc anb es e e
nf rom F ig􀆰４, bo th
sequen the attre atmen t, wh ich willbei llustratedi n M２and M４２i ngo tscons isto fnume r ous M２Cc arＧ
thenex ts ection． bide swi thasma llamoun to fMCc ar
bide (
s．１０１１ and)
(０００２) pe aksa ret hes tronge s tands econds t
r onge st
Tab
le２ diffract
i onpe akso fM２C, r e spec t
ivel r, i
y．Howeve t
Chemi
calcompos
itionsofp
lat
eＧl
ikeM２Ci
n M２andf
ibr
ous
isi nterest
i ngt ono t
et ha tt her elat
ivei ntens iti
e so f
M２Cin M４２ (mass％ )
(０００２) and (１０１１) pe akschanger ema rkab lyi nXRD
M２Cc
arb
ide W Mo V Cr Fe
pr of
ileso fc arbide powde rs．The (０００２) pe ak be Ｇ
P
lat
eＧl
ikeM２Ci
n M２ ３３
􀆰３ ２８
􀆰４ １１
􀆰０ ５
􀆰４ ７
􀆰９
come st hes tronge s
td i
ffrac tion pe ak o fp l
a teＧlike
F
ibr
ousM２Ci
n M４２ １０
􀆰１ ５０
􀆰２ ６
􀆰０ ５
􀆰５ １４
􀆰６ M２C, whe r eas (１０i１) peaks til
lshowst hes t
r onge st
intensity int h ep at
terno f fibr ousM ２C． T his p he noＧ

(a) P
lat
eＧl
ikeM２Cc
arb
i n M２; 　 (b) F
dei ibr
ousM２Ccar
bidein M４２; 　 (c) Ki
kuch
ipa
tte
rnso
fpo
int
sAand
Bi n (a) andpoin
tsCandDin (b), r
espe
cti
vel
y．
F
ig􀆰３．　Ki
kuch
ipa
tte
rnso
fM２Cc
arb
ide
sineu
tec
ticc
ellexami
nedbyEBSD．
 􀅰 ４６ 􀅰 　　　X􀆰F ．
Zhoue
tal．/Journa
lofI
ronandSt
eelRe
s ch, In
ear terna
ti l２４ (２０１７) ４３－４９
ona

F
ig􀆰４．　XRDp
rof
ile
sofM２ (a) and M４２ (b) i
ngo
ts．

F
ig􀆰５．　XRDp
rof
ile
sofc
arb
idepowde
rsex
tra
ctedf
rom M２ (a) and M４２ (b) i
ngo
ts．

menoni sexpe c
t edt oa ri
sef romd ifferentmo rpho loＧ ind icatingt ha tt heg rowt hr at epe rpend icu lart ot he
gieso fp l ateＧl
ikeandf ibrousc arbides．Obs erva t
i on flakei smuchl owe rt hant hos ei nd ire ctionspa rall
el
onp l
at eＧ
l ikec arbidepowde rsby SEM r eve a
lst hat t ot hef lake．Fo rM２Cwi tht hehexagona lstruc t
ur e,
carbidep latesa r e mo stl
ypa ra llelt ot hesu r
faceo f {０００１} p lane sa ret hemos tc los eＧpa cked．Thus, t he
XRDspe cimens． Iti sexpe ctedt hatt hesu rf
ace so f c rystalp lane so f M２C wi thh ighe ri ndexe sg row
M２Cp late smaybepa r
allelt o {０００１} p lanes, thus mo rer ap idly, l e avingt hemos tc lose Ｇ
pa ckedp lane s,
resultingi nt hec ons i
derabl ei ncremen to f (０００２) {０００１}, a st hef ace tsonc rys talsur fac es．Th i sha s
peaki ntens ity．Thei nferenc ei ssuppo rted by t he be encon firmedbyXRDr esu ltsi nt hep r esentwo rk．
EBSDr esu ltsinp rev i
ous wo rk, wh ich p rovest hat Cons ideringt hed iffi cultiest ochangeg r owi ngd irecＧ
thesu r fac eso f M２C p latesa re pa ral
l elt o {０００１} tionsdur ingan iso tr opicg rowt h, p lateＧli ke M２Cha s
planes１９ ． Inc on trast, ther e lativepe aki ntensities t ochanget hed ir ect ionsv iat hef o rma ti ono fmi croＧ
[ ]

offibr ousM２Ci nt hepa tterno fc arbidepowde rsa re twi nn ing１９ , wh ichr esultsi nt heva riati onso fc rysＧ
[ ]

similart ot hosei nt hec orrespond ingi ngo t．Itsug Ｇ t alo r

ien tati oni nd if fer entp lates．
gestst ha tf ibrous M２C c arbi des havef ew spe cia l 　 Howeve r, t hecha rac t
eri sticso faf a ceted pha se
crystallog raphicp l
ane s on t he su r f
ac es, wh ichi s s eemt od is appe arcomp le
tel yi nf ibr ousc arbides． FiＧ
consisten twi th mo r phologicalcha r a
ct eri
s t
icso ff iＧ br ous M２C deve lops i nto a dend ritics truc ture,
brousc arb ides． wh ich p resen tsf ewe rp r
ef erred g rowi ng d irections
　Iti sknownt ha t M２Cc arbi de sar ec reatedbyt he andl esst endenc yo fan isotr opicg rowt h．Theycou ld
eutecticr eacton, l
i i
qu id→aus ten i
te＋ M２C．I naus Ｇ g rowandchanget heg r owi ngd irectionsf r
ee y, t
l hus
teniteＧcarb ideeu tectics, carbi de wi thh igherf usi on le adingt ot hemonoc r
ys talo rien t
a t
i on．Pr ev i
ousl i
tＧ
entropyi sg ene
rallyc onsid
eredt ob eaf ac ete
dph a
s e２０ ,
[ ]
e rature shaveshownt ha tt hemo rpho logyo fM２Ca lＧ
wh i
ch g r ows an isotropica
lly du ri
ng s olidi
fication． sochange swi t hi nc r e
a singcoo lingr ate sdur ingso Ｇ
The mo r phology and mi cros truc t
u reo fp lateＧl
i ke l
i d i
fication ．I tha sbe en p ropos ed by Boc cali
ni
[９,１６]

M２Ci nM２exh i bi
tr epresent ativecha racterist
icso fa and Go ldens te in７ t ha tt he d i
ff erenc e be twe en
[ ]

facetedpha se．P la
teＧlikeM２Cg r owsi nt oflatflake s, g rowt hr ate so f M２C andaus tenitei nc reases wi th
 　　　X􀆰F ．
Zhoue
tal．/Journa
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ronandSt
eelRe
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ear terna
ti l２４ (２０１７) ４３－４９
ona 􀅰 ４７ 􀅰

coolingr a te sandt heeu tectic mo rphology be come s

３􀆰３．De c
ompo
sit
ion and sphe
roidi
zat
ion of M ２C
stri
ct lyc on trolled byt he g rowt ho f M２C c arbide,
car
bide
s
theref ore pr omo t
ing t hef orma t
ion o ffib rousc arＧ
bides．Neve rthe le
ss, t hisp ropo sa
lmay bei nappr oＧ 　 As pr eviouslyr eported by o the rau thors, M２C
priatef ort heme chan ismo fd iffer
en tM２C mo rpho lＧ carbide
sa reme tastabl
eandge tde compos eda th igh
ogiesi nM２andM４２s teel
ss incet hec ooli
ngr ateso f tempe r
at ur s, f
e acil
itat
ingt her efinemen to fc a rb
ide
bo t
hs teels we res imi l
ari nt hep resent wo rk．I ti s dimensionsi nh i hs
g p eeds te e
l
[１１
Ｇ１４]
．H ow ever , pe
rＧ
knownt hatt hec rys t
a lmo rphologyi sde termi nedby viousstud ieswe ref ocusedont hede compos i
tionbe Ｇ
theli quid /solidi nterfaces tructured u r
ing soli
dif
ic aＧ havioro fp lateＧ
likec arbide s．F ig􀆰６i l
lustratest he
ti ,
on depend ingont hef usionen t
ropyo fc rystal ．
[２１]
mo rpholog iesofp lateＧ
likeandf ibr ous M２Cc arb i
des
Asshownabove, f ibrous M２Cexh i
b i
ts mo r e mo rＧ afterheat ing．Thetwoc arbide sbo thde compos einto
pho l
og icaland mi cro s
tructu r
alcha racte
risticso fa M６Cand MCa te levatedt empe ra tur es．I ncompa ri
Ｇ
non Ｇ
f acetedpha se, wh ichc ouldg rowf r
eelyandi so Ｇ sonwi th M２Cc arbides, MCc a rb i
de sa r
e muchr ic
Ｇ
tropic a
lly． I ti sthough ttha tt hel owe rc ontentso f heri nV whe r
easM６Cc arbi descon tainmo reFe, W
strongc arb idef orme r sinf ibrous M２C, sucha sW orMo, a sshowni n Tab le３． Itme anst hatt hede Ｇ
and V, mayr educet hef usionen tropy o fc arbide s compos i
ti ono fM２Ci sa ccompan iedbyt hediffusion
andf avort het ransitiono fM２Cf romaf acetedpha se ofalloyinge l
emen tsi nc a
rbi des１４ ．
[ ]

toanon Ｇ
f ac etedpha se． 　Thec ompo sit
ionso fdecompo sit ionp roductsarequ it
e

(a) P
lat
eＧl
ikeM２Cc
arb
ide; 　 (b) F
ibr
ousM２Cc
arb
ide．
F
ig􀆰６．　Mo
rpho
log
ieso
fM２Cc
arb
ide
saf
terhe
ati
ngf
or６０ mi
nat１１００°
C．

Tab
le３ face whe rea st hey a re gene rall
yd istr
ibutedi nside
Chemi
calc
ompos
iti
onso fM６Cand MCc
arb
ide
sgene
rat
ed plate
Ｇlikec arbide s．Thephenomenoni si nagr eemen t
f
rom M２Cdec
ompo s
iton (ma
i ss％ )
withf ur therobs erva tionbyTEM (F ig􀆰７) ．Itc anbe
De
compos
iti
on
M２Cc
arb
ide W Mo V Cr Fe seent ha t M６Cf irstlyf o rmsa tthe M２C/ma trixi nＧ
pr
oduc
t
terfa
ceand MC i s subs equentlyg enerated a
tt he
P
lat
eＧl
ikeM２C M６C ３８
􀆰９２６
􀆰１ ３
􀆰６ ５
􀆰９ ２４
􀆰１
M６C/M２Ci nterfac ei nthec aseo fplateＧl
ikeM２Cd eＧ
MC ２１
􀆰３１３
􀆰４３８
􀆰４ ４
􀆰８ １３
􀆰７
compo siti
on． Inc on trast, MCand M６Ca rebo thp roＧ
F
ibr
ousM２C M６C ９
􀆰６ ４１
􀆰７ ２
􀆰６ ３
􀆰４ ３２
􀆰２
duceda tt hef ibr ous M２C/ma trixi nterfac
e．I ti ndiＧ
MC ５
􀆰０ ２５
􀆰３２２
􀆰１ ４
􀆰５ ３５
􀆰６
catest hatt hede compos itionp rocessi squ i
ted if
ferＧ
entbe twe enp lateＧlikeandf ibrousM２Cc arbide s．As
dif
ferentin M２and M４２． Int hec a
s eoffibrousM２C M６Cc a rbide sa reenr ichedi nFe, W o rMo, t heya re
decompo si
tion, M６Cand MCc arbidesaremuchr i
cＧ incl
inedt of orma tt heM２C/ma t
rixi nterf
aceandob Ｇ
herin Mobu tpoo r e
ri n W, comp aredwiththo s
efrom tainther equ irede lemen tsbo thf rom M２Cand ma Ｇ
plat
eＧl
ikeM２C． I
ti sc on
ceiv
ablet hatsuchdiffe
rencesreＧ tri
x．Thef o rma tiono f M６C r esultsi nt heenr ichＧ
sul
tf rom d i
fferentc ompo s
itions o f M２C c arbides men to fVa tt he M６C/M２Ci nt
erface, wh ichi sf aＧ
whe refib
rousc arbideshaveh igher Moc ontentbu t vorablef o rt hesubs equen tnucleationo f MCa tt he
lowerW c on tentt hanp l
ateＧl
ikec arbides． inter
fa ce．Theabovep roc es
si sexpe ctedt od esc
ribe
　I tisnotab l
et hatMCnuc leatesatd i
fferentsitesof thede compos i
tionbehav io rofp la
teＧlikeM２C．
plate
Ｇli
keandf ibrousM２Cc a
rb idesdu r
ingde compo Ｇ 　 Howeve r, thede compos i
tionbehav ioro ff i
br ous
sit
ion．Asi llustrated inF ig􀆰６, MC c arbidesa re M２Ci ss omewha td i
fferen tfromt hato fp l
ateＧ
likeM２C．
mos t
lygene rateda tthef ibrous M２C/ma trixi n
terＧ Ass howni nT able２,f ib
r ousM２Cc a rb
i d
eshavemuch
 􀅰 ４８ 􀅰 　　　X􀆰F ．
Zhoue
tal．/Journa
lofI
ronandSt
eelRe
s ch, In
ear terna
ti l２４ (２０１７) ４３－４９
ona

(a) P
lat
eＧl
ikeM２Cc
arb
ide; 　 (b) F
ibr
ousM２Cc
arb
ide．
F
ig􀆰７．　TEM b
righ
tfi
eldimage
sofde
compo
sed M２Cc
arb
ide
saf
terhe
ati
ngf
or６０ mi
nat１１００°
C．

lowerVc ontent．Itispo ssi

b l
et hattheyc anno tp roＧ int hecaseo fhe att re
atmen ta t１１００° Cf or３６０mi n．
videsu f
fici
entVf ort hef orma t
ion o f MC a lone． Itisno t
edt hatplateＧl
ikeandf ibrousM２Cc arbid
esbo th
Therefore, MCi si ncl
inedt onuc l
e a
tea tt hefibr ous decompo sec omp l
etely and s t
artt ob r
eak downi nto
M２C/ma t
rixi nt
erfaceandob tains Vf rom bo tht he sma l
lersegme nts,i􀆰e􀆰, spheroi
d i
zati
onwi thp ro
longing
ma t
rixand M２C．Duet oh igherd i
ffusi
o nr ate
so f e
lＧ heatingtime．Howe v r, t
e hetwoc arbi desshowd if
ferＧ
emen tsatt hec arbide/ma t
rixi nter
facet hani nside en tbehaviorsdur ingt hep rocess．P la t
eＧli
kec arbides
carbi
des, thede compo sit
ionr ateo ffibrous M２Ci s getal it
tlet h
inne rduet oc arbided i
s soluton, bu
i treＧ
supposedt obef as
t erthant hato fp l
a t
eＧlike M２C, ma incoa rs
eanda lmos tke ept heo rigina
lp lateＧ
like
acce
lerat
ingt hesphe roidi
zation ofc arbidessubs eＧ shape s．Incon tra
s t,fibrousc arbidesa remuche a s
ier
quently． tosphe roid
i z
edur inghe atng, wh
i ichf avor sther eＧ
　Fig􀆰８showst hemo rphologie
so feut e
cticcarb ides finemen tofc arbided imensionsi nh i ghspe eds t
e e
l．

(a) P
lat
eＧl
ikeM２Cc
arb
ide; 　 (b) F
ibr
ousM２Cc
arb
ide．
F
ig􀆰８．　Mo
rpho
log
ieso
fM２Cc
arb
ide
saf
terhe
ati
ngf
or３６０ mi
nat１１００°
C．

　Itisexpe ct edt ha tdiffe

r entbehav ior
so fc arbide f
aceshaved if
f e
rentsur f
acecur vatur
es．Thus, t he
spheroid
izat
i ona r ec los
elya ssoc
iated with mor phoＧ di
ffe
rent concentr
ations ofalloying elemen t
sa re
logica
lcha r
a cteristicso fpla te
Ｇlikeandf ibrousc arＧ muchlargerintheaus ten
itead
joi n
ingt ofibr
ousc a
rＧ
bides．Previouss tud i
eshaveshownt hatthed riving bi
des, whichenhanc esthek i
ne ti
cd rivi
ngf orceof
forceofcarbi desphe roi
dizationc ome sfrome lemen t c
arbidesphero
i d
izat
ion．
dif
fusionatt hec arbide/aus t
enitei n
terfae, c
c aus ed
４．Conc
lus
ion
byt hedif
feren tc onc ent
rationso felementsint head Ｇ
join
ingaus ten it
e２２ ．Compa red wit hplateＧ
likec arＧ 　The mo
rphologyandsub
str
uctureofM２Car
ev ery
[ ]

bides,fibr
ousc arb ideswithben tandc yl
indrica
lsur Ｇ s
ens
iti
veto chemic
alcomposi
tions o
fhigh spe
ed
 　　　X􀆰F ．
Zhoue
tal．/Journa
lofI
ronandSt
eelRe
s ch, In
ear terna
ti l２４ (２０１７) ４３－４９
ona 􀅰 ４９ 􀅰

stee
l．M２Cpr esentsthep lat
eＧl
ikeshapei n M２s t
eel [２] 　L．Lu, L 􀆰G．Hou, H．Cu i, J􀆰F．Huang, Y􀆰A．Zhang, J 􀆰S．
Zhang, J． IronS te
elRe s． In t． ２３ (２０１６) ５０１ Ｇ５０８．
whe reast hef i
brousshapei n M４２s t
e e
l．P lateＧl
ike [３] 　Q 􀆰X．L iu, D􀆰P．Lu, L．Lu, Q．Hu, Q 􀆰F．Fu, Z．Zhou, J． Iron
M２Cc arbides, with {０００１} planespa ral
l e
lt osur Ｇ S teelRe s．Int． ２２ (２０１５) ２４５ Ｇ
２４９．
face
so fp lat
es, show d i
fferentcrystalo ri
en ta
tions [４] 　M􀆰G．Qu, S 􀆰H． Sun, X 􀆰H． Bai, Z􀆰P． Shi, Y．Gao, W􀆰T． Fu,
betwe en various pla
tes．I nc ontr
ast, fibrous M２C J． IronS teelRe s． Int． ２１ (２０１４) ６０ Ｇ６８．
[５] 　J．McLa ughlin, R．Wa yn e, J􀆰I． Go ldste
i n, Me t
all．Mater．Trans．A
carbidesexh ibitfewe rp re
ferred growthd irec
tions ８ (１９７７) １７８７ Ｇ １７９２．
andhavei denti
calo r
ientati
oni nt heeu tect
icc ell． [６] 　C 􀆰K．Kim, Y 􀆰C．Kim, J 􀆰I． Pa rk, S．Le e, N 􀆰J．Kim, J 􀆰S．Ya ng,
PlateＧl
ikeandf ibr
ous M２Cc arbi
desa rebo t h metaＧ Met a
ll．Ma t
er．Tr ans．A３６ (２００５) ８７ Ｇ９７．
[７] 　M．Bo i, H．Go n, I ews４６ (２００１)
stableandde composeintoM６CandMCa th igh t
e mＧ ccal
in l denst ei nt．Ma t
er．Rev i
９２ Ｇ１１５．
peratures．Howeve r, the decompo s
ition pr oces
si s [８] 　P 􀆰D．Di ng, G􀆰Q． Sh i, S􀆰Z．Zhou, Ma ter．Cha ract．２９ (１９９２)
quit
ed i
fferentbetweent hem．MCi sgene ratedinside １５ Ｇ２４．
plat
eＧlike M２C wh il
ei ti sf ormed att hef ibrous [９] 　M．Bo ccal
ini, Y．Ma tsuba ra, H．Go ldenstein, AFSTr ans． １０４
(１９９６) ９０７
M２C/ma trixi nt
erfac
e．Th i
si sascri
bedt od iff
erent Ｇ９１５．
[１０] 　Y 􀆰J．L i, Q􀆰C． Jiang, Y 􀆰G． Zh ao, Z􀆰M．He, Sc ripta Mater． ３７
compo sit
ionso fM２Cc arbides．Duet ot hel acko fV (１９９７) １７３ Ｇ１７７．
infibrous M２C, MCi si ncl
inedt obenuc le a
teda t [１１] 　E 􀆰S．Le e, W􀆰J． Park, J􀆰Y． Jung, S．Ahn, Me ta
ll．Ma t
er．T r
a ns．
thef ibrous M２C/ma trixi nte
rface and ob tains V A２９ (１９９８) １３９５ Ｇ１４０４．
[１２] 　M􀆰R．Ghoma shch i, Ac ta Ma t e
r． ４６ (１９９８) ５２０７ Ｇ５２２０．
frombo th M２Candma tr
ix． [１３] 　F． Pa n, W．Wa ng, A．T ang, L 􀆰Z．Wu, T 􀆰T．L iu, R􀆰J．Ch eng,
２１ (２０１１) １８０
Acknowl
edgmen
t Pr
[１４] 　H．
og．Na
Fredr
t．
ik
Sc
ss
i．Ma t
on, M．Hi
er．
l
I
l
n
e
r
t．
t, M．Ni ca, S c
a
Ｇ１８６．
nd． J．Me tal
l．８ (１９７９)
　　Th isrese
archwa sf undedby Na t
ionalNa t
uralSci
Ｇ １１５Ｇ １２２．
[１５] 　H．Fr ed r
iks son, S．Br is
i ng, Sc and． J．Me t
all．５ (１９７６) ２６８ Ｇ
enceFoundati
ono fCh in a (５１３０１０３８, ５１３７１０５０), I n
Ｇ ２７５．
dust
ryＧAcademia
ＧResear chP rogr amo fJiangsuP r
ovince [１６] 　H． Fred r
iks son, M．Ni ca, Sc and． J．Me t
all．８ (１９７９) ２４３Ｇ２５３．
ofCh na (BY２０１４１２７
i Ｇ ０３), Na tura
lSc i
enc eFoundaＧ [１７] 　X 􀆰F． Zhou, W􀆰L． Zhu, H􀆰B． Jang, F．
i Fang, Y􀆰Y．Tu, J 􀆰Q．
ti
ono fJ i
angsu Prov inc eo fCh ina (BK２０１４１３０６), Jang, J．
i IronS tee
lRe s． I nt． ２３ (２０１６) ８００ Ｇ８０７．
[１８] 　D 􀆰W．He tzne r, W．Ge ertr uyden, Ma ter．Cha ract．５９ (２００８)
KeyRe searchPr ogramo fJiangsuPr ov
i nc
eo fCh i
na ８２５Ｇ ８４１．
(BE２０１６１５４), andJ iangsuPr ovinceKeyLabo rat
ory [１９] 　X 􀆰F．Zhou, F．Fang, J 􀆰Q．J iang, Ch inaFound ry８ (２０１１)
ofHighＧendStructu
ralMa te
rial
so fCh ina (h
sm１４０４)． ２９０ Ｇ２９４．
[２０] 　Y．Ch en, H􀆰M．Wa ng, J．Ma ter．Re s． ２１ (２００６) ３７５Ｇ３７９．
Re
fer
enc
es [２１] 　M􀆰C．F lemi ngs, So l
i d
ifi
c ati onPr o cessing, McGr awＧHi l, New
l
Yo rk, １９７４．
[１] 　E􀆰S．Le e, W􀆰J．Pa
rk, K􀆰H．Ba
ik, S．Ahn, Sc
rit
pa Ma
ter．
３９ [２２] 　X 􀆰F． Zhou, F．Fang, J 􀆰Q． Jiang, W􀆰L． Zhu, H􀆰X．Xu, Ma Ｇ
(１９９８) １１３３Ｇ
１１３８． ter． Sci．Te chno l．３０ (２０１４) １１６ Ｇ１２２．