COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS

PERDEV
1. Having memory problems
Module 4 2. Being unable to concentrate
Risky Behaviors – Biopsychosocial 3. Having poor judgement
Biological – physical( genetic, hormonal and brain 4. Seeing only the negative
development)
5. Being anxious
Psychological – identity crisis
6. Worrying constantly
Social- family, peers, socioeconomic status and
EMOTIONAL SYMPTOMS
environment
1. Moodiness
Pitfalls- hidden danger
2. Irritability/short temper
Pitfalls and Challenges
3. Agitation or restlessness
1. Drug addiction/ usage of drugs (peer pressure)
2. Computer games (express what they feel ) 4. Feeling of overwhelmed
3. Runaway from home (Physically/mentally hurt) 5. Sense of loneliness and isolation
4. Sexual desire (hormonal change)
6. Depression or unhappiness
5. Depression
PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
DSMV- diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorder
fifth edition 1. Body aches and pain

Depression Anxiety 2. Diarrhea and constipation

Emotional Dysfunction Physical Dysfunction 3. Nausea and dizziness
Feeling of hopelessness, Fear and Panic
despair and anger 4. Chest pain
Depression – usually associated with suicide
5. Rapid heartbeat
Module 5 6. Frequent colds

Stress - Body’s way of responding to any kind of demand or BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS

threat.
1. Eating more or less
Flight or Fight reaction/Stress response
2. Sleeping too much or too little
The automatic process of the body to put self on
defense when they that sense that their in danger. 3. Isolating yourself from others

Eustress - Stress can challenge and motivate you to find 4. Procrastinating

creative solutions to your concerns. 5. Neglecting responsibilities
Distress - Stress becomes so overwhelming and leads to a 6. Drinking alcoholic beverages, smoking cigarette,
sense of helplessness and exhaustion. taking illegal drugs or playing computer for several
Areas where symptoms of stress can be present: times.

 Cognitive 7. Having nervous habits such as nail biting and pacing

restlessness.
 Emotions

 Physical

 Behavioral
 2 Ways of coping to stress Defense Mechanisms

1. Problem-focused 1. DENIAL

It refers to facing the situation squarely and exerting When a situation or fact becomes too much to
efforts to solve the problems. handle, you may simply refuse to experience it. By denying
reality, you are essentially protecting yourself from having to
Linked to effective adjustment and enhancing the
face and deal with the unpleasant consequences and pain
following skills: (1)study skills (2)time management skills
that accompany acceptance.
(3)problem solving skills (4)support group
2. REPRESSION
Enhanced Skill Coping Strategy
Study Skill  Identify your Your mind makes the decision to bury the memory in
motivation the subconscious, thereby preventing painful, disturbing or
 “What you want dangerous thoughts from entering awareness. This is often
to be?” the case with child abuse or other traumatic experiences that
 “What kind of occurred early on in development.
life you want to
lead?” 3. DISPLACEMENT

Time Management  Monitor your You transfer your emotions from the person who is
time the target of your frustration to someone or something else
 Plan activities entirely. Subconsciously, you believe that to confront the
using schedule source of your feelings may be too dangerous or risky, so you
 Increase shift the focus toward a target or situation that is less
efficiency intimidating or dangerous.
 Tackle one tasks
at a time 4. PROJECTION
 Group similar
tasks together Most of us have found ourselves in a situation in
 Make use of which we project our feelings, shortcomings or unacceptable
down time impulses onto the people around us.
Problem –solving skill  Assessing
5. REACTION FORMATION
situation and
determining the You are going beyond denial and behaving in the
cause. opposite way to which you think or feel. Typically, reaction
formation is marked by a blatant display.
Support group  Being with
important 6. REGRESSION
persons in your
life whom you With regression, you revert back to an earlier level of
can ask for development and earlier, less demanding behaviors as a way
support during of protecting yourself from having to confront the actual
difficult times. situation.

2. Emotional Focused In times of stress, you may find that your behavior
becomes more childish.
Refers to responding in an emotional way. Focusing
on pain triggers emotional reactions, which in turn influence 7. RATIONALIZATION
our actions. Rationalization occurs when you try to explain your
This way of coping actively make use of defense bad behavior away. Then to try to justify your behavior, you
machanisms. blame someone else for provoking you.

defense mechanism - is an unconscious psychological 8. SUBLIMATION

mechanism that reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or Occurs when you transform your conflicted
potentially harmful stimuli. emotions, unmet desires or unacceptable impulses into
Defense mechanisms may result in healthy or productive outlets.
unhealthy consequences depending on the circumstances.
Avoidant
Is another way of dealing with stress. It involves
ignoring a problem and hoping it will disappear on its own.
It includes avoiding the problem by drinking
alcoholic beverages, playing computer games for several
hours and usage of illegal drugs.
Indicators that you have successfully handled stress
1. Emotional Stability – remaining calm and not being
carried away by your emotions.
2. Being tactful – able to express your thoughts and
feelings in a nonaggressive manner.
3. Doing well in school – ability to meet all academic
requirement.
4. Learning to say “no” – being firm on what you
believe is right.
Module 6
Exterior Parts of the Brain
1. Frontal lobes
2. Temporal lobes
3. Occipital lobes
4. Parietal lobes
5. Motor cortex and somatosensory cortex
Frontal Lobe
 Involved in planning and thinking.
 Rational and executive control center of the
brain.
 Slowly matures until adulthood.
 Trauma to frontal lobe causes dramatic and
sometimes permanent behavior and personality
changes.
Temporal Lobe
 Deal with sound , music, face and object
recognition and some parts of the long-term
memory.
Occipital and Parietal Lobe
 Involved mainly with spatial orientation,
calculation and certain types of recognition.
Motor Cortex - Controls your body movement.
Somatosensory Cortex - Process the signal of touch
Interior Parts of the Brain
1. Brain stem
2. Limbic system
3. Cerebrum
4. Corpus Callosum
5. Cerebellum
6. Neurons
Brain Stem - Vital body functions such as heartbeat,
respiration, body temperature and digestion are
monitored and controlled by your brain stem.
3 parts of the brain stem:
 Midbrain
 Pons
 Medulla Oblangata
Reticular Activating System (RAS) - located in the brain
stem and is responsible for your brain’s alertness.
Limbic System - Composed of structures that have
different functions such as generation of emotion and
processing of emotional memories.
Four parts of the Limbic system:
1. Thalamus – most sensory information goes
through here and directed to other parts of the
brain. Also, involved in many cognitive
activities.
2. Hypothalamus – in charge of monitoring the
internal systems to maintain homeostasis or the
normal state of the body. Moderates different
functions like, sleeping, body temperature and
food intake by controlling the release of some
hormones.
3. Hippocampus – consolidate learning and
converts information to the long-term storage
regions.
4. Amygdala – known to take part in emotions,
especially fear. The emotional element of a
memory is stored in the amygdala. Emotions
 related with a specific memory are recalled
whenever the experience is remembered.
Cerebrum - Largest brain structure.
Divided into two halves called the cerebral
hemispheres. The function of the right hemisphere is to
control the left side of the body while the left side is to
control the right side of the body.
Coordinates movement.
Monitors impulses from nerve endings in the
muscles, plays key role in performance and timing of
complex motor tasks.
Also stores memory off automatic movements
such as touch typing and knife skills.
Neurons
 Functioning core of the brain and the entire
nervous system.
 Formed through a process called neurogenesis.
 Send information/signal throughout the body.
Brain Lateralization
Each hemisphere stores and processes
information in different ways or functions separately
from each other called laterality.
Right Hemisphere
 Connected to the right side of the body.
 Processes input in a sequential and analytical
manner.
 Time sensitive
 Generates spoken language
 Does in variable and arithmetic operations.
 Specializes in recognizing words and numbers
(as words)
 Active in constructing false memories.
 Seeks explanations for event that occurs.
 Better at arousing attention to deal with
outside stimuli.
Left Hemisphere
 Connected to the left side of the body.
 Processes input more holistically and abstractly.
 Space-sensitive.
 Interprets language through gestures, facial
movements, emotions and body language.
 Does relational and mathematical operations.
 Specializes in recognizing faces, places, objects
and music.
 More truthful in recall.
 Puts events in spatial patterns.
 Better at internal processing.
Mind Mapping
Developed by Tony Buzan (2002), who
described it as an approach that make use of the
production of pictures or diagrams of ones thoughts or
conversations, which may be used in task management,
problem solving, decision making, note taking,
brainstorming and presenting.
Module 7
Psychological well-being
Individuals condition that is free from mental or
emotional disorders.
Teenagers who manifest this condition are free
from distressing thoughts and emotions and can flexibly
adapt to changing situations.
 Failure to positively cope with stress may lead
to mental disorders such as eating disorders,
anxiety disorders and personality disorders.
There are different types of mental disorders that are
specified in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM).
Eating Disorder
Characterize by persistent disturbance of eating
that result in altered consumption or absorption of food
and significantly impair physical health or psychosocial
functioning.
Dissatisfaction with ones body due to distorted
body image.
Eating Disorder includes:
 1. Anorexia Nervosa – experience intense fear .of
gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to
maintain normal body weight.
2. Bulimia Nervosa – involves overeating and is
followed by efforts to induce vomiting and
excessive exercise.
3. Binge Eating – overindulgence of food but is not
followed by efforts to induce vomiting, fasting
and exercise.
Anxiety Disorders
Characterize by excessive fear, anxiety and
related behavioural disturbance.
Anxiety disorders differs from one another in
the types of objects situations that induce fear, anxiety
or avoidance behaviour.
Anxiety Disorders include:
1. Phobic Anxiety – accompanied by physical
symptoms such as trembling and palpitations.
Adolescents are said to be experiencing phobia
when their fears seriously obstruct everyday
activities.
2. Panic Attacks – abrupt surge of intense fear of
discomfort. Physical symptoms such as fainting,
sweating, palpitations, chest pain and dizziness
are manifestations of anxiety disorders.
3. Obsessive-compulsive Disorder – manifested
when one experiences persistent,
uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts
(obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless
rituals (compulsions).
Major Depressive Disorder - Characterize by
hopelessness, lack of energy in their usual activities,
crying for unexplained reasons and low self-esteem.
Caused by heredity, environmental
factors and stressors.
Bipolar Disorder - Formerly called manic-depressive
disorder. Individuals who suffer from this disorder
experience both depression and manic periods.
Individuals with bipolar disorder are observed
with very high levels of energy, exaggerated plans and
very optimistic views. They said to be hyperactive and
may even work without sleeping for days.
Conduct Disorder - Characterized by repeated pattern
of behaviours in which the basic rights of others are
violated. They are even violating policies, rules and
regulations.
Teenagers with this kind of behaviour are
commonly labeled as delinquents.
Personality Disorders - Enduring pattern of inner
experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from
the expectations of the individuals culture.
Suffering from this disorder usually display
deviant behaviours and may be oversensitive or
insensitive, rigid and self centered or they may have
extravagant illusions.
Personality Disorders:
1. Paranoid Personality Disorder – usually
demonstrate a pattern of distrust and
suspiciousness on the motives of the people
around them. They usually think that others are
thinking of hurting them, and these thoughts
cause fear.
2. Antisocial Personality Disorder – manifested by
the individuals disregard or violation of the
rights of others. They do not care if there
behaviours may harm others but they will do
and get whatever they want even the expense
of others.
3. Histrionic Personality Disorder – excessive
emotionality and attention-seeking behaviours.
At times they cry for no apparent reason just to
express what their feelings. Also, they talk like
baby just to be able to get attention of others.
4. Narcissistic Personality Disorder – exhibit
patterns of grandiosity, self-centered and their
need for admiration is very strong. Lack of
empathy or the ability to put themselves into
the situation of others thus it is difficult for
them to understand the needs others.
5. Avoidant Personality Disorder – individuals
show a pattern of social inhibition, feelings of
inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negative
evaluation. They prefer to be alone and try to
avoid social activities because of their fear of
being judged.
6. Dependent Personality Disorder – demonstrate psychological wellness through various
a pattern of submissive and clinging behavior interventions.
related to an excessive need to be taken care
1. Psychoanalysis – This aims to help the client
of. Persons who suffer from this disorder
uncover conflicts and repressed emotions that
usually cannot work alone, feel helpless when
prevent him or her to develop through free
unattended by someone and may demand
association, dream analysis, resistance and
someone to be always at their side.
transference.
7. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder –
pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, 2. Behaviour Therapy – This aims to help
perfectionism and control. Persons who individuals to change or modify behaviour by
experience this kind of disorder may be overly identifying maladaptive responses to stressors.
sensitive to the cleanliness of their room. (Systematic desensitization technique, Operant
Conditioning Therapy)
Schizophrenia and other Psychotic Disorder
3. Client-centered Therapy – This aims to promote
Schizophrenia means “split mind”. It is
psychological changes through a supportive
a psychotic disorder usually characterized by the
emotional environment. Believes that people
deterioration in personal, social and occupational
have the capacity to grow if the so-called
functioning due to bizarre emotions and abnormal
therapeutic climate or conditions are provided.
perceptions.

*According to DSM 5, schizophrenic and psychotic

disorders are defined by abnormalities in one or
more of the following: delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized thinking (speech) and abnormal motor
behaviour.*

Substance-related Disorders - A drug is a substance

such as alcohol, caffeine, marijuana and tobacco
whose chemical action alters the biological and
psychological functioning of the person. Chemicals
will flow into the bloodstream and brain through
consumption.

Computer Addiction - Characterized by excessive

use of the computer/internet. They find it difficult to
control or regulate themselves in using the
internet/computer; their addiction already interfere
with their usual daily activities such as going to
school and attending personal needs such as eating
and taking a bath.

Threats to Psychological Well-being

1. Family Situations

2. Socioeconomic Factors

3. School-related Factors

Psychotherapies - Refers to the professional

relationship between the counselor/therapist and
counselee/client, which aims to promote
 PRINMAR
A mission statement, therefore, is a statement of the
organization’s purpose and what it wants to accomplish
in the bigger environment. It serves as a guiding hand
for the employees of the company.
A company’s vision is a long-term goal of the company.
It defines where the company wants to be in the future.
It states how the future will look if the organization
fuliills its mission. It gives the company and its
employees a common goal that must be achieved
through collective efforts of everyone in the
organization.
The marketing environment consists of two types of
environment: the microenvironment and the
macroenvironment.
The microenvironment - consists of the components
close to the company that directly affect its ability to
maintain its position in the market and its capacity to
serve its customers. It consists of the company
management, suppliers, intermediaries, customers,
competitors, and environment publics.
the macroenvironment - consists of the bigger factors
that are beyond the control macroenvironment focuses
on of the management. This includes demographic,
economic, larger external factors that affect natural,
technological, political, and cultural forces (Kotler the
“mom industry. and Armstrong, 2014).
Microenvironment
Company Management
Marketing is one department in an organization that
has to work with other departments such as the top
management, finance, operations, sales, and research
and development in order to implement projects,
finalize plans, and create campaigns.
The top management decides on company goals and
objectives, strategies, and policies. It usually has the
final say in decision making.
The finance department manages the financial capacity
of the company.
Marketing works closely with this department in order
to request budget for its projects and other expenses.
Other departments are also vital in ensuring that the
marketing department is able to fulfill its goals and
implement its projects.
Suppliers
Nowadays, companies treat their suppliers as partners
because of their role in the production process.
Suppliers- provide the resources and materials needed
by the company to manufacture goods and develop
services. Problems with suppliers can seriously affect
the company; for example, shortage in raw materials
will hamper production, which will in turn dissatisfy
customers. Competitors can also take advantage of the
situation, which gives them the opportunity to take
away the company’s customers.
Intermediaries
Marketing intermediaries are entities that help
get the products to the final consumers. These include
resellers, distributors, and retailers. They help move the
products from the manufacturer to different places.
They make the products available in big and small
retailers for consumers’ convenience.
Marketing services agencies, another form of
intermediary, include advertising firms, research
companies, media organizations, and marketing
consultancy firms that help promote the products to the
fmal consumers. Financial institutions that help
facilitate smooth and safe transactions are also included
in the intermediaries.
Customers
Customers are an integral part of the
microenvironment. Companies strive to build a good
relationship with them to foster loyalty and repeat
purchase. Providing value for them is the key to a
lasting relationship.
There are different types of customers as follows:
Consumer market - individuals and households that buy
products for personal consumption
Business market - buys materials for use in production
Reseller market - buys products for reselling at a profit
Government market - government agencies that buy
products to provide public service
Global market - consumers from other countries
 Competitors
Competitors offer products belonging in the same
product category or industry. They try to offer the most
superior value to consumers to earn a bigger market
share and profits. To be able to counter competitors,
companies must determine their competitive advantage
and capitalize on it in their marketing efforts.
Publics
A public is any group of individuals that has an actual or
potential interest in the company or its products. They
have the ability to create an impact on the company’s
capacity to achieve its goals.
This type of customers includes the following:
Financial public - Banks, lending institutions, and
stockholders make up the financial public that has the
capacity to help provide funding for the company’s
expansion.
Government public - This includes government agencies
that formulate regulations and provide permits for the
conduct of the business.
Media public - TV, radio, print, or new media agencies
comprise the media public that provides news and
information to the public.
Citizen-action public - This includes organizations that
champion different causes-from promotion of
environment protection to fighting for minorities’
rights.
Local public - The people within the immediate
community where the company is located form the
local public.
General public - This includes anyone who knows about
the company and anyone who can see the campaigns
and products of the company. The company must be
concerned of its image to the general public, especially
if issues arise that put the company in a bad light.
Internal public - This consists of the company’s
employees, management, and stakeholders who
contribute in achieving the goals of the organization.
Macroenvironment
Demographic
The demographic environment contains quantitative
information on the human population such as age.
gender, income, religion, educational attainment, and
other statistical data. These pieces of information are
important as they help determine the characteristics of
the company's consumers, which help formulate the
right products for its target market.
Baby Boomers
- Born post-World War II (between 1946 and
1964).
- Baby Boomers make up the mature market. As
most of them are in the retiring age already.
they seek for finer things and are ready to travel
the world and enjoy life. When they travel. they
prefer comfort and convenience, but still go
after unique experiences. They are the market
for more upscale travel packages.
Generation X
- Born between 1965 and I976, Generation X has
growing purchasing power.
- Some are still raising their families, sending kids
to school. and faced Willi challenges in
maintaining their lifestyle and financial health.
but generally, Gen X-ers are a strong generation
who are open to diversity and more
experiences.
Millennials or Generation Y
- Millennials were born between 1977 and 2000.
- They are very comfortable with technology and
form a large part of digital consumers.
- They are always connected to the internet, are
at ease with technology. and own multiple
gadgets. They are used to multitasking, or doing
things at the same time-talking on the phone
while chatting with someone on the computer
while the TV is tuned In to their favorite show.
Generation Z
- Born 8361 the year 2000, they are 5150 tech-
savvy as they m growing up with technology
- they play on the tablets before they can even
learn how to write. They are predicted to be
 highly connected, lead a technology-driven life,
and be avid consumers of social media.
Economic
The economic environment consists of factors that
affect the purchasing power and spending patterns
of consumers. An increase in fuel price also
increases the price of basic commodities such as
rice, sugar, and coffee. In turn, this may affect the
choices of consumers. Because these are basic
needs, consumers will still buy them, but they may
opt for cheaper alternatives.
Natural
The natural environment consists of changes in the
physical environment and natural resources. For
example, companies that use coconut as raw
material were affected by the Widespread
infestation of cocolisap-a coconut scale insect that
feeds on the sap, causing the leaves to dry up and
wither away. Likewise, businesses in hood-prone
areas lose sales during the rainy season.
While companies cannot prevent these events from
happening, they must be flexible enough able to adapt
to changes and come up with contingency plans to
address them.
Technological
Companies nowadays enjoy the many opportunities
offered by technology. The availability of technology
can help marketers gather data and information,
conduct business online, Enjoy advancement in
production, and many others.
Political
The political environment includes laws and legislation
regulating businesses, government rulings, and other
factors that may affect the way businesses are
conducted. New policies and regulations may affect
sales of certain products. For example, the Healthy
Beverage Options Act of 2014 seeks to ban the sale of
soft drinks, sports drinks, iced teas, and other unhealthy
drinks in schools. This will have an impact on the sales
of beverages that are deemed unhealthy choices for
students.
Cultural
People grow up to a particular set of value system
based on their culture, beliefs, and religion. These
shape each person’s View of the world, people,
surroundings, and certain issues.
Core beliefs and values are the ones passed on
from parents and family to children and are
reinforced by school, religion, and government.
Secondary beliefs and values are more open to
change and most likely influenced by other people
in your social circle, whom you meet as you go
through life. Media and the wealth of information
online can also influence your secondary beliefs and
values.
Strategic and Tactical Planning
Companies conduct strategic planning where they
define the desired goals of the company in the long
run.
Strategic planning requires business forecasting and
foreseeing what the future may bring for the
organization. The top management analyzes the
current Situation, studies the industry, monitors the
movement of the economy, and understands the
capabilities of the company in order to come up
with strategic plans.
tactical planning focuses on short term specific
actions in order to bring the company closer to
established strategic plans. lt details what needs to
be done, by which department, and the tools or
facilities needed to Strategic planning focuses
achieve the company’s goals.
*There are several methods that a company can use
to conduct a situation analysis, and here are two:
PEST analysis and Porter's five forces analysis. *
PEST Analysis
PEST-or political, economic, sociocultural, and
technological analysis mostly covers the
macroenvironment of marketing. It helps a
company identify opportunities and threats in four
major areas, or reveal the direction of change
within the business environment.
 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

Michael Porter, a professor at Harvard University,

developed Porter’s five forces analysis to analyze
the level of competition in an industry.

It focuses on the microenvironment factors, and

measures how intense the competition is and how
attractive the industry is. To apply this method of
analysis, a company will identify whether each force
is low, moderate, or high, and provide the
supporting information around it.

Threat of new
errant

Bargaining
Bargaining Rivalry
power of among power of
suppliers existing buyers
competitors

Threat of substitute
product