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Identifying Optimal Pigging Frequency for Oil Pipelines Subject to Non-Uniform

Wax Deposition Distribution

Conference Paper · September 2014

DOI: 10.1115/IPC2014-33064

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 Proceedings of the 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference
IPC2014
September 29 - October 3, 2014, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

IPC2014-33064

IDENTIFYING OPTIMAL PIGGING FREQUENCY FOR OIL PIPELINES SUBJECT TO

NON-UNIFORM WAX DEPOSITION DISTRIBUTION

Wenda Wang Qiyu Huang*

National Engineering Laboratory for Pipeline
Safety/Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Oil and
Gas Distribution Technology
China University of Petroleum (Beijing)
Beijing 102249, China
Email: wenda19870625@163.com
National Engineering Laboratory for Pipeline
Safety/Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Oil and
Gas Distribution Technology
China University of Petroleum (Beijing)
Beijing 102249, China
Email: ppd@cup.edu.cn

Si Li Changhui Wang Xi Wang

National Engineering Laboratory
for Pipeline Safety/Beijing Key
Laboratory of Urban Oil and Gas
Distribution Technology
China University of Petroleum
(Beijing)
Beijing 102249, China
National Engineering Laboratory
for Pipeline Safety/Beijing Key
Laboratory of Urban Oil and Gas
Distribution Technology
China University of Petroleum
(Beijing)
Beijing 102249, China
National Engineering Laboratory
for Pipeline Safety/Beijing Key
Laboratory of Urban Oil and Gas
Distribution Technology
China University of Petroleum
(Beijing)
Beijing 102249, China

ABSTRACT precipitate from oil to form wax crystallites. The flocculation of

Wax deposition in oil pipelines causes reduced throughput
and other associated problems. Periodical pigging program
can effectively minimize the cost of wax deposition. This paper
shows a typical pigging case study for a field pipeline subject
to non-uniform wax deposition distribution by using a
developed wax deposition model. The model prediction results
prove that the wax is distributed in a short, localized
accumulation along the first half pipeline. The resultant
pressure drop along the pipeline was examined to reveal the
effects of non-uniform wax deposition distribution on the
pipeline production. In extreme case, the pressure drop of
severe localized section increases by 50%, while this value
between pump stations is merely 3%. A maximum wax thickness
of 2-4 mm is used as a criterion to determine an optimal
pigging frequency. The case study pipeline is recommended to
be pigged at a frequency of 10 to 15 days, using by-pass pigs.
INTRODUCTION
A major problem in petroleum production is that of wax
deposition within pipelines. At temperatures below the wax
appearance temperature (WAT), the paraffin molecules will
precipitated wax crystallites in the vicinity of cold inner wall
leads to the formation of gels with complex morphology. The
gels can grow rapidly and can evolve into much harder solid
phase deposit [1, 2]. Wax deposition in pipelines can largely
reduce the flow rate and can even cause a total flow blockage.
Routine remediation has to be scheduled to remove the wax
deposits periodically. Mechanical, thermal and chemical
techniques have been used for wax removal [3]. However,
chemical treatments, such as wax solvents and dispersants, are
not practical in large export pipelines. It is because chemicals
for wax removal must be concentrated and given sufficient
contact time to become effective and it cannot be guaranteed to
work in all cases. And it is inevitably costly to dose with several
hundred ppm of wax chemicals continuously. In addition, the
thermal remediation of wax deposits is just effective over short
distances. In comparison with the above two treatments, the
traditional cleaning method using mechanical pigs is definitely
more effective and economical.
A fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of wax
deposition is essential for the optimal design and
implementation of wax removal program including the pigging
frequency determination. In past decades, some classical

* Corresponding author. E-mail: ppd@cup.edu.cn; Tel: +86-10-89732203; Fax: +86-10-89732205.

1 Copyright © 2014 by ASME
mechanisms for wax deposition including but not limited to
molecular diffusion, shear dispersion, Brownian diffusion, and
gravitational settling were proposed to explain this specific
phenomenon [4]. Molecular diffusion of the dissolved wax is
generally accept to be the dominant mechanism responsible for
the wax deposition but the aging and sloughing effect of
previously deposited wax cannot be neglected [5, 6]. On this
basis, various mathematical models have been developed to
predict wax deposition [3]. Pressure drop variation is selected
preferentially to estimate the extent of wax deposition in field
for its easy availability. The pressure drop and fluid properties
are used to calculate the effective inside diameter of the
pipeline, and thus to determine the pigging frequency. However,
the hydraulic average deposit thickness determined from the
pressure drop method cannot reveal the actual condition,
especially for a short, localized wax accumulation [7]. It will Figure1. VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE CHART
exaggerate the extent of average wax deposition for the entire
pipeline, meanwhile under-estimate the possible severe wax
deposition in some localized sections. Thus, if the pigging Measurement of rheological behavior
operation couldn’t be performed in time, potential wax plugging The gel point and viscosity were determined by the
or pig stuck would happen when de-waxing such a pipeline. Chinese Standard Test Method SY/T 0541-2009 and SY/T
This would lead to costly production losses. 0520-2008, respectively. Gel point in Chinese standard refers to
This paper discusses a typical pigging case for a pipeline the maximum temperature at which the test sample has just lost
subject to a short, localized wax accumulation. An applicable its flow ability under specified thermal and shear conditions.
wax deposition model for this pipeline was established based on The repeatability was good.
the specificity of the transported crude and pipeline profiles.
Then the wax thickness distribution and resultant pressure drop
behavior along this pipeline at different operating conditions Characterization of wax content and precipitation
were systematically studied. On this basis, the effect of non- At present, there are various thermodynamic models to
uniform wax deposition distribution on pipeline operation was calculate the wax precipitation amount. Most of these models
discussed further. A periodical wax removal program using by- are too complicated to be practical. DSC (Differential Scanning
pass pigs was recommended to maintain the pipeline in good Calorimeter) is widely considered as a practical method. A lot
condition. This paper also puts forward a pigging criterion used of tests have proved that wax precipitation amount determined
for case study. by DSC is consistent with that determined by most other regular
methods [8, 9].
A differential scanning calorimeter (TA2000/MDSC2910)
EXPERIMENTAL SECTION with 0.1W of the heat flux accuracy and 0.1 ℃ of the
temperature-controlled accuracy was used to characterize the
wax precipitation of oil sample. In a typical testing process, the
Crude Sample sample is heated to 80℃, held at this temperature for one
The crude sample was collected from the case study
minute and then cooled from 80 to -30℃ at a rate of 5℃/min.
pipeline to analyze the physical properties. Table 1 lists an
A thermal spectrum is recorded to show the relationship
overview of some properties of the crude sample. Figure 1 gives
between heat influx and programmed temperature. In the
the crude viscosity profiles as a function of temperature.
thermal spectrum, the temperature point that starts to deviate
from the baseline is the so-called WAT. The integral area
between the heat flow curve and the baseline from WAT to -
Table 1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CRUDE
SAMPLE 20℃ is used to calculate the average wax crystallization latent
heat. With the average heat of wax crystallization, the wax
content of the sample can be obtained [10, 11]. Figure 2 shows
the wax precipitation amount at different temperatures of the
Density at Wax
crude oil sample as determined by DSC. This provides basic
20℃ Gel point (℃) WAT (℃) content
data for the establishing of wax deposition model.
(kg/m3) (wt.%)
853.1 24 57 16.44

2 Copyright © 2014 by ASME


Diameter, Length, Intermediate
323.9
Figure 2. WAX PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTIC AT
DIFFERENT COOLING TEMPERATURES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Wax deposition model
Huang [12] have developed a unified wax deposition
model based on the flow loop test data from nine typical crude
oils. He has also put forward the concepts of the effective wax
precipitation (EWP) and effective deposition ratio (EDR) which
occur in the thermal boundary layer within the pipe flow. There
is a universal power-law relationship between EWP and EDR
for this unified model. Compared with other models, this
unified model could apply to many kinds of the crudes based on
its basic physical properties with regression method. Thus an
applicable mathematical model for predicting the wax
deposition in the case study pipeline was developed as
described by following eqn. (1). Table 2 summarizes the case
study pipeline parameters which are necessary for wax
deposition prediction.
1 dC dT 0.6796
W  302.8 w0.3476 ( )( ) (1)
 dT dr
Where
W is the wax deposition rate in g/(m2·h).
w is the shear stress near pipe wall in Pa. The pipewall
shear stress of Newtonian fluid under turbulent flow can be
calculated by eqn. (2) [13].
8V
 w  4.94 10 3 Re 0.75  (2)
d
μ is the viscosity of the crude oil in Pa·s, which can be
determined by interpolation for viscosity – temperature profile
shown in Fig. 1.
dC dT is the change of dissolved wax concentration
with regard to temperature near the pipe wall, (10-3/℃). This
parameter can be measured by DSC (see Fig. 2).
dT dr is the radial temperature gradient near the pipe
wall in (℃/m).
Table 2. SUMMARY OF FIELD PIPELINE PROFILES
Outlet
Soil
temperature of
temperature, ℃
station, ℃
mm km station
winter summer winter summer
320 No 27 33 80 65
Prediction results and comparison
The oil temperature simulation as described in Fig. 3
reveals that the overall heat transfer coefficient has no impact
on the arrival temperature for this pipeline when the outlet
temperature of station is fixed. In fact, the oil temperature and
soil temperature is pretty close in the second half pipeline. It is
because this pipeline is operated in a low flow rate regime and
long-distance condition. It implies that there is no driving force
for wax deposition in the second half pipeline. In other word,
the wax deposition within pipeline is mainly accumulated in the
first half pipeline.
Accurate prediction for wax buildup within pipeline can
greatly assist the operator to make reasonable pigging program.
Both of the wax deposition rate and wax thickness distribution
profiles along this case study pipeline at different flow rates,
soil temperatures, overall heat transfer coefficients and
operation time were systematically predicted by using the
developed model. Figures 4-8 show part of prediction results.
These prediction results confirm the foregoing conclusion
again. In addition, Figure 5 shows that wax deposition
occurring region expands and the maximum wax deposition rate
decreases with the increasing flow rate when the soil
temperature and overall heat transfer coefficient are fixed.
Figure 3. OIL TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ALONG
THE PIPELINE WITH DIFFERENT K VALUES AT
1,000,000 t/a OF THROUGHPUT, 27℃ OF SOIL
TEMPERATURE
3 Copyright © 2014 by ASME

Figure 4. WAX DEPOSITION RATE DISTRIBUTION
ALONG THE PIPELINE WITH DIFFERENT K VALUES
AT 1,000,000 t/a OF THROUGHPUT, 27℃ OF SOIL
TEMPERATURE
Figure 5. WAX DEPOSITION RATE DISTRIBUTION
ALONG THE PIPELINE WITH DIFFERENT FLOW
RATES AT 27℃ OF SOIL TEMPERATURE WHEN K IS
2
2.0 W/(m ·℃)
Figure 6. WAX DEPOSITION THICKNESS
DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE PIPELINE AT 1,000,000 t/a
OF THROUGHPUT AND 27℃ OF SOIL TEMPERATURE
2
WHEN K IS 2.0 W/(m ·℃)
Figure 7. WAX DEPOSITION THICKNESS
DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE PIPELINE WHEN SOIL
2
TEMPERATURE IS 27℃, K IS 2.0 W/(m ·℃) FOR 15
DAYS
Figure 8. WAX DEPOSITION THICKNESS
DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE PIPELINE WHEN SOIL
2
TEMPERATURE IS 27℃, K IS 2.0 W/(m ·℃) FOR 10
DAYS
Pressure drop investigation
There are two impacts of wax deposition on the production
and operation of hot oil pipelines: 1) The increasing wax
deposits on pipe wall would decrease overall heat transfer
coefficient due to the insulation effect, and thus would reduce
heat loss along the pipeline and fuel costs; 2) The growing wax
deposition would increase the pumping power costs due to the
decreasing inner diameter of the pipeline. The total costs for
pipeline production include fuel costs, pumping power costs
and pigging expenses, etc. The economic pigging frequency can
be determined by calculating the minimum daily average costs.
However, as clarified by Fig.3, the increasing wax thickness has
no impact on inlet temperature of station thereby the fuel costs
4 Copyright © 2014 by ASME
in this case study pipeline. However, the pumping power costs
increase with time because of wax buildup. So there is no
economic pigging frequency for this case study pipeline.
The increase of pressure drop per unit length along the
pipeline and the variation of total pressure drop between
stations with time were specially investigated and compared to
promote the understanding for non-uniform wax deposition
distribution effect. Partial results are presented in Figs. 9-10. In
the worst scenario, the pressure drop between stations only
increased by 3%, but in some severe localized sections with
more waxes, the pressure drop per unit length increased by
50%. In this case, the effect of wax deposition on the total
pressure drop is so weak that a pressure buildup cannot be
noticed. However, there are some localized sections with severe (a)
wax accumulation in this case study pipeline as indicated by the
large unit-length pressure drop. It may cause some hidden
dangers such as pig stuck or wax plugging if pigging is not
taken in time. These potential risks would pose a costly loss of
production.

(b)
Figure 10. THE EFFECT OF WAX DEPOSITION ON
PIPELINE PRESSURE DROP WHEN FLOW RATE IS
1,000,000 t/a OF THROUGHPUT, SOIL TEMPERATURE
2
IS 27℃ AND K IS 2.0 W/(m ·℃)

(a) Pigging strategies

It is advisable to keep the pigging risks to a minimum,
maximize the operating efficiency and reduce the costs of a
pipeline by developing a reasonable pigging program. A
maximum wax thickness of 2-4 mm is used as a pigging
criterion. This criterion incorporates the pipeline pigging risks
and production costs consideration. At present, the pipeline
throughput is 1,000,000 t/a. Thus a frequency for 10-15 days is
recommended for this case study pipeline based on the results in
Figs. 6-8. It is recognized that a by-pass jet is helpful in
dispersing the deposit in front of pigs and thus lowering the
stuck pig risk. So a pigging program with a by-pass jet is highly
recommended for de-waxing this case study pipeline.

(b)
Figure 9. THE EFFECT OF WAX DEPOSITION ON
PIPELINE PRESSURE DROP WHEN FLOW RATE IS
400,000 t/a OF THROUGHPUT, SOIL TEMPERATURE
2
IS 27℃ AND K IS 2.4 W/(m ·℃)
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the case study pipeline is subject to a short,
localized wax accumulation. The model prediction for wax
thickness in this case study pipeline and the effect of non-
uniform wax deposition distribution on pressure drop was

5 Copyright © 2014 by ASME

especially studied to pave a way for optimizing the pigging
frequency. A maximum wax thickness of 2-4 mm is used as a
criterion to determine the optimal pigging frequency. Thus a
periodical pigging (10 to 15 day cycle) together with a by-pass
jet was recommended to maintain the case study pipeline in
good condition. The additional inspirations for engineering
practice are:
(1) The traditional wax management for noticing pressure
buildup is not suitable for non-uniform wax distribution
pipeline. It is more reliable to monitor the actual wax buildup
within the problem pipelines in real time than merely to notice
the pressure buildup for wax management.
(2) A better pigging criterion should incorporate the
pipeline pigging risks and production costs consideration
together.
determine the wax porosity of mixtures precipitated from crude
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[10] Huang, Q., Wang, J., Zhang, J., 2009. “Physical properties
of wax deposits on the walls of crude pipelines”. Pet.Sci., 6, pp.
64-68.
[11] Li, H., Huang, Q., Zhang, F., Zhang, J., 2003.
“Determination of wax content in crude oil using Differential
Scanning Calorimetry”. J. China Univ. Pet. Ed. Nat. Sci., 27(1),
pp. 60-62.
[12] Huang, Q., Li, Y., Zhang, J., 2008. “Unified wax
deposition model”. Acta. Petrolei. Sinica. (in Chinese), 29(3),
pp. 459-462.
[13] Yang X., 2006. Design and Administration of the Oil
Pipeline. 2nd ed. China University of Petroleum Press,
Dongying, Chap. 4, pp.156-157. (in Chinese)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by two grants from the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51374224 and
No.51134006).

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