Abstract Book Acex2010

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IRONIX CONFERENCES
ABSTRACT BOOK
ACE-X 2010 • PARIS - FRANCE
8-9 JULY, 2010
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PREFACE
It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 4THInternational Conference on Advanced Computational
Engineering and Experimenting, (ACE-X 2010) at Hotel Concorde La Fayette (Village 5, 50 place de
l'Ellipse, CS 70050, 92081 / PARIS LA DEFENSE CEDEX) Paris, France, from 08-09 JULY, 2010. More
details on the event can be found on our web page www.ace-x2010.com
ACE-X 2010 aimed at attracting a balanced portion of delegates from academia, industry and research
institutions and laboratories involved with research and development work. In doing so, the conference
provides a binding platform for academics and industrialists to network together, exchange ideas, provide
new information and give new insights into overcoming the current challenges facing the academics and
the industrialists relating to the Advanced Computational Engineering and Experimenting
I would like to thank the Organising Committee members and members of the Local Committe for their
help in contributing to the successful organisation of this meeting and special thanks to Prof. Jean-Yves
Cognard (Head of Local Committee) for his support.
I would like to thank the colleagues, organisers of the SPECIAL SESSIONS, Thank you!
A special thanks to ACEX2010 Co-chairs, Professor Lucas da Silva and Professor Holm Altenbach for
supporting one more ACEX .
Thank all delegates for the decision in attending ACEX 2010 hope you will find the meeting very useful for
your work, business and a useful forum for obtaining new knowledge.
2011, we will celebrate 5 Years of ACEX conference and you are invited to celebrate it at the beach where
started: Algarve (PORTUGAL)
Have fun learning and meeting new people!
Be helthy and keep yourself helthy!
Professor Andreas Öchsner

ACEX CONFERENCES – Chairman
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CONTENTS:
 ADVANCED MATERIALS ………………………………………………………………….…PAGE 7

 CELLULAR AND STRUCTURED MATERIALS ……………………………………………PAGE 11
 COMPOSITES AND MULTIPHASE MATERIALS………………………………………… PAGE 19
 DYNAMICS ………………………………………………………………………………….....PAGE 32
 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD ……………………………………………………………….....PAGE 45
 FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ………………………………………………………PAGE 56
 IMPACT AND CRASH ……………………………………………………………….............PAGE 59
 MATERIAL MODELLING AND CONSTITUTIVE RETATIONSHIPS ……………….......PAGE 60
 NANOMATERIALS ………………....................................................................................PAGE 70
 NANOMECHANICS ………………..................................................................................PAGE 95
 NUMERICAL METHOD ………………............................................................................PAGE 97
 PLASTICITY…………………………………………………………………………............. PAGE 108
 SPECIAL SESSION 1 …………………………………………………………..…............. PAGE 111
 SPECIAL SESSION 2………………............................................................................. PAGE 119
 SPECIAL SESSION 3……………………………………………………………............... PAGE 163
 SPECIAL SESSION 4…………………………………………………..…………............. PAGE 185
 SPECIAL SESSION 5…………………………………………………………..…............. PAGE 200
 TRANSPORT PHENOMENA ………………...................................................................PAGE 215
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Plenary Lecture
Professor J. N. Reddy
ABOUT PROF JN REDDY

http://authors.isihighlycited.com/
and
http://www.tamu.edu/acml
Dr. Reddy is a Distinguished Professor and holder of the Oscar S. Wyatt Endowed Chair
in Mechanical Engineering at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Dr. Reddy
is the author of over 375 journal papers and 16 text books on theoretical formulations
and finite-element analysis of problems in solid and structural mechanics (plates and
shells), composite materials, computational fluid dynamics, numerical heat transfer,
and applied mathematics. The books authored by Dr. Reddy include: An Introduction
to Continuum Mechanics (Cambridge University Press, 2008); An Introduction to
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis, Oxford University Press, 2004; An Introduction to
the Finite Element Method, McGraw-Hill, 1984 (3rd ed., 2006); The Finite Element
Method in Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics, coauthored with D. K. Gartling, CRC
Press (3rd ed., 2010), Energy Principles and Variational Methods in Applied Mechanics,
John Wiley, l984 (2nd ed., 2002); Applied Functional Analysis and Variational Methods
in Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 1986; Mechanics of Laminated Composite Plates and
Shells: Theory and Analysis, CRC Press, 1997 (2nd ed., 2004); and Theory and Analysis of
Elastic Plates and Shells, Taylor & Francis, (2nd ed., 2007). Dr. Reddy serves on the
editorial boards of about two-dozen journals, and he is the Editor-in-Chief of Applied
Mechanics Reviews (ASME), Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures,
International Journal of Computational Methods in Engineering Science and
Mechanics, and International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics. Dr. Reddy is
one of the selective few researchers in engineering around world who are recognized
by ISI Highly Cited Researchers with over 10,000 citations and H-index of over 40.
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ABSTRACT:
LEAST-SQUARES FINITE ELEMENT TECHNOLOGY
IN FLUID DYNAMICS AND STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
J. N. Reddy and G. S. Payette
Advanced Computational Mechanics Laboratory
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas 77840
The use of least-squares principles lead to variationally unconstrained minimization problems

possessing many of the attractive properties that are characteristic of classical Ritz formulations [1-4].
This is in contrast to the weak formulations that are, in general, divorced of any such minimization
principles. As a result, finite element models of least-squares type always avoid restrictive
compatibility conditions and allow for the use of equal interpolation of all dependent variables. In
addition, numerical stabilization of first order operators in convection dominated problems is not
necessary when least-squares principles are employed.
In this lecture, we will review the basic theory behind least-squares finite element formulations of
linear and nonlinear boundary-value and initial- and boundary-value problems arising in the analysis
of fluid and solid mechanics problems. Attractive features as well as challenges and limitations of the
least-squares variational principles will be discussed. We will describe applications of least-squares
principles to linear problems, which always produce symmetric positive-definite coefficient matrices.
In the determination of the natural frequencies of structures, we will show that least-squares
formulations result in quadratic eigenvalue problems. For time dependent problems, least-squares
finite element models can be formulated in terms of space-time coupled or decoupled formulations.
In the study of nonlinear problems, we will discuss the manner in which the numerical
solution and convergence properties are affected when linearization of the governing equations
isperformed either before or after minimization of the least-squares functional. Solution techniques
for nonlinear problems guaranteeing symmetry of the coefficient matrix that are consistent with the
variational formulation will be discussed. We will show that low order finite elements tend to lock
when reduced integration techniques are not employed. High-order hp-version and k-version finite
elements on the other hand offer the prospect of highly accurate numerical results, even when
coercivity of a given least-squares functional cannot be established. Numerical solutions obtained
using least-squares formulations as applied in the analysis of fluids and structures will be presented.
Comparisons will be made directly with results obtained using weak formulations.
References
1. K.S. Surana, A.R. Ahmadi and J.N. Reddy, “The k-version of finite element method for
self-adjoint operators in BVP”, International Journal of Computational Engineering Science,
3(2), 155-218, 2002.
2. J.P. Pontaza and J.N. Reddy, “Least-squares finite element formulations for viscous compressible
and incompressible fluid flows”, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and En-
gineering, 195, 2454-2497, 2006.
3. V. Prabhakar and J.N. Reddy, “Spectral/hp penalty least-squares finite element formulations
for unsteady incompressible flows”, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Fluids,
58(3), 287-306, 2008.
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ADVANCED MATERIALS
ACEX408
Mr. Khairul Helmy Kamalul Arifin
Institute of Science
Universiti Teknologi MARA,
40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia
Ab-initio study on electronic structure of BaTiO3/SrTiO3 and SnTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices

K.H.K. Arifin1, 2, M.F.M. Taib1, 2, M.Z.A. Yahya1, 2
Ionics Materials & Devices (iMADE) Research Laboratory,
1Institute of Science Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia
2Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia
The first principle calculation using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Local-density Approximation (LDA) is
studied to calculate electronic band structure and density of states (DOS) of BaTiO3/SrTiO3 and
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SnTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices. The differences of energy gap in the band structure between these superlattices
and bulk BaTiO3 and SnTiO3 is studied since in strained superlattices of BaTiO3/SrTiO3 and SnTiO3/SrTiO3
induces lattice distortion and dynamical charge transfer between the Ti atom and O atom in the
superlattices.[1] Hence, the calculated band structure of BaTiO3/SrTiO3 and SnTiO3/SrTiO3 show energy gap
of 1.895eV and 1.467eV respectively and in good agreement with the bulk BaTiO3 and SnTiO3.[2]
[1] Z.Y. Zhu, H.Y. Zhang, M. Tan, X.H. Zhang, J.C. Han, 2008 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41 215408
[2] C.B. Samantaray, H. Sim, H. Hwang, Microelectronics Journal 36 (2005) 725-728
ACEX449
Mr. Hanh Tran
Université Blaise Pascal, LGCB,
BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand,
France
Recovery stresses in SMA wires for civil engineering applications: experimental analysis and
thermomechanical modelling
H. Tran1, L. Jarno1,2, X. Balandraud3, J.F. Destrebecq1
1 Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, EA 3867, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Ingénierie, BP 10448,
F-63000 CLERMONT-FERRAND, France
2 Politechnika Krakowska, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 CRACOW, Poland
3 Clermont Université, Institut Français de Mécanique Avancée, EA 3867, Laboratoire de Mécanique et
Ingénierie, BP 10448, F-63000 CLERMONT-FERRAND, France
Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are functional materials which have found increasing applications in many areas.
Recently, research efforts have been extended to the use of SMAs for the control and improvement of civil
structures. Indeed SMAs exhibit peculiar thermo-mechanical properties, like the memory effect. The present
study deals with the creation of so-called ―recovery stresses‖ in SMA wires. The context of the study is the use
of SMA to create pre-stresses in concrete components [1].
Two approaches are developed. First, experiments are performed on nickel-titanium wires with suitable
transformation temperatures. The wires are stretched in the martensite state at ambient temperature. A thermal
cycle at constant strain is applied to transform the martensite to austenite, in order to activate the shape
memory effect. During the thermal loading, both the phase transformation and the thermal expansion lead to
stresses in the wires. Second, a thermomechanical model based on Ref. [2] is performed to analyze the
experimental results. The results are then discussed in the framework of application to concrete component
reinforcement.
[1] J.F. Destrebecq, X. Balandraud, Complex interaction between concrete cylinders and shape-memory wires
in the achievement of active confinement, In: Advanced Materials and Processes, Springer, 2010 (to appear).
[2] S. Leclercq, C. Lexcellent, A general macroscopic description of the thermo-mechanical behaviour of shape
memory alloys. J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 1996, 44(6), p.953-957
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ACEX512
Prof. Young-Shin Lee
Director of BK21 Mechatronics Group,
Chungnam National University,
Daejeon, Korea
Experimental Analysis of Dynamic Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Using a Compressive Split Hopkinson
Pressure Bar Apparatus
Y.S. Seo1, J.Y. Kim1, Y.S. Lee2*
1Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong P.O. Box 35-4, Daejeon, Korea.
2* Corresponding Author, Director of BK21 Mechatronics Group, Chungnam National University, Daejeon,
Korea. leeys@cnu.ac.kr
Ti-6Al-4V is widely used in a lightweight structural material for aerospace and combat vehicles because it
provides high specific strength, high resistance to corrosion and high ballistic efficiency relative to steel or
aluminum alloy. Experimental and numerical techniques are employed for better understanding the
characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V under dynamic loading conditions. However, the effect of microstructure variation
has not been clearly understood until now, although the mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V are widely changed
with its microstructures. This paper focus on the dynamic behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy taking into account
microstructure variations using split Hopkinson bar experiments.
Compressive split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiments were performed in the strain rate regime of
2~6x103/s. Specimens were designed to 3 types with different microstructures such as equiaxed, bimodal and
lamellar structure prepared by heat treatments. Dynamic flow stress and fracture strain of each microstructure
were obtained from the experiments. In order to observe the deformation and fracture behavior, high velocity
impact tests were also performed at the velocity of ~300m/s using cylindrical specimens.
The results of SHPB experiments show that the equiaxed structure has the lowest flow stress but the highest
fracture strain, while the lamellar structure has the highest flow stress but the lowest fracture strain. The results
of high velocity impact test show that the bimodal structure exhibits the highest impact resistance. This result is
considered as the effect of the highest energy absorption of bimodal structure, although it has the medium flow
stress and fracture strain compared to other microstructures.
ACEX258
Prof. Carmelo J. Luis Pérez
Public University of Navarre,
Campus de Arrosadia s/n, 31006,
Pamplona Mechanical,
Energetics and Materials Engineering Department,
Spain
Experimental and FEM analysis of the AA 6082 processed by ECAE
C. J. Luis Pérez1, J. León, D. Salcedo, I. Pérez, J. P. Fuertes, I. Puertas, R. Luri
1 Mechanical, Energetics and Materials Engineering Department, Manufacturing Engineering Section, Public
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University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadía s/n, 31006 Pamplona, Spain.
Recent studies have shown that severe plastic deformation processes (SPD) improve the mechanical
properties of the processed parts. Some of the most outstanding SPD processes are as follows: High Pressure
Torsion (HPT), Repetitive Corrugation and Straightening (RCS), Cyclic Extrusion Compression (CEC),
Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB), Conform, Continuous Combined Drawing and Rolling (CCDR), among
others, but the most well-known is Equal Channel Angular Extrusion or Pressure (ECAE/ECAP). The aim of
these processes is to introduce high values of deformation inside the parts in order to reduce the grain size and
thus to improve the mechanical properties of the starting material [1-4]
Processing of AA6082 by ECAE is analysed in the present work. This alloy is received as cast and it is
quenched at a temperature of 530 ºC during 4 hours in order to be processed by ECAE at room temperature
using different geometries of the dies. The mechanical properties and the microstructure of the alloy processed
by ECAE are studied. Furthermore, the imparted damage and the residual stresses are studied using FEM
simulations.
[1] S. Ferrasse, V.M. Segal, F. Alford, J. Kardokus, S. Strothers, Materials Science and Engineering A 493, 130
(2008).
[2] R. Luri, C. J. Luis, J. León, M. A. Sebastian, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng, 128 (4), 860 (2006).
[3] C. J. Luis, R. Luri, Mechanics of Materials, 40(8) 617-628 (2008)
[4] L. Dupuy and J. J. Blandin, Acta Materialia, 50 (12), 3253 (2002).
ACEX346
Dr. Domagoj Matešan
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture,
University of Split, Croatia
Effects of Reinforcement Arrangement on Strength Capacity of Concrete Plates

D. Matešan, J. Radnić, N. Grgić
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Split, Croatia.
Using numerical models previously developed by the authors, which can simulate many material and geometric
nonlinear effects of concrete plates and shells, the effects of different reinforcement arrangement on strength
capacity of some concrete plates were studied. Several numerical analysis of plates for different ratio between
upper and bottom reinforcement were performed using equal total reinforcement (see Fig. 1). The plates were
incrementally loaded by short-term loads, up to the failure. Limit loads, displacements and strains of upper and
bottom reinforcement were determined for each reinforcement arrangement. Based on performed numerical
testing, using previously developed and verified numerical models, the suggestions were given for the optimal
design of the reinforcement for similar plates in practice.
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CELLULAR AND STRUCTURED MATERIALS
VIP-ACEX65
Prof. Luca Goglio
Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino,
Italy
Measurement of longitudinal and transverse strain in an aluminium foam

L. Goglio1, J. Manfredini Vassoler1,2, M. Peroni1
1Politecnico di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, Italy
2Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil (present
affiliation)
Metallic foams [1] are receiving an increasing interest thanks to their properties of favourable stiffness / weight
ratio and elevated plastic deformability. Whilst the former aspect concerns the construction of special low
weight components (especially for the aerospace industry), the latter can be exploited in impact absorbing
elements. This is due to the wide plateau exhibited by the load-displacement curve, which represents a
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favourable mechanism to absorb energy. However, the behaviour of metallic foams under compression is
highly non-linear, since the plateau itself is concave and ends in a steep ramp corresponding to the
densification phase of the material.
The final goal of this activity is to obtain the data required to identify the parameters of the model for material
behaviour of an aluminium closed-cell foam (Alporas©), in terms of stress-strain relationship, starting from
compression tests on prismatic specimens. Several tests have been carried out to assess the influence of
strain rate (in the range 10-3 - 10-1 s-1) and foam density (due to the slight difference between samples taken
from the inner or the outside of the block). The results show that the effect of the strain rate is more relevant
when the material has higher density, as found in previous studies.
Measuring the strain in the foam requires special procedures because the strain is heterogeneous; non-contact
methods are likely to be the best choice. In this work, the Digital Image Correlation [2] has been used to obtain
the displacement field on the specimen surface: the track of each marker point has been determined, and then
the strain field has been assessed with an interpolation based on the strain-displacement matrix like in the finite
element method. The main result is the non-linear relationship between longitudinal and transverse strain,
which corresponds to a non-constant Poisson‘s ratio.
[1] M.F. Ashby, A.G. Evans, N.A. Fleck, L.J. Gibson, J.W. Hutchinson, and H.N.G. Wadley. Metal Foams: A
Design Guide (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2000).
[2] F.M. Sánchez-Arévalo and G. Pulos. Mater Charact, 59, 1572 (2008).
ACEX378
Prof. Alen Harapin
University of Split,
Split, Croatia
The Null Configuration Model in limit load analysis of steel space frames
A. Mihanovic, A. Harapin, B. Trogrlic
University of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Split, Croatia
The numerical model for the geometric and material nonlinear limit load analysis of steel space frames under
large displacements is presented in this paper. A simple, global discretization using beam-column finite
elements is preferred to a full, global discretization with 3D elements. The steel cross-section is discretized with
2D elements to apply the fiber decomposition procedure to solve the material and geometrical nonlinear
behavior of the cross-section under biaxial moments and axial forces. A local discretization of each beam
element is based on the comparative body model (i.e., a prismatic body discretized using brick elements,
element by element, during the incremental-iterative procedure) allows determining the torsional constant of
the cross-section under limited warping. The model implements well-known bending, lateral and torsional
stability effects. For the large displacement analysis, an originally developed Null Configuration Model (NCM) is
applied as an incremental application of the Total Lagrange - small displacement theory. A step-by-step
procedure for the incremental loading of a follower load is applied. The numerical model has been implemented
in a computer program for the practical engineering computation of the limit load of steel space frames. The
practical application of the model is illustrated on presented examples.
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[1] J.Y.R. Liew, H. Chen, N.E. Shanmugam and W.F. Chen, Eng. Struct., 22, 1324 (2000).
[2] C.G. Chiorean, G.M. Barsan, Comput. Struct., 83, 1555 (2005).
[3] C. Ngo-Huu, S.E. Kim, J.R. Oh, Eng. Struct., 29, 649 (2007).
[4] B. Trogrlic, A. Mihanovic, Eng. Comput., 25, 155 (2008).
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ACEX036
Dr. Zeid A. ALOthman
Department of Chemistry,
College of Science, P.O. Box 2455,
King Saud University, Riyadh 11451,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Characterization of hexagonal mesoporous silica synthesized with enhanced thermal and hydrothermal
stability
Z. A. ALOthman1*, A. W. Apblett2
1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, P.O. Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
2Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, 107 Physical Sciences, Stillwater, OK, USA
Mesoporous materials with wider and thicker-walled channels and higher degree of polymerization have been
prepared by varying the synthesis temperature from 25-100 oC and reaction times from 1-14 days. The mole
ratios, use of catalysts, and additives used were also varied. The unit cell parameter, channel diameter,
thickness of the channel wall, surface area, degree of polymerization and grain morphology were monitored by
X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption, solid state 29Si magic-angle-spinning NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)
spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM) measurements. The as synthesized hexagonal mesoporous silicas (HMS-6) with channel
diameter in the range of 40.9 to 51.1 Å and wall thickness from 15.2 to 21.1 Å have higher thermal,
hydrothermal and mechanical stabilities, and contains higher surface area than conventionally prepared MCM-
41 silica. The thickest channel wall (21.1 Å) can withstand calcination to nearly 1000 oC with little amount of
structural damages. The mechanism has been described for the increase of wall thickness and channel
diameter. Fascinating morphological features involving tubes and vesicles, up to 1500 nm in diameter were
observed.
[1] C.T. Kresge, M.E. Leonowics, W.J. Roth, J,C. Vartulli, J.S. Beck, Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves
synthesized by a liquid-crystal template mechanism, Nature 359, 710-712 (1992).
[2] J.S. Beck, J.C. Vartuli, W.J. Roth, M.E. Leonowics, C.T. Kresge, K.D. Schmitt, C.T.W. Chu, D.H. Olson,
E.W. Sheppard, S.B. McCullen, J.B. Higgings, J.L. Schlenker, A new family of mesoporous molecular sieves
prepared with liquid crystal templates, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114, 10834-10843 (1992).
[3] K. Moller, T. Bein, Inclusion Chemistry in Periodic Mesoporous Hosts, Chem. Mater. 10, 2950-2963 (1998).
ACEX253
Dr. Ido Anteby
Protective Technologies Research and Development Center,
Faculty of Engineering Sciences,
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653,
Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Behavior of 3D Truss Structures Under Impact
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Loading
I. Anteby, O. Sadot, B. Ostraich, O. Zeevi, A. Shclisner, G. Ben-Dor
Protective Technologies Research and Development Center,

Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
This paper presents numerical and experimental investigations of the behavior of 3D truss structures under
dynamic load.The plastic deformation of these structures requires energy, and hence, they can be used as
energy absorbing layers.
The main goal of the research is to develop a reliable numerical model that will enable better design and
optimization of these structures as energy absorbing layers. The numerical model was developed using LS-
Dyna. The model includes the truss structure and the impactor that loads it dynamically.
The impact pendulum laboratory at the Protective Technologies Research and Development Center of the
Faculty of Engineering Sciences of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev was used to conduct several
experiments, in order to calibrate and validate the numerical model.
The calibrated numerical code can be used to design multi-layer truss structures, to get better energy
absorption.
ACEX330
Prof. Branca Freitas de Oliveira
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, sala 408, 90035-190,
Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
Plasticity and damage analysis of metal foams under dynamic loading

L. A. B da Cunda1, B. F. Oliveira2, G. J. Creus3
1Federal University of Rio Grande,
Av. Itália, km 08, Campus Carreiros, 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
e-mail: lcunda@gmail.com
2 Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, sala 408, 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
e-mail: branca@ufrgs.br
3 Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43322, 91509-900 Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
e-mail: creus@ufrgs.br
As compared with homogeneous metals and alloys, metallic foams provide low density, high specific stiffness,
high energy absorption and good damping and are thus interesting alternatives for structural applications.
Impact energy is dissipated through cell bending, buckling or fracture .The review of some experimental reports
on the strain-rate and inertia effects during dynamic deformation of cellular metals show results apparently
conflicting.
A more clear understanding is found in papers [1,2] that study the dynamic elastoplastic buckling of simple
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models, and show that the relative importance of the strain-rate and inertia effects depends on the impact
velocity and the geometry of the structure.
In the present paper, computational dynamical analyses of RVE (Representative Volume Elements) of MHSS
(Metallic Hollow Sphere Structures) [3] are performed considering varying material properties and loading
rates.
[1] L.L. Tam and C.R. Calladine, Int. J. Impact Eng., 11, 349 (1991).
[2]S. Lee, F. Barthelat, J.W. Hutchinson and H.D. Espinosa, Int. J. Plasticity, 22, 2118 (2006).
[3] B.F. Oliveira, L.A.B. Cunda, A. Öchsner, G.J. Creus, Materialwiss. Werkst., 40, 144 (2009).
ACEX339
Mr. Rolf Winkler
University of Applied Sciences Aalen,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalen,
Germany
Structure-Borne Sound in Metallic Hollow Sphere Structures

R. Winkler1, W. Pannert1, M. Merkel1, A. Öchsner2
1University of Applied Sciences Aalen, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalen, Germany
2Technical University of Malaysia, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Johor, Malaysia
Metallic hollow sphere structures (MHSS) form a relatively new group of advanced composite materials
characterised by high geometry reproduction leading to stable mechanical and physical properties. The MHSS
combine the well-known advantages of cellular metals in terms of their high ability for energy adsorption, good
damping behaviour, excellent heat insulation and high specific stiffness without major scattering of their
material parameters. A combination of these properties opens a wide field of potential applications, e.g. in
automotive (crash absorber) and aerospace industry (sandwich panels). Various joining technologies such as
sintering, soldering and adhering can be used to assemble single metallic hollow spheres to interdependent
structures and allow different macroscopic properties.
In this study the behaviour of Metallic Hollow Spheres Structures due to structure-borne sound is investigated.
Longitudinal vibrations within a rod serve as an example. Experimental data are compared with analytical
solutions and results computed by finite element analysis.
ACEX412
Mr. Jae-Chul Lee
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,
Seoul National University,
Republic of Korea
Elastic Property Prediction for Porous Functionally Graded Materials Fabricated by Pressureless
Sintering
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J. C. Lee1, S. H. Ahn2,*, D. G. Cho3, C. S. Lee3

1School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University,
2School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering & Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design, Seoul
National University,
3Division of Material and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University,
A functionally graded material (FGM) is a two-component composite material characterised by a compositional

gradient from one component to the other. Pressureless sintering method of powder metallurgy processing is
applied to fabricate FGM because this method is one of the simplest and much more economical processing
than others for manufacturing. However, an FGM fabricated by pressureless sintering of powders inherently
contains pores as a result of solidification and crystallization. In addition, the maximum sintering temperature
has to be limited below the melting point of each component material, which may lead to imperfect sintering of
FGM resulting in porosity [1]. The porosity can influence density and mechanical properties of the material.
Thus, it is important to predict the variation of the elastic modulus on a porous FGM structure.
Although a number of researches have been carried out to study about effect of porosity on elastic modulus of
pure materials [2], there have been a few researches on composite materials.
In this research, three models which can predict elastic modulus according to the amount of porosity for FGM
material were suggested. The first model uses volume fractions of porosity in each material of the composite,
and the second model has the assumption that porosity occurs only in the matrix material. The third model is
based on an interpolation curve obtained from experimental data of elastic modulus as a function of the amount
of porosity in the pure materials. Numerical values calculated by proposed three models were compared with
the measured values of fabricated Ni-Al2O3 FGM, and results showed that the third model agrees the best.
[1] A. M. Nikolenko, Poroshk. Metall., 5-6, 105-127 (2002). [2] M. S. Koval‘chenko, Powd. Metall. Meta. Ceram.,
42, 1-2, 81-87 (2003).
ACEX535
Mr. A. Meknaci
Laboratory Roberval of Mechanics Acoustics and Materials UMR 6253,
Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60200, Compiègne, France.
Transmission Loss of sandwich composite-foam-composite panels

(Experimental and Numerical Investigations)
A. Meknaci & M. A. Hamdi
Laboratory Roberval of Mechanics Acoustics and Materials UMR 6253,
Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60200, Compiègne, France.
This paper presents numerical and experimental results of acoustic Transmission Loss (TL) of sandwich panels
composed by two composite skins coupled with a core made by a Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foam.
Such panels are candidate for construction of lightweight structural components of train cabins. To predict the
TL of the sandwich panels, it has been necessary to do a preliminary study to determine the Biot's parameters
of the PET foam and associated mechanical properties. The transmission Loss has been measured using the
standard procedure [1], where the panel separates two reverberant chambers. In addition, a laser vibrometer
18 | P a g e
has been used to measure the acceleration field of panel skins excited by an electromechanical shaker.
Comparison between measurements and calculations are shown using both the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM)
[2] and the Finite Element Method [3, 4] implemented in RAYON-VTM [5] software developed by ESI group.
[1] ISO Norm 140-3.

[2] J.F. Allard and N. Atalla, ―Propagation of sound in porous media, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd , 2009.
[3] M.A Hamdi, & Co, ―Novel mixed finite element formulation for the analysisis of sound absorption by porous
materials‖, Proceedings of Internoise 2000, Nice, France.
[ 4] N. Atalla, M.A, Hamdi & Panneton,‖Enhanced weak integral formulation for the mixed (u,p) poroelastic
equations‖, J.A.S.A 109(6), 3065-3068, 2001.
[5] Anciant & Co,‖ Full trimmed vehicle simulation by using RAYON-VTM, JSAE 2006.
VIP-ACEX60
Prof. M. Merkel
University of Applied Sciences,
Aalen, Beethovenstr. 1, 73430 Aalen,
Germany
Experimental Analysis of Core Materials for Sandwich Panels

M. Speich1, S. Schumacher1, M. Merkel1, A. Öchsner2
1 University of Applied Sciences, Aalen, Beethovenstr. 1, 73430 Aalen, Germany
2 Technical University of Malaysia, Johor, 81310 UTM Skudai, Malaysia
Sandwich panels are a basic design unit for lightweight construction. Sandwich panels consist of at least two
different materials. A common configuration is composed of two skin layers and one core layer. The skin layers
are usually very thin but stiff and the core material behaves vice versa.
The field of attention of this paper are different core materials for sandwich panels. Several core materials have
been investigated regarding their ability to absorb energy in case of an impact. Synthetic foams and metallic
hollow sphere structures (MHSS) have been tested in a drop tower. Results are presented for the deformation
and damping behaviour as well as the energy absorbing capabilities and are discussed in the background of
varied testing parameters like impact velocity.
Metallic hollow sphere structures form a relatively new group of advanced composite materials characterised
by high geometry reproduction leading to stable mechanical and physical properties. The MHSS combine the
well-known advantages of cellular metals in terms of their high ability for energy absorption, good damping
behaviour, excellent heat insulation and high specific stiffness without major scattering of their material
parameters. Various joining technologies such as sintering, soldering and adhering can be used to assemble
single metallic hollow spheres to interdependent structures and allow adjusting different macroscopic
properties.
19 | P a g e
COMPOSITES AND MULTIPHASE MATERIALS
ACEX276
Dr. Famida Fallah
Aerospace Research Institute,
Iran
Composites and Multiphase Materials

Nonlinear Bending and Postbuckling of Functionally Graded Circular Plates under Asymmetric
Thermomechanical Loading
F. Fallah1, A. Nosier2
1Aerospace Research Institute, 15th Ave., Mahestan Ave., Shahrake Gharb, Tehran, Iran.
2Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran.
Based on the first-order shear deformation plate theory with von Karman nonlinearity, the nonlinear behavior of
functionally graded circular plates under asymmetric transverse loading and a temperature variation through
the plate thickness is investigated. Introducing a stress function and a potential function, the governing
equations are uncoupled to form equations describing the interior and edge-zone problems of FG plates [1].
This uncoupling is then used to conveniently present an analytical solution for the nonlinear asymmetric
deformation of an FG circular plate. A two parameter perturbation technique, in conjunction with Fourier series
20 | P a g e
method to model the problem asymmetries, is used to obtain the solution for various clamped and simply-
supported boundary conditions. The material properties are graded through the plate thickness according to a
power-law distribution of the volume fraction of the constituents. The results are verified by comparison with the
existing results in the literature. The effects of nonlinearity, material constant, and boundary conditions on
various response quantities in a solid circular plate are studied and discussed. It is shown that the behavior of
FG plates with clamped or simply-supported supports are completely different. Under thermal loading bending
does not occur in clamped FG plates and only bifurcation buckling happens, while in simply supported FG
plates bifurcation buckling does not occur and bending starts. Also, under thermomechanical loading, snap-
through buckling is observed in simply-supported FG plates. Moreover, it is found that in analyzing FG plates
which are immovable in radial direction and subjected to thermal loading, linear analysis always
underestimates deflection and so nonlinear theory must be used even for deflections that are normally
considered small.
[1] A. Nosier, F. Fallah, Int. J. Nonlinear Mech., 44, 928 (2009).
ACEX286
Mrs. Aemi Nadia Ahmad Sauffi
University of Malaya,
50603 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
Fabrication of SAC solder by mechanical milling and mechanical mixing

Aemi Nadia, A.S.M.A Haseeb
University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
In the past few years, the SnAgCu family of solders has obtained a wide acceptance as a replacement for the
PbSn eutectic solder in electronic applications. One of the challenged for creating new replacement of lead free
solder is the reliability issue and thermo-mechanical fatigue behaviors, Composite solder has been reportedly
able to improve the reliability issue, and thermal stability of the solder joints. The present work focused on the
preparation of Sn-Ag-Cu composite solder by two methods, mechanical milling and mechanical mixing. Copper
nanopowder was added at two different compositions, 0.7wt% and 3wt% to Sn3.5Ag solder paste and powder
by mechanical mixing and milling respectively. The composites solder was deposited on the Cu substrate and
heated at 250°C, for 60 seconds and followed by multiple reflow. Melting behaviors of composite solders were
determined by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The wetting ability was evaluated with the wetting angle
of deposited composite solder on Cu pad. The actual Cu concentration of the reflowed solder was measured by
inductive coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP). The interface microstructure, morphology and strength were
examined for composite solder joints. Micro hardness was measured at each condition using a 10 gf load.
Lowest melting point measured at 213.6°C for Sn3.5Ag3Cu produced by mechanical milling. It was found, the
wetting angle deterioted as Cu nano powder was added into Sn3.5Ag solder paste by mechanical mixing.
However when Cu nano powder added by 0.7wt% and 3.0wt% by mechanical milling, the wetting angle
improved by 18% and 48% respectively. The intermetallic compound layer which was identified as Cu6Sn5
grew larger as the number of multiple reflow and percentage nano Cu particles added increased. The equiaxed
form, which was obtained after first reflow was changed back to dendrites form after third and sixth reflow .
Hardness of composites solder was improved up to 32% by mechanical milling.
21 | P a g e
[1] K. Zeng, and K.N .Tu. Material Science and Engineering .38, 55 (2002).
[2] K. N. Tu , A. M. Gusak and M. Li. Journal of Applied Physics. 93, 1335 (2003)
[3] William J. Plumbridge. Monatshefte f€ur Chemie. 136,1811 ( 2005)
[4] Won Kyoung Choi, Jong Hoon Kim, Sang Won Jeong, and Hyuck Mo Lee. J. Mater. Res.17,43 (2002).
[5] Fu Guo. Composite lead-free electronic solders. Journal Material Science-Mater Electron. 18, 129 (2007)
[6] J.H. Vincent, and B.P. Richards. Circuit World 19. 3, 33 (1993).
[7] Mulugeta Abtewa, Guna Selvaduray. Materials Science and Engineering. 27, 95 (2000)
ACEX319
Mrs. Nurulhawa Ali Hasim
Advanced Materials Research Laboratory,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya,
50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Structure, Surface and Hardness Properties of YxAgyBa2Cu3O7-δ/Ag Composites

N. A. Hasim, M. R. Johan
Advanced Materials Research Laboratory,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya,
Samples of the nominal composition, YxAgyBa2Cu3O7-δ where x = (0.10, 0.30, 0.50, 0.70, 0.90) and y =
(0.12, 0.36, 0.60, 0.84, 1.09) were prepared using the conventional solid state reaction. XRD, SEM, EDX and
Vickers hardness were used in this investigation. XRD patterns show that silver incorporated into the Y123
orthorhombic structure up to 1.09 molar ratios and release the excess Ag2O. Silver appears to be present
within the grains of Y123 composite confirmed by Energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Silver addition was found to
be in improving the hardness properties by filling the voids in the grain boundaries and Scanning electron
microscope shows that silver agglomerated among the Y123 intercrystalline grain growth of the order 4μm or
more size particles.
[1] J. G. Bednorz, K. A. Müeller: Z. Phys. B. 64 (1986) 189-193.

[2] I. Kirschner, A.C. Bodi, R. Laiho, L. Lahderanta: J. Mater. Res. 12 (1997) 3090.
ACEX532
Dr. Sébastien Joannès
CEMCAT, Parc Universitaire et Technologique,
rue Léonard de Vinci, 53810 Changé, France
Mechanical optimization of a pultruded thermoplastic composite profile

S. JOANNÈS1
1CEMCAT, Parc Universitaire et Technologique,
22 | P a g e
rue Léonard de Vinci, 53810 Changé, France.
The context of this study is a French national research program called Defi Composite (Airbus-France-led
consortium) which aims to develop carbon fibre based composites structures. By providing research and
development facilities, the CEMCAT (French technical center dedicated to the improvement of advanced
composite materials) participate to a work package dedicated to the enhancement of thermoplastic pultrusion
process [1]. This process offers recyclability and productivity advantages over its conventional thermoset
counterpart. In this paper, a numerical contribution to this project is presented. Pultrusion technology basically
consists of pulling a number of impregnated fibre tows through a heated die; it is simple in concept but complex
in detail. Indeed, nature doesn't use solid homogeneous materials and this is the very essence of composite
materials: put stiff fibres in the right place with the right orientation and volume fraction. Taking advantage of
such a process and through a closed optimization loop, the study aimed at finding the best fibre distribution for
a composite profile; the latter exhibiting antagonistic flexural stiffness and flexibility in torsion. We use
anisotropic elasticity theory, finite element analysis and genetic algorithms [2] to design an optimal structure
with respect to performances, manufacturability and costs. This means that making the composite material at
the microscale, we also make the final engineering component. Such an optimization process is always multi-
objective but succeeds to guide us towards the specified requirements with originality in fibre distribution.
[1] M. Giordano, A. Borzacchiello, L. Nicolais, in Hanbook of Composite Fabrication, p.127-162, G. Akovali Ed.,
(Rapra Technology Ltd, Shawbury, UK, 2001).
[2] D.E. Goldberg, Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning, (Addison-Wesley
Longman Publishing Co., Boston, MA, USA, 1989).
ACEX281
Mr. Hamid Reza Noori
Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman,
Kerman, Iran
On the Stretching and Bending Analyses of Thin Functionally Graded Annular Sector Plates
H.R. Noori1, , E. Jomehzadeh2, A.R. Saidi1
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
2Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Young Researchers Society, Kerman, Iran
In this article, an exact levy solution is presented for bending analysis of functionally graded (FG) annular
sector plate. The governing equilibrium equations are obtained based on the classical plate theory. Introducing
an analytical method for the first time, the three coupled governing equilibrium equations are replaced by an
independent equation in term of transverse deflection. This equation which is a forth-order partial differential
equation is similar to governing equilibrium equation of a homogeneous isotropic annular sector plate. Using an
equivalent flexural rigidity, the solutions of FG annular sector plates can be easily extracted from equation of
homogeneous annular plates. Finally, the effects of power of functionally graded material (FGM), aspect ratio,
inner to outer radius ratio and boundary conditions on the mechanical behavior of a functionally graded annular
sector plate are discussed.
23 | P a g e
Keywords: Functionally graded, Annular sector plate, Analytical method.
ACEX499
Dr. Carello Massimiliana
Politecnico di Torino,
Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24,
10129 Torino, Italy
Carbon fiber monocoque for a hydrogen prototype for low consumption challenge
A. Airale, M. Carello, A. Scattina
Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
Today, in the design of a new vehicle, one of the most important challenge is the weight reduction. This item,
together with the aerodynamic optimization, the friction reduction and propulsion efficiency, is even more
important in the design of vehicle. This is very important for prototypes designed to be used in international low
consumption competitions, like the Shell Eco Marathon.
The targets are very sophisticated, the vehicle‘s weight is about 30 – 35 kg, because it is necessary to search
the minimum weight for all parts. For these reasons the composite materials are widely used thanks to
their excellent compromise between weight reduction and high mechanical properties.
In this overview the design of a carbon fibre monocoque body will be presented in this work. It is the body of a
three wheel prototype with two front steering wheel and a rear driving wheel. The body is made by an external
carbon fibre shell, which has also aerodynamic function, and by an interior frame made by structural foam
covered by carbon fibre. Starting from theoretical considerations, the structural design of the
monocoque has been done by means of numerical simulations using the finite element model techniques.
The different steps of the design, the different solutions examined and the main results in terms of performance
and drawbacks of the body will be presented.
For what concerns the production process, the innovative manufacturing solutions for the prototype body will
be illustrated and discussed.
ACEX499
Dr. Carello Massimiliana
10129 Torino, Italy
Structural design and experimental investigation of a carbon fibre wheel for

low consumption vehicle
M. Carello, J. Cavallo, A. Scattina
For vehicle prototypes designed to be used in international low consumption competitions, like the
24 | P a g e
Shell Eco Marathon, one of the most important parameters, together with the aerodynamic
optimization, the friction reduction and propulsion efficiency, is the weight reduction. In order to
reach the strict target of vehicle’s weight it is necessary to research the minimum weight not only
for the largest parts, like chassis
and body, but also for smaller components. For these reasons the carbon fibre are widely used
thanks to their excellent compromise between weight reduction and high mechanical properties.
In this perspective, in this work the design of a lenticular carbon fibre wheel will be presented. This
lenticular wheel is a monocoque part made in a single piece without the use of structural adhesive.
It has been conceived to be used with a radial tubeless tyre of fixed geometry, in order to keep the
weight low ensuring good structural strength and stiffness. Moreover the wheel has also an
important function from the aerodynamic point of view.
After theoretical considerations, the structural design has been done by means of numerical
simulations using the finite element model techniques. Different solutions has been investigated,
the most significant results of the structural design in terms of performance and drawbacks will be
presented. Then some experimental investigations have been done on the wheel in order to
validate the design. At the end, the innovative manufacturing and production process set up
purposely to build the lenticular wheel in a
single part will be illustrated.
Damage and Fracture
ACEX504
Dr. Sorin Holotescu
Politehnica University of Timisoara,
Timisoara, 1 Mihai Viteazu Bv.,
300222, Romania
Prediction of Particle Size Distribution Effects on Thermal Conductivity of Particulate Composites

S. Holotescu, F.D. Stoian
―Politehnica‖ University of Timisoara, Timisoara, 1 Mihai Viteazu Bv., 300222, RO.
Determination of the properties of heterogeneous materials must be carried out considering a representative
volume, that is, the volume of heterogeneous material must be sufficiently large to be statistically
representative, irrespective of the type of experiment [1]. One of the main material properties which is of crucial
importance for many industrial applications is the effective thermal conductivity. This property is a function of
the thermal conductivities of components, their geometry, the spatial distribution of the components (including
volume fraction and shape), the thermal resistances between phases, the possible contact between the filler
particles and their size distribution law. All these dependences are interacting one to another, making difficult to
outline their hierarchy.
The way the parameters of the particles size distribution law influence the effective properties is not yet
established, perhaps due to the fact that this law is not characterized in a unitary way. The numerous
equivalent diameters (depending on the measurement technique) and the lack of a methodology of
correspondence between them, complicates the solving of the problem regarding the composite materials
25 | P a g e
effective properties dependence on the size distribution.

In this paper we are highlighting the way several characteristics of the size distribution, such as mean, variance
or skewness, influence the composite structure and thus, its thermal conductivity. We considered the ideal
case of spherical particles having a mono-modal size distribution, randomly distributed in the base material
matrix, such that we accept the hypothesis of statistical isotropy. Based on the hypothesis presented in [2] and
on the corresponding model, assuming the interfacial resistance is zero, we present the predictions regarding
the behaviour of the composite material related to the modification of the afore-mentioned parameters of the
size distribution law. We explain these predictions through correlations with the structural parameters defined in
[3]. The predictions are verified using results from the reference literature.
[1] M. Ostoja-Starzewski, J. Appl. Mech., 69(1), 25 (2002).

[2] S. Holotescu, F.D. Stoian, J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A, 10 (5), 704 (2009)
[3] S. Torquato, Random Heterogeneous Materials : Microstructure and Macroscopic Properties, p.47, S.S.
Antman, J.E. Marsden, L. Sirovich, S. Wiggins Eds. (Springer Science and Bussiness Media LLC, USA, 2002)
ACEX033
Dr. Woo Chang Su
Korea Institute of Machinery & Material,
Korea
Damage and Fracture Analysis of Rubber Component

C.S. Woo1, H.S. Park1, W.G. Shin2, Y.G. Kim3
1Korea Institute of Machinery & Material, Daejeon, Yuseong-Gu, 305-343, Korea. 2Daeheung R &T, Kimhae,
Cheongcheon-Myeon, 607, Korea.
3PAVCO , Daegu, Dalseong-Gu, Nongong-Eup, 29-17, Korea.
Characteristics and lifetime prediction on the rubber component was increasing according to the extension of
warranty period of the automotive components. A design of rubber components against failure is one of the
critical issues to prevent the failures during the operation. Therefore, Characteristic analysis and lifetime
prediction and evaluation are the key technologies to assure the safety and reliability of mechanical rubber
components. The material modeling of hyper-elastic properties in rubber is generally characterized by the
strain energy function. The strain energy functions have been represented either in term of the strain in variants
that are functions of the stretch ratios, or directly in terms of the principal stretch. Successful modeling and
design of rubber components relies on both the selection of an appropriate strain energy function and an
accurate determination of material constants in the function. Material constants in the strain energy functions
can be determined from the curve fitting of experimental stress-strain data. The uniaxial tension, equi-biaxial
tension and pure shear test were performed to acquire the constants of the strain energy functions which were
Mooney-Rivlin and Ogden model. Nonlinear finite element analysis was executed to evaluate the behavior of
deformation and strain distribute by using the commercial finite element code. Also, the fatigue tests were
carried out to obtain the fatigue failure. Fatigue failure was initiated at the critical location was observed during
the fatigue test of rubber component, which was the same result predicted by the finite element analysis.
[1] K. Legorju, C. Bathias, Int. J. Fatigue, Vol. 24, No. 2, p.85 (2002).
26 | P a g e
[2] L. Mullins, Chemistry and Technology, Vol.42, p. 339 (1969).

[3] D.M. Tuner, IMechE, London, Vol.4 (1995)
ACEX266
Mr. Hazhar Modarresi
University of Urmia, Urmia,
Civil Engineering Department, Iran
Experiments on the Bending Failure of Diagonally

Stiffened Circular Plates
H. Modarresi 1, H. Showkati 1
1University of Urmia, Urmia, Civil Engineering Department, Iran
Circular steel plates are widely used in large reservoir tanks and silos and, therefore, are under bending
pressure or suction. In this paper, bending behavior of circular steel plates with diagonal stiffeners has been
studied. A coupled failure mode of thin steel circular plates is reported in a previous experimental study [1] in
which a new type of buckling and new establishments of several yield lines were simultaneously occurred.
Bending analysis of circular plates with different diagonal stiffeners has been carried out experimentally in
order to predict their ultimate bending capacity. Here, two types of shallow and deep stiffeners of reverse L and
rectangular cross sections were installed to strengthen the plates. In the experiments, both simply-supported
and clamped-edge boundary conditions were set up under the effect of lateral pressure. Surprising failure
results have been found in verification to what had been found in an earlier parametric study [2]. The obtained
experimental results have been verified by theoretical analysis in which non-linear finite element responses of
stiffened circular plates are investigated. The analytical process has been carried out based on the tensile test
data of the steel used in the specimens. Furthermore, the post-buckling behavior of the plates has been
studied up to the final flexural collapse. Different studies have shown a good consistency between
experimental and analytical results.
[1] H.Showkati, K. Imani, The 1st International Conference of European Asian Civil Engineering Forum, 137,
262 (2007).
[2] G.J. Turvey and M. Salehi, J. Thin-Walled Structures, 46, 991 (2008).
ACEX340
Dr. M. L. N. Silva
School of Mechanical Engineering,
UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP,
Brazil
Numerical simulation of cross wedge rolling process aimed on die geometry,

process conditions and inclusion content of two different steels
M. L. N. Silva1, S. T. Button1
1School of Mechanical Engineering, UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
27 | P a g e
Cross wedge rolling (CWR) is a metal forming technique used in the manufacturing of stepped rotational parts.
In the CWR process, a cylindrical billet is heated and plastically deformed into an axisymmetric product by the
action of wedge shape dies moving tangentially relative to one another. Since internal defects in the CWR
process can weaken the integrity of the final product and can ultimately lead to catastrophic failure, it is
necessary to investigate the mechanisms of their generation and growth. This defect has its origin in the center
of the rolled pieces and its causes are not fully identified yet.
Based on the finite element method, numerical simulations of the CWR process in three dimensions were
studied using simulation software. Numeric simulations can provide useful information helping decision making
about the die geometry and process conditions and demonstrated to be a valuable tool to define the ideal
process parameters. Aided by this tool, researchers try to understand the role of process variables and die
geometric features on the internal defects formation. The purpose of this study was aimed on the variables:
rolling speed, billet´s relative reduction and forming and stretching angles. Stress, effective plastic strain and
damage values on the rolled parts cross section were chosen as analysis criteria on several situations
according to a given set of process variables.
Earlier practical tests performed in the Forming Laboratory of the School of Mechanical Engineering –
UNICAMP showed the influence of these variables, and also proved the random behavior of that influence.
Due this randomness, further studies were made with two different steels (SAE 1045 and 38MnSiVS5) taking
into account their chemical composition and the possibility of the inclusion content has any influence on the
crack generation which causes the internal defects.
ACEX344
Prof. Ali O. Ayhan
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sakarya University, 54187 Sakarya,
Turkey
PS. Ali O. Ayhan ACEX2010 Conference Registration Fee /ACEX2010 Konferans Katilim Ucreti,
Project No: 108M283‖
Modeling and Analysis of Three-Dimensional Cracks Using Unstructured Finite Elements

E. Nart1, A. O. Ayhan*,2
1Faculty of Technology, 2 Faculty of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sakarya University, 54187 Sakarya, TURKEY
The finite element method has become the most commonly used technique for modeling three-dimensional
fracture problems that are dealt with in practice. There are different procedures that use finite elements for
calculation of important fracture parameters such as stress intensity factors and strain energy release rates.
Today‘s most existing methods require comprehensive and structured mesh to model the severe stress
gradient near the crack front. As a pre-processing stage, depending on the complexity of the model and crack
geometry, this step may require tremendous amount of efforts and time for building an appropriate finite
element model with crack included. Moreover, in most methods, considerable amount of time and effort is
needed to post-process the finite element solution for extraction of fracture parameters. Thus, accurate and
time saving methods and tools are needed to be able to model and analyze three-dimensional fracture
28 | P a g e
problems. In this study, a method is presented for insertion of a three-dimensional crack into an uncracked
finite element model using completely unstructured mesh procedures with reasonable refinement near the
crack front. Publicly available two and three-dimensional meshing software, Triangle© [1] and Tetgen© [2], are
utilized and integrated with an in-house developed program to compatibly select and re-mesh the three-
dimensional crack region. This model, which contains fully tetrahedral elements, is then used in a general-
purpose three dimensional finite element analysis program using enriched finite elements. As a demonstration,
the above procedure is applied on a mode-I surface crack problem in a finite-thickness plate. The results show
that the predicted stress intensity factors by the completely unstructured model are reasonably close to
available solutions with structured meshes. Therefore, it is concluded that the above procedure can be used
more efficiently than other existing methods with special mesh and post-processing requirements.
[1] J.R. Shewchuk, Comp. Geom.: Theo. Appl., 22, 21 (2002).

[2] H. Si, Tetgen, http://tetgen.berlios.de/.
ACEX461
Mr. Radan Radulovic
GKSS Research Centre,
Geesthacht, Germany
A comparison of local and non-local strategies for crack path propagation

R. Radulovic1, J. Mosler1
1GKSS Research Centre, Geesthacht, Germany
Within this work, failure of quasi-brittle materials is analyzed by means of the embedded Strong Discontinuity
Approach (SDA). The numerical implementation is based on the Enhanced Assumed Strain (EAS) concept
decomposing additively the deformation gradient into a standard continuous part and an enhanced part
associated with the discontinuous displacement field related to material failure (such as cracks). To overcome
locking effects appearing in the classical straightforward implementation, two different enhanced strategies are
elaborated and compared. The first of those is the intersecting localization surface approach. Here, the
displacement discontinuities are introduced parallel to the facets of tetrahedral finite elements. It is shown that
several simultaneously active discontinuities are required to capture highly localized failure. Although this
increases the computational costs, the formulation is strictly local, i.e., no information from neighboring
elements is needed. Moreover, crack path continuity is automatically fulfilled and hence, no tracking algorithm
is necessary. As an alternative, a novel crack tracking algorithm is also discussed. Conceptually, a continuous
crack path is enforced by considering only one crack per finite element. Although this approach is non-local, it
requires only a minimum amount of information from the neighboring finite elements. Both approaches are
analyzed by means of 3D numerical examples, particularly with respect to computational costs, stability of
solution, accuracy of the predicted crack path, ultimate load as well as the applicability to model complex crack
trajectories.
ACEX473
29 | P a g e
Prof. José Maria Andrade Barbosa

Federal University of Pernambuco
Recife-PE, Brazil
Application of Elastic Fracture and Damage Mechanics Models for Numerical Simulation of Hydrogen
Embrittlement in Steels
J.A.P. Carrasco1, J.M.A. Barbosa2, A.A. Silva1, M.A.S. Irmão3
1Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande-PB, Brazil.
2Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil.
3Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina-PE, Brazil
We present a numerical simulation of the effect hydrogen atomic diffusion on the fracture toughness, as well
as, on crack propagation of high strength steels using fracture mechanics and continuum damage mechanics
models. The simulation was performed in a rectangular elastic specimen with an edge crack loaded in the
tensile opening mode, in plane strain state. In order to simulate the process of steel embrittlement and to obtain
the intensity factor stress ahead the crack tip of the hydrogenated material, the model of Lufrano & Sofronis [1]
and Krom [2] was used. This factor, used as an initial variable in the damage model, was calculated using the
finite element method. For the simulation of the growth and crack propagation, considered as the result of
damage evolution process, the model of Bolotin & Shipkov [3] was used. The damage was decomposed
addictively into two damage components: a mechanical damage produced by a static load and a
nonmechanical damage produced by the hydrogen. The simulation results using the fracture mechanics model
without damage showed that the hydrogen changes the stress field at the crack tip due to its effect on elastic
moduli of the material. On the other side, including damage model, we observed the influence of the hydrogen
concentration in the reduction of the time of growth and crack propagation. These results show good
correlation and consistency with macroscopic observations, providing a better understanding of the hydrogen
embrittlement phenomenon in steels.
[1] J. Lufrano and P. Sofronis, Acta Materialia, 46 (5), 1519 (1998).

[2] A. Krom; R. Koers; A. Bakker, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 47, 971 (1999).
[3] V. Bolotin and A. Shipkov, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 38, 7297 (2001).
ACEX484
Mrs. Kyung-Eun Lee
Seoul National University
Failure Analysis on the Ceramic Heads in Artificial Hip Joint

Using Finite Element Analysis
K.E. Lee1, J.C. Lee1, Y.K. Lee2, K.H. Koo2, S.H. Ahn1,3
1School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University
2Department of orthopaedic surgery, Seoul National University college of medicine, Seoul National University
30 | P a g e
Bundang Hospital
3Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design, Seoul National University
Artificial hip joint has been developed to replace the damaged hip joint by surgery. Ball head, the rotational part
of sphere-shaped, is the most frequently issued part for its breakage in the hip joint components. The thickness
of the thinnest part of the ball head, called ‗bore‘, is classified as S (short), M (medium), and L (long) according
to its size. The fracture was reported in S model from clinical cases though the longevity is very critical
requirement for the artificial hip joint [1].
The clinical study cannot solve the fundamental reason why the fractures happen in S model. Therefore,
mechanical analysis is essential to evaluate the structural stability and durability of the artificial hip joints.
Recently 2-D static structural analysis on the commercial artificial hip joints made by 3rd generation ceramics
has been reported [2]. However the research didn‘t fit well with the clinical results. One possible reason for the
deviation is that the research focused on static analysis, not the fatigue analysis which carries more reality. The
excessive simplification can be another reason. The previous study considered that there is no relative motion
between stem and ball head, which doesn‘t seem to be correct assumption for the exact result. Thus, we
conducted 3-D fatigue analysis under more realistic assumptions for the 3 sizes of commercial hip joint models
in this research. Two kinds of fatigue loading were applied including walking (4.3kN) and jumping (10kN)
condition to reflect users‘ movements. The relative motion between a stem and a ball, and frictional contact
were also considered. The result showed that the S model was the weakest under the fatigue loading, which
well corresponded to the clinical case study.
[1] K.H. Koo, Y.C. Ha, W.H. Jung, S.R. Kim, S.R, J.J. Yoo and H.J. Kim, The Journal of Bone and Joint
Surgery, 90, 329 (2008).
[2] H.K. Kim, J.S. Kim, S.M. Han, J.H. You, K.W. Choi and I.C. Youn, Journal of the Korean Society for
Precision Engineering, 26, 31 (2009).
ACEX510
Mr. Muhammad Saifuddin bin Mohamed Rehan
Institut Supérieur de l‘Automobile et des Transport,
Nevers, France
Effects of fiber orientation of adjacent plies on the mode I crack propagation in a carbon-epoxy
laminates
M.S. Mohamed Rehan, L. L. Peng, J. Rousseau, X.J. Gong, L. Guillaumat
Institut Supérieur de l‘Automobile et des Transport, Nevers, France.
Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) tests are widely used to assess the mode I delamination behaviour of
multidirectional composite laminates. Results proved to be strongly dependent on the orientation of the plies
bounding the delamination, the stacking sequence and the geometry of the laminates [1,2]. Such parameters
are difficult to isolate since modifying the bounding plies orientation leads frequently to change in the
stiffnesses, and particularly the bending stiffness, of the specimen.
The present work uses special stacking sequences allowing assessing the influence of the fiber orientation
31 | P a g e
without changing the whole elastic behaviour of the specimen. Multidirectional DCB specimens were designed
[3] so as to obtain an uncoupled quasi isotropic and quasi-homogeneous elastic behaviour, with the same
properties for the entire laminate and the two sub laminates separated by the pre crack at midplane.
Four stacking sequences are selected to obtain interfaces 90/0//0/90, 45/0//0/45, 0/45//45/0 and 90/45//45/90,
where // denotes the crack position. DCB tests on unidirectional laminates are also performed for reference.
The critical strain energy relase rate GIC, is measured at the point of the crack initiation for each laminate. R-
curves are plotted, showing the variation of resistance as a function of crack extension. Damage mechanisms
associated with crack propagation are discussed
[1] I. Chou, I. Kimpara, K. Kageyyama and I. Oshawa, in Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, Vol. 5, p.
132, R.H. Martin, Ed., (American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1995).
[2] M.L. Benzeggagh, X.J. Gong, A. Laksimi and J.M. Roelandt, Polym. Eng. Sci., 31, 1286 (1991).
[3] P. Vannucci and G. Verchery, Compos. Struct., 58, 75 (2002)
ACEX524
Mr. Seong-Jin Lee
BK21 Mechatronics Group,
Dept. of Mechanical Design Eng.,
Daejeon, Korea
Fracture Toughness Assessment of Nuclear Graphite

S.J. Lee1, Y.S. Lee2, J.H. Kim3, Y.M. Lee1, Y.H. Kang4, K. N. Choo4
1 Corresponding Author, BK21 Mechatronics Group, Dept. of Mechanical Design Eng., Chungnam National
University, Daejeon, Korea. shell@cnu.ac.kr
2Director of BK21 Mechatronics Group, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.
3Dept. of Mechanical Design Eng., Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.
4Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea.
Nuclear graphite has a good thermal conductivity, high melting point, high chemical stability, and with excellent
resisting on both irradiation and corrosion. Nuclear graphite also has a superior ability to withstand neutron
investigation than any other metal or ceramic materials. In this study, static and dynamic fracture toughness
tests of nuclear graphite were conducted. Standard test method of ASTM for fracture toughness was applied.
For fracture toughness test, three point bending tests with notched specimens were conducted. The curvature
radius of notched specimens was 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5 mm respectively. Applied load velocity of static test was 0.1
mm/min and quasi-dynamic load velocity was 2.4 mm/min along dynamic control method. The load signal
obtained with load cell and COD(crack opening displacement) was measured by clip gauge. Load-COD
diagram of nuclear graphite was obtained and fracture toughness was evaluated.
VIP-ACEX298
Prof. Etsuji Ohmura
Osaka University,
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Osaka 565-0871, Japan
Crack Propagation Analysis in Underwater Laser Drilling

Etsuji Ohmura1, Takashi Okazaki1, Keiichi Kishi2, Toshio Kobayashi2, Masahiro Nakamura2, Satoshi Kubo3
and Komei Okatsu3
1 Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
** Japan Drilling Co., LTD., Tokyo 103-0012, Japan
*** Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation, Chiba 261-0025, Japan
In recent years, a state-of-the-art method of rock drilling has been developed by Japan Oil, Gas and Metals
National Corporation (JOGMEC) and Japan Drilling Co., LTD. (JDC) [1]. In that method, a pulsed laser of the
wavelength that is absorbed by water is used. Bubbles are generated in the water by the absorbed energy.
Laser beam are irradiated to the rock surface through the bubbles. It was reported by the experiments under
the atmospheric pressure that there are two processing types in this method. One is melting type and the other
is spallation type. In the former, rock is melted partially and removed by water stream caused by the bubble
formation or the bubble extinction. In the latter, rock is spalled by thermal stress and removed by the same
way in the former case.
In this study, the processing mechanism in the spallation type was clarified first by the thermal stress analysis
based on the fracture mechanics. Then, possibility of the laser drilling at the sea bottom which is several
thousand meters from the sea level was also investigated, because the experiments are very difficult. As a
result, the following conclusions were obtained: In the tensile stress field of the rock inside caused by laser
irradiation, the rock is spalled by crack propagation of mode I. In the compression field generated in the
neighborhood of the rock surface, a rock is spalled by crack propagation of mode II. These spallations occurs
also under the condition of the high pressure that the bottom of the sea was assumed. Contribution of the crack
propagation of mode II to the spallation increases as the depth becomes large.
[1] T. Kobayashi, K. Otani, K. Takayama, S. Umezu and K. Okatsu, Cong. Proc. ICALEO 2007, 480 (2007).
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DYNAMICS
ACEX512
Prof. Young-Shin Lee
Director of BK21 Mechatronics Group,
Daejeon, Korea
Free Vibration Characteristics of Thermally Loaded Plates

B.H. Jeon1, H.W. Kang1, Y.S. Lee 2*
1Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, Korea.
2*Corresponding Author, Director of BK21 Mechatronics Group, Chungnam National University, Daejeon,
Korea. leeys@cnu.ac.kr
This paper was conducted on experimental and FEM analysis in the free vibration analysis of three rectangular
plates under thermal loads. The materials of rectangular plates were mild steel, aluminum and stainless steel
respectively. The dimension of plate was 0.2 x 0.2 x 0.002 m. Halogen lamps were used for thermally loading
and the PCS electric control system was applied. PolyTech laser scanning vibrometer was used for data
acquisition. Applied temperature conditions were from 100℃ to 400℃ by 50℃. Experimental free-free
condition was conducted holding a bungee cord, and one side of plate was heated. ABAQUS was used for
FEM analysis, at first heat transfer analysis was conducted for each temperature condition, and modal analysis
followed next. FEM model was verified by comparing experiment and analysis. The modal analysis of thermally
loaded the rectangular plate was conducted.
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ACEX043
Prof. Mohamed M. ElMadany
Mechanical Engineering Department,
College of Engineering,
King Saud University,
P. O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421,
Saudi Arabia
Vibration Confinement in Flexible Structures

Using Piezoelectric Patches
A. A. Almajed, M.A. Foda, M. M. ElMadany
Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering,
P. O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
The aim of this paper is to develop an analytical approach to confine the vibration of a symmetric cross-ply
laminated composite beam that is excited by an external harmonic force. This is achieved by bonding patches
of piezoelectric material (PZT) at selected locations along the beam. The governing equations for the system
are formulated and the dynamic Green‘s functions are used to determine the exact solution for the problem. A
scheme is proposed for determining the values of the driving voltages, the dimensions of the PZT patches and
their locations along the beam in order to confine the vibration in a certain chosen region where the vibration is
not harmful, while leaving the other chosen region motionless or vibrating with very little amplitude. Beams with
different boundary conditions are considered. Numerical case studies are presented to verify the utility of the
proposed scheme.
Key words: Vibration suppression, piezoelectric patches, Green's function, composite beam, symmetric cross-
ply.
ACEX054
Dr. Sharadchandra D. Jog
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
India
Dynamic Vibration Absorbers attached to multi degree of freedom systems

. S.D. Jog¬1, V. Tirpude1
1Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India
The amplitude of vibration at resonance can be reduced if the natural frequency can be shifted away from the
forcing frequency by changing the stiffness or mass of the system. If in practice, it is not viable a dynamic
vibration absorber (DVA) is attached to a machine to reduce vibration amplitudes. The frequency and damping
are varied to get the desired result. It introduces an additional degree of freedom and an additional natural
frequency into the primary system. Analysis of single DOF system is available in literature. A study is
undertaken on the design of various types of dynamic vibration absorbers as given below:
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1. Non traditional absorber like Skyhook absorber attached to multi DOF systems.
2. Damped absorber (Newton‘s model) for undamped multi DOF systems
3. Kelvin-Voigt absorber for undamped multi DOF systems.
4. Hook and Maxwell absorber for undamped multi DOF systems.
Analytical solutions of the governing equations of above considered systems are developed to determine the
relative effects that components have on the system‘s response due to various externally applied forces and
initial conditions. Increasing damping factor ξ does not necessarily result in reducing the maximum amplitude of
vibration of main mass, hence optimum value of damping factor which minimizes peak amplitude also is
determined. Transient response of vibration absorbers to systems with step and sinusoidal disturbances is
studied.
1. Kefu Liu, Jie Liu, ―The damped dynamic vibration absorbers: revisited and new result‖, Journal of Sound and
Vibration, 284 (2005), 1181-1189
2. M.Z. Ren, ―A variant design of the dynamic vibration absorber‖, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 245(4)
(2001), 762-770
3. W.O. Wong, Y.L. Cheung, ―Optimal design of Damped Dynamic Vibration Absorber for vibration control of
structure excited by ground motion‖, Engineering Structures, 30 (2008), 282-286.
ACEX263
Mr. Saeid Arabnejad Khanooki
Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
A finite element solution for Transient Wave Propagation in an Infinite Circular Plate with Nonlinear
Viscoelastic model
S. Arabnejad a, M. Salehib, H. Farahmand c
a , b Mechanical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
c Mechanical Engineering Department, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
In this paper, transient wave propagation in an infinite nonlinear viscoelastic plate subjected to a transverse
non-stationary loading is investigated with Finite Element method. The External load varies as a harmonic
function during a time period. For viscoelasticity modeling, Kelvin‘s model with a nonlinear dashpot is
considered. The nonlinear Eyring model is used in order to model dashpot‘s behavior. Plate‘s first and second
order shear deformation theory are implemented. As structural theories are selected to solve this problem, the
waves are depleted in two main types of waves. These types are known as the bending and shear waves
which propagate with different speeds. For finite element formulation, updated Lagrangian model is considered.
Based on linear consideration in geometry, Explicit Galerkin Finite Element is employed with Lagrangian strain
and Gaussian stresses. The results for deflections and deflection angles are derived during a specified period
of time. These results are brought in a point far enough from plate‘s center, so, shear and bending waves are
separated. As shear and bending wave do not overlap each other, the results can be interpreted more
precisely. Although FSDT and SSDT predict the same shear wave speed, but, SSDT attests higher speed for
36 | P a g e
bending wave than FSDT.
V. Adamek, F. Vales, V. Las, Analytical and Numerical Solution of No stationary State of Stress in A Thin
Viscoelastic Plate, J. Nonlinear Analysis. 63 (2005) 955-962
S. Yang, F.G. Yuan, Transient Wave Propagation of Isotropic Plates Using a Higher Order Plate Theory, J.
Sol. Struc. 42 (2005) 4115-4153
ACEX365
Prof. Komiya Kazuhito
Chiba Institute of Technology,
Tsudanuma, Chiba, Japan
Basic study on dynamic soil-structure interaction

K. Komiya1, N. Kodama2
1Chiba Institute of Technology, Tsudanuma, Chiba, Japan.
2Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
Earth pressure during earthquake have been causing numerous ill effects on many buildings and utility
infrastructures. Because of the complex boundary conditions of seismic problems, Finite Element Method is
one of the popular methods to investigate the dynamic interaction between the soil and the structure. The soil-
structure interaction is often modelled by soil-springs to apply external forces and to force displacements at the
boundaries. However, when the soil deforms largely or fractures, its behaviour depends on nonlinear soil
properties and the stress history.
The authors have indicated that the model test results of the nonlinear relationship between the applied earth
pressure and the relative displacement of the underground structure [2], and that the elasto-viscoplastic model
with Mohr-Coulomb yield criteria is adequate for simulations of the relationship [3]. In this study, the earth
forces associated with the soil density and the mass of the structure are discussed based on the comparison
between the results of the laboratory model shaking tests and Finite Element analyses.
[1] N. Mononobe and H. Matsuo, On the determination of earth pressure during earthquakes, Vol. 9, pp.177-
185 (World Engineering Conference, 1929).
[2] K. Komiya, N. Kodama and K. Shikata, Model experiments on dynamic soil-structure interaction, pp.245-248
(International Geotechnical Conference on Development of Urban Areas and Geotechnical Engineering, St.
Petersburg, 2008).
[3] N. Kodama, K. Komiya and T. Morozumi, Numerical simulation of soil-tunnel dynamic interaction, pp.71-76
(2nd International Conference on Computational Methods in Tun-nelling, Bochum, 2009).
ACEX369
Dr. Debabrata Chakraborty
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati,
Mech. Engg., 781039, India
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Optimal Control of Smart Composite Shell Structures Using Genetic Algorithm

T. Roy1, D. Chakraborty2
1Asstt. Professor., Mech. Engg., National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India
2Professor., Mech. Engg., Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 781039, India.
Development of smart or intelligent structures has created new avenues of research in the broad area of
vibration control of flexible structures. Implementation of such FRP laminated smart structures demands an
appropriate control algorithm for active vibration control of such structures and thus drew attention of many
researchers in the recent past. Alkhatib and Golnaraghi [1] presented a detailed review on the active structural
vibration control. A finite element modeling of laminated structures with distributed piezoelectric sensor and
actuator layers and control electronics was presented by Narayanan and Balamurugan [2]. Moon [3] presented
a finite element formulation for LQR optimal control scheme with output feedback.
In the present paper, a genetic algorithm (GA) based linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control scheme has been
proposed for active vibration control of smart fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite shell structures under
combined mechanical and thermal loading. Based on the responses obtained from coupled thermo-electro-
mechanical finite element analysis, a GA based LQR control scheme has been implemented for maximizing
closed loop damping, keeping the actuator voltages within limit. Results obtained from the present work
showed that the proposed GA based LQR control scheme could control both dynamic oscillation due to
mechanical load as well as the static displacement due to thermal gradient which was not possible with
conventional LQR control scheme.
[1] R. Alkhatib, M. F. Golnaraghi, Shock Vib Dig., 35, 367(2003)
[2] S. Narayanan and V. Balamurugan, J. of Sound and Vibration, 262, 529(2003)

[3] S. H. Moon, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 42, 1071(2006)
ACEX396
Mr. Lu Yanan
South Korea
Stable Flight Analysis of Ski Jumping its Effects on Lift-to-Drag Ratio

Y. N. Lu1, S. Park1, S. H. Ko1
1BK21 Mechatronics Group, Chungnam National University, South Korea.
In this paper, we are focusing on stable fight phase. The stable flight phase is determined by gravitational
force, aerodynamic lift, and drag forces. The athlete‘s goal in this phase is to achieve an optimal lift-to-drag
ratio while maintaining a stable ski-ski jumper system. Achieving stable flight quickly is a major challenge for
the jumper and is critical to success in terms of competitive performance. One of the most significant
improvements was the introduction of the V-flight technique [1]. In this paper, analyses of ski jumping have
been performed in the proposed environment and condition by computational fluid dynamics. The analyses
38 | P a g e
have been performed with changing the angle between the jumper and the skis.
Acknowledgment: The authors are grateful for the support from the second stage of Brain Korea 21 Program.
[1] H. Schwamedar, Sports Biomech.,7, 114 (2008).

[2] H. Norstrud and I. J. Oye, LNCS, 72, 63 (2009).
[3] W. Meile, E. Reisenberger, M. Mayer, B. Schmolzer, W. Muller, and G. Brenn, Experiments in Fluids, 41,
949 (2006).
[4]Ward-Smith, A. J. & Clements. D. Aeronatical Journal, 86, 384 (1982).
[5]Yeadon, M. R. Int. J. Sport Biomech., 5, 238 (1989),
ACEX470
Dr. Guglielmo S. Aglietti
School of Engineering Sciences,
University of Southampton,
Southampton SO182PL UK
On the use of SEREP for Satellite FEM validation

G.S. Aglietti1, S.J.I. Walker1, A Kiley2
1 School of Engineering Sciences, University of Southampton,
Southampton SO182PL UK
2 EADS Astrium, Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage, SG1 2AS, UK
The reliability of Finite Element Models (FEM), in terms of their capability to reproduce/simulate the behaviour
of real hardware, is usually verified by comparing according to some specified correlation criteria, the model
predictions with test results. In the space industry this is particularly relevant as the loads that will be
experienced by the satellite during launch can only be determined accurately by analysing the coupled dynamic
system composed of lunch vehicle and satellite.
For this reason a test validated FEM is also a deliverable to the launch agency, which carries out the coupled
loads analysis (Launch vehicle + satellite) to calculate the loads that will be exchanged between the two
subsystems. To ensure reliable results, suitable correlation criteria are specified to quantify the minimum level
of agreement required between the FEM and the satellite structural dynamic tests.
NASA, USAF, ESA etc, all specify the level of correlation required using cross orthogonality checks, where
experimental mode shapes are compared with analysis (FEM) mode shapes using the mass matrix as
weighting between the two sets of mode shapes.
One of the main issues is that the vectors representing the experimental mode shapes have a number of
elements usually much smaller than that of the analysis mode shapes, and therefore to carry out the
comparison it is necessary to reduce the FEM (to the experimental DOFs) or to expand the experimental mode
shapes to the analysis DOFs. This paper briefly discusses advantages and disadvantages of the two
procedures and the methods most commonly used in the space industry to carry out a model reduction.
In this context, the System Equivalent Expansion Reduction Process (SEREP) is identified as particularly
suitable to reduce the FEM to produce a mass matrix for the orthogonally checks.
The sensitivity of the orthogonality check to the parameters utilized in the SEREP algorithm is investigated
using a Montecarlo approach, methodically applying random distortions (representing inaccuracies of the
39 | P a g e
model or test results) to a set of mode shapes obtained from the FEM of the Aeolus satellite.
The robustness of the results of the orthogonalitly check as a function of the number of mode shapes utilized in
the reduction process, and the size of the distortions is investigated in detail.
Finally the impact of the criteria used for the selection of the DOFs utilized in the orthogonality check is
examined. In particular it is shown that the robustness of the orthogonality check is significantly increased
when the DOFs utilized for the correlations are selected using some optimality criteria.
ACEX507
Mr. Omid Amir Ghiasvand
Mechatronics Research Laboratory,
Qazvin Azad University,
Nokhbegan Blvd., Qazvin, Iran.
Optimized Trajectory Generation for the NAO Biped Robot Using Particle Swarm Optimization and
Genetic Algorithm
M. Ghaffari Jadidi, E. Hashemi, O. A. Ghiasvand, Amir R. Karimi
Mechatronics Research Laboratory, Qazvin Azad University,
Nokhbegan Blvd., Qazvin, Iran.
Trajectory planning of biped robots must satisfy several requirements and constraints of bipedal locomotion
stability. Broad studies have been conducted on various trajectory generation optimizations for humanoid
robots with diverse degrees of freedom and intelligent methods for biped balancing [1-8]. Real-coded genetic
algorithm was effectively applied to optimal trajectory generation of a biped robot [4, 9], but this method
requires a large number of computation related to the population based search scheme. Particle Swarm
Optimization, PSO, is introduced as a rapid technique for continuous nonlinear function optimization in
comparison with other global optimization methods such as genetic algorithm and simulated annealing with the
advantages of straightforward execution and its pace in convergence [10]. Optimization of the bipedal robots
trajectory with the main objectives to preserve stability and keep zero moment point in the best possible
situation is chiefly discussed in this paper with implementation of GA and a novel PSO. Forward and Inverse
Kinematics are commonly implemented to determine main parameters affecting humanoid robots trajectory
generation and specify the situation of ZMP in this optimization and preserve stability. Moreover locomotion
modeling are related to the kinematic analysis and trajectory generation as it is fundamental in the study of
linkage systems and are described in brief in the first section of this article. The above mentioned optimization
on the trajectory planner together with the dedication of other physical properties in dynamic modeling results
in to the more precise trajectory generation as it is concluded in this work. A simulated model of an optimal
biped trajectory for Nao humanoid robot, made by Aldebaran Co., in the RoboCup SPL, standard platform
league, is presented to demonstrate and evaluate the proposed PSO and GA approaches.
References:
[1] L. Rodrigues, M. Prado, P. Tavares, K. da Silva, and A. Rosa, Proc. of the IEEE International Conference
on Evolutionary Computation, 390, 1996.
[2] J. K. Kim, K. Noh, and K. Park, Springer Verlag, Berlin, ICES, 159, 2001.
[3] G. Capi, S. Kaneko, K. Mitobe, L. Barolli, Y. Nasu, Robotics And Autonomous Systems, 38,119, 2002.
40 | P a g e
[4] K. S. Jeon, O. Kwon, J. H. Park, Proc. of the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems,
2837, 2004.
[5] N. Yokoyama and S. Suzuki, Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 28, 139, 2005.
[6] S. Kajita, M. Morisawa, K. Harada, K. Kaneko, E. Kanehiro, K. Kujiwara, and H. Hirukawa, Proc. of the IEEE
International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, (2006).
[7] V. H. Dau, C. M. Chew, A. N. Poo, Proc. of the International Conference on Humanoids, 603, 2007.
[8] J.J. Kim, T. Y. Choi, J. J. Lee, Proc. of the IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, 373,
2008.
[9] T. Kim, j. W. Kim, Proc. of the International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems, 2693, 2007.
[10] A. Abraham, H. Guo, and H. Liu, Studies in Computational Intelligence, Springer, 26, 3, Nov. 2006.
ACEX507.1
Mr. Maani Ghaffari Jadidi
Mechatronics Research Laboratory,
Qazvin Azad University,
Nokhbegan Blvd., Qazvin,
Iran
Dynamic Modeling and Control Study of the NAO Biped Robot with Improved Trajectory Planning
E. Hashemi, M. Ghaffari Jadidi
Mechatronics Research Laboratory, Qazvin Azad University,
Barajin, Qazvin, Iran.
Kinematic and dynamic modeling of bipedal robots have been topics of great attention in a various researches
performed on legged robots since bipedal locomotion is probably the most suitable method to execute
assigned maneuvers in a real environment with various obstacle conditions and geometry [1, 2]. Extensive
studies have been conducted on various control methods of bipedal walking and stability, and now biped robots
are capable of walking with a certain amount of stability [3-8]. Forward and Inverse Kinematics are commonly
implemented to determine main parameters affecting humanoid robots behavior and specify the reliable
method to control motion and preserve stability [9]. This paper is focused on dynamic modeling and stability
analysis of the NAO humanoid robot, made by Aldebaran Co., in the RoboCup SPL, standard platform league.
Bipedal locomotion necessitates correct solutions of the inverse kinematics and localization problems with
optimized and fast numerical computations. The process of obtaining inverse kinematic formulation and
controller parameters contains some numerical modifications and optimization on the solution and boundary
condition specifications [10] which are presented in this material. Moreover, trajectory control and locomotion
modeling are related to the kinematic analysis as it is fundamental in the study of linkage systems and are
described in detail in the first section of this article. On the other hand, dynamic modeling and stability analysis
are essential for control study of humanoid robots to reach robust walk and have been also discussed in this
paper. A transformation shall be performed between the Cartesian end effector orientation and location vector
and the corresponding vector of joint angular position which leads to determination of actuating signals and
their values for drivers and appropriate motion controller factors. This transformation is known as solving the
inverse kinematic problems [11]. Main constraints such as inertial forces and joint angles for the given position
and nominal conditions are simulated and verified through experimental results from the real robot sensory
41 | P a g e
data and effect of a reliable controller on the joint parameters variation are mathematically described. The
above mentioned modifications on the solution together with the dedication of other physical property in
dynamic modeling and torque controller results in to the more precise trajectory planner as it is concluded in
this work.
References:
[1] A. Goswami, Proc. of the 8th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, 182, (2008).
[2] S. Kagami, M. Mochimaru, Y. Ehara, N. Miyata, K. Nishiwaki, T. Kanade, H. Inoue, Robotics and
Autonomous Systems, 48, 177 (2003).
[3] Q. Huang, K. Yokoi, S. Kajita, K. Kaneko, H. Aria, N. Koyashi, and K. Tanie, Proc. of the IEEE International
Conference on Robotics & Automation, 17, No. 3, 280, (2001).
[4] T. Shugihara, Y. Nakamura, and H. Inoue, Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics &
Automation, 1404, (2002).
[5] Y. Fujimoto, Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics & Automation, 3803, (2004).
[6] T. G. McGee, M. W. Spong, Proc. of the International Conference on Control Applications, 1099, (2001).
[7] S. Kajita, M. Morisawa, K. Harada, K. Kaneko, E. Kanehiro, K. Kujiwara, and H. Hirukawa, Proc. of the IEEE
International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, (2006).
[8] S. Kajita, F. Kanehiro, K. Kaneko, K. Fujiwara, K. Harada, K. Yokoi, and H. Hirukawa, Proc. of the IEEE
International Conference on Robotics & Automation, 1620, (2003).
[9] C. Azevedo, N. Andreff, and S. Arias, Mechatronics, 14, 639, (2004).
[10] P. B.Wieber, Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Humanoids, 137, (2006).
[11] R. Colbaugh, K. Glass, and H. Seraji, Int. Journal of Modeling and Simulation, 11, 33, (1991).
ACEX508
Mr. Sami Naimi
Laboratoire Génie Mécanique,
École Nationale d‘Ingénieurs de Monastir,
Tunisie
Effect of the mass dissymmetry on the Stability

of axisymmetric rigid rotors supported by hydrodynamic bearings
S. Naîmi1, M. Chouchane1, J. L. Ligier2
1Laboratoire Génie Mécanique, École Nationale d‘Ingénieurs de Monastir, Tunisie
2RENAULT S.A., Powertrain Engineering Division, Rueil Malmaison, France
Dynamics and Stability of rotors supported by hydrodynamic bearings are subject to several research works.
The whirling instability can cause considerable problems for the rotor by breaking the oil film lubricant in the
bearing. The analysis carried out by Hori [1], Gunter[2], Orcutt and Gotoda established the stability chart for
symmetrical rotor supported by hydrodynamic bearings. All these studies consider that the gravity centre of
rotor is in the medium of the rotor and neglect inertia and gyroscopic effect.
This paper presents the dynamic behaviour of an axisymmetric rigid rotor having a dissymmetry of mass and
supported by hydrodynamic bearings. A dynamic model with reduced number of degrees of freedom was
42 | P a g e
developed. This model takes also account of the gyroscopic effect, the effect of inertia, the effect of the
anisotropy of hydrodynamic bearing forces. The Routh-Hurwitz criterion was used to determine the stability
chart. Campbell diagram is presented for selected cases to confirm the stability boundaries in the stability
chart.
The x-axis of the stability chart represent the bearing modulus whereas the y-axis represent the dimensionless
angular velocity of the rotor. The established stability chart highlight the effect of the relative position of the
rotor center of gravity and the effect of the rotor radius of gyration.
[1] Y. Hori, hydrodynamic lubrication, (Springer 2006)

[2] G. J. Gunter, Dynamic stability of rotor-bearing systems, NASA, 113 (1966).
ACEX281
Mr. Hamid Reza Noori
Kerman, Iran
Large Amplitude Free Vibration Analysis of Conical Shells Using Differential Quadrature Method
S.H. Mirtalaie1, E. Jomehzadeh2 , H.R. Noori3
1Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad branch, Isfahan, Najaf Abad, Iran.
2Shahid Bahonar university of Kerman, Young researchers society, Kerman, Iran.
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran.
Thin conical shells as structural elements occupy a leadership position in various fields of engineering like as
aeronautical, civil, mechanical and marine engineering. Missiles and submarines are examples of the use of
conical shells in aeronautical and marine engineering. Because of the wide applications of conical shell
structures in engineering, finding the large amplitude vibration characteristics of them seems to be essential.
In this paper, a large amplitude solution is provided for the nonlinear free vibration behavior of conical shell
using Differential Quadrature Method (DQM). The fundamental equations for thin conical shell are obtained
using the Donnell theory of shell for large transverse deflection. These nonlinear and coupled partial differential
equations are solved using DQM which is a powerful numerical method for solving initial and boundary value
problems and needs less computational efforts comparing with the other numerical methods such as finite
element and finite difference methods [1]. According to the DQM and employing the concept of extra degrees
of freedom, the governing equations are discretized as well as the boundary conditions. Using this procedure a
set of nonlinear eigenvalue problem is obtained that is solved iteratively and the nonlinear natural frequencies
of the conical shell with arbitrary boundary conditions are obtained. The acquired results show a very good
convergence and in a special case are compared with the literature for the accuracy evaluation of the method
which a good agreement can be seen. The effects of the vertex angle, boundary conditions, ends radii ratio
and thickness-length ratio on the nonlinear vibration of the conical shell are investigated.
The results reveal that nonlinear coupling effects play a major role in dictating the fundamental frequency of
conical shells.
[1] C.W. Bert and M. Malik, J. Appl. Mech. Rev., 49, 1-27 (1996).
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ACEX296
Dr. Neffati M. Werfalli
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering, Alfateh University,
Tripoli, Libya
Effect of Heat Treatments on the Fatigue Performance of Carbon Steel

Ramadan O. Saied1 and Neffati M. Werfalli2
Faculty of Engineering, Alfateh University, Tripoli, Libya
1E-mail: saied972004@yahoo.com.
2E-mail: werfn1954@yahoo.com.
ABSTRACT: This paper presents an experimental study for investigating the effect of heat treatment on the
fatigue performance of steel with 0.11, 0.14 and 0.28 % carbon contents. Annealing, normalizing and
quenching heat treatments were carried out on steel specimens prior to fatigue testing. Three groups of test
specimens, one group for each type of heat treatment, were prepared and tested to failure using a fatigue
testing machine. This is done, in order to establish the fatigue strength for each point on the (S-N) curve for
each group of heat treated specimens. Microscopic analysis using an optical microscope was performed on
failed specimens, in order to observe any changes in the microstructures of the tested material. It has been
concluded that, due to the effect of cold rolling condition during the manufacturing of the steel sheets, the
fatigue limits of heat treated specimens were lower than those for the as received specimens.
KEYWORDS: Fatigue stress, carbon, microscopic, normalizing, quenching, and annealing.
ACEX296
Dr. Neffati M. Werfalli
Faculty of Engineering, Alfateh University,
Tripoli, Libya
Free Vibration Analysis of Rectangular Plates Using Galerkin-Based Finite Element Method
Neffati M. Werfall1, A.A.Karoud2
1 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering,
Al-Fateh University, Faculty of Engineering, Tripoli, Libya
Email: werfn1954@yahoo.com
2Ministry of Education, Tripoli, Libya
Email: a_karoud@yahoo.com
In the present work a study of free vibration of thin isotropic rectangle plates with various edge conditions is
conducted. This study involves the obtaining of natural frequencies by solving the mathematical model that
governs the vibration behavior of the plate using Galerkin-based finite element analysis. Quartic quadrilateral
44 | P a g e
serendipity subparametric element with twelve degrees of freedom is used in this analysis. Even though the
order of polynomial used is the lowest possible, the effectiveness of the method for calculating the natural
frequencies accurately is demonstrated by comparing the solution obtained against the existing results. The
effect of the aspect ratio, the number of elements, and the number of sampling points on the accuracy of
solution is also presented.
45 | P a g e
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
ACEX229
Dr. Bernardo D. Monelli
University of Trento,
Trento, Via Mesiano 77,
38100, Italy
On the one-to-one correspondence between the elastic-plastic

properties and spherical indentation load-indent depth curve
M. Beghini1, L. Bertini1, V. Fontanari2, B.D. Monelli2
1University of Pisa, Pisa, Via Diotisalvi 2, 56122, Italy.
2University of Trento, Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38100, Italy.
Spherical indentation load-indent depth curve (L-h curve) is now considered one of the most powerful tools for
determining the constitutive properties of metals. However, the existence of the one-to-one correspondence
between the L-h curve and the elastic-plastic properties still represents an open issue, and there is no
unanimous agreement about the uniqueness of the reverse analyses [1,2]. The present paper focuses on this
problem by carrying out an extensive numerical analysis of the spherical indentation process into metallic
materials. The Finite Element Model validated and qualified in [3] was used to deeply investigate the
indentation response of the most common engineering materials, thus determining the correlations between
the elastic-plastic field evolution in the sub-indenter region and the characteristic L-h curve. The FE analysis
revealed that Kick‘s law usually used to represent the loading curve form of the indentation cycle is not
adequate to capture the effective materials response. On the basis of the numerical results, a new form of the
loading cycle, ensuring the uniqueness of the reverse algorithm proposed in [4], is provided.
References
[1] X. Chen, N. Ogasawara, M. Zhao, N. Chiba, J. of the Mech. Phys. Solids, 55, 1618 (2007).
[2] H. Lan, T. A. Venkatesh, Phil. Mag., 87 (30), 4671 (2007).
[3] M. Beghini, L. Bertini, V. Fontanari, B. D. Monelli, J. Mat. Res., 24 (3), 1270 (2008).
[4] M. Beghini, L. Bertini, V. Fontanari, Int. J. Solids Struct., 43, 2441 (2006).
ACEX374
Dr Mahir Es-Saheb
King Saud University
P. O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421,
Saudi Arabia
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Diametral Compression Test: Validation Using Finite Element Analysis

M. H. Es-Saheb1, A. Al Bedah1, Faycal Benyahya1
1Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University
P. O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
essaheb@ksu.edu.sa, albedah@ksu.edu.sa, fbenyahia@ksu.edu.sa
The diametral compression test, also called Brazilian test, has been used to measure the tensile properties of
brittle materials such as concrete, rock, coal etc. In this test, it is important to note that fracture must be initiated
by tensile stresses if the test is to yield useful results. Unfortunately, as loading increases during the test some
deformation starts to take place at the loading interfaces. Hence, the loading conditions changes from point
loading (i.e. concentrated) to distributed loading. Consequently, the stress patterns and distributions tend to
deviate from the recommended ideal tensile stresses at the center to more complex combined stresses. This is
reflected in the large scatter found in the values of the tensile strength and the variations in the results obtained
from this test by the various investigators. Therefore, a reassessment of the diametral compression test is
essential. Also, the results of this test should be treated with more caution and some correction measures
should be included in the formulae used.
In this work, these issues are addressed as well as the theoretical basis of the data interpretation of the
diametral compression test using finite element techniques. Thus, the present work is directed to investigate
the validity of the diametral disc test with a small flat ground and the use of soft pads (as recommended by
some researchers) at the loading point. The stress distribution is determined by finite element method for a
range of loading conditions. The results show that for the case of a point load, the failure is due to shear and
compressive stresses at the loading point. Application of the diametral disc test for a ground flat is tested. Also,
the effect of using some soft pads under loading points, to improve the test performance, is considered and
tested. It is believed that, to obtain accurate tensile strength from this test, the width of the flattened area
should be as small as possible. The deviation from the ideal tensile conditions at the center starts immediately
as the test proceeds for both cases of flat and soft pads. This contradicts the previous work which suggests
that the deviation stars after the flatten area exceeds 0.2 of disk diameter. Therefore, a correction to the
formula used in determining the tensile strength is proposed. It is expected that the results presented in this
investigation will stimulate efforts towards establishing accurate experimental methods and guidelines for
evaluating the exact properties of materials. Finally an attempt will be made to incorporate some correction
terms in the used formulae.
[1] C. Thornton, M.T. Ciomocos, M.J. Adams, Numerical simulations of diametrical compression tests on
agglomerates, Powder Technol,3, 140, (2004), 258-267
[2] A.T. Procopio, A. Zavaliangos, J.C. Cunningham, Analysis of the diametrical compression test and the
applicability to plastically deforming materials, J Mater Sci, 17, 38, (2003), 3629-3639
[3] U. Soltesz, G.Bernauer, R. Schaefer, Diametral compression test for determining the tensile strength of
brittle materials, CFI Ceram Forum Int Ber DKG, 9, 72, (1995), 553
[4] S. P. Mates, R. Rhorer, S. Banovic, E.Whitenton, R. Fields, Tensile strength measurements of frangible
bullets using the diametral compression test, Int J Impact Eng, 6, 35, (2008), 511-520
[5] P. Jons, H. ggblad, K. Sommer, Tensile strength and fracture energy of pressed metal powder by diametral
compression test, Powder Technol., 2-3, 176, (2007), 148-155
[6] T. R. Paulsen, O. Lindtjorn, G. Hogstedt, Avian gut passage reduces seed exit costs in Sorbus aucuparia
47 | P a g e
(Rosaceae) as measured by a diametral compression test, Funct. Plant Biol., 6, 33, (2006), 611-617
[7] P. Chen, H. Xie, F. Huang, T. Huang, Y. Ding, Deformation and failure of polymer bonded explosives
under diametric compression test, Polym. Test, 3, 25, (2006), 333-341
[8] M. Khanal, W. Schubert, J. Tomas, DEM simulation of diametrical compression test on particle
compounds, Granular Matter, 2-3,7, (2005),83-90
ACEX419
Mr. Wan Iok Cheong
The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road,
Hong Kong
Experimental studies on the drying rate of porous type knitted fabrics

1R.W.L. Ip and 1I.C. Wan
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
Drying technology is used commonly in a large group of manufacturing industry including textiles, paper and
pulp, food, agriculture and building construction. However, current research tends concentrated on clay, food,
wood and paper drying processes, and few on the study of textile materials.
In textile industry, hot air jet impingement [1] is one of the conventional and most commonly used methods for
fabric drying. A well supervision of the operation should be considered in the monitoring of the fabric shrinkage
rate during the process. The fabric structures will be damaged while over-drying occurred for the improper
monitoring. In fact that developing theories for proper drying of the porous type knitted fabrics needs lots of
computational analysis results to support the research. In order to provide accurate information to assist the
drying mechanism analysis using hot air jet impingement method under an optimal operation, comprehensive
experiments and on-site tests on an industrial type heat setting machine namely ―Best Shrinkage Dryer
(Finishing)‖ developed by Fong‘s National Engineering Co. Ltd. were carried out to assist the derive of
empirical relationship among the knitting methods, drying conditions and drying rate for typical porous knitted
fabrics. In these tests, the drying conditions have included air jet temperature and jet velocities. In the on-site
tests, the relationship between the fabric travelling speed on the drying machine and drying rate was also
considered.
[1] N.D. Francis and W.J. Wepfer. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. Vol. 39, 9, (1996).
ACEX467
Prof. Antonio Almeida Silva
Federal University of Campina Grande,
Campina Grande - PB, Brazil
Experimental Characterization of Hydrogen Embrittlement in API 5L X60 and API 5L X80 Steels
B.A. Araújo1, G.D. Travassos1, A.A. Silva1, E.O. Vilar1, J.A.P. Carrasco1, C.J. Araújo1
48 | P a g e
1Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande - PB, Brazil.
The present work aims to study the hydrogen embrittlement process in API 5L X60 and API 5L X80 steels.
From electrochemical hydrogen permeation experiments were determined the diffusivity, solubility and
permeability in these steels. The tests were performed using two kinds of hydrogen sources to work with two
conditions of hydrogen damage: environmental hydrogen embrittlement and internal hydrogen embrittlement.
The mechanical behavior of API 5L X60 and API 5L X80 steels in tensile tests, with and without hydrogen,
were studied. Under environmental hydrogen embrittlement conditions, the API 5L X60 steel presented a
softening process observed by the decrease in yield strength and increase in its deformation. The API 5L X80
steel was more susceptible to the phenomenon due the deformation decrease of hydrogenated samples. In
notched samples, both steels were susceptible to embrittlement as shown by the decrease in elongation.
Under internal hydrogen embrittlement conditions, in both steels the changes in deformation was significant
and can be attributed to changes in the hydrogen trapping due to the hydrogenation process used, the
chemical composition and microstructure. It was observed that the fracture surface morphology of
hydrogenated samples of both steels was ductile by microvoids coalescence (dimples), and that the distribution
of dimples per unit area was higher in the API 5L X60 steel. It can be concluded, as reported in the literature,
that the reversible hydrogen trapping observable in environmental hydrogen embrittlement is more damaging
than irreversible hydrogen trapping, observable in internal hydrogen embrittlement.
ACEX542
Prof. Jun-Hyub Park
Tongmyong University,
Yongdang-Dong, Nam-Gu,
Busan, South Korea.
Tensile Test of Lead Zirconate Titanate(PZT)

Jun-Hyub Park1, Hong-Yeol Bae2, Young-Ryun Oh2, Yun-Jae Kim2, Hee Yeoun Kim3 and Yong-Hak Huh4
1Tongmyong University, Yongdang-Dong, Nam-Gu, Busan, South Korea.
2Korea university, Anam-dong Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-701, South Korea.
3Nanofab Center, 53-3 Eoeun-dong Yuseong-gu Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea.
4Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yusong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea.
Lead zirconate titanate, also called PZT, is a ceramic perovskite material that shows a marked piezoelectric
effect. The PZT thin film is often used in various applications such as Micro-actuator, Micro and nano-
positioning, Laser tuning, Active vibration damping, Micro-pumps, Pneumatic valves and etc. One notable point
is that components in MEMS devices are small enough to be measured in mm, and that their mechanical
properties are not the same as those for bulk materials, as mechanical properties at the micro-scale depend on
the size and fabrication process. Thus, it is essential to perform mechanical tests in order to obtain relevant
mechanical properties.
This paper presents the results of tensile test for PZT thin films of 2μm thickness in atmospheric air at room
temperature. First is un-notched specimen and another is notched specimen. An axial loading tester developed
by the authors was used for the tests. The tester was equipped with a load cell with a maximum capacity of 0.5
49 | P a g e
N and a non-contact position measuring system based on the principle of capacitance micrometry. And the
tester was also equipped with CCD system for measuring displacement of gage length. The elastic moduli of
the specimens with 50, 100 and 150 μm width were 86, 73, 83 GPa, respectively. In addition, tensile strength of
the specimens with 50, 100 and 150 μm width were 185.6, 146, 168 MPa, respectively. And values of elastic
moduli and tensile strength of notched specimens were 95 GPa, 366Mpa, respectively.
[1] W. D. Nix, Mechanical properties of thin films, Metal. Trans. A, 20A, 2217, (1989).
[2] J.-H. Park, C.-Y. Kim, C. S. Lee, S.-H. Choa, W.-S. Che and J.-H. Song, New structures and techniques for
easy axial loading test of static and fatigue properties of MEMS materials Key Engineering Materials, 297-300,
545, (2005).
ACEX543
Dr. Dong-Joong Kang
Pusan National University,
Jangjeon-dong, Geoumjeong-gu,
Busan 609-735,
South Korea
Extraction of Multiple plane Areas using Digital imaging system

for Moving Robot Applications
Dong-Joong Kang1, Jong-Eun Ha2, and Moon-Ho Jeong3
1PNUniversity, Jangjeon-dong, Geoumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, South Korea.
2SNUniversity of Tech., Gongneung-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-743, South Korea.
3Kwangwoon University, Waolgae-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-701, South Korea.
Imaging system using CCD sensors for automatic navigation of intelligent robot is a central element to
recognize and interact the surrounding environment. Specifically, finding a planar surface on 3D space is very
important for efficient and safe operation of a mobile robot. In this paper, we propose a method using a plane
detection cell (PDC) and iterative randomized Hough transform (IRHT) for finding the planar region from a 3D
range image. First, the local planar region is detected by a PDC from the target area of the range image that is
obtained from a stereo rig of two cameras. Each plane is then segmented by analyzing the accumulated peaks
in Hough space via voting the local direction and position information of each PDC into Hough parameter
space. The PDC is used as a plane filter to reduce the effect of noise and outliers and improve the efficiency of
the HT. When segmenting each plane region, the IRHT repeatedly decreases the size of the planar region
used for voting in the Hough parameter space in order to reduce the effect of noise and solve the local maxima
problem in the parameter space. In general, range images have many planes of different normal directions.
Hence, we find several planes by using the same method for the remaining image area after removing the first
detected plane region. Through this procedure, we can segment all planar regions of interest in the range
image. Through the experiments using real images, we verify the results from our proposed method.
[1] K. Okada, S. Kagami, J. Inaba, and H. Inoue, Plane Segment Finder: Algorithm, Implementation and
Applications, IEEE Int. Conf. on Robo. and Auto. 2, 2120, (2001).
50 | P a g e
[2] W. Lu, and J. Tan, Detection of incomplete ellipse in images with strong noise by iterative randomized
Hough transform (IRHT), Patt. Reco. 41, 1268, (2008).
ACEX366
Prof. Ahmed Elshazly
Chemical and Materials Engineering Department,
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia
Improvement of the Performance of Galvanized Steel/Steel Galvanic Coupling Using Polypyrrole

Coating
A. H. El-Shazly* H. A. Al-Turaif
Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
*reference author: Elshazly_a@yahoo.com
The aim of the present work is to use polypyrrole conducting polymers (PPy) to improve the corrosion
resistance ability of the galvanized steel/steel galvanic coupling by coating galvanized steel with a layer (PPy).
The potentiostatic technique was used for forming the PPy layer using a potentiostat (EG&G A-273
Potentiostat/Galvanostat). Many variables were investigated for their effect on the characteristics of the formed
coat layer such as: applied potential, electrolyte concentration (sodium tartrate concentration), solution pH, and
type of electrode. The formed coat layer was investigated using X-Ray Photoelectron Specroscopy (XPS).
Finally the corrosion resistance ability of the galvanic coupling of PPy coated galvanized steel coupled with
bare steel was investigated using the electrochemical methods such as Tafel method. The results show that
the galvanic coupling of PPy coated galvanized steel and bare steel has corrosion current which is 31.8% less
than the galvanic coupling of bare galvanized when coupled with steel.
ACEX448
Dr. Jose Lemus-Ruiz
Instituto de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas,
U.M.S.N.H, P. O. Box 888, Morelia, Michoacán,
58000, México
Joining of Si3N4 to Stainless Steel AISI 304 by Liquid State Bonding

L. Ceja-Cárdenas1, J. Lemus-Ruiz1, S. Díaz de la Torre2, E. Bedolla1 and V.H. López
1 Instituto de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas, U.M.S.N.H, P. O. Box 888, Morelia, Michoacán, 58000, México.
2 Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIITEC. Cerrada Cecati s/n Col. Sta. Catarina, C.P. 02250 Azc., D.F., México.
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is one structural ceramic that has been studied and developed by many years of
intensive research. It possesses excellent mechanical properties as such high fracture and flexure strength,
good corrosion resistance and excellent wear resistance [1]. However, it is difficult manufacture complex
ceramic parts, due its hard. Therefore, it is reasonable to manufacture composite parts of ceramics and metals
51 | P a g e
by joining processes. On the other hand, the most common material used for engine components is steel.
Usually, when a ceramic material is introduced into a engine device it is often in contact with steel or metal [2,
3]. The objective of this work is focused in the accomplishment of Si3N4/stainless steel AISI 304 joints and its
study interfacial during liquid state bonding. Assembly type sandwich Si3N4/Cu-Zn/Nb/Cu-Zn/AISI 304 were
produced at temperature of 1000°C using different holding times (5 to 40 min) in atmosphere of argon. The
results show that is possible produces joints of Si3N4 to AISI 304 at temperature and times used. Analysis by
scanning electron microscopy showed un-joined zones between ceramic and Cu-Zn alloy for joining time of 5
min, but when increment hold times at 20 and 40 min the interface is characterized by reaction zone uniform,
and non-porous in which the thickness of this zone increment with bonding times. Electron probe microanalysis
(EPMA) revealed the interaction between contact surfaces during joining process.
[1] S. Hampshire, Materials Science Forum, 606, 27 (2009)

[2] Z. Yong, F. Di, H. Zhi-yong and C. Xi-chun, Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International, 13(2), 01
(2006).
[3] L. Bai, X. Y. Zhao, C. C. Ge, Materials Science Forum, 546-549, 2179 (2007).
ACEX448
Dr. Jose Lemus-Ruiz
Instituto de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas,
U.M.S.N.H, P. O. Box 888, Morelia, Michoacán,
58000, México
Mechanical Properties of Brazing AISI 316L Stainless Steels Joined With a Ni Based Amorphous Foil
J. A. Verduzco1, J. Lemus-Ruiz1, M. G. Téllez-Arias1, A. Bedolla1 and G. A. Lara2
1 Instituto de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas, U.M.S.N.H, P. O. Box 888, Morelia, Michoacán, 58000, México.
2 Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, U.N.A.M., P.O. Box 70-360, México, D. F., 04510, México
Ni based braze filler metals containing B and Si elements, prepared either by rapid solidification or powder
metallurgy have relatively low melting temperatures, which make them liable to join, for example, stainless
steels and Inconel 718 to stainless steel 304, respectively; such bonded materials are used to fabricate mainly
heat exchangers for different applications [1-3]. This work presents the mechanical resistance of stainless
steels 316L joints, bonded with an amorphous Metglas© MBF15 foil at 1105ºC and 1170ºC joined for 5, 10, 15,
20 and 40 minutes joining times, by using sandwich-type arrangements, under a nitrogen atmosphere into an
electric resistance furnace. The microstructure and diffusion mechanisms of the elements at the bonding
interlayers were analysed in a scanning electron microscope. The mechanical resistance was evaluated in an
Instron Universal machine. It was observed an improvement on the bonding samples for conditions of 1105ºC
for 10 minutes, since neither unjoined islands nor interfase cracks were observed. For samples joined at
1170ºC for 20 minutes and longer joining times, higher diffusion was observed, supposing that the unions were
carried out by diffusion-chemical reaction. The joining zone is characterised to be composed for intermixed
phases among them. The average mechanical resistance obtained was of about 85 MPa and 84 MPa, for
samples joined at 1105ºC and 1170ºC, respectively.
52 | P a g e
[1] A. Rabinkin, E. Wenski, A. Ribaudo, Weld. J., 77 (2), 66s (1998).

[2] X. Wu, R. P. Chandel, S. H. Pheow and H. Li, Matls. Sci. And Engng., A288, 84 (2000).
[3] W. Jiang, J. Gong and S. T. Tu, Matls. & Design, 31, 648 (2010).
ACEX249
Prof. Ivica Kuzmanić
Faculty of Maritime Studies,
Zrinjsko-Frankopanska 38, Split,
Croatia
Corrosion Monitoring in Marine Environment Using Wavelet Description

I. Kuzmanić1, I. Vujović1, J. Šoda2
1University of Split, Faculty of Maritime Studies, Zrinjsko-Frankopanska 38, 21000 Split, Croatia.
2University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Zrinjsko-
Frankopanska 38, 21000 Split, Croatia.
Corrosion monitoring is important in wide area of applications. Since marine environment is highly aggressive,
it is imperative to monitor this phenomenon in marine traffic.
The advantage of corrosion monitoring is in detection of corrosion even on dock in port during normal
operation, which saves money and prevents environmental damage [1, 2], costs of accidents and loosing lives.
Corrosion causes damage in material structure [3], such as cracks. In case of chemical or oil tankers corrosion
can be source of oil or chemical leak. These leaks can be the cause for unthinkable damage of the
environment. Very important requirement for monitoring system is price. To encourage companies to
implement corrosion monitoring, system must be cheap and easy to use producing additional costs as low as
possible.
Wavelets were already used for ultrasound detection of corrosion [4]. Camera monitoring is an alternative for
corrosion in marine environment can be performed by image analysis as well. Wavelet description method of
corrosion is proposed in the paper. The description is based on energy difference contained in approximation
coefficients of complex wavelet transform. The difference is obtained by rms value of previous record and
current image in wavelet domain.
[1] H. Sayyaadi, P. Hemati, MTTS/IEEE TECHNO-Ocean, Vol. 1, 212(2004).

[2] Optimised Environmental Technologies for Cruise and Ferry Vessels, Technical Report, Det Norske Veritas,
2000.
[3] J.A. Collins, Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991).
[4] Wavelet Applications in Industrial Processing II, Vol. 5607, p. 1, F. Truchetet, O. Laligant, Ed., (SPIE,
2004).
ACEX047
Prof. XU Weiping
Nanchang Hangkong University,
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Aeronautical Science and Technology

Key Lab. of Aeronautical Materials Processing，
Nanchang 330063，
China
Crystallographic Analysis of The Rotational Extrustion Alloying Al-Ti

XU.Weiping，KE.Liming，XING.Li，YANG Chenggang
Aeronautical Science and Technology Key Lab. of Aeronautical Materials Processing，Nanchang Hangkong
University，Nanchang 330063，China
Authors' Affiliations: XU Weiping，associate professor， master Tutor， mainly engaged in materials

processing engineering teaching and research. Tel: 008613870876937, E-mail：xuweiping1203@126.com.
The project was supported by NO. 50875119 of National Natural Science Foundation of China, and also was
supported by NO.gf2009010010 of Open Fund of Aeronautical Science and Technology Key Lab. of
Aeronautical Materials Processing，Nanchang Hangkong University，and also was supported by
NO.GJJ09187 of scientific-technological projects of education department of JiangXi.
The rotating extrusion alloying (in short, REA) technology to prepare Al-Ti alloy. In the REA process, dissimilar
metals are mixed, cracked, and subjected to high speed, severe pressing deformation, and therefore rapidly
alloyed at low temperature.The results showed that: During REA process,the original materials before
synthesis and the product after synthesis present high engergy ball mill and from sintering the conpound are
avoided, and the contamination to the compound due to the contact with the surrounding atmosphere and high
energy ball is disappeared. REA technology can be alloyed Al-Ti material. Its phases are mainly composed of
Al and Al3Ti, which are distributed more evenly in the aluminum. After heat treatment, phases‘ types and pole
figures have no significant change, but there is a trend of transition to the non-equilibrium stable phase. Small-
angle grain boundaries decrease or even disappear.
Keywords: friction extrusion;Al-Ti alloy; misorientation;REA
References
[1] Jin Long, Li Jianping, Ke Liming, Xing Li. Journal of Nanchang Hangkong University(Natural Science) [J],
2009, (2): 16-19
[2] Zhang Lipan, Ke Liming Xing Li Sun Dechao. Journal of Nanchang Hangkong University(Natural Science)
[J], 2004,(2): 6-9
[3] Z. Y. MA. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A[J], 2008, 39A: 642-658
[4] Y. Morisada a,*,H. Fujii b,T. Nagaoka a,K. Nogib,M. Fukusumi. Science Direct composites part A applied
sciences and manufacturing[J], 2007,38: 2097-2101
[5] Ke Liming, Pan Jiluan, Xing Li, Wang Shanlin. Journal of Mechanical Engineering [J], 2009,(4): 17-21
[6] Mao Weiming. Metallic materials crystallographic texture and anisotropy[M]. Scence Press :Beijing,2002
[7] Z.Guo,S.E.Lee,H.Kim,S.Park.Et al. Fabtication, characteriazation and microwave properties of polyurethane
nanocomposites reinforced with iron oxide and barium titanate[J]. Acta materialia. Vol57(2009),P.267-277
[8] T.P.D. Rajan, R.M. Pillai, B.C. Pai, Functionally graded Al-Al3Ni in situ intermetallic and microstructural
characterization, J. Alloys Compd. Vol.453 (2008) ,p.4-L7.
[9] G. Gonzalez, A. Sagarzazu, D. Bonyuet, L. D. Angelo, R. Villalba, Solid state amorphisation in binary
54 | P a g e
systems prepared by mechanical alloying, J. Alloys Compd. Vol.483 (2009),p.289-297.

[10] I.S. Lee, P.W. Kao, N.J. Ho, Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Fe in situ nanocomposite
produced by friction stir processing, Intermetallics ,Vol.16 (2008),p.1104-1108.
[11] Shafiei-Zarghani A., Kashani-Bozorg S.F., Zarei-Hanzaki A.. Mater. Sci. Eng. A [J], Vol2009(500),P.84.
[12] Lim D.K., Shibayanagi T., A.P. Gerlich. Mater. Sci. Eng. A [J], Vol2009(507),p.194.
[13] Hu C.M., Lai C.M., Kao P.W., et al.Scripta mater [J], Vol.2009(60),p.639.
[14] Wang Wei, Shi Qingyu, Liu Peng,et al. J mater process tech [J],Vol. 2009(209),p.2099.
ACEX313
Prof. Shiuh-Chuan Her
Yuan Ze University,
Chung-Li, Tao-Yuan Shian, 320,
Taiwan
Thermal Fracture Analysis of a Bi-Material Beam

S.C. Her1, C.H. Lin1
1Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Tao-Yuan Shian, 320, Taiwan
Fracture at the interface between dissimilar materials becomes an important issue in many multi-layered
systems, such as composites and micro-electronic devices. It is well known that there are large thermal
expansion coefficient mismatches between the individual layers of the electronic assemblies. The mismatch
can lead to large thermal stress at the interface resulting in thermal cracks during the operation. To avoid such
failure in bi-layered structure, it is necessary to provide a simple and efficient analytical model, so that the
stress level in the layers can be accurately estimated. Basing on the Bernoulli beam theory, a simple but
accurate analytical formulation is derived for the calculation of the thermal stress and the strain energy release
rate due to the thermal mismatch in bi-material layered structures. The analytical results are compared with
finite element analysis results. The good agreement shows that the proposed approach is able to provide an
efficient way for the calculation of the thermal stress and strain energy release rate in bi-material layered
structures. The effects of layer thickness and material property on the fracture toughness are presented
through a parametric study.
Keywords: thermal stress, strain energy released rate, bi-material beam.
ACEX552
Mr. Tae Heum Ra
Defense Systems Test Center,
Agency for Defense Development,
Taeahn P.O. Box 1, Taeahn, 357-900,
Korea
Tensile Characteristics of High-Toughness Steel at High Temperatures

S.H. Park1, T.H. Ra1, Y.K. Yoon2, J.H. Kim2
1Defense Systems Test Center, Agency for Defense Development, Taeahn P.O. Box 1, Taeahn, 357-900,
55 | P a g e
KOREA.
2Dept. of Mechanical Design Engineering, Choongnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu,
Daejeon, 305-764, KOREA.
In this study, high temperature tensile properties of high toughness steel whose tensile strength was 290 ksi
were investigated through the elevated temperature tensile test. The shape of fractured surface and the SEM
image at each temperature were compared and it could be found that the minimum ductility occurred in
intermediate temperature range (500 °C). On the normal probability plot, it was suggested as the A-Basis and
the B-Basis strength for the selection of the allowable stress. The modified full range Ramberg-Osgood
parameters at each temperature were presented.
[1] B. L. Boyce, T.B. Crenshaw and M.F. Dilmore, The Strain-Rate Sensitivity of High-Strength High-Toughness
Steels, SANDIA Report, SAND2007-0036, (2007).
[2] J. Chen, B. Young, Stress-Strain Curve for Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures, J. of Engineering
Structures, 28, 229-239, (2006).
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FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION
ACEX284
Prof. Valery Rudyak
Novosibirsk State University of
Architecture and Civil Engineering,
630008, Russia
About Fluids Structure in Microchannels

V.Ya. Rudyak, A.A. Belkin, V.V. Egorov and D.A. Ivanov
Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 630008, Russia
Flows in microchannels have long attracted the attention of researchers. This is due to the wide occurrence of
such flows. They occur in various wildlife objects as well as in various natural porous media. In recent decades,
interest in microflows has increased because of various technological applications (catalytic systems,
micropower systems, microelectromechanical systems for various applications, nanotechnologies, etc.). For
obvious reasons, such flows are difficult, or even impossible, to study experimentally. At best, it is possible to
obtain information on some integral characteristics (flow rate, pressure drop, average velocity, etc.). However,
even such data can be obtained only in large microchannels in which flow can be described by the usual
equations of hydrodynamics. These are channels with sizes R ≥ 50’100 µm. A feasible method for obtaining
information on flow in smaller-size channels is modeling.
Microchannels with sizes under 50 µm are characterized by a considerable increase in the effect of
interactions of the fluid molecules with the wall on flow and transport processes. In small-size channels, the
number of molecules in the volume may be comparable to the number of molecules near the wall. Clearly, the
interaction of fluid molecules with the channel walls is a major factor of their evolution. It follows from general
considerations that the fluid properties in the bulk should differ from those at the channel walls. This is possible
only if the structure of the fluid in the bulk differs from that at the wall. The present paper deals with the
structure of fluids in microchannels. The modeling tool is the molecular dynamics method. We are analyzed (i)
the density distribution across and along the channel; (ii) radial distribution function of the fluid near the channel
wall and in bulk; (iii) influence of the interaction law of the molecules with the wall; (iv) the fluid structure in the
channel in equilibrium and in non-equilibrium states. It is shown that structure of the fluids in microchannels
and in bulk is different. These discrepancies depended on the size of the channel, density of fluid and
interaction character of the fluid molecules with the channel walls.
57 | P a g e
ACEX399
Mr. Han Seung Yeul
Department of Mechanical Design Engineering,
Chungnam University, Daejeon, Korea
Full Annulus FSI Computation for Transonic Axial Compressor

Sung Ho Ko1, Young Kyun Kwack1, Seung Yeul Han1, Yeon Tae Kim1
Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Chungnam University, Daejeon, Korea
A computational study has been made to investigate the fluid structure interaction(FSI) of a multi-stage
transonic axial compressor which is under development by Korea Aerospace Research Institute(KARI). A fully
coupled FSI analysis has been conducted to investigate rotor blade deformation and the characteristics of flow
field in an axial compressor. Two user point on tip of leading edge and trailing edge has been set to look at the
displacement. As time passed, result of FSI analysis present other deformation in each blade tip. Also 3-
passage analysis present few difference outlet pressure and deformation with 1 passage result.
ACEX395
Mr. Jae-Yong Kim
Innovative Nuclear Fuel Division,
Korea Atomic Research Energy Institute,
Korea
Grid Supports design for Dual-Cooled Fuel rods
JaeYong Kim, YoungHo Lee, KyungHo Yoon and HyungKyu Kim
Innovative Nuclear Fuel Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
1045 Daedeok-daero, Youseong-gu, Daejeon,305-353, Korea, kjykjy@kaeri.re.kr
To enhance the fuel safety and to achieve a power uprating, new concept PWR fuel, which is named as a dual
cooled fuel, has been studied from 2007. Although there are some challenging problems about each
mechanical component, fuel rod supporting structures is especially dealt with in this paper. In the dual-cooled
annular fuel rod, an inner flow passage as well as an outer one is used not only to enhance the fuel safety but
to achieve a power uprating through the decreasing fuel center temperature and increasing the heat transfer
area between fuel and coolant. As a result, the diameter of a dual-cooled fuel becomes 1.6 times bigger than a
conventional solid fuel and the gap between an annular fuel and spacer grid‘s straps is narrowed. This is a
current key issue of fuel rod supports[1]. To accommodate the narrowed gap, spacer grids, such as the
cantilever type, hemi-sphere type [2], circular insertion type [3], etc., were suggested. Some of them have been
applied for patents.
The grid springs in a spacer grid play a role of holding the fuel rods in an appropriate position and preventing
fuel rods dropping during normal reactor operation. In the case of the dual cooled fuel, the total mass of a fuel
rod is increased. So, the stiffness of grid spring has to be increased than that of conventional grid spring.
58 | P a g e
However, if the stiffnesses of springs are increased too much, fuel rods can bow due to the prohibition of the
axial slip of them. So, it is necessary to design an appropriate stiffness.
In this paper, the minimum spring force to prevent a dual-cooled fuel from dropping during normal reactor
operation is calculated. The spring characteristics of a cantilever type and a hemi-sphere type are predicted.
The finite analysis is carried out by using a commercial code, ABAQUS. The analysis results are verified by
experiments. Finally, whether the property of the suggested springs is satisfied the minimum required spring
force is checked. And then a kind of spacer grid candidates for a dual cooled fuel, the spacer grid with hybrid
supports is suggested.
ACEX459
Mrs. Jin Hailan
Department of Mechanical Design Engineering,
Chung Nam National University, 220 Gung-Dong,
Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-764,
Korea
FSI Analysis on Nuclear Reactor Fuel Rod with Coolant Flow

H.L.Jin1 , Y.S.Lee2
1Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Chung Nam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-
Gu, Daejeon, 305-764, KOREA. (Director of BK21 Mechatronics Project Group)
2Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Chung Nam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-
Gu, Daejeon, 305-764, KOREA.
This study has been conducted to investigate the flow characteristics and nuclear reactor fuel rod stress under
effect of coolant. Fluid structure interaction(FSI) analysis on nuclear reactor fuel rod was performed. Both fluid
analysis of the coolant which flow in the axial direction and a structural analysis using the pressure data
resulting from fluid analysis were carried out under different output flow velocity conditions. In the flow analysis,
streamlines and maximum flow velocity at different domain were easily acquired from the analysis results. In
the structure analysis, maximum stress of the nuclear reactor fuel rod was calculated and the location that has
the maximum stress was found.
ACEX536
Prof. Fabiana P.M. Farias
Centre of Science and Technology
Department of Mechanical Engineering
A. Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Bodocongó, 58429-900,
Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
Influence of Geometric Parameters of the Hydrocyclone and Sand Concentration in the

Water/Sand/Heavy-Oil Separation Process: Modeling and Simulation
59 | P a g e
F.P.M. Farias1, J.S. Souza2, W.C.P.B. de Lima1, A.C. de Macêdo1, S.R. de Farias Neto2, A.G.B. de Lima1
Federal University of Campina Grande, Centre of Science and Technology
1Department of Mechanical Engineering2Department of Chemical Engineering
A. Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Bodocongó, 58429-900, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
In the oil explotation, produced fluids are composed by oil, gas, water and sand (depending on the reservoir
location) [1]. The presence of sand in flow oil leads to several industrial problems for example: erosion and
accumulation in valves and pipeline [2]. So, it is necessary to stop production for manual cleaning of
equipments and pipes. These facts have attracted attention of academic and industrial areas, enabling the
appearing of new technologies or improvement of the water/oil/sand separation processes. One equipment that
has been used to promote phase separation is the hydrocyclone due to high performance of separation and
low cost of installation and maintenance. In this sense, the purpose of this work is to study is numerically the
effect of influence of geometric parameters (shape of the entrance nozzle and vortex finder diameter) of the
hydrocyclone and sand concentration in the inlet fluid separation process. A numerical solution of the
governing equations was obtained by the ANSYS CFX-11 commercial code. Results of the streamlines,
pressure drop and separation efficiency in the hydrocyclone are presented and analyzed. It was observed that
the particle concentration and vortex finder diameter affects substantially the separation efficiency of
hydrocyclone.
[1] A. Abdelgawad, Z. Merhi, M. Elgamel, M. Bayoumi and A. Zaki, Sensors Applications Symposium, 2009
IEEE; New Orleans, LA, USA, pp. 2173 - 2176 (2009).
[2] F.P.M. Farias, C.J.O. Buriti, W.C.P.B; Lima, S.R. de Farias Neto e A.G. B. de LIMA, In: Congreso de
Métodos Numéricos en Ingeniería, Barcelona. v. 1. pp. 1-14, (2009).
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IMPACT AND CRASH
ACEX215
Dr. Şemsettin TEMİZ
Faculty of Engineering, Atatürk University,
25240 Erzurum, Turkey
Determination of Mechanical Properties of Double-Strap Adhesive Joints Whose Patch Embedded

Şerif ÇİTİL, Şemsettin TEMİZ, Hikmet ALTUN, Adnan ÖZEL
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
Abstract: In this study, the stress analysis of double-strap joint which is used both to fasten parts particularly in
aircraft and automotive industry and in repair of damaged parts has been done using finite element model. In
classic double-strap adhesive joint, patch parts are bonded to outer surface and these parts resist to air flow.
For decrease this effect and due to other constructive and aesthetic requirements, patch parts were embedded
into adherent. The effects of embedded patch parts on failure loads and stress distributions were investigated
experimentally and numerically.
For this purpose, the adherent AA 2024-T3 which has four different thicknesses as 4.8, 5.6, 6.4 and 7.2 mm,
was bonded as double strap with the 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 mm patch thicknesses and 20, 40 and 60 mm overlap
lengths. The stress analyses were done under plain strain assumption. To verify finite element model,
verification experiments were carried out. It was seen from the result that bonding as but joint, adherent and
patch thickness and overlap length have considerable influence on failure loads and stress distributions.
Keywords: Adhesives, double-strap joints, finite element, mechanical properties, stress analysis
61 | P a g e
MATERIAL MODELLING AND CONSTITUTIVE

RETATIONSHIPS
ACEX234
Prof. Fontanari Vigilio
University of Trento,
Trento, Via Mesiano 77,
38100, Italy
Impact response of Thermoplastic Polyurethane energy-absorbing systems

V. Fontanari1, M. Avalle2, C. Migliaresi1, L. Peroni2, B.D. Monelli1
1University of Trento, Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38100, Italy.
2Politecnico di Torino, Vercelli, Piazza Sant‘Eusebio 5, 13100, Italy.
Thermoplastic PolyUrethane (TPU) pads are commonly used in energy-storing applications such as protection
devices for human body. Standardized tensile and drop weight tests [1] are usually carried out to evaluate the
energy-storing capability of such materials and components for strain-rates ranges corresponding to impact
velocity till to 5 m/s, approximately. However, the testing set up is cost and time-expensive, whilst the
development of predictive analytical and numerical models may result an effective option. The prediction of
energy absorption capability cannot leave aside the strain-rate dependence of these materials [2] and the
loading history. The present paper focuses on these issues by carrying out an experimental campaign aimed at
establishing the strain-rate dependence as a function of the loading conditions. Simultaneously, Finite Element
Analysis (FEA) of tensile and drop weight tests implementing the constitutive models proposed in [3-5] is
performed to establish how the deformation mechanisms are affected by the constitutive behaviour and loading
conditions. Experimental and numerical results allowed to infer the effects onto the stress and strain fields
evolutions during the impact, thus providing the guidelines to improve the energy storing capability of such
systems.
References
[1] EN 1621-2:2003. Motorcyclist‘ protective clothing against mechanical impact.
[2] A.R. Johnson, C.J. Quigley, Rubber Chem. Technol., 65, 137 (1992).
[3] M.A. Puso, J.A. Weiss, J. Biomech. Eng., 120, 62 (1998).
[4] V.P.W. Shim, L.M. Yang, C.T. Lim, P.H. Law, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 92, 523 (2004).
[5] D.A. Doman, D.S. Cronin, C.P. Salisbury, Exp. Mech., 46, 367 (2006).
62 | P a g e
ACEX237
Mr. Fukun Lai
Schoold of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,
Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue,
Singapore 639798,
Singapore
A Chemo-Electro-Mechanical Model for Simulation of Ionic-Strength-Sensitive Hydrogel

Fukun Lai, Hua Li
A multiphysics model is developed by coupling the effects of chemical, electrical and mechanical energy
domains for analysis of the swelling and shrinking of the ionic-strength-sensitive hydrogel, called the multi-
effect-coupling ionic-strength-stimuli (MECis) model. It covers the behaviors of both the ionic-strength-sensitive
hydrogel and surrounding solution and is composed of Nernst-Planck convection-diffusion equations which
describe the chemical field, Poisson equation which provides the electrical potential associated with the fixed
charge equation based on the Langmiur adsorption theory, and the mechanical equation which demonstrates
the deformable behavior of the polymeric network of the ionic-strength-sensitive hydrogel. The theory is able to
simulate both the steady and transient responsive behavior of smart hydrogel in buffer solution subject to the
change in the ionic strength of the solution. It can also provide the distribution of the ionic concentration and
electrical potential as well as the displacement. The simulation results of the MECis model is compared with
the experiments and discussed in detail. Apart from the ionic strength as the main stimulus, the influence of
several parameters is also discussed, including the initial fixed charge density and Young‘s modulus of the
hydrogel, on the distributions of ionic concentration, electrical potential and displacement.
ACEX238.1
Prof. Iran Alemzadeh
Sharif University of Technology,
Iran
Study and Mathematical Modeling of Transient Gas Compositions for Modified Atmosphere Packaging
A. Heydari, I. Alemzadeh, M. Vossoughi
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering,
Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, IRAN
A generic method for keeping quality and quantity of fruits and vegetables named Modified Atmosphere
Packaging (MAP). Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels inside this packaging will decrease and increase
respectively based on effects of respiration rates of fruits. On the other hand, gas levels in headspace will
change by permeation of gases through packaging materials. This system may need some times to achieve an
equilibrium state based on packaging conditions. In this work, the interactions between respiration rates,
permeability coefficients and headspace gas compositions are studied and system modeled mathematically to
find the needed differential equations. The dynamics of the system of three differential equations for the
behavior of gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen level, were solved using Runge-Kutta 4th order
63 | P a g e
method. A Microsoft Visual Basic computer simulation package using Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)
technique developed for analyses of mathematical aspects. OLE technique easily exports data to Microsoft
Excel drawing tool. Time to achieve equilibrium, equilibrium conditions and transient patterns compared under
different permeation rates. A new performance index introduced and used as Integral of Time for Absolute
Error (ITAE) based on dynamics of gases compositions to evaluate transient patterns for each gas. ITAE used
because inclusion of ―time‖ tends to reduce contribution of large initial errors and emphasizes errors near time
of equilibrium. In this research, permeability of some polymers from literature and theoretical packaging
materials are studied and it found that behavior of each gas is different with others and pattern of achieving to
equilibrium is strongly depended on packaging permeability coefficients.
ACEX272
Dr. Christian Dresbach
Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials,
06120 Halle, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1,
Germany
Analysis of Chip Damage Risk in Thermosonic Wire Bonding

C. Dresbach1, G. Lorenz1, M. Petzold1, H. Altenbach2
1Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials, 06120 Halle, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, Ger.
2Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle, Ger.
In current highly integrated microelectronic devices including system-in-package and stacked-die solutions,
system reliability is strongly influenced by reliability of the gold and copper wire bond interconnections.
Especially in state-of-the-art ICs containing mechanically sensitive low-K dielectric materials, a controlling of
the mechanical properties of the free air ball (FAB) is of utmost significance due to chip damage risks during
bond process. Because of an extreme change in microstructure when forming the FAB, the material properties
change significantly [1]. Consequently, it is necessary to determine the properties of the FAB itself, when
analyzing chip damage risks via finite element simulations.
We present a micro-compression test that allows the determination of the hardening behavior of typical gold
and copper FABs with diameters between 45 µm and 75 µm. In this test a FAB is placed on a diamond support
or a test capillary and loaded by a diamond flat punch in a microindenter. The hardening was determined from
force/displacement behavior via parameter identification using finite element simulations. The identified yield
stresses correlate very well with the microstructure which was determined by electron backscatter diffraction
method; this means that yield stress decreases with increasing mean grain diameter in analogy to the Hall-
Petch correlation. Compared to unprocessed wires the initial yield stresses are 50 % to 60 % lower.
Considering these material properties the damage risk during bonding on complex bond pad layouts can be
predicted more realistic, which can be shown by results of real bond structures.
[1] F. Hung T. Lui, L. Chen, Y. Wang, J. Mater. Sci., 42, 5476 (2007).
ACEX292
Mr. Jon García-Barruetabeña
Mondragon Goi Eskola Politeknikoa, J.M.A. S.Coop.
64 | P a g e
Loramendi, 4; 20500 Arrasate-Mondragón (Spain)

VAT Number: ES F20045241
Experimental characterization of a flexible adhesive

García-Barruetabeña J., Cortés F. and Abete J.M.
In this research, the experimental characterization of the ISR 70-03 flexible adhesive trough the Dynamic
Mechanic Thermal Analysis (DMTA) technique is presented. Firstly, the procedure followed to obtain the test
specimens is described. The absence of internal voids or defects is verified trough tomography. Secondly, the
linearity in the material behavior concerning strain level and test specimen thickness is analyzed. Thirdly,
applying the frequency-temperature principle, relaxation and dynamic Master Curves (MC) have been built-up
under tension strains.
ACEX321
Prof. Antonio Augusto Couto
Presbiteriana Mackenzie University,
São Paulo, SP,
Brazil
Computer Simulation in Cylinder Liner of the Centrifugal Casted Aluminum-Silicon Alloy

V. Barragan Neto1, A.A. Couto1,2, J. Vatavuk1
1Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, SP, BR.
2IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, BR
Automotive cylinder liners are mechanical components with the function of coating inside the engines cylinders.
The liners have been made of cast iron, which meets the requirements. The replacement of parts made of steel
and cast iron by aluminum alloys has been made in the interest not only in reducing weight as well as fuel
consumption and emissions. The method of finite element modeling consists in generating a mathematical
model of the geometry, consisting of several elements that have in common its connection nodes, forming the
finite element mesh. For each one of the nodes are resolved partial differential equations by numerical
methods. The finite element study was aided by the software Hyperworks, where the mesh was generated, and
by Abaqus, where the processing of input data was carried.
The starting point for the simulation of the application of aluminum liners in internal combustion engines was to
define the shape of the mesh to the block with a minor refinement. A mesh of tetrahedral elements with 4
nodes and 4 faces was chosen, with the elements edges sizing between 1 and 12 mm. The liner was designed
with hexahedral elements with eight nodes and six faces, which, by definition, are more loyal and have a more
precise answer against the tetrahedral elements, with a greater refinement, of about 1 mm. Due to the
manufacturing process of the liner to be cast by centrifugation, layers of elements were created to meet the
change in the amount of silicon of the liner, which affects the physical properties of the liner along the wall
thickness.
The modal analysis of the assembly showed that the model did not contain its first natural frequency within the
operating range of the engine. The modal and structural simulation showed the feasibility of implementing of
the Al-Si alloy centrifugal casted cylinder liners, looking at the criteria of vibration and pressure of the engine.
65 | P a g e
ACEX331
Prof. Saad Binomran
Physics and Astronomy department,
College of Science,
Saudi Arabia
A first principles study of strain dependence on the polarization of epitaxial (Ba0.70Sr0.30)TiO3

ultrathin film
Saad Bin-Omran
Physics and Astronomy department, College of Science, King Saud University
The potential of ferroelectric thin films for many applications, such as dynamic random access memories,
nonvolatile ferroelectric random access memories and integrated devices, has recently attracted a lot of
research attention on these low-dimensional systems. Intense effort has been made recently to determine if
(and understand how) properties of these low-dimensional systems can differ from those of the corresponding
three-dimensional bulk. As a result, recent studies revealed that electrical boundary conditions and mechanical
boundary conditions play a dominant role in changing the properties of ferroelectric films.
A first-principles-derived schemes is used to epitaxial films (surface/interface and thickness are taken into
account here) and (ii) investigate effect of surface/interface, different mechanical and electrical boundary
conditions on the ferroelectric phase transitions properties of (Ba0.70Sr0.30)TiO3 ultrathin films.
Our results reveal that (i) a large compressive (respectively, tensile) strain favor out-of-plane (respectively, in-
plane) components of dipoles, (ii) OC-like condition disfavor out-of-plane component of polarization because of
a large depolarizing field along the growth direction, and (iii) the contribution of the z component of polarization
to overall macroscopic polarization is enhanced with decreasing the film thickness while maintaining ideal SC
conditions. We hope that our results will be of benefit to many scientists and enginners and will lead to new
strategies for the design of materials.
ACEX337
Mr. Van Trung Phan
Brest Laboratory of Mechanics and Systems,
ENSIETA, Brest,
France
Experimental analysis of the viscous behaviour of syntactic foams for deep sea thermally insulated
pipeline
V. T. Phan1-2, D. Choqueuse 2, P. Davies 2, J.Y. Cognard 1, L. Sohier 3
1 Brest Laboratory of Mechanics and Systems, ENSIETA, Brest, France
2 IFREMER, Brest Centre, Materials & Structures Group, 29280 Plouzané, France
3 Brest Laboratory of Mechanics and Systems, UBO, 29285 Brest Cedex, France.
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Ultra Deep offshore oil exploitation (down to 3000 meters depth) presents new challenges to offshore
engineering and operating companies. Flow assurance and particularly the selection of insulation materials to
be applied to pipe lines are of primary importance, and are the focus of much industry interest for deepwater
applications. Polymeric and composite materials, particularly syntactic foams (polymers with hollow glass
microspheres), are now widely used for this application, so the understanding of their behaviour under extreme
conditions is essential. One objective of an ongoing research project is to develop representative models to
analyse the behaviour of syntactic foams in order to optimize the durability of such applications.
On the installation field, metallic pipes are welded together. In order to permit the welding process, area is left
free of coating. After the welding, this area, so called field joint, is coated on the field with polymeric material
(PU, PP, ...) in order to guarantee the thermal behaviour of the structure. This part is one of the most critical
parts of the structure which have to be optimized in order to guarantee the life time of deep sea production line.
Thus, in this part, the insulated pipe is an assembly of different materials which behaviour has to be analysed
by taking into account the pre-stress field due to manufacturing process and the thermo-mechanical loading:
high hydrostatic compression (up to 30 MPa) and severe thermal gradients (from 4°C at the outer surface to
150°C at the inner wall).
In first step, in order to model the in-service behaviour of these structures various tests have been done to
analyse the temperature dependent behaviour of the syntactic foams: dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA)
have been done and a specific method has been developed at Ifremer to analyse the mechanical response
under hydrostatic compression tests. Moreover the behaviour under shear loading has been analyzed using a
modified Arcan fixture.
Using those experimental results, models are under development in order to analyze the in-service behaviour
of insulated pipelines.
1 – François Grosjean et al., ―Comprehensive analyses of syntactic foam behaviour in deep water
environment‖, J Mater Sci (2009) 44:1462–1468
2 – D. Choqueuse, et al, ―Recent progress in analysis and Testing of insulation and buoyancy materials‖,
Composite Materials and Structure for offshore application CMOO-4, 2004
3 – D. Choqueuse, et al, ―Modeling approach for damageable mechanical behaviour of glass/polymer syntactic
foams‖, Syntactic and Composite Foams II, 2007
ACEX357
Dr. Rouba EL DALATI
Lebanese University,
Faculty of Engineering ,
Tripoli, Al Kobba, Lebanon
On the road to get structural recycled concrete

R. El Dalati1, P. Matar2
1Lebanese University, Faculty of Engineering 1, Tripoli, Al Kobba, Lebanon
2Lebanese University, Faculty of Engineering 2, Roumieh, Main road, Lebanon
In order to preserve the environment, some countries have established a law forcing the recycling of all
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construction materials wastes. Even concrete has been recycled, and its reuse has permitted to decrease the
construction cost, to preserve the forests and the stored water in mountains. The majority of the resulting
aggregates have been used as fillings under roads. Meanwhile, some researchers have shown the possibility
of reusing the recycled aggregates in new structural constructions. So, after establishing national guidelines for
recycled concrete production, some countries have forbidden the reuse of concrete in the structural elements,
and some others have permitted it but with particular specifications.
This paper presents the recommendations established by our team for recycling and reuse of concrete. These
recommendations are based on parametrical experimental tests. Many parameters have been treated to study
their influence on the concrete strength under compression. The results have shown the influencing
parameters for decreasing and increasing this strength. These parameters are, especially, the percentage of
recycled aggregates used in the new composition of concrete, the age of the original concrete, the addition of
cement and plasticizer, and the nature of the original aggregates. Fixing some parameters and with some
additions, we could increase the recycled concrete strength. In fact, some tests have given higher values of
strength for recycled concrete compared with the original one. The paper shows a new way to get structural
recycled concrete.
ACEX406
Mr. Anthony McTigue
Department of Civil Engineering,
National University of Ireland,
Galway, Ireland
A Probabilistic Approach to Stress-Strain Relationships for Oriented Strandboard

A.T. McTigue1, A.M. Harte1
1Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway
Oriented strandboard (OSB) is a two-phase wood-based composite material made from elongated wood
strands sliced from small-diameter, lower grade logs with their longer dimension aligned parallel to the grain of
the log. The strands are coated in a thermosetting resin binder and are formed into a three-layered mat that is
hot pressed, curing the binder and bonding the wood strands together to form large panels. OSB is typically
used as a structural covering material in similar manner as plywood. Its main drawback is that its complex
structure combined with the natural variability of the raw materials means that its mechanical behaviour is not
well understood. OSB product development typically relies heavily on empirical trial and error methods, making
new OSB products expensive and slow to develop.
This paper presents results from a test program that forms part of a larger study that is seeking to develop a
better understanding of the mechanical behaviour of OSB and to develop an engineering approach to predict
its mechanical properties. Standardised testing has been conducted on existing commercially available OSB
panels in a variety of thicknesses, sourced from three different producers. The results have been used to
establish generalised stress-strain relationships for OSB subjected to tension, compression, bending and panel
shear loading and also to identify appropriate probability distribution models to best describe the data [1].
Similar testing on custom-made single layer OSB panels has also been conducted. The results have been
used to develop generalised stress-strain relationships and probability distribution models for a single lamina of
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OSB. The results from the single lamina OSB testing facilitate the application of laminated plate theory and
various failure theories developed by the reinforced polymer industry to OSB. This information is being used to
develop a stochastic finite element model that will replicate the mechanical behaviour of existing OSB products
as well as providing a tool that can be used to develop new products.
1. Clouston, P.L., Computational Modeling of Strand-Based Wood Composites in Bending, in Department of

Forestry. 2001, University of British Colombia: Vancouver.
ACEX434
Dr. Curto Joana M. R.
University of Beira Interior,
Textile and Paper Materials Research Unit,
Covilhã, Portugal
3D Modelling of fibrous materials and experimental validation

J.M.R. Curto1, E.L.T. Conceiçao2, A.T.G. Portugal2, R.M.S. Simões1
1University of Beira Interior, Textile and Paper Materials Research Unit, Covilhã, Portugal.
2University of Coimbra, Chemical Engineering Dpt., Coimbra, Portugal.
This article presents a three-dimensional modelling and simulation of paper structure. An original Cellular
automata is implemented using MATLAB. To form a paper web, flexible fibres are laid down, one at a time,
onto a flat substrate. Fibres are positioned and oriented at random in the in-plane (x and y) directions and
placed parallel to the substrate on top of the underlying network. Deposition models which can grow networks
of finite thickness of bendable fibres are traced to the work of Niskanen and Alava (1994) and Nilsen et al.
(1998). An extension of this model to incorporate a formation control parameter is developed and implemented.
The particle deposition rule of Provatas and Uesaka (2003) is used which works over the rejection model
introduced by Provatas et al. (2000). The spatial discretization is used to exploit the potential of cellular
automata (Schiff, 2008). In a cellular automaton each cell can exist in different states chosen from a finite set.
At each time step, each cell changes its state based on a set of rules or transition functions that are
representing the physics of the phenomena. Fibre flexibility, dimensions and collapsibility are introduced in the
model which gives realistic predictions for many paper properties.
Experimental data is obtained to investigate the influence of different raw materials fibres, with different
biometry and coarseness, on the final paper properties. An experimental design was devised in order to
quantify the raw material influence, beating degree, and long fibres incorporation level on Eucalyptus globulus
based paper properties. The resulting porous structure is characterized and the mechanical performance is
determined. The analysis of experimental data joined with SEM photographs of the several porous structures is
used to validate de paper model.
The 3D paper model reveals to be a useful tool to investigate the relative influence of fibre properties on paper
properties.
References
69 | P a g e
[1] Niskanen, K. e Alava, M., ―Planar random networks with flexible fibres‖, Phys. Rev. Lett., 73(25):3475
(1994).
[2] Alava, M., Niskanen, K.. The physics of paper, Reports on Progress in Physics, 69(3):669 (2006).
[3] Niskanen, K., Nilsen, N., Hellen, E. e Alava, M., ―KCL-PAKKA: simulation of 3D structure of paper‖, 11th
FRS, pp. 1273-1291, September (1997).
[4] Provatas, N. e Uesaka, T., ―Modelling paper structure and paper press interactions‖, JPPS, 29(10):332
(2003).
[5] Niskanen, K., Kajanto, I., Pakarinen, P. ―Paper structure‖, Paper Physics, Papermaking Science and
Technology, Fapet Oy e Tappi, Finland, pp.32 (1998).
[6] Provatas, N., Haataja, M., Asikainen, J., Majaniemi, J., Alava, M., Ala-Nissila, T. Fiber deposition models in
two and three spatial dimensions, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 165:
209 (2000).
[7] Schiff, J. L. (2008). Cellular Automata: A Discrete View of the World, Wiley
ACEX447
Dr. Florian Becker
German Institute of Polymers (DKI),
Schloßgartenstraße 6, 64289 Darmstadt,
Germany
Strain Rate Hardening of Thermoplastic Materials

at Different Load Cases
Florian Becker
German Institute of Polymers (DKI),
Schloßgartenstraße 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
In this paper the strain rate dependency of the mechanical behaviour of thermoplastic materials are discussed.
This effect is typical for this class of materials and has an big influence on the case of crash where high strain
rates and a high strain rate distribution occur. In this study the behaviour of an PC-ABS blend is exemplarily
discovered.
In general the macroscopic mechanical behaviour of PC-ABS, illustrated by the stress-strain curve, depends
among others on the load case, the strain rate or load velocity and the temperature. To discover the
influences of the strain rate and the load case the tests are performed at tension and shear load and different
testing velocities. Theses tests show strain rate hardening at both load cases and a higher strain hardening at
the tension load than at the shear load. For further investigation on the strain rate hardening several models
are used to describe this effect in a parametric way.
In the past different models are developed which describe the hardening effects depending on the strain and
strain rate. The well known models are the Johnson-Cook [1] model, the Cowper-Symonds [2] model or the
model of G'Sell-Jonas [3,4]. The case of plastic deformation can be defined by all three models. But the elastic
deformation can only be described with the model of G'Sell-Jonas. Therefore, this model will be used for further
investigations.
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A parameter study showed that the usage of a fix strain rate hardening parameters of the model of G'Sell-
Jonas is capable to calculate the stress-strain curve at tension load at plastic strain. At pure elastic deformation
there is a discrepancy between model and reality. Also the hardening parameters between for tension and
shear load are different. Starting from this point the model of G'Sell-Jonas was extended by a strain dependent
hardening parameter to cover the calculation of the elastic part and also the difference between the load cases.
Concluding the new model can describe the strain rate hardening at the whole deformation considering the
load case. Also the proposed model is based on the model of G'Sell-Jonas and special parameters defined for
the original one can also be used for the extended new model.
References:
[1] JOHNSON, G. R. ; COOK, W. H.: Fracture characteristics of three metals subjected to various strains,
strain rates, temperatures and pressure. In: International Journal of Engineering Fracture Mechanics 21 (1985),
S. 31–48
[2] COWPER, G. R.; SYMONDS P. S.: Strain-Hardening and Strain-Rate Effects in the Impact Loading of
Cantilever Beams. In: Brown University Dept. of Appl. Math., Technical Report 28 (1957)
[3] G'SELL, C. & JONAS, J.: Determination of the plastic behaviour of solid polymers at constant true strain rat.
In: Journal of Materials Science 14 (1979), S. 583-591
[4] G'SELL, C.; ALY-HELAL, N. A.; JONAS, J. J.: Effect of stress triaxiality on neck propagation during the
tensile stretching of solid polymers. In: Journal of Materials Science 18 (1983), S. 1731-1742
ACEX474
Prof. Yong-Cheng Lin
chool of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,
Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
A Consistent Modified ZA Model for Elevated Temperature Flow Behavior of A Typical Alloy Steel
Y.C. Lin, Xiao-Min Chen
School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Material flow behavior during hot formation process is often complex. The hardening and softening
mechanisms are both significantly affected by the temperature and strain rate. The understanding of metals
and alloys behavior at hot deformation condition has a great importance for designers of metal forming
processes (hot rolling, forging and extrusion) because of its effective role on metal flow pattern as well as the
kinetics of metallurgical transformation , and the constitutive relation is often used to describe the plastic flow
properties of the metals and alloys in a form that can be used in computer code to model the forging response
of mechanical part members under the prevailing loading conditions. Therefore, a number of research groups
have attempted to develop constitutive equations of materials from the experimentally measured data to
describe the hot deformation behavior.
In order to study the workability and establish the optimum hot formation processing parameters for a typical
alloy steel, the compressive deformation behaviour was investigated at the temperatures from 1123 to 1423 K
and strain rates from 0.01 to 50 1/s on Gleeble-1500 thermo-simulation machine. A revised Zerilli-Armstrong
model describing the relationships of the flow stress, strain rate and temperature of the studied typical alloy
steel at elevated temperatures is proposed by compensation of strain and strain rate based on the
experimental results. The stress–strain values of the studied typical alloy steel predicted by the proposed
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model well agree with experimental results, which confirmed that the revised deformation constitutive equation
gives an accurate and precise estimate for the flow stress of the studied typical alloy steel.
ACEX478
Mrs. B. Madani
Laboratoire d‘Energétique Mécanique et
Matériaux-Université de Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria
Calendering Process Numerical Simulation with an Elastoviscoplastic Polymer Blend Model

B.Madani1,2 and A. Ouibrahim1*
1Laboratoire d‘Energétique Mécanique et Matériaux-Université de Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria
2Departement Maintenance, Faculté des Sciences de l‘Ingénieur, Université de B oumerdes, Algeria
The actual earth environment constitutes the major world preoccupation. This involved situation is linked to
several parameters among which the fossil energy consumption. Thereby, the recycling of material waste takes
on great importance. For example, brand new polymers are then substituted by polymer blends using
appropriate wasted materials.
With this idea, we consider here an elastoviscoplastic rheological model elaborated as a result of a blend, at a
given concentration, between a materiel having a viscoplastic behaviour modelled by a generalized power law
type and a vicoelastic material the behaviour of which is provided by Oldroyd B type. As an application, we use
then this model in the case of the calendering process of (elastoviscoplastic) sheets of a finite thickness
through two counter rotating cylinders (a two roll mills).
Numerical analysis had to be used to solve the whole associated equations. The conducted numerical
simulations provided then the presssure distribution of the flow field, the separating force and the power
required for the calendering processing at different value of the relaxation and retardation times for the
viscoplastic model and at different values of the consistency and the power law index for the viscoplastic
model. The effect of concentration of the two blend components is considered as well.
Key words: calendering, , elastoviscoplastic model, polymer blend, , recycling ,rheology, two roll mills,
viscoelastic,
* E-mail : ouibraah@live.fr
ACEX478.1
Ms. M. Guemmadi
Laboratoire d‘Energétique Mécanique et
Matériaux-Université de Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria
Generalized Maxwell Model as Viscoelastic Lubricant in Journal Bearing

M. Guemmadi1, 2 and A.Ouibrahim1*
1Laboratoire d‘Energétique Mécanique et Matériaux - Université de Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria.
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2Département Energétique, Faculté des Sciences de l‘Ingénieur, Université de Boumerdès, Algeria.
The hydrodynamic lubrication interest is still of great importance, so that more and more elaborated lubricants
are considered. They however involve consequently more and more hydrodynamic complexity as a result of
the rheological properties of the additives.
In our case, we here consider lubricants having viscoelastic properties described by a generalized Maxwell
model used in the case of journal bearing lubrication. The complexity of the coupled associated equations
(momentum and constitutive) to describe the hydrodynamic prevailing then in such a geometry requires
numerical solutions.
Using Fluent environment together with an appropriate developed computational code, we determine the
pressure distribution as well as the flow velocity profile and the stress field in the core, the load bearing
capacity developed and the attitude angle; all together with the effects of the viscoelastic lubricant parameters
(relaxation time and shear viscosity), geometrical characteristics (clearance, relative eccentricity,…) and the
journal rotational speed.
Key words : Deborah number Journal bearing, Lubrication, , Maxwell model, Viscoelastic fluids, Computational
modelling.
ACEX514
Dr. Ezeddin M Anawa
Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Eng.,
Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya
Toughness Evaluation of Stainless Steel 316 / low Carbon Steel Dissimilar

Laser Welded Components
E. M. Anawa
Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya
There are many issues/problems associated with the joining of dissimilar materials, depending on the materials
being joined and the process selected. During the laser welding process, welding pool and heat effected zone
(HAZ) are subjected to high temperature during the melting or heating and then to a very quick cooling which
would result in brittle component in that area.
In this study; CO2 continues laser welding has been successfully applied for joining 316 stainless steel with
AISI1008 low carbon steel (F/A). Design of experiment techniques
(DOE) has been used for the most important laser welding parameters (laser power, welding speed, and focus
position) to model the dissimilar F/A joints in terms of its energy absorption.
It is an indication of the Toughness of the welded component. In this work Taguchi method has been used as a
DOE technique to optimize the laser welding parameters. Taguchi approach for three factors (selected welding
parameters) whit five levels each (L3-25) was applied and the response was the Impact Strength. The results
were analysed using S/N ratio ANOVA and for effective parameters combination. Mathematical model was
developed and tested for validation to predict and optimise the response in terms of welding parameters.
73 | P a g e
Keywords: Dissimilar material, CO2 continues laser welding, Taguchi approach, Impact Strength.
ACEX518
Prof. Bijon Kumar Dutta
RSD, Hall-7, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,
Mumbai, India-400085
Interaction of an Edge Dislocation with Helium Bubbles in Irradiated Ferritic/Martensitic Steel

B.K. Dutta1), N. Naveen Kumar2), P.V. Durgaprasad1)
1) RSD, Hall-7, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India-400085
2) Ph.D student, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India-400085
The proposed structural materials to be used in future Generation-IV fission reactors and the fusion reactors
are expected to operate at temperatures above 500 oC and see damage up to 100-200 dpa. Some of the
candidate materials for such applications are ferritic/martensitic steels. There is an ongoing exercise all over
the world to determine the properties of such materials subjected to severe radiation environments through
numerical investigations. These numerical studies involve the multi-scale methods covering nano to meso to
micro length scale analysis.
Materials used in reactor environment undergoes high energy neutron irradiation leading to nanometric defects
generation such as voids, helium (He) bubbles, loops etc. He in particular is known to have detrimental effects
on the macroscopic mechanical behavior of ferittic/martensitic steels [1]. He is formed due to (n,α)
transmutation reactions by high energy neutrons. These He atoms undergo the process of diffusion and
clustering to form bubbles. These He atoms/bubbles play an important role in the plastic deformation of
materials. To understand the radiation hardening mechanisms due He atoms/bubbles, an atomic scale study of
interaction of edge dislocation with He atoms/bubbles in Fe-Cr alloys is being carried out. In our work, a
parametric study of interaction of edge dislocation with He atoms/bubbles in Fe and Fe-Cr alloys is carried out
as a function of He distribution, percentage of He atoms, size of He bubbles using molecular dynamics
simulations. The friction stress to move the dislocation and critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) to overcome
the obstacles (bubbles) is determined which will be used in higher length scale models. The simulations are
carried out in Fe and Fe-Cr alloy at 10 K. Present paper discusses in detail about the effect of percentage of
helium content, size of the bubbles on the CRSS for the edge dislocation in irradiated Ferritic/Martensitic steels
(Fe-Cr alloy).
[1] R. Schaublin and Y.L.Chiu, J. Nucl. Mater., 362, 152-160 (2007).
ACEX528
Mr. Kyeong Hwan Kim
BK21 Mechatronics Group, Dept. of Mechanical Design Eng.,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
Structural Assessment of the Swash Plate Type Axial Piston Pump under High Internal Pressure
K.H. Kim1, Y.S. Lee2, H.E Kim3, J.O. Cha3
1 Corresponding Author, BK21 Mechatronics Group, Dept. of Mechanical Design Eng., Chungnam National
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University, Daejeon, Korea. khkim0015@cnu.ac.kr

2 Director of BK21 Mechatronics Group, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.
3 Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Yuseong‐Gu, Daejon, Korea.
When mechanical energy changes into hydraulic, a high pressure occurs in a swash plate type axial piston
pump. The hex dominant method is used to improve the convergence of the simulation model. In this paper, a
structural analysis is performed on the variable inner pressure. The stress distribution is identified through this
analysis. A fatigue is performed through repeating pressure variation in the pressure parameter and a life of
housing was predicted.
VIP-ACEX26
Prof. Holm Altenbach
Martin-Luther-University
Halle-Wittenberg,
06099 Halle, Germany
Characterizing the Anisotropic Hardening Behavior of Aluminum Bonding Wires

H. Altenbach1, C. Dresbach2, F. Naumann2, M. Petzold2,
1Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle, Ger.
2Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials, 06120 Halle, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, Ger.
In power electronic devices the electrical connections of different components are mainly realized by aluminum
wire bonding. When a device heats up (+125°C) or cools down (-20°C) during use, there is a relative
displacement of the bond pads because of differences in thermal expansion coefficients of the components and
the housing of the device. This cyclic thermo mechanical loading can lead to fatigue failure of the bonding wire.
Especially when placed near mechanical working components (e.g. automotive engine) additional mechanical
vibrations can increase damage evolution and heating can accelerate ageing effects of the bonding wire. In the
last few years there have been multiple publications presenting experimental and numerical results for high and
low cycle fatigue of such wire bonded devices [1]. But all of these publications did not consider the mechanical
properties of the wire in an adequate way.
We will present results of a micro-compression test that allows the determination of the hardening behavior
parallel and perpendicular to the wire axis at moderate and finite strains of small wire cylinders (Ø 300 µm).
The hardening behavior in compression parallel to the wire axis correlates very well to the hardening behavior
determined by tensile tests at moderate strains. The hardening behavior perpendicular to the wire axis shows
an anisotropic behavior of the aluminum wires depending on the drawing texture which was also analyzed by
electron backscatter diffraction methods. The results for different wire materials and diameters show a
dependence of the yield stress from the mean grain diameter in analogy to the Hall-Petch relation. With the
determined hardening parameters it is possible to consider the hardening of the material during bond process.
[1] L. Merkle, T. Kaden, M. Sonner, A. Gademann, J. Turki, C. Dresbach, M. Petzold, ESTC, 2, 1363 (2008).
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ACEX259
Dr Joseph Achebo
Department of Production Engineering
University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State,
Nigeria
Numerical Computation of Melting Efficiency of Aluminum Alloy 5083 during CO2 Laser Welding
Process
J.I. Achebo1,a, O. Oghoore2,b
1,2Department of Production Engineering
University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
a josephachebo@yahoo.co.uk, b oviemuno2002@jahoo.co.uk
This paper is aimed at determining the melting efficiency of aluminum alloy 5083 during CO2 laser welding
process. Theoretical models were used for the melting efficiency determination proposed by other investigators
which included the fluid flow pattern of the alloy. The results obtained indicate that the acceptable melting
efficiency calculated was 38%. This value compares well with and falls within the range of other values
reported in other literature. The theory of metal melting as it relates to laser welding depends on the thermal
state of the material under investigation. Applying high laser power under a controlled environment would
achieve deeper penetration with fewer heat affected zones; therefore a deep understanding of the chemo-
physical properties of a metal is required to determine its melting efficiency and these properties have been
adequately treated in this study
Keywords: melting efficiency, coupling, surface tension, melting temperature, CO2 laser welding process
ACEX259
Dr Joseph Achebo
Department of Production Engineering
University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State,
Nigeria
Comparative Analysis of Vaporization Rates of 5456 Aluminum Alloying Elements during CO2 Laser
Welding
J.I. Achebo1,a, O. Oghoore2,b
1,2Department of Production Engineering
University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
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a josephachebo@yahoo.co.uk, b oviemuno2002@jahoo.co.uk
Abstract: In this paper, the vaporization rates of Mg2+ and Al+ alloying elements of a 5456 aluminum plate
were investigated using the CO2 Laser welding process. The models proposed and used by Block-Bolten and
Eagar in 1984 and Zhao and DebRoy in 2003 were applied with experimental results generated from this study.
The vaporization rate of Mg2+ ions and Al+ ions using the equations proposed by Block-Bolten and Eagar gave
respectively, whereas the equation proposed by Zhao and DebRoy gave respectively. These values are within
the reported values obtained by Block-Bolten and Eagar . These models are appropriate depending on the
prevailing technological conditions. The heat transfer coefficient for Mg2+ and Al+ ions were also obtained. The
vapor bubble radius including the surface tension and buoyancy forces were examined. The evaporative power
and energy losses as a result of these bubbles‘ collapse were calculated. The paper clearly shows the
comparative analysis of alloying elements‘ vaporization process in the aluminium metal heating process.
Keywords: vaporization rate, CO2 laser welding process, metal vapor rise, evaporative power loss, evaporative
energy loss
ACEX541
Prof. J. Toribio
Department of Materials Engineering,
University of Salamanca, E.P.S. Zamora,
Spain
Strength Anisotropy in Prestressing Steel Wires

J. Toribio1, B. González1, J.C. Matos2
1Department of Materials Engineering, University of Salamanca, E.P.S. Zamora, Spain.
2Department of Computing Engineering, University of Salamanca, E.P.S. Zamora, Spain.
Cold-drawn prestressing steel wires exhibit strength anisotropy in the form of fracture path deflection towards a
direction approaching the wire axis, or cold drawing axis, as a consequence of the pearlitic microstructure
orientation induced by the manufacturing procedure. Such a crack path deflection is initiated at certain nuclei
(fracture origins) at which axial cracking appears in the cold drawing direction (or wire axis) in the form of
micro-cleavage units that produce a macroscopic phenomenon of pop-in (i.e., a short and sudden decrease of
load associated with a local micro-fracture produced by a fracture initiator) in the load-displacement curve. This
paper shows that such fracture initiators appear at a certain distance from the fatigue pre-crack tip at which a
local maximum of the cleavage stress is achieved in that crack-tip vicinity. The approach combines both
fracture experiments on wires pre-cracked by fatigue and a numerical modelling by the finite element method
(FEM) to obtain the internal variables (i.e., the stress and strain distribution) in the close vicinity of the crack tip
during the fracture test, and specially at the critical (fracture) situation in which final failure takes place by
cleavage.
ACEX541
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Prof. J. Toribio
University of Salamanca, E.P.S. Zamora,
Spain
Relationship Between Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Progressively Drawn Pearlitic Steel
J. Toribio1, B. González1, J.C. Matos2
1Department of Materials Engineering, University of Salamanca, E.P.S. Zamora, Spain.
2Department of Computing Engineering, University of Salamanca, E.P.S. Zamora, Spain.
This paper studies the relationship between the microstructural changes caused by the cold drawing process in
pearlitic steel wires (axial orientation of both the pearlitic colonies and the pearlitic lamellar microstructure
together with slenderizing of the colonies and decrease of the average interlamellar spacing) and the
improvement of their mechanical properties obtained by means of a standard tension test: increase of both the
yield stress and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS).
The strength is related to plastic strain my means of the Embury-Fisher equation [1], and also by the Hall-Petch
expression [2,3], where to calculate the distance between barriers against dislocational movement one must
consider, apart from the average interlamellar spacing, the average orientation angle.
A modeling was performed of the evolution of lamellar microstructure with cold drawing, assuming that initially
all angles appear with the same probability, the lamellar microstructure changes in the longitudinal section
similarly to the wire geometry and the effective interlamellar spacing (evaluated on the transverse section) is
proportional to the diameter of the progressively drawn wires.
[1] J.D. Embury and R.M. Fisher, Acta Metall., 14, 147 (1966).
[2] E.O. Hall, Proc. Phys. Soc., Section B64, 747 (1951).
[3] N.J. Petch, J. Iron Steel Inst., 174, 25 (1953).
ACEX316
Dr. Nicolo Vincenzi
University of Bologna, DIEM,
V.le Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
Analytical, numerical and experimental study of the effects of braking on single disc motorcycle forks
D. Croccolo, M. De Agostinis, N. Vincenzi
University of Bologna, DIEM, V.le Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna (IT).
This work deals with the development of an analytical model which allows to describe the tensile state arising
in a single-disc front motorbike suspension (fork) during the braking phase. Tension and deformation trends are
computed as functions of some key parameters of the motorbike such as the mass, the location of gravity
centre and the fork dimensions. The structural scheme of the fork is represented by a portal frame loaded out
of its plane, whose elements represent the legs (pillars) and the wheel pin (transverse beam). Each element
has geometrical, inertia and mechanical properties variable along its axis. The stress state of several fork
models has been, finally, investigated either via FEM and with experimental tests, in order to support the
validity of the mathematical model proposed.
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TEXT: A hard braking manoeuvre in which the rear tyre looses contact with the asphalt, and the whole
motorcycle weight is transferred to the front wheel, determines the highest stress values on the fork legs. The
tensile state of single disc forks subjected to braking loads is worthy of particular interest, mainly because such
an asymmetric architecture leads to an unequal distribution of bending stresses between the two legs.
Although modern FEM analyses and computational resources can predict the stress state of a fully detailed
fork geometry, an analytical model describing such a distribution as a function of a limited set of geometric
parameters could significantly accelerate the concept design phase, allowing designers to solve upfront the
structural issues. In order to define a reliable loading scheme, the authors began investigating the equilibrium
of motorcycles during the braking manoeuvre; relevant aspects concerning the friction contact laws between
the tyre and the asphalt have been deeply investigated [1, 2, 3]. Fig.1 illustrates a fork 3D CAD model and its
structural scheme: the portal pillars are hinged (only the rotation around z axis is allowed) in C and D, in order
to simulate the actual behaviour of the legs joined to the steering plates by means of the outer tubes.
Fig.1 Front motorcycle suspension and its structural scheme
As shown in Fig.1, the fork scheme is represented by three elements having different stiffness properties (both
different materials both different lengths and inertias) even if the wheel pin usually has the same cross-section
along its axis: accordingly the analytical model developed and proposed by the authors depends on the whole
different parameters. The portal frame has been loaded with several forces, which represent the actual set of
loads transmitted by the wheel and the braking system (disk-caliper) to the fork during the braking phase. Since
the stresses deriving by the braking phase are almost belonging to the bending type, the analytical model
calculates the bending stress distribution on the legs and the reaction moments of the constraints C and D. The
analytical model allows the designer to modify some key structural parameters of the fork, like the tubes cross-
section or the position of the brake caliper, in order to evaluate their effects on the stress distribution. In order
to minimize the stress unbalance between the legs of single disc forks, the authors tried to find out the optimal
location of the brake caliper along the disc radius: a small influence of such a parameter has been proved
whereas the stress unbalance could not be eliminated at all. For a given fork geometry, the structure has been
solved both with the analytical model both via FEM code. The two methods showed a good accordance, since
maximum discrepancies of about 5% have been registered when comparing the analytical vs FEM reaction
moments in C and D. Some experimental (on road) analyses, performed on single disc forks produced by
Paioli Meccanica S.p.A., validated the proposed results: the unbalance ratio between the stresses measured
near C and D points on the actual fork is very close to that calculated with the analytical model.
References:
[1] M. Corno, S.M. Savaresi, M. Tanelli, L. Fabbri, On optimal motorcycle braking, Control Engineering
Practice, 16 644–657, 2008.
[2] H. B. Pacejka, Tyre and Vehicle Dynamics, Elsevier, 2005.
[3] V. Cossalter, R. Lot, F. Maggio, On the braking behavior of motorcycles, SAE Japan, 2004.
ACEX346
Dr. Domagoj Matešan
University of Split, Croatia
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Nonlinear Creep Model for Concrete in Analysis of Plates and Shells

J. Radnić, D. Matešan, M. Smilović
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Split, Croatia.
A numerical model for numerical analysis of reinforced and prestressed concrete plates and shells including
creep and shrinkage of concrete, already developed by the authors, has been updated with presented
nonlinear creep model for concrete. The model can be applied for all levels of concrete stresses, while its use
for ultimate stress levels is still not fully tested. Presented nonlinear creep model is simple, based on the well
known linear model of concrete creep, and intended for simulation of practical concrete structures. For the
verification of the presented model, experimentally tested square concrete plate and cylindrical concrete shell
(see Fig. 1) were analysed numerically. The results of experimental tests at high stress levels and numerical
results are similar. Some additional experimental tests for testing of the presented nonlinear creep model in
practice and its eventual updating are planned.
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NANOMATERIALS
ACEX037
Mr. Abbas Fahami
Materials Engineering Department,
Islamic Azad University,
Najafabad Branch, Isfahan,
Iran
Production of Magnesium Titanate-Based Nanocomposites via Mechanochemical Method

A. Fahami 1,a, R. Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi 1,b, B. Nasiri-Tabrizi 1,c
1 Materials Engineering Department, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Isfahan, Iran
a a.fahami@hotmail.com, b rezaebrahimi@iaun.ac.ir, c bahman_nasiri@hotmail.com
In past decade, the investigations of nanostructured materials prepared by mechanochemical process have
been attempted by a number of studies. This has several causes. First, the method is simple and low cost.
Furthermore, melting is not needed in this process. Finally, the mechanically alloyed powders have suitable
structural features. On the other hand, the magnesium titanates are important as ceramic industrial materials.
Thus, the production of magnesium titanates-based nanocomposites via mechanochemical process provided
the main incentive for current research. Also, the effects of chemical composition of initial mixtures on the
formation of the nanocomposites are investigated.
In order for reaction to occur, the materials are grounded on a planetary-mill with the stoichiometric
proportionality between the initial powders. Structural features and phase analysis of the outcomes are
accomplished by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Further, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) is used
to the semi-quantitative examination of the synthesized powders. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is
applied to characterize the morphological characteristics of the samples. Results reveal that the chemical
composition of mixture plays an important role on formation of magnesium titanates-based nanocomposite.
Final results indicate that the mechanochemical process is a suitable method for preparation of magnesium
titanates-based nanocomposites.
[1] G. Lina, ZH. Jiwei, Y. Xi, Chin. Sci. Bull., 54, 2235 (2009).
[2] Kimmel G, Zabicky J, JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data 42, 238 (2000).
[3] Suryanarayana C. Prog. Mater. Sci., 46, 1 (2001).
ACEX041
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Dr. Peng Chen

Division of Bioengineering,
Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore
Nanoelectronic Biosensing Based on Carbon Nanotube and Graphene

P. Chen1
1 Division of Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Nanocarbon materials such as carbon nanotubes and graphenes are bringing unprecedented opportunities to
biology. Their nanoscale dimensions allow them to interact intimately with and spy on the nanoscopic world of
biomolecules and molecular machineries that mediates cellular functions. Here, we demonstrate several
examples of using nanocarbon based-field-effect transistors for biosensing.
Thin-film network of SWNTs (SWNT-net) was fabricated through phase separation facilitated self-assembly
and subsequent drop-casting process. And SWNT-nets functionalized with bioactive monosaccharides were
able to interface with living neuroendocrine PC12 cells and support their adhesion and growth. The
glycosylated SWNT-net devices were then used to detect rapid kinetics of catecholamine secretion with
millisecond resolution at single cell level. In addition, SWNT-net devices have been employed to detect
bioelectricity signals from cardiomyocytes.
Graphene, the flat cousin of SWNTs, has recently attracted much attention in biosensing owing to its
exceptional electrical, structural, and physiochemical properties. Here, we show that CVD grown large-sized
graphene can be functionalized with various molecular probes and be used to label-freely detect biomolecules
such as glucose, glutamate, and DNA with high specificity and high sensitivity. It postulates the promising
potentials of graphene in nanoelectronic biosensing
ACEX058
Dr. Gilmanova Saule Muratovna
Aytkhozhin‘s Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry,
86 Dosmukhamedov St., Almaty, 050012
Republic of Kazakhstan
Phosphatidylinositol Nanoconteiners like Drug Delivery System for Cardio,

Endocrine and Infectious Diseases
S. M. Gilmanova, M. K. Gilmanov, S.O. Tutkishbayev
Aytkhozhin‘s Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 86 Dosmukhamedov St., Almaty, 050012
Republic of Kazakhstan
(phone/fax: +7 777 2505011; e-mail: gilm@yandex.ru).
Paper is devoted to the development of a new drug delivery system for universal medical application. This drug
delivery system represents unique nanoconteiners that consist of phosphatidylinositol (PI) molecules. We have
developed the new effective methods of preparation of PI from plant organelles - spherosomes. Spherosomes
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were purified using a novel nanostructured carbon sorbent – ―nanocarbosorb‖. Also we have worked out
methods of preparation and loading of nanoconteiners. The nanoconteiners loaded by drugs were tested for
treatment of cardio, endocrine and infectious diseases like heart attack, diabetic foot, glaucoma, arthritis and
tuberculosis in several medical scientific institutes of Almaty. As nanoconteiners consist of natural
phosphatidylinositol they easily penetrate the cells and leave no remains, as they will be used in the synthesis
of cell membranes, whereas, synthetic drugs are very difficult to enter the cells of affected organs. Moreover,
nanoconteiners allow the reduction of the dose of the medicine by 100 times during the treatment course and
consequently the toxic effect on the whole organism also reduces by 100 times. Thus, drug loaded
nanoconteiners allow the effective treatment of various diseases without toxic damaging effect on other organs.
Altogether it gives good medical and economical effects.
ACEX211
Mr. Hamid Khachab
Laboratory of Semiconductor devices physics(LPDS),
Physics Department, Faculty of science and technology,
University of Bechar, PO Box 417 Bechar,
Algeria
Kinetic Monte carlo simulation of MBE growth and in situ characterization by RHEED:
Investigation of different substrates
H.Khachab1, Y.Abdelkafi1, A.Belghachi1
1Laboratory of Semiconductor devices physics(LPDS), Physics Department, Faculty of science and
technology, University of Bechar, PO Box 417 Bechar, Algeria
Kinetics of semiconductors growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has been the object of a considerable
recent attention involving the growth of III-V materials particularly GaAs.
In this paper; We present a kinetic Monte Carlo model describing the growth on the GaAs(001) β2(2x4)
reconstructed surface by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and including a reflection high-energy electron
diffraction (RHEED) intensity and roughness surface. We investigate the cases of both homoepitaxial growth of
GaAs(001) for two type of substrate; smooth (perfect) and beta2 (2x4) substrates. This study allows us to
better understand the growth mechanisms (deposition, diffusion, nucleation absorption, desorption and
incorporation) of GaAs (001) for the substrates studied.
[1] G.Müller, J.J.Métois and P.Rudolph, ―Crystal Growth‖ Elsevier (2004)

[2] A.Ohtake , Surface Science Reports 63 295–327(2008)
[3] M.Itoh, progress in surface science 66 53-153(2001)
[4] N.Fazouan, M. Djafari Rouhani, A.M. Gue and D. Esteve Surf Sci 352 10022(1996)
[5] N.Fazouan, H.Atmani, M.Addou, M.Djafari Rouhani and D.Esteve, Mat Sc Eng B101 128(2003)
[6] M. Sahlaoui, N. Fazouan N, M. Sajieddine, M. Djafari. Rouhani and D. Esteve, M.J.Cd.Mat 6 number
1(2005)
[7] Andrea.C.Levi and Miroslav Kotrla, J.Phys.Condens.Matter 9 299-344(1997)
[8] B.A.Joyce,D.D.Vvedensky, M.Sci.Eng R46 127(2004).
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[9] Y.Abdelkafi, « Modélisation et simulation de l‘épitaxie par jets moléculaires », Mémoire de magister,
Université de Béchar, Algérie (2009).
[10] B.A.Joyce,D.D.Vvedensky, A.R. Avery, J.G. Belk, H.T. Dobbs, T.S. Jones, Appl. Surf. Sci 130-132
357(1998)
[11] P.Kratzer, E.Penev, M.Scheffler, Appl. Phys. A 75, 79-88 (2002).
[12] P. Kratzer, E. Penev, M. Scheffler, Appl. Phys. A 75, 79–88 (2002)
[13] S. Andrieu and P. Müller; ―Les surfaces solides ‖, EDP Sciences/CNRS Ed (2005)
[14] T. Huhtamaki, M.O. Jahma and I.T. Koponen, Nuc.Inst. M. Phy.R B 264 55–60(2007)
[15] A.Said, A.Abachi;‖optimization des parametres de la reconstruction de la surface Bêta2 (2x4) » Mémoire
de fin d‘étude, Université de Béchar, Algérie (2008).
ACEX216
Dr. Cosmas Pandit Pagwiwoko
University of Nottingham,
Malaysia
Automotive Crash Modelling and Simulation using Power Bond Graph Technique
CP Pagwiwoko1
1University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
A method to analyse the effectiveness of crash attenuation that relates to the safety of the car driver during
collision is carried out by using power bond graph technique [1].
The basic principle in bond graph modelling is the use of energy flows between ports of components in a
dynamic engineering system. These fluxes are represented by the bonds symbolizing pair variables of the
vectors of effort and flow whose products signify the physical power.
This methodology enables to develop a graphical model of the system without having need to start with
reformulating the mathematical equations.
The crash modelling is developed from the rigid body collision theory by taking into account the nonlinear
stiffness of the impact attenuator and the frictional damping during the deformation.
The front impact attenuator according to the rule of race car competition has to be able to absorb the kinetic
energy at certain speed level before the collision with maximum deceleration of 20 G [2].
After the bond graph model is established and the equivalence block diagram is constructed, the dynamic
simulation of the auto crash is then carried out on the platform of Simulink-MATLAB where the time domain
analysis enables to treat the structural nonlinearities conveniently.
[1] B W. Borutzky, Bond graph modelling and simulation of multidisciplinary systems – An introduction, Science
Direct, Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 17 (2009) 3–21 (2009).
[2] Hiroshi ENOMOTO et al., Development of CFRP Monocoque Front Impact Attenuator for FSAE with
VaRTM, J. JSAE, 20076620 (2007).
ACEX241
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Mrs. Norfazila Mohd Sultan

Advanced Research Materials Laboratory,
Faculty of Engineering,
Mannose stabilized Au NPs: The thermodynamic stability analysis

N.M. Sultan, M.R. Johan
Advanced Research Materials Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
The potential of Au NPs to be develop as sensors and contrast agents enhancing the explorations of new
capping agent and conjugates to contribute revolutionary impact in many applications including biological
applications [1]. Nevertheless, the stability and thermodynamic matter of the functionalized Au NPs have not
been fully explored. In this present study, we will report the mathematical approach to investigate the
performance of mannose stabilized Au NPs. The equilibrium constant, of mannose stabilized Au NPs will be
determined from the Benesi Hildebrand method. The derivation of this method yields a linear relationship of
versus . The change of Gibbs free energy (GFE) will be further calculated from the obtained.
[1] S. Kim, et al, Langmuir, 22, 7109 (2006).
ACEX246
Mr. Emad Jomehzadeh
Young Researchers Society, Kerman,
Iran
A Study on the Displacement Field of Nonlocal Elasticity for Mechanical Analysis of Nano Structures
E. Jomehzadeh1,*, A. R. Saidi2
1Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Young Researchers Society, Kerman, Iran
2Department of mechanical engineering, Shahid Bahonar university of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
In this paper, a new reformulation is introduced for solving the governing equations of nonlocal elasticity based
on the Eringen theory [1]. Considering the small scale effect, the three dimensional equations of nonlocal
elasticity are obtained. At first, three decoupled equations in terms of displacement components and three
decoupled equations in terms of rotation components are obtained. These equations are also invariant with
respect to choice of the coordinate system. In order to solve a nonlocal elasticity problem based on the
presented formulation, one of the three equations in terms of displacement components and corresponding
rotation equation should be solved independently. Using some relations, the other two displacement
components can be obtained in terms of the mentioned displacement and rotation component. In an illustrative
example, these equations associated with simply supported boundary condition are then solved for a nano-
plate by using the Fourier series technique.
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Keywords: Nonlocal elasticity; Reformulation; Nano structure; Small scale.
[1] A.C. Eringen, J. Appl. Phys., 54, 4703 (1990).
ACEX248
Prof. Alireza Khaloo
Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of technology,
Tehran, Azadi St., Iran
Mechanical and microstructural properties of cement paste incorporating nano silica particles with
various specific surface areas
A.R. Khaloo1*, M. Bolhasani2, A. Gholizadeh3
1Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of technology, Tehran, Azadi St., Iran.
2MS in Geotechnical Engineering, KNT University of technology, Tehran, Mirdamad St.
3MS in Structural Engineering, Sharif UAniversity of technology, Tehran, Azadi St.
One of the most conventional methods to improve the engineering properties of concrete is using mineral
admixtures. Nano-silica is a material introduced to the cement industry through recent years. According to
previous investigations, despite some inconsistencies in details, it could be inferred that this material provides
concrete with better mechanical, durability and permeability properties [1]. However, this fact is repetitively
pointed out that utilization of nano-silica (NS) results in heterogeneity of the microstructure of paste and mortar
and the uniform dispersion of this material within the mixture is a demanding task. What is more, an increase in
fineness of NS intensifies this problem which has not been attended by researchers seriously and the results
exhibited in different reports are sometimes in contradiction [2, 3, 4].
In this study, the effect of agglomeration and non-uniform dispersion of silica particles on the mechanical and
microstructural properties of cement paste incorporating silica fume and NS with various specific surface areas
(SSA) is experimentally investigated. To this end, the SSA and replacement percent of silica particles were
considered as test variables and four series of mixes were made being composed of one set of mixes for a
commercial type of silica fume with a SSA of 20m2/g and three sets of mixes for three different types of NS
with SSA equal to 90, 200 and 380m2/g. In each series of mix designs three different cement replacement
percents equal to 1.5%, 3% and 5% were applied. In total, 12 mix designs were produced. In addition, a control
mix was produced as reference. A Water/Binder ratio of 0.23 was applied to the control mix to obtain a slump
of 100mm. For other mixes the W/B was kept the same as that of control mix and super plasticizer was added
until the mentioned workability was achieved. For each mix design four specimens were cast and tested after
28 days. Also, the fractured surfaces of specimens were exposed to SEM and EDAX analysis.
The results indicate that an increase in the SSA of silica particles up to 300m2/g increases compressive
strength of the paste and for greater values of the SSA the strength results decrease. Moreover, it is
statistically discussed that as the SSA and replacement percent of silica particles increase, the domain of
variation of compressive strength results dramatically rises. It is demonstrated that increase in SSA of silica
particles results in significant intensification of agglomeration phenomenon and consequently the distribution of
NS particles within the paste and between specimens becomes difficult from both microscopic and
macroscopic point of view. This phenomenon results in formation of different types of zones inside the
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specimens. The SEM micrographs illustrate that in some zones of the specimens the microstructure of the
matrix is quite dense while in the other parts the microstructure is porous. Also, increase in SSA makes the
microstructure of paste further heterogeneous.
Keywords: Nano-silica, Specific surface area, Agglomeration, SEM analysis, Heterogeneity.
[1] Hui L. Hui-gang X. Jie Y. Jinping O. Microstructure of cement mortar with nano-particles. Composites: Part
B ;35:185-189. (2004).
[2] Qing Y. Zenan Z. Deyu K. Rongshen C. Influence of nano-Sio2 addition on properties of hardened cement
paste as compared with silica fume. Construction and Building Material 21, 539-545. (2007).
[3] Shih J.Y. Chang T.P. Hsiao T. C. Effect of nanosilica on characterization of Portland cement
composite,Mater. Sci.Eng.A424.266-274.
[4] Thuadaij N. Nuntiya A. Synthesis and Characterization of Nanosilica from Rice Husk Ash Prepared by
Precipitation Method. J.Nat.Sci. Special Issue on Nanotechnology Vol. 7(1) (2008).
ACEX269
Mr. Amin Khajeansari
Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Bahonnar
University of Kerman, Kerman 76188,
Iran
Three dimensional heterogeneous finite element solution for static bending deformation of a copper
cantilever nanobeam
A. Khajeansari1, G. H. Baradaran2, J.Yvonnet3
1,2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Bahonnar University of Kerman,
Kerman 76188, Iran
3. Université Paris-Est, 5 Bd Descartes, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
Due to the presence of surface effects in nanoscale dimension, the results obtained by simple continuum
mechanics models in macro scale, are not valid for the same model in the atomistic scale. In this study, a
strategy is developed to make a heterogeneous continuum model for the simulation of a discrete atomistic
structure, a copper nanobeam. By employing embedded atom potential model (EAM) for inter-atomic
interaction [1], the coefficients of elastic tensor are determined locally at each atom site using an atomistic
simulation. The distribution of atomistic elastic coefficients along the length direction is nearly constant while
those are varied on any cross section from surface to bulk. The elastic constants are mapped on the nodes and
elements of a finite element model of nanobeam by a nonlinear interpolation of elastic constants among atoms.
Copper cantilever nanobeams with square cross sections, and different thicknesses at 1 K subjected to a
transverse concentrated force at the ends were considered. The bending deformation of cantilever nanobeams
are carried out by Molecular dynamics simulations and 3-D heterogeneous finite element models. The
maximum deflection results of nanobeams under concentrated force obtained by Molecular dynamics and
heterogeneous finite element models agree well with together while these results are substantially far from the
maximum deflection obtained by isotropic classical and nonlocal continuum mechanics models of copper
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nanobeam. The maximum deflection difference between atomistic simulation (MD) and isotropic continuum
model increases as the surface area to volume ratio in the nanobeam is increased.
[1]. Y. Mishin, M. J. Mehl, D. A. Papaconstantopoulos, A. F. Voter and J. D. Kress,. Phys. Rev. B, 63, 224106
(2001).
ACEX289
Mrs. Siti Hajar Binti Mohd Noor
University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,
50603, MALAYSIA.
Production of ZnFe2O4 and Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Nanoparticles by Polymer Matrix Templated Synthesis

M.N.S. Hajar1, I.I. Yaacob2
1,2University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, MALAYSIA.
In this work nanoparticles of ZnFe2O4 and Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 were prepared by polymer matrix templated
synthesis method. Polymer matrix templated synthesis utilized synthetic ion exchange resin as a host for the
precipitation of nanoparticles [1]. In this technique, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Fe3+ were absorbed into the matrix of the
resin from an aqueous solution of mixture of respective chlorides. Then, an excessive amount of NaOH
solution was added to the resin that contained Mn2+, Zn2+ and Fe3+. The system is heated to 85 C to
transform the precipitated precursors into magnetic oxide.
Transmission electron microscopy was conducted to observe the morphology and shape of the particles.. The
particles were almost spherical in shape and were about 4 - 9 nm in diameter. X-ray diffraction patterns
showed broad peaks indicating that the crystallite sizes were in sub-micron dimension. Calculation using
Scherrer‘s equation showed that the crystallite sizes for ZnFe2O4 and Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 were 5.37 and
8.05nm respectively. Magnetic property measurements were carried out using alternating gradient
magnetometer. The magnetization curves passed through the origin and showed no hysteresis indicating that
the particles were superparamagnetic [2].
[1] R.F. Ziolo, E.P. Giannelis, B.A. Weinstein, M.P. O‘Horo, B.N. Ganguly, V. Mehrotra, M.W. Russell and D.R.
Huffman, Science, 257, 219 (1992).
[2] K. Mandal, S.P. Mandal, P. Agudo and M. Pal, Appl. Surf. Sci., 182, 386 (2001).
ACEX303
Prof. Saeed Reza Allahkaram
School of Metallurgy and Materials Eng.,
University College of Engineering,
University of Tehran P.O.Box 11155/4563
Iran
Investigating corrosion behavior of Ni-P/nano Al2O3 and nano SiO2 composite coatings exposed to
3.5% NaCl
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S.R.Allahkaram, M.Zoughi, T. Rabizadeh

School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran,
Tehran, Iran
A possibility to increase materials performance for different applications is to protect them by coatings.
Electroless nickel deposition represents an alternative method to obtain coatings on various substrates. The
process is based on a redox reaction in which the reducing agent is oxidized and Ni2+ ions are reduced on the
substrate surface. Once the first layer of nickel is deposited it is acting as a catalyst for the process. As a result,
a linear relationship between coating thickness and time, usually occurs [1]. If the reducing agent is sodium
hypophosphite, the obtained deposit will be a nickel–phosphorus alloy. The as-deposited Ni–P alloys were
reported to have a non-equilibrium phase structure [2].A recent advance in electroless Ni–P deposition is the
co-deposition of solid particles within coatings. These solid particles can be hard materials (SiC, B4C, Al2O3,
SiO2, diamond and dry lubricants (PTFE,MoS2 and graphite). By this method, composite layers with very good
characteristics for specific applications can be produced.
Ni–P/nano- Al2O3 and Ni–P/nano- SiO2 composite coatings were deposited by electroless plating, and their
microstructures were observed by scanning electron microscope. Polarization and electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS) were used to analyze morphology, structure and corrosion resistance of the coatings,
respectively[2]. Corrosion tests showed that addition of nano- Al2O3 particles improved corrosion resistance of
electroless Ni-P coatings in salty environment whereas addition of nano- SiO2 particles decreased it.
[1] R. N. Duncan, Plat. Surf. Finish. 83, 65 (1996).

[2] A. S. Hamdy, M.A. Shoeib, H. Hady, O.F.A.Salam Surface & Coatings Technology 202, 162–171 (2007)
ACEX305
Mr. Mehdi Taghavi
Department of Textile Engineering,
Islami Azad University,
Science and Research Branch,
Tehran, Iran
Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Effect On Mechanical Properties of High Performance Fibers/Epoxy

Nanocomposite
M. Taghavi1, O. Saligheh1,2
1Department of Textile Engineering, Islami Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
2Department of Textile Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Young Researchers Club,
Tehran, Iran.
In this Study, the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on mechanical properties of Carbon
fiber/Epoxy and Kevlar fiber/Epoxy nanocomposites were investigated. Multi-walled carbon nano tubes
(MWCNTs) was used as a nanofiller to enhance the mechanical properties of both Carbon-, and Kevlar fibers
reinforced Epoxy composite. For fabricating, the amount of 0.3 wt% multi-wall carbon nanotubes with epoxy
resin were sonicated, and mixed by using a high intensity ultrasonic processor and manual stirrer
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simultaneously. The Carbon/MWCNTs/Epoxy and Kevlar/MWCNT/Epoxy nanocomposite laminates were

prepared using hand lay-up process, and the laminates were cured under vacuum at 80 °C for 4 hours. The
Carbon/Epoxy and Kevlar/Epoxy composite laminates without carbon nanotubes were prepared for
comparision as well. With addition of 0.3 wt% of MWCNTs, Young‘s modulus, tensile strength and strain at
break of Carbon/MWCNTs/Epoxy nanocomposites improved by 4.6%, 9.4% and 10.7% respectively, and
Young‘s modulus, tensile strength and strain at break of Kevlar/MWCNTs/Epoxy nanocomposites improved by
3.5%, 8.8% and 4%, respectively as well. It was found from the results that low content of MWCNTs with good
dispersion in Epoxy matrix, resulted in improving the mechanical properties of Carbon-, and Kevlar reinforced
Epoxy nanocomposites.
[1] K.P. Ryan, M. Cadek, V. Nicolosi, D. Blond, M. Ruether, G. Armstrong, H. Swan, A. Fonseca, J.B. Nagy,
and W.K.Masre., Comp. sci. tech., 67, 1640 (2007).
[2] E. Assouline, A. Lustiger, A.H. Barber, C.A. Cooper, E. Klein, E. Wachtel, and H.D. Wanger, J. polym. Sci.
Part B: Polym. Phys., 41, 520 (2003).
ACEX310
Mr. Mahdi Forouhar Shad
Departmet of Textile Engineering,
Islamic Azad University, South Tehran branch,
Young Researchers club,Tehran, Iran
Effects Of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes On Fiber Diameter Distribution Of Poly (Butylene

Terephthalate) Electrospun Composite Nanofibers
M. Forouharshad1, O. Saligheh1, R. Arasteh1, N. Aminakbari2
1 Departmet of Textile Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran ranch,Young Researchers
club,Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of Statistics and Economic, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
In this Study, Poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/Single-walled carbon nanotubes composite nanofibers mats
were prepared by electrospinning, being directly deposited in the form of a random fibers web. The effect of
diffrent loads of single-walled nanotubes on the morphology of the electrospun PBT/SWCNTs composite
nanofibers was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM observations indicated that the
presence of SWCNTs resulted in finer nanofibers in lower loading, however, a broader distribution, especially,
higher diameter ranges was found for nanofibers with higher amount of carbon nanotubes. To make
nanocomposite solutions, quantitative SWCNTs (0.5, 1, 2, 4 wt%) were added to Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and
dichloromethane (DCM) as a solvent of polymer, 50/50 (v/v); and ultrasonicated with a probe sonicator to
produce uniformly dispersed SWCNT suspension and then the powdered Polymer was added to the solution.
the concentration of nanocomposite PBT/CNT solutions was 14 wt%. Electrospinning dopes were placed in a
syringe with a capillary tip of 0.7 mm diameter, with pressure applied by a syringe pump; the syringe pump
speed was adjusted to a flow rate 0.5mL/h. The applied voltages was 20 kV and the tip to collector distance
was set to be 15 cm.
[1] Y. Dror, W. Salalha, R.L. Khalfin, Y. Cohen, A.L. Yarin, E. Zussman, Longmuir, 19, 7012(2003).
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[2] M. Forouharshad, O. Saligheh, R. Arasteh, R.E. Farsani, J. Macromol. Sci. Part B: phys., (2009) In Press.
ACEX315
Prof. Abosaeed Rashidi
Departmet of Textile Engineering,
Science and Research Branch,
Tehran, Iran
Nanofiberous Mats Of Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) Via Electrospinning And Investigation of Solution

Concentration Effect On Fiber Diameter
A.Rashidi1, O. Saligheh2, R. Arasteh2, M. Forouharshad2
1 Departmet of Textile Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
2 Departmet of Textile Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch,Young Researchers
club,Tehran,Iran.
In this Study, Poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT) nanofiber mats were prepared by electrospinning as a
random fibers web. The effect of changing solution concentration on the morphology of the electrospun PBT
nanofibers was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). the electrospinning process used in this
work consisted of 1. a polymer solution delivery system, 2. a power supply to generate an electrical field, and 3.
a fiber collection device. PBT (12-16 wt%) was dissolved in solvent (Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and
dichloromethane (DCM) at a volume ratio of 50/50) and the polymer solution was placed in a syringe with a
capillary tip of 0.7 mm diameter, with pressure applied by a syringe pump; the syringe pump speed was
adjusted to a flow rate 0.5mL/h. The electric field was provided by a high voltage power supply. The applied
voltages was 20 kV and distance between collector and needle was 15 cm.
Results showed that, Viscosity or polymer concentration had an important role in the fiber morphology
changes. at 12 wt% PBT solution a mixture of large beads and fibers were generated by electrospinning. At 14
wt% solution concentration, the average fiber diameter was 550 nm and when the concentration was increased
to 16 wt %, the average fiber diameter increased to 736 nm.
[1] K. Kosmider, J. Scott, Filtr. Sep., 39, 20 (2002). [2] H. Chen, Z. Liu, P.
Cebe, Polymer, 50, 872 (2009).
ACEX407
Prof. Andrzej Olszyna
Warsaw University of Technology,
The Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering,
Warsaw, Wołoska St., 141, Poland
Study of the Properties of Al2O3-Ag Nanopowders Produced by an Innovative Thermal Decomposition–

Reduction and Silver Nitrate Reduction Methods
A.M. Jastrzębska1, A.R. Kunicki2, A.R. Olszyna1
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1Warsaw University of Technology, The Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw, Wołoska St.,
141, Poland.
2 Warsaw University of Technology, The Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw, Noakowskiego St., 3, Poland.
The morphological aspects, physical and biocidal properties of the Al2O3-Ag nanopowders were studied in this
work. The nanopowders were produced by thermal decomposition-reduction method and silver nitrate
reduction method. The innovative thermal decomposition-reduction method has been previously developed and
claimed by us, while the alternative nanosilver silver nitrate reduction method is commonly used in the industry.
As a support in AgNO3 reduction method porous Al2O3 sinters are mostly used. That is why, we have decided
to use as a support alumina nanopowder produced by our thermal decomposition process, in order to compare
those two methods and discuss application aspects of the final product. The morphology and physical
properties of the final Al2O3-Ag nanopowders were examined using scanning electron microscope and BET
surface area measurements. Phase composition of the nanopowders was investigated by using the X-ray
diffraction method. Antimicrobial activity of the nanopowders was additionally investigated by using the
inoculation technique. All those two methods are relatively comparable to each other. They allow to acquire
Al2O3-Ag nanopowders with comparable average particle size between 40 and 100 nm, large specific BET
surface area (over 150 m2•g-1) and large open porosity volume (around 0.6 cm3•g-1). Acquired nanopowders
also possess good bactericidal and fungicidal properties. More over, nanopowders produced by our thermal
decomposition-reduction method are much more chemically pure than those, produced by AgNO3 reduction
method. Because of this, application aspects of the final Al2O3-Ag nanopowders produced by our method are
much wider in comparison to silver nitrate reduction method, which is also waste-producing and complicated
from technological point of view.
ACEX416
Dr. Fei Deng
University of Delaware,
USA
Direct measurement of the interfacial strength between one CNT and polymer
F. Deng1, T. Ogasawara2, N. Takeda1
1 Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo.
Mail Box 311, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan.
2 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
6-13-1, Ohsawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan.
The bonding strength between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polymer matrix is a key parameter in both the
production and physical properties of composites containing CNTs. When a load was applied on the
composite, the load will transfer from matrix to CNTs through the interfacial region. Therefore, the load carried
by CNTs strongly depends on the interface. However, due to the nano meter size of the interfacial region and,
embedment in the composites, it is difficult to perform the manipulation and to simultaneously observe tensile
deformation at micro and nano meter scale, and only a few experimental studies have been reported on the
interfacial properties.
In the present study, a technique to investigate the interfacial properties between carbon nanotubes and
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polymer materials inside a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is described. The interfacial strength
between multi walled carbon nanotube and poly ether ether ketone was measured by a scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) which combined the function of atomic force microscopy in the specimen room. Based on
these experiments, an approximate calculation of the nanotube-polymer interfacial shear strength has been
performed.
ACEX454
Prof. El-Refaie Kenawy
Chemistry Department,
College of Science, King Saud University,
B.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451,
Saudi Arabia
A Novel Electrospinning Application for Nanofiber Coatings Deposition as Corrosion Inhibitors

Mahir Es-saheb1, Abdelrahman El-Leathy1
1 Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University
P.D. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
essaheb@ksu.edu.sa
elleathy@ksu.edu.sa
El-Refaie kenawy2,Salem Al-Deyab2,
2 Petrochemical Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, B.O. Box
2455 Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
ekenawy@ksu.edu.sa
ssdeyab@ksu.edu.sa
Electrospinning is a unique technology that can produce nano-woven fibrous structures with fiber diameters
ranging from tens of nanometers to microns. It has been widely used in various applications in many fields
such like, medical, Energy, engineering, nano-industry etc. In the last few years electrospinning process
attracted increasing attention from the research community. Recently, a huge number of research works, on
the process parameters, materials, characterization, applications etc. are published. However, inspite these
intensive investigations carried out on the numerous process parameters and applications and reported in
literature, little or no works has been reported on coating aspects using electrospinning technique.
In this work these issues are addressed, with particular emphases on the novel application of the
electrospinning technique as a coating process. This is believed to improve surface properties, performance
and enhanced corrosion characteristics of the coated components in the different industries. Thus, electrospun
polymer nanofibers and nano-composites coatings are successfully deposited on various substrate metals. The
coated samples are then exposed to various aqueous corrosion environments to test and assess the corrosion
properties and the characteristics of the coated surfaces. The morphologies and the microstructures of the
nanofiber coatings are characterized and assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray
diffraction, and microhardness tests. The nanofiber coatings are compact, entangled with each other, with
diameters from 80 to 100 nm and lengths from 3 to 5 μm. Finally, an attempt is made to correlate the
morphology and the mechanical properties with the corrosion mechanism. This new promising success of the
electrospinning process for coating, as a potential corrosion inhibitor, is believed to have a big impact on
corrosion and maintenance cost savings in the various industries. Also, the ability of this process, in using
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almost any material for coating, will open new frontiers for engineering optimal coatings to suit any working
conditions.
References
[1]. Zheng-Ming Huanga, Y.-Z. Zhangb, M. Kotakic, S. Ramakrishnab. A review on polymer nanofibers by
electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites. Composites Science and Technology; 63 (2003);
2223–2253.
[2]. Derrell H. Renker; Haoqing Hou. Electrospinning. Encyclopedia of Biomaterials Biomedical Engineering, 31
August 2004.
[3]. D.Luck; A. Sarkar; L. Martinov; K. Vodsed Ikov; D. Lubasov; J Chaloupec; P. Pokorn; P. Mike; J.Chvojka;
M. Komrek. Physical principles of electrospinning (Electrospinning as a nano scale technology of the twenty-
first century). Journal Textile Progress, Volume 41, Issue 2 June 2009, pages 559-140.
[4]. Ondarcuhu T, Joachim C. Drawing a single nanofibre over hundreds of microns. Europhys Lett
1998;42(2):215–20.
[5]. Feng L, Li S, Li H, Zhai J, Song Y, Jiang L, et al. Super-Hydrophobic Surface of Aligned Polyacrylonitrile
Nanofibers. Angew Chem Int Ed 2002;41(7):1221–3.
[6]. Zhou, Feng-Lei; Gong, Rong-hua; Porat, Isaac. Mass production of nanofiber assemblies by electrostatic
spinning. Polymer International , Volume 58, Number 4, April 2009, pp.331-342 (12).
[7]. Deitzel JM, Kleinmeyer J, Hirvonen JK, BeckTNC. Controlled deposition of electrospun poly(ethylene
oxide) fibers. Polymer 2001;42:8163–70.
ACEX501
Mr. Seyed Vahid Hosseini
Dep. Mechanical Engineering,
K. N. Toosi University of Technology,
Tehran, Iran
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nano-Machining of Single Crystal of Copper with a Void

S.V. Hosseini1, M. Vahdati2
1Ph.D Student of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
2Professor of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
Recently, the development of machine tools and sub-micron position-control techniques has brought the
minimum thickness of ultra-precision cutting to less than 1 nm. The conventional finite-element method (FEM)
becomes impossible to use for numerical analysis. As an alternative method, molecular dynamics (MD) method
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is significantly implemented in the field of nano-machining process to investigate cutting mechanism [1].
Although it is well known that even the purest real material contains a large number of defects within its crystal
structure, in conventional MD simulation of nano-cutting process the workpiece is assumed as a perfect single
crystal [2]. So, there is a need to check the effect of the void in the workpiece on nanomachining process.
In this paper molecular dynamics simulations of the nanometric cutting on single-crystal copper were
performed with the embedded atom method. To investigate the effect of the void on the workpiece
machinability, a comparison was done between perfect single crystal and a single crystal with a void. Also, the
effect of void position on chip formation mechanism is investigated.
The numerical results reveal that the void can affect on chip formation mechanism. A stress concentration is
observed at the internal surface of the void in all simulations cases. The results indicate that the presence of a
void has a significant influence on the tool forces and material properties of workpiece in nanomachining
process. Finally, results show that the mechanism of dislocation dissipation is significantly affected by position
of the void.
[1] D. C. Rapaport, ―Art of Molecular Dynamics Simulation‖, Cambridge Pub., 1995.
[2] R. Komanduri, L.M. Raff, ―A review on the molecular dynamics simulation of machining at the atomic scale‖,
Proc Instn Mech Engrs, Vol. 215, Part B, 2001, p.1639-72.
ACEX519
Dr. B. Hagege
Laboratoire Roberval, UMR 6253,
UTC/CNRS, 60205 Compiègne, France
3d Finite Element Modeling of Elastoplastic Contact on a Rough Surface

B. Hagège, P.-E. Mazeran, S. Bouvier, M. Bigerelle
Laboratoire Roberval, UMR 6253, UTC/CNRS, 60205 Compiègne, France
One of the objectives in the field of tribology is to solve the mechanical stress-displacement problem involved
by rough contacts. Stochastic and semi-analytical models are traditionally used. Nevertheless, in order to
model more precisely the response of a rough surface, many authors modelled the contact with Finite
Elements Method (FEM) that allows more complex constitutive behaviours. However, numerical models are
often restrained to a 2D plane-strains slice from which the surface is supposed to be ‗extruded‘. 3D models
would allow estimating with more accuracy the extreme stresses. But it is hard to implement such a model with
mesh densities met in the bibliography for 2D models because computation times dramatically increase with
mesh density. By means of new shared memory computing blades with adequate softwares, it becomes
possible to implement 3D finite elements model to analyse the elastoplastic contact. The main disadvantage is
the size of the work job: a 3D model may need around 1,500,000 elements, 15GB of RAM, and need several
days to be computed.
In our approach, the surface chosen is a 256-256 µm² 3D sinusoidal shape (Amplitude 4.5 µm, Wavelength 50
µm) with an elastoplastic constitutive behaviour representative of mild steels. The low curvature geometry
leads to well-known Hertzian contact state. Our analysis procedure is automatized and requires a parameter
file and discretized coordinates file (with a 1 µm spatial increment in our case).
We present the algorithm used to translate the experimental file into a 3D FEM mesh made of H8 hexahedra in
Ansys Academic Research. The FEM deformable surface is crushed by a rigid flat surface: von Mises stress
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field, contact pressure and plastic cumulated strain are computed. We investigate the results sensitivity with
respect to the volume thickness (from 20 µm to 100 µm), level of refinement, in presence of Coulomb friction.
At last, we conclude on guidelines for 3D finite elements modelling of rough surfaces.
ACEX537
Mr. A. Mohebbi
Islamic Azad University Darab Branch,
Iran
Study of thermal and rheological behaviour of polystyrene/TiO2 polystyrene/SiO2/TiO2 and

polystyrene/SiO2 nanocomposites
A.Mohebbi1, M.Dehghani2, A.Mehrabani2
1Islamic Azad University Darab Branch
2Isfahan University of Technology
Polystyrene/TiO2, polystyrene/SiO2/TiO2 and polystyrene/SiO2 nanocomposites were prepared by solution

method. Their characteristics were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo gravimetric
analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and parallel plate rheometer. Then their rheological
behaviors were studied through analysis either by shearing alone, or it in combination with temperature.
Experiments show that the type of nano-filler and the method of composite preparation affect on the thermal
and rheological properties of the composites.
Results demonstrate that the produced composites had various phase morphologies with nanoscales and
distinct behaviours of a percolation network structure under certain conditions. Also the linear viscoelastic
region of the nanocomposites is much narrower than that for PS matrix. Moreover, nanocomposites present the
nature of temperature independence of storage modulus versus loss modulus. Furthermore, PS/SiO2 had a
strain-scaling stress response to the startup of steady shear that indicate formation of more connections sites
between the nano particles and polystyrene matrix.
ACEX537
Mr. A. Mohebbi
Islamic Azad University Darab Branch,
Iran
Preparation of polystyrene/SiO2, polystyrene/SiO2/TiO2 & polystyrene/TiO2 nanocomposites based on

a novel solution method and characterization of their structural and mechanical properties
M.Dehghani1, A.Mohebbi2, A.Mehrabani1
1Isfahan University of Technology
2Islamic Azad University Darab Branch
This article discusses on preparation of polystyrene/SiO2, and using a novel method for preparation of
Polystyrene/Titanium dioxide and polystyrene/ Titanium dioxide /Silica dioxide nanocomposite. Due to lack of a
common solvent for both components of nano-TiO2 and polystyrene, a homogeneous solvent of methanol and
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toluene was used to prepare various percentages of well-distributed mixtures of nano-TiO2 particles. An
ultrasonic mixer was used to have a good dispersion of nanoparticle.
Morphology of procuced structures were characterized through thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Mechanical properties of
nanocomposites were studied by determination of young modulus, impact strength and elasticity.
Results have shown that the nanoparticles in polymer matrix have strongly dispersed. Also the fracture
toughness has highly improved in comparison with the pure sample .Furthermore, tensile strength and impact
resistance have greatly improved in comparison with pure polystyrene which are results of well-structural
homogeneity and decreasing of defected matrix sites.
ACEX302
Prof. Mohammadhossein Fathi
Biomaterials Group,
Isfahan University of Technology,
Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
Preparation of Forsterite-bioactive glass-hydroxyapatite Composite Nanopowder for Biomedical

Applications
M.H. Fathi 1, V. Mortazavi 2, M. Mazrooei Sebdani1
1 Biomaterials Group, Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan
8415683111, Iran.
2 School of Dentistry, Torabinejad Dental Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan,
8174673461, Iran.
Bioceramics with reduced grain size below 100 nm have superior mechanical properties and more bioactivity
than conventional ceramics. The aim of this work was preparation, characterization and bioactivity evaluation of
a novel forsterite-bioglass-hydroxyapatite composite nanopowder. The novel forsterite-bioglass-hydroxyapatite
composite nanopowder was fabricated by incorporation of the forsterite and bioactive glass nanopowder in
hydroxyapatite matrix via a sol-gel process. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques were
utilized in order to determine the phase composition, and evaluate the morphology, particle size and functional
groups of the synthesized nanopowders. The effect of sintering temperature and time were also investigated.
The bioactivity of nanopowder was evaluated by immersing the prepared composite nanopowder in the
simulated body fluid (SBF) for predicted time intervals. The changes of pH and calcium and phosphorous ions
concentrations of SBF were determined. Bone-like apatite formation on the surface of the samples was
investigated by SEM. Results showed that the appropriate temperature for desired calcination was 600 °C and
the particle size of prepared composite nanopowder was about 60-70nm. During immersion in SBF, apatite
layer was formed only after soaking for 1 day which indicated the bioactivity of the prepared composite.
Obtained results indicate that prepared composite nanopowder could be a good candidate for biomedical
applications.
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NANOMECHANICS
ACEX047
Prof. XU Weiping
Nanchang Hangkong University,
Aeronautical Science and Technology
Key Lab. of Aeronautical Materials Processing，
Nanchang 330063，
China
The Effect of Carbon Nanotube on the Wear Performance and Hardness for Aluminum Matrix
Composites
KE.Liming, XU.Weiping, XING.Li
(Aeronautical Science and Technology Key Lab. of Aeronautical Materials Processing，Nanchang Hangkong
University，Nanchang 330063, China
Friction stir process(FSP) can be well-prepared carbon nanotubes forming reinforced aluminum matrix
composites. Effect of carbon nanotubes(CNTs) content on the wearing behaviors and hardness of aluminum
based on the composites were studied. Add carbon nanotubes can strengthen the matrix effectively, and the
hardness of the composites improved obviously as well as the hardness increased with the increasing of the
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carbon nanotubes content. Composite wear test results showed that the matrix of carbon nanotubes could
enhance the wear resistance of the matrix, and with the increasing of carbon nanotubes content, the wear
resistance of matrix has been improved markedly. The wear curve of the materials is a smooth curve.
Keywords: Friction stir processing; Aluminum matrix composites; Carbon nanotubes; hardness; wear
performance
Authors' Affiliations: XU Weiping，associate professor， master Tutor， mainly engaged in materials
processing engineering teaching and research. Tel: 008613576979156 E-mail：xuweiping1203@126.com
[1]M.R.W, Bates C E, Pears C D. Metal Flammability and sensitivity of materials in oxygen-enriched
atmospheres[C]. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials,1983,p.126–149.
[2]H. Jinfeng, Zhao P, J. Lanying, et al. Rocket engine combustion alloy GH202 and GH586 accident analysis
[J] Journal of Iron and Steel Research, Vol2005,17 (3),p.68-69.
[3]L.H J,F.H, N.K. Friction stir welding of carbon steels[J].Mater Sci.Technol,Vol2004(20),p399–402.
[4]O. K,M.T R.Microstructural modification of as-cast NiAl bronze by Su J Q,Nelson T W,Sterling C J.Friction
Stir Processing of Large-Area Bulk UFG Aluminum Alloys[J]. ScrMater, Vol2005(52),p.135–140.
[5]H. D C,V. K S.Submerged friction stir processing (SFSP):An improved method for creating ultra-fine-grained
bulk materials[J].Mater Sci Eng,Vol2005(402),p.234 –241.
[6] W.Wang, Q.Shi, P.Liu, H. Li, Ting Li. A novel way to produce bulk SiCp reinforced aluminummetal matrix
composites by friction stir processing. Journal of materials processing technology.Vol(2008).p5-10
[7] Z.Guo,S.E.Lee,H.Kim,S.Park.Et al. Fabtication, characteriazation and microwave properties of polyurethane
nanocomposites reinforced with iron oxide and barium titanate[J]. Acta materialia. Vol57(2009),P.267-277
[8] T.P.D. Rajan, R.M. Pillai, B.C. Pai, Functionally graded Al-Al3Ni in situ intermetallic and microstructural
characterization, J. Alloys Compd. Vol.453 (2008) ,p.4-L7.
[9] G. Gonzalez, A. Sagarzazu, D. Bonyuet, L. D. Angelo, R. Villalba, Solid state amorphisation in binary
systems prepared by mechanical alloying, J. Alloys Compd. Vol.483 (2009),p.289-297.
[10] I.S. Lee, P.W. Kao, N.J. Ho, Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Fe in situ nanocomposite
produced by friction stir processing, Intermetallics ,Vol.16 (2008),p.1104-1108.
[11] Shafiei-Zarghani A., Kashani-Bozorg S.F., Zarei-Hanzaki A.. Mater. Sci. Eng. A [J], Vol2009(500),P.84.
[12] Lim D.K., Shibayanagi T., A.P. Gerlich. Mater. Sci. Eng. A [J], Vol2009(507),p.194.
[13] Hu C.M., Lai C.M., Kao P.W., et al.Scripta mater [J], Vol.2009(60),p.639.
[14] Wang Wei, Shi Qingyu, Liu Peng,et al. J mater process tech [J],Vol. 2009(209),p.2099.
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NUMERICAL METHOD
ACEX213
Mr. Ahmad Baroutaji
School of mechanical and manufacturing engineering,
Dublin city university, Dublin,
Ireland
Analysis of The Effect of The Elliptical Ratio in the Tubular Energy

Absorbers under Quasi-Static Conditions
A.Baroutaji, A.G.Olabi
School of mechanical and manufacturing engineering, Dublin city university, Dublin, Ireland
Tubular systems are proposed to use as energy absorber because they are cheap and they are easy
manufacturability; recently some researchers use the elliptical tube as energy absorber.
In this work, the influence of elliptical ratio (r =D1/D2) on energy absorption capability and load carrying
capacity and stress of mild steel elliptical tubes has been investigated both experimentally and numerically, the
experimental analyses conducted by using Zwick Type BT1-FB050TN testing instrument.
In this study a velocity of 5 mm/min was applied to the moving component to ensure the quasi-static conditions
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whereas velocities between 0.5mm/min and 15 mm/min have been used by many researchers to simulate the
quasi-static lateral compression of tubes [1].
In addition to the experimental work, computational method using ANSYS is used to predict the loading and
response of such tubes where series of models was performed with elliptical ratios ranging from 0.5 to 1.5.
Comparison of numerical and experimental force-deflection response is presented.
Keywords: Energy Absorber, ANSYS, Quasi-static analyses, Compression test, Elliptical tube, Circular tube
References
[1] E. Morris, A.G. Olabi, M. Hashmi, (2007), Journal of Materials Processing Tech., Vol.191 (1-3), pp. 132-135.
ACEX245
Prof. Shinichi Tsuda
Graduate School of Engineering,
Tokai University, Hiratsuka, 259-1292,
Japan
A Computational Method of Optimal Guidance and Control for Space Robot Operation
T. Kobayashi, S. Tsuda
Course of Aerospace, Graduate School of Engineering,
Tokai University, Hiratsuka, 259-1292, JAPAN
For the future space robot application it is mandatory to capture the moving target, like space debris and failed
spacecraft, by the robotic arm which is mounted on the spacecraft main body. In the robot operation we require
(1) to solve the kinematic equations for guidance, (2) to apply optimal control to track the target, (3) to solve the
dynamic equations of the robot and (4) to compensate the relative orbital motion between the space robot and
the target.
In the process (1) we apply the generalized Jacobian matrix which was developed to deal with space robot [1].
In (2), Two Point Boundary Value Problem (TPBVP) is formulated to obtain the optimal feedback control gains.
Suboptimal control approach is introduced and piecewise optimal solutions for linearized time-varying state
space equations are applied. For the realistic solutions we utilize the steady state solutions of Algebraic
Riccati Equation. As for (3) we use the dynamic equations derived from the linearized equations of motion by
neglecting higher order terms like Coriolis and centrifugal terms because of the very slow robot motion. In (4),
the relative motion between the robot arm and the target must be taken into account for tracking control.
Therefore in this study Hill‘s equation is applied to describe the relative motion. Using above formulations we
conducted numerical simulations and obtained satisfactory results.
[1]Yoji Umetani and Kazuya Yoshida, ―Resolved Motion Rate Control of Space Robotic Manipulators with
Generalized Jacobian Matrix‖ JRSJ, Vol.7, No.4,pp.327-337,1989
ACEX273
Prof. Elsa Garavaglia
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Politecnico di Milano,
Department of Structural Engineering,
Piazza L. da Vinci, 32, Milano, Italy
The credibility measure of probabilistic approaches in life-cycle assessment of complex systems: a

discussion
E. Garavaglia1
1Politecnico di Milano, Department of Structural Engineering, Piazza L. da Vinci, 32, Milano, Italy.
The life-cycle assessment of complex system over time suffers by uncertainty and its probabilistic modeling is
required. If a system is new, it performance is high, but, over time, different random attacks can reduce the
performance level until the reaching of an unacceptable level, usually defined as ―failure‖. The failure process
can be approached as a stochastic transition process where the random variable assumed is the failure time.
The modeling of failure time requires a probabilistic approach. In this paper the approach proposed is a semi-
Markov approach in connection with a Monte Carlo simulation. As all the probabilistic models also the semi-
Markov approach suffers of uncertainty. The influence of the epistemic uncertainty on the failure time prediction
is here analyzed and discussed applying the criterion of validation introduced by Grandori et al. in [1] and
based on an estimator called credibility. This criterion is based on a credibility index able to compare two
models and decide which one is the most reliable [1] [2] [3]. Two different distributions are put in competition in
the modeling of the failure times of a steel truss structure and them credibility evaluated assuming as truth a
Weibull process. The true failure times process is reproduced by Monte Carlo simulation, the credibility index is
built on the basis of a large set of samples with different population size and randomly selected by Monte Carlo
simulation. The results obtained show the importance to have information concerning which between two
models is the most reliable to assess a given process and, consequently, the important role of credibility
indicator. Moreover, using the case study proposed, it is shown as a wrong model can have a relevant
influence on the lifetime prediction and, consequently, on the cost of maintenance.
[1] G. Grandori, E. Guagenti, and A. Tagliani, J. of Seismology, 2, 27, (1998).
[2] G. Grandori, E. Guagenti, and A. Tagliani, BSSA, 93(3), 1091 (2003).
[3] E. Guagenti. E. Garavaglia, and L. Petrini, ISEC02 Conf, Balkema, 2, 1211 (2003).
ACEX277
Prof. Miguel Ângelo Menezes
UNESP – São Paulo State University,
Brazil
Finite Element Analysis of the Total Forming Force of Thin-Walled Metallic Tube Junctions Employing
Elastomers
Cristiano Roberto Martins Foli
ITA - Aeronautic Technological Institute, Praça Mal. Eduardo Gomes, 50 – Vila das Acácias – S. J. Campos –
SP, Brasil, CEP 1228-900. e-mail: foli@ita.br
Miguel Ângelo Menezes

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UNESP – São Paulo State University, Av. Brasil no 56 – Centro, Ilha Solteira – SP, Brasil,
CEP 15385000. e-mail: miguel@dem.feis.unesp.br
Lindolfo Araújo Moreira Filho
ITA - Aeronautic Technological Institute, Praça Mal. Eduardo Gomes, 50 – Vila das Acácias – S. J. Campos –
SP, Brasil, CEP 1228-900. e-mail: foli@ita.br
Among the forming processes come out the metallic junction forming using elastomers. This forming process
presents a considerable number of variables, as for instance: the definition of the necessary relationship
between the progress of the dome formed and the developed pressure in the elastomer, the friction and
lubricating conditions during the junction forming, the role of the anisotropy and the material strain-hardening,
so as the influence of the strain-rate in the forming process and the definition of the maximum force to form the
junctions. Process modelling has become an effective tool in reducing the lead-time and the cost for designing
forming processes for manufacturing automotive and aerospace components. Several research works are
being developed seeking to approximate the experimental and mathematical analysis in manufacturing
processes. Computer software‘s for process modelling, and the transfer of this technology to the industry have
contributed towards the advance in developing of this tool. This paper aims to calculating the total forming force
through numerical simulation process of thin-walled tube junctions using elastomer, where are considered
important parameters such as: friction, elastomer length and material mechanical properties. Furthermore, in
the work is employed the finite element program Deforming-3D. Hence, comparisons are made between the
obtained numerical results and available experimental results.
Keywords: Elastomer, Metallic Junction, Unconventional Forming, Finite Element, Total Forming Force and
Deforming 3D.
Correspondence to:
UNESP – Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira
A/C: Prof. Miguel Ângelo Menezes
Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica
Avenida Brasil, 56 – Centro
15385-000 – Ilha Solteira – SP
BRASIL
miguel@dem.feis.unesp.br
ACEX290
Dr. Hamid Ekhteraei Toussi
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
Mashhad, I.R. Iran
An enhanced iterative method for inverse structural problems

H. Ekhteraei Toussi1, H. Izadi Ghoddousi1
1Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, I.R. Iran
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In Computational Structure Mechanics (CSM) the continuum media under study is modeled by a bunch of
nodes. The well known technique of Finite Element Method (FEM) is a CSM routine devised to correlate the
force and deflection of the nodes. In a direct FEM problem, in each node just one of the force or their
associated displacement components is unspecified. Then if in some nodes both force and displacement
components are unknowns, the problem is called an inverse problem. A typical inverse problem for a beam is
the estimation of load on the beam by measuring its displacement. The solutions of inverse problems are
naturally sensitive to the input data and are classified as ill-posed problems. In practice the FEM modeling of a
CSM inverse problem results in a sparse, un-symmetric, and often rectangular stiffness matrix. A through
treatment of the problem is given in [1]. There are both iterative and non-iterative methods of solution for such
a problem. One of the well-known iterative techniques is the method of Least Squares (LSQR). As it can be
seen in [2], the function of the method may be improved by invoking of some additional matrix manipulations
known as preconditioning and column scaling. Here in this work to improve the results of the application of
LSQR method in CSM problems the use of some pre-conditioners and column scaling techniques are
introduced. To this ends, the estimations of the end load of a cantilever beam is selected as the case study.
The numerical results show that LSQR method with the pre-conditioners known as AINV and CIMGS are the
proper combinations for the solution technique. It is also shown that a definite norm known as "condition
number" is a good criterion for the evaluation of the solution accuracy.
[1] T.J. Martin, J. Halderman, G.S. Dulikravich, Comput. Struct., 56, 825 (1995)
[2] D. Khojasteh Salkuyeh, S. Karimi, F. Toutounian, J. Appl. Math. Inform., 28, 213 (2008)
ACEX294
Ms. Zeinab Zandieh
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
Generating Optimal Temperature Trajectory of a S-PVC Batch Reactor Based on Genetic Algorithm
Z. Zandieh, A. Mehrabani-Zeinabad, M. Nasr Esfahany
Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology,
Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
A batch polymerization reactor model for production PVC has been developed. It was used for optimization of
the polymerization process. The productivity of system increases by reduction of the batch polymerization time.
Genetic Algorithm (GA) was used for determining of the optimal temperature trajectory profile to achieve the
desired final monomer conversion in a minimum batch time with constraints of molecular weight and reactor
thermal capacity. The results obtained by GA were improved further by application of SQP method initially for
generating initial population of input data.
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ACEX327
Prof. Hossein Showkati
Civil Engineering Dept.
Urmia University
Urmia, Iran
An experimental investigation on bending stability of cylindrical shells

H.Showkati & T.Ghanbari
Cylindrical shell structures are highly susceptible to buckling phenomena when they experience compressive
stress. In fact, quite few are the experimental researches that precise the real behavior of a cylindrical shell
submitted to pure bending especially thinner ones, thanks to the difficulty of pure bending applying to such thin
shells and that such structures behavior under bending is frequently considered rather similar to pure
compression. This paper describes an experimental investigation of a procedure including a system for
applying pure bending to the cylindrical shells of R/t ratio equals to around 130. The instrumentation consists of
a new loading protocol in which the pure bending is applied using concentrated loads at the ends of the test
model. The critical values for moments were compared with FEA results considering corresponding buckling
modes.
Keywords: cylindrical shells; experimental technique; pure bending; buckling load;
ACEX381
Dr. Benny Malengier
Ghent University, Ghent,
Galglaan 2, 9000, Belgium
Numerical Model for the Determination of the Soil Retention Curve from Global Characteristics
Obtained via a Centrifuge
B. Malengier1, J. Kačur2
1Ghent University, Ghent, Galglaan 2, 9000, Belgium.
2Comenius University, Bratislava, Mlynska dolina 84842, Slovakia.
We consider the determination of the soil retention curve of low conductive porous media. Traditional
experimental methods require expensive instruments and/or long running times. This is due to the fact that they
use steady state regimes, or use experimental setups that need special preperation (eg radioactive tracers,
embedded electrodes, ...). We propose to use transient data for the determination of the soil retention curve in
combination with measured global characteristics like the rotational momentum or the gravitational center, and
the mass of infiltrated and expelled water.
This approach needs an inverse method (typically gradient based) to determine the retention curve from the
transient measurements. This requires an accurate and fast solver for the direct problem. Different reasons
make this a difficult task. First, the mathematical model of infiltration is represented by Richards strongly
nonlinear and degenerate equation expressed in terms of the soil parameters by the Van Genuchten-Mualem
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ansatz. Second, to sample the entire range of the soil retention curve one has to solve the degenerate case
too. That is, one needs to consider three interfaces: the interface between dry and partially saturated soil, the
interface between saturated and partially saturated, and also the dropping water level from the reservoir placed
on top of the centrifuge sample. Thirdly, as low conductive materials are considered, centrifugation times can
be days, or even weeks, which has to be accurately modelled over the entire experimental time.
We propose a numerical method that allows the proposed experimental setup. The numerical method is based
on a method of lines approach, using a non-local boundary condition. Next, the properties of typical differential
algebraic equation solvers are used to do a small regularization, allowing to obtain an accurate solution.
ACEX402
Mr. P. Madhava Sarma
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering,
Sastra University,Thanjavur-613402,
India
Leak analysis in a spherical tank process based on neural network

M.Sridevi, P.Madhavasarma. S.Sundaram*
Department of Electronics& Instrumentation Engineering
SASTRA UNIVERSITY
Thanjavur 613401 Tamilnadu, India,
Leakage in industrial plants leads to heavy monitory losses and also alters model parameters with which
controllers were designed. Artificial leakages was introduced in a spherical tank process in flow rates ranging
from 2 to 5 lpm of water with sodium chloride as tracer. The model parameters for the process based on step
response was estimated with and without leakage .The data was analyzed using neural network .The model
generated based on neural network was able to predict leakage losses within three percent as compared to
experimental data.
Key words:
Spherical tank, Neural network, Sodium chloride, Model, Leakage
* ss_2410@yahoo.co.in
ACEX492
Dr. Aleksey Bolesta
Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,
Novosibirsk, Russia.
Molecular dynamics simulation of argon nucleation from supersaturated vapor

A.V. Bolesta1, V.M. Fomin1, A.A. Onischuk2, P.A. Purtov2, S.V. Vosel2,3
106 | P a g e
1Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Novosibirsk, Russia.

2Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, Russia.
3 Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Novosibirsk, Russia.
The spontaneous formation of liquid droplets in a supersaturated vapor is the best known example of
homogeneous nucleation. In recent years research on gas-liquid nucleation has gained a new impulse. This is
partly due to the emergence of experimental techniques that make it possible to measure nucleation rates with
high accuracy and produce small clusters of various materials (metals, medicines, etc). The modern theory of
interfacial thermodynamics has its origins in the Gibbs theory of surface tension. The key parameter in the
Gibbs theory is surface tension attributed to a so-called surface of tension. The critical nucleus is often
extremely small in size so that the homogeneous bulk properties are not attained even in its center. As well for
small clusters surface tension turns out to be strong function of droplet radius [1]. That‘s why direct molecular
dynamics simulation of nucleation processes in supersaturated vapor is an appealing method for the detailed
investigation of the particle growth dynamics and for the validation of existing nucleation theories.
In present research we study the process of nucleation in supersaturated argon vapor. The recently proposed
technique of kinetic reconstruction of the free-energy landscape [2] was employed for calculation of the size
and formation free energy for critical cluster. The separation of translational free energy of the critical cluster
enables us to estimate the radius of surface of tension and thus to determine surface tension dependence on
curvature for atomic sized droplets.
[1] A.A. Onischuk, P.A. Purtov, A.M. Baklanov, V.V. Karasev and S.V. Vosel, J. Chem. Phys., 124, 014506
(2006).
[2] J. Wedekind and D. Reguera, J. Phys. Chem. B, 112, 11060 (2008).
ACEX513
Mr. Mohd Akramin Mohd Romlay
University Malaysia Pahang,
Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang,
23600, Malaysia
Hybrid Finite Element and Monte Carlo Analysis of Cracked Structure

M.R.M. Akramin1, Zulkifli Ahmad1, A.K. Ariffin2, N.A.N. Mohamed2
1Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, 23600, Malaysia.
2Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 43650, Malaysia.
In order to model the uncertainties in fracture mechanics analysis a probabilistic approach is introduced. The
nature of crack in materials is affected by uncertainties aspects which become the main focus in this research
work. The objective of this work is to calculate the rigidity of cracked structures based on failure probability by
using simulation technique. The methodology consists of cracked structures modelling, finite element
calculation, generation of adaptive mesh, sampling of cracked structure including uncertainties factors and
probabilistic analysis using Monte Carlo method. Probabilistic analysis represents uncertainty in modeling
studies which offers the opportunity to make statistical statements about the impact of parameter uncertainty
especially when compare with deterministic models. Therefore, the hybrid finite element and Monte Carlo
107 | P a g e
analysis provides the failure probability of the structures. The probability of failure caused by uncertainties
relates to loads and material properties of the structure are estimated using Monte Carlo simulation technique.
Variability of loads and material properties are represented in a probabilistic analysis by using statistical
distribution functions. Numerical examples are presented to show that probabilistic analysis based on Monte
Carlo simulation provides accurate estimates of failure probability. The comparison shows that the combination
between finite element analysis and probabilistic analysis provides a simple and realistic of quantify the failure
probability.
ACEX515
Prof. Bigerelle
Laboratoire Roberval,
UMR CNRS 6253,
Compiègne, France
A Thermodynamic Approach of the Instabilities of the Discretized Diffusion Equations by the Statistical
Mechanics and the Information Theory
M. Bigerelle1, H. Naceur2 and A. Iost3
1Laboratoire Roberval, UMR CNRS 6253, Compiègne, France.
2Lamih, University of Valenciennes, UMR CNRS 8530, Valenciennes, France.
3Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille, UMR CNRS 8107, ENSAM Lille, France.
In a recent paper [1], we have proposed a physical interpretation of the instability of the parabolic partial
differential equations when solved by finite differences. However our results were obtained using integration
techniques based on erf functions meaning that no statistical fluctuations were introduced in the mathematical
background. In this paper, we showed that the diffusive system can be divided into sub-systems onto which a
Brownian motion is applied. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to reproduce the macroscopic diffusive
system. It is shown that the amount of information characterised by the compression ratio of information of the
system is pertinent to quantify the entropy of the system according to some concepts introduced by the authors
[2]. Thanks to this mesoscopic discretization, it is proved that information on each sub-cell of the decreases
with time before the unstable equality and increases after this threshold involving an increase in negentropy
i.e. a decrease in entropy contrarily to the second principle of thermodynamics.
[1] M. Bigerelle and A. Iost, Int. J. of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation, 5 (2), 121-134 (2004).
[2] M. Bigerelle and A. Iost, Can. J. Phys. 85(12), 1381–1394 (2007).
ACEX523
Prof. Raimundo Delgado
Universidade do Porto - Faculdade de Engenharia
Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n
4200-465 Porto
Portugal
VAT nº PT501 413 197
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Non Linear Shear Effects On The Ciclic Behavior Of RC Hollow Piers

P. Delgado1, A. Monteiro2, A. Arêde2, N. Vila Pouca2, A. Costa3, R. Delgado 2,
1Polytechnic Institute, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.
2Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Portugal.
3University of Aveiro, Portugal
Reinforced concrete hollow section piers have been subject of several studies in the recent past, from which
one important drawn conclusion is the significant influence of shear effects on these piers behaviour,
particularly under cyclic loading. In that framework, tests were carried out at LESE (Laboratory of Earthquake
and Structural Engineering) from FEUP (Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto) on several reduced
scale (1:4) RC hollow section bridge piers under lateral cyclic loading with constant axial force [1].
This work aims at presenting the numerical simulations performed for some of the referred piers in order to
better understand phenomena associated with its cyclic behaviour, as observed in the experimental campaign.
The numerical strategy was based on refined 3D FEM discretization using a two-scalar variable damage model
for the concrete constitutive law and a suitable cyclic behaviour law for steel bars represented by uniaxial
elements. As is well known, the shear effects are complex phenomena involving the global behaviour of the
structural elements and where the non linear effects have a crucial role. In this paper a detailed modelling was
used allowing for realistic simulations of the non linear behaviour, which was found particularly suitable when
significant shear effects are involved. The bond between the bars and the embedding concrete, by
incorporating a bond stress – slip behaviour law in the numerical calculations is considered, an effect
particularly important when thin plain steel bars are considered, as is the case of the tested piers. The adopted
formulation is similar to the well known Eligehausen proposals although with slightly modified cyclic behaviour
parameters.
[1] Delgado, R., Delgado, P., Pouca, N. V., Arêde, A., Rocha, P. e Costa, A. (2009) "Shear effects on hollow
section piers under seismic actions: experimental and numerical analysis", Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,
7: 377-389 (DOI: 10.1007/s10518-008-9098-x).
ACEX544
Dr. Essam A. Al-Bahkali
College of Engineering
P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421,
Saudi Arabia
Finite Element Modeling of Weld-Bonded Joint

Essam A. Al-Bahkali, M. H. Es-Saheb, J. Herwan
Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering
P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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Weld-bonding process is increasingly used in many industries such as automobile, aerospace, home
appliances etc. Weld-bonding is a combination of the conventional resistance spot welding and adhesive-
bonding. It offers significant improvements in static, dynamic and impact toughness properties of sheet metal
joints. Also, it improves the corrosion, noise resistance and stiffness of the joint. Therefore, a systematic
theoretical and experimental investigation of the process is essential. Any efforts in the analysis and modeling
of this process are needed for manufacturing and design. However, modeling of this process is complex and
tedious. It involves a large number of parameters and it includes both geometric and materials non-linearities.
Therefore, achieving representative theoretical models for this process is very important in saving efforts, in the
cumbersome experiments and analysis, and has a positive impact on the manufacture and further design of
joining.
In this work, these issues are addressed, and a systematic experimental and theoretical investigation is
conducted. A complete 3-D finite element modeling of the joint, using ABAQUS finite element package is
developed and presented. This includes the 3-D finite element modeling of the spot welded, bonded and weld
bonded joints under axial loading conditions. Furthermore, the modeling covers the whole elastic and plastic
deformations up to the failure point. Unfortunately, to complete the modeling the knowledge of many properties
and quantities such like, the elastic – plastic properties, modulus of elasticity, fracture limit, the properties of the
nugget and heat affected zones, etc. is required. Thus, a detailed experimental program to evaluate these
quantities is carried out. This include, standard testing of the base metal (stainless steel), the adhesive, the
nugget and heat affected zone as well as employing the indentation techniques, and ductile fracture limits
criteria, using the special notch tests. Complete load-displacement curves, for each joint together with the
stress distributions, particularly triaxial Von Miese stresses, in the joint at the elastic and plastic regions are
obtained both experimentally and from the finite element developed models. Experimental data are used for the
verification, and the evaluation of the developed model‘s accuracy. In general, the results obtained for all joints
from finite element model, particularly the load-displacement curves, showed excellent agreement with the
experimental data.
[1] T.A Venkatesh, K. J. Van Vliet, A. E. Giannakopoulos, and S. Suresh, Determination of elasto-plastic
properties by instrumented sharp indentation: guidelines for property extraction, Scripta Mateialia, 42, p.833
(2000).
[2] M. Dao, N. Chollacoop, K. J. Van Vliet, T. A. Venkatesh, and S. Suresh, Computational modeling of forward
and reverse problems in instrumented sharp indentation, Acta Materialia, 49, p.3899 (2001).
[3] Q.D. Yang, M.D. Thouless, and S.M. Ward, Elastic-plastic mode II fracture of adhesive joints, International
Journal of Solid Structure, 38, p.3251 (2001).
[4] B. Chang, Y. Shi, and L. Lu, Studies on the stress distribution and fatigue behavior of weld-bonded lap
shear joints, J of Mater Process Tech, 108, p.307 (2001).
[5] P.K. Ghosh and Vivek, Weldbonding of stainless steel, ISIJ International, 43, p.85 (2003).
[6] M. N. Cavalli, M.D. Thouless, and Q.D. Yang, Cohesive modeling of deformation and fracture of weld-
bonded joints, AWS (2003).
[7] S. Li, M.D. Thouless, A.M. Waas, J.A. Schoeder, and P.D. Zavattieri, Use of Mode I cohesive zone models
to describe the fracture of an adhesively-bonded polymer-matrix composite, Composite Science and
Technology, 65, p.281 (2005).
[8] K. Furukawa, M. Katoh, K. Nishio, and T. Yamaguchi, Influence of electrode pressure and welding
conditions on the maximum tensile shear load, Q. J of the Japan Welding Society, p.10 (2006).
110 | P a g e
[9] B. Bouyousfi, T.Sahraoui, S.Guessasma, and K.T.Chaoch, Effect of process parameter on the physical
characteristic of spot weld joints, J Mater and Design, 28, p.414 (2007).
[10] X. Kong, Q. Yang, B. Li, G. Rothwell, R. English, and H. J. Ren, Numerical Study of spot-welded joints of
steel, J Mater and Design, 29, p.1554 (2008).
PLASTICITY
ACEX389
Mrs. Rosnaini BT Saidan
Development of Cutting Tools through Superplastic Boronizing of Duplex Stainless Steel

R. Saidan, I. Jauhari
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Cemented carbides are probably the most popular and most common high production tool materials today. In
industry today, carbide tools have replaced high-speed steels in most applications. These carbide and coated
carbide tools cut about 3 to 5 times faster than high-speed steels. The carbides tools however require
expensive and sophisticated processing method to fabricate. Furthermore, used cemented carbide tools are
very difficult to be recycled.
In the proposed framework, a new method is developed to produce cutting tools which is more practical,
economical and yet with superior properties called Superplastic Boronizing (SPB) process. The basic principle
of SPB process is to perform boronizing while the specimen undergoes superplastic deformation. Using duplex
111 | P a g e
stainless steel (DSS) as the substrate, cutting tools with very hard surface are able to be produced through this
method. DSS is chosen here based on its ability to show superplasticity and high chromium content
Through SPB process, a dense and uniform boronized layer with 47.2 μm thickness and surface hardness of
up to 2900 HV are obtained. Furthermore, evaluation on the cutting performance shows that the
superplastically boronized tool produced the lowest surface roughness of machined surface. Comparisons are
made using tool that is boronized using conventional boronizing method and also commercial tool. Details of
the process and results will be further explained.
ACEX424
Prof. Darren Edward Mason
Albion College, Albion, MI, USA,
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, US,
USA
Prediciting Fracture Nucleation at Grain Boundaries in TiAl using Evolving Mesoscale Metrics
D.E. Mason, T.R. Bieler1, P. Eisenlohr2, M.A. Crimp1
Albion College, Albion, MI, USA, 1Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, MI, US, 2Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany.
A well characterized patch of a polycrystalline TiAl is used to evaluate the ability of fracture initiation
parameters (fip) to predict the relative resistance of grain boundaries to microcracking when subjected to a
defined global stress state. Prior work examined the development of grain boundary microcracks that
developed during 4-point bending. A variety of metrics based on the mesoscopic quantities of initial grain
orientation, grain boundary normal orientation, alignment of slip/twin systems, as well as the macroscopic
tensile stress state, identified some boundaries as being more susceptible to cracking than others. In the
current study fip concepts are generalized to a local fip at the mesoscale that evolves in both space and time
during deformation. Local lattice curvature near the grain boundary, local elastic and plastic stress evolution,
and compatibility at the grain boundary are among the quantities considered. The evolution of these local fip
models are then evaluated using data generated from a three dimensional crystal plasticity finite element
(CPFE) simulation of the same experimental TiAl region to identify how the fip evolves with deformation using
the local stress and slip accumulation provided by the CPFE results.
ACEX544
Dr. Essam A. Al-Bahkali
College of Engineering
P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421,
Saudi Arabia
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Elastic Plastic Stress Distribution in Bond Welded Lap Joint under Axial Loading
E. A. Al-Bahkali, M. H. Es-Saheb, J. Herwan
Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering
P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
Spot welding, bonding and Weld-bonding processes have many applications in different industries such as
automobile, aerospace, home appliances etc. A full understanding of these processes is a must for the joints
automation of manufacturing and design. However, the modeling and analysis of these processes is complex.
One important needed aspect is the knowledge of the stresses distributions at all levels of elastic and plastic
loadings. These are required to assess the joint performance and application limits. This issue is not
systematically investigated neither reported in literature. Very few scattered works are reported in the elastic
region only. Therefore, to improve design procedures and welding codes, a more methodical investigation
covering all stresses distributions are essential.
In this work, these issues are addressed, and an experimental and theoretical investigation is conducted. A
complete 3-D finite element modeling of the spot welded, bonded and weld bonded joints, using ABAQUS finite
element package are developed and presented under axial loading conditions. Many properties and quantities
such like, the elastic – plastic properties, modulus of elasticity, fracture limit, the properties of the nugget and
heat affected zones, etc., required for modeling are experimentally evaluated. The stress distributions, for each
joint, particularly triaxial Von Miese stresses, in the entire joint covering both the elastic and plastic regions are
obtained from the finite element developed models and presented. The F.E. results obtained, particularly in the
elastic regions compared very well with the previous published works.
[1] T.A Venkatesh, K. J. Van Vliet, A. E. Giannakopoulos, and S. Suresh, Determination of elasto-plastic
properties by instrumented sharp indentation: guidelines for property extraction, Scripta Mateialia, 42, p.833
(2000).
[2] M. Dao, N. Chollacoop, K. J. Van Vliet, T. A. Venkatesh, and S. Suresh, Computational modeling of forward
and reverse problems in instrumented sharp indentation, Acta Materialia, 49, p.3899 (2001).
[3] Q.D. Yang, M.D. Thouless, and S.M. Ward, Elastic-plastic mode II fracture of adhesive joints, International
Journal of Solid Structure, 38, p3251 (2001).
[4] P.K. Ghosh and Vivek, Weldbonding of stainless steel, ISIJ International, 43, p.85, (2003).
[5] Al-Samhan and S.M. Darwish, Finite element modeling of weld-bonded joints, J of Mater Process Tech,
142, p.587 (2003).
[6] M. N. Cavalli, M.D. Thouless, and Q.D. Yang, Cohesive modeling of deformation and fracture of weld-
bonded joints, AWS (2003).
[7] S. Li, M.D. Thouless, A.M. Waas, J.A. Schoeder, and P.D. Zavattieri, Use of Mode I cohesive zone models
to describe the fracture of an adhesively-bonded polymer-matrix composite, Composite Science and
Technology, 65, p.281 (2005).
[8] B. Bouyousfi, T.Sahraoui, S.Guessasma, and K.T.Chaoch, Effect of process parameter on the physical
characteristic of spot weld joints, J Mater and Design, 28, p.414 (2007).
[9] X. Kong, Q. Yang, B. Li, G. Rothwell, R. English, and H. J. Ren, Numerical Study of spot-welded joints of
steel, J Mater and Design, 29, p.1554 (2008).
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[10] ABAQUS User‘s Manual, Version 6.8, 2009
SPECIAL SESSION 1
ACEX233
Prof. Ricardo Pedro Bom
University of the State of Santa Catarina
Brazil
SS1
Analysis of the surface of parts injected with ABS and treated with acetic acid.
Influence of process parameters.
R.P. Bom1, E.H. Murakami1,2
1University of the State of Santa Catarina– UDESC – Center for Science and Technology – CCT. Mechanical
Engineering Department, Campus Universitário Avelino Marcante, B. Bom Retiro, CEP 89.223-100, Joinville,
SC, Brazil.
2Whirlpool S.A. compressor plant, Joinville, SC, Brazil.
This study examined the influence of process parameters of ABS injection molding on the surface residual
stress generated during the filling, packing and cooling phases. The thickness of layers of Cu-Ni-Cr electro
deposited by optical microscopy was determined. Several specimens were injection molded with ABS and with
different process parameters. Specimen surfaces were treated with glacial acetic acid for two minutes at room
temperature. Analysis of surfaces by electro microscopy was performed. This enabled the identification of the
influence of injection parameters on surface morphology after treatment with acid. The correlation of results
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with the surface residual stress achieved through simulation was obtained. The method used for determining
surface residual stress which damages the electro deposit process originated from injection mold was
experimentally determined upon the absence or presence of surface bleaching. Upon the interaction of
statistical, numerical and experimental tools, an equation and response surface model was established. From
this surface, following an isoline of residual stress, it was experimentally demonstrated that it is possible to
achieve specimens with non bleached surfaces with low injection time and packing pressure equal to injection
pressure.
[1]. E. H. Murakami, R. P. Bom. Influência dos parâmetros de processo sobre a tensão residual na superfície
de peças injetadas. In: Proceedings of the 63o Congresso Anual da ABM, p. 626-635 Santos, (2008).
ACEX261
Dr. G.M.R. Vieira
Federal Center of Technological Education
Celso Suckow da Fonseca – CEFET/RJ,
20.271-110, Rio de Janeiro, RJ,
Brazil
Computer Vision Analysis of a Melting Interface Problem with Natural Convection

G.M.R. Vieira1, F.R. Leta2, P. Costa3, S.L. Braga4, D. Gobin5
1Federal Center of Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca – CEFET/RJ,
20.271-110, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
2Federal University Fluminense – UFF, 24.210-240, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
3National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality – INMETRO, 25.250-020, Duque de
Caxias, RJ, Brazil.
4Federal Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro – PUC-RJ, 22.453-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
5FAST - CNRS – Université Paris VI, Campus Universitaire, Bât.502, 91405, Orsay, France.
This paper presents some image-processing techniques to analyze a phase-change problem with natural
convection. The analysis and interpretation of images are very important for the correct understanding of the
phenomenon under study. Methods of image processing and analysis are used to validate the mathematical
model and to automate the process of extracting information from the experimental model.
The images produced by the experiment show the melting of a vertical ice layer into a differentially heated
rectangular cavity in presence of natural convection and density maximum. The analysis of the melting problem
in the presence of convection is very important for energy storage systems and other engineering applications.
The non-linear density variation in the buoyancy term affects the movement of the interface, the flow structure
and the heat transfer by natural convection as described by Vieira, Braga and Gobin [1]. The test section where
the melting experiments were performed allows to visualize the flow, measure temperatures, and take
photographs of the flow structure and the interface evolution.
[1] G.M.R. Vieira, S.L. Braga, D. Gobin, 13th International Symposium on Tranport Phenomena, Victoria, 617
(2002).
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ACEX326
Mr. Cyril Drocourt
LTI EA 3899
Université de Picardie Jules Verne,
48 rue Raspail 02100 Saint-Quentin;
France
IGED : Discret Element Method Graphic user Interface

H. Trannois1, J. Fortin1, C.Drocourt1, F. Dubois2
1LTI EA 3899 Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 48 rue Raspail 02100 Saint-Quentin.
2 LMGC - UMR 5508 Université MONTPELLIER II CC 048 Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex
5 France
The Finite Element Method (FEM) is widely used in numerical and mechanical simulation and more generally in
engineering science. Thus all FEM applications offer powerful tools for post-processing and display of the
results. Today these tools have reached a high degree of maturity, contributing, with progress in I.T. alongside
the theoretical aspects, to the development of FEM in industry and research. Over the last few years, the
increasing use of the Discrete Element Method (DEM) in many domains has required a large effort to develop
tools equivalent to those found in most Finite Element codes. The present work on the display and post-
processing of results should contribute to the development and use of DEM.
The aim of this article is to describe a tool for the manipulation of the results of calculations made with the help
of a Discrete Element code [1][2]: Graphic Interface for Discrete Element [3] code. Using the interface, a virtual
medium constructed on data from simulation can be studied. To carry out these experiments, use can be made
of sensors or the tracking/tracing of elements, thus enabling the extraction of subsets of data that are
representative of the phenomenon under investigation and their comparison with theoretical results. This tool
can handle files of the main DEM calculation codes, it is multi-platform and is based on libraries (OSG [4], HDF
[5]) optimising the resources of the processing station.
[1] F.Dubois, M.Jean, Lmgc90 une plateforme de développement dédiée à la modèlisation de problèmes
d‘intéraction. 6 ème colloque national en calcul des structures, page 111--page 118, 2003
[2] J.Fortin, O.Millet, G. de Saxcé, Numerical simulation of granular materials by an improved discrete element
method, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng, 62, page 639 -- page 663, 2005
[3] H. Trannois and al, Interface Graphique pour exploiter un code Eléments Discrets (IGED) 9 ème colloque
national en calcul des structures, vol 2, page 239--page 244, 2009
[4] http://www.openscenegraph.org/
[5] http://www.hdfgroup.org/HDF5/
ACEX352
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Prof. Tatsuya Kawaguchi

Tokyo institute of technology,
Tokyo, Meguro-ku O-okayama
2-12-1, Japan
Experimental and numerical investigation of melt-transcription molding process

T. Kawaguchi, S.Washizu, T.Saito and I.Satoh
Tokyo institute of technology, Tokyo, Meguro-ku O-okayama 2-12-1, Japan.
Injection molding and hot embossing lithography are the significant techniques to manufacture the micro-scale
thermoplastic polymeric materials. The processes however have difficulty in molding a thin large product. The
novel melt-transcription molding process (MTMP)[1] can produce the chip for medical and biochemistry
applications. In the process, molten polymer is extruded from the heated die and the thin polymer melt is
coated on the surface with microstructure. In the study, flow structure of non-Newtonian fluid around the die
exit was experimentally investigated by means of particle image velocimetry(PIV) and was numerically
analyzed by particle method(MPS)[2]. The die position was fixed and the coating surface was moved at
constant velocity. As the working fluid, shear thinning non-Newtonian flow was used. Flow rate, die exit shape
was varied as a parameter. For the PIV measurement cross-linked polystyrene particle and Nd:YAG laser was
used. Successive particle images were recorded by a high speed camera. Velocity vector distribution was
determined by a recursive template matching method written in C++ language. The velocity distribution shows
that the higher velocity was observed at the right edge of the die exit, in the vicinity of the coating surface as
well. The result showed that the adhesion effect of the polymer material on the stamp surface with
microstructure was significantly affected by the pressure history during the coating stage that could be
optimized by the die geometry and coating velocity.
[1] T.Saito, H.Ito , T.Kawaguchi and I.Satoh, Proc. Polymer Processing Soc. 24th Annual Meeting., S13–
397.pdf (2008).
[2] S. Wang, in Focus on Multidimensional Microscopy, Vol.1, p.567, P.C. Cheng, Ed. (World Scientific,
Singapore, 1999).
ACEX392
Mr. Piao Jinghu
South Korea
Economic Analysis of Digital Factory Layouts using Payback Period Method

J.H. Piao1, S. Park1, D.H. Oh1
Digital Factory has now become the most important Product Life Cycle Management in worldwide. This
concept offers an integrated approach to enhance the product and production engineering processes and its
simulation is a key technology within the concept. Different types of the simulation, such as discrete event or
3D manufacture simulation can be applied in virtual models on various planning levels and stages to improve
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the product and process planning on all levels. In this paper, using 3D manufacture simulation we have
modeled and simulated factory layouts to manufacture product. Economic analysis is the systematic approach
to determine the optimum use of scarce resources, involving comparison of two or more alternatives layouts in
achieving a specific objective. From the simulation of the layouts, we have performed economic analysis using
payback period method. It defines a time period during which the fixed cost is said to be paid back by charging
each unit an equal share of the fixed cost.
Acknowledgment: The authors are grateful for the support from the second stage of Brain Korea 21 Program.
[1] Brown, R.G., Proc. 2000 Winter Simulation Conference, 224(2000).

[2] Michael Grieves and CIMdata., Digital Manufacturing in PLM Environments,(2006).
[3] J.K. Park., J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. , 19, 7(2002).
[4] J.H. Kang., J. the Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. , 19, 15(2003).
[5] C.M. Lee, T.S. Lim, W.S. Jung, D.W.Lee., J. the Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. , 19, 31(2002).
[6] Whitney. D. E., MECHANICAL ASSEMBLIES, (OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2004).
[7] S.H. Jang., MS Thesis, (2008).
ACEX410
Mrs. Xiaona Xu
Korea
Peer-to-peer Based Geometric Modeling System For Function Sharing

S.I. Choi1, S. Park2, X. N. Xu2
1Senior Manager, Genoray Co., Ltd., South Korea.
2BK21 Mechatronics Group, Chungnam National University (CNU), South Korea.
A peer-to-peer, commonly abbreviated to P2P, is any distributed network architecture composed of participant
that make a portion of their resource directly available to other network participants, without the need for central
coordination instances. Peers are both providers and requesters of resources, in contrast to the traditional
client-server model where only servers provide, and clients consume. Peer-to-peer was popularized by file
sharing systems. In this paper, we are discussing about developed distributed geometrical modeling system to
share functions. The developed system has sharing of functions, which consist of client (requester) and server
(provider) as P2P and constructed by using CAD kernel and COM/DCOM technology. The developed system
has been evaluated with client-server and stand-alone system.
Acknowledgment: The authors are grateful for the support from the research fund of Chungnam National
University in 2009-10 and partially supported by the second stage of Brain Korea 21 Program.
[1] A. S. Tanenbaum, M. van Steen, Distributed Systems, Principles and paradigms, [Prentice Hall, 2002].
[2] Sung HA, et al., J. Computing and Information Science in Engineering, 1, 52 (2001).
[3] Laurent Denis, Yvon Gardana, Estelle Perrin, J. Computer-Aided Design, 36, 761 (2004).
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[4] X. Liu, J.Computer Aided Design, 32, 397 (2000).

[5] YM. Chen, MW. Liang, Int. J. Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 13, 11 (2000).
[6] S.I. Choi, S. Park, S. Murali, J. Mechanical Science and Technology, 24, 289 (2010).
[7] S.I. Choi, Doctoral Research Thesis, (2009).
ACEX493
Dr. Rita Ambu
University of Cagliari,
Cagliari, Piazza d‘Armi,
09123, Italy
Residual stress evaluation in vitreous enameled steel sheets by digital images analysis of
microstructures.
R. Ambu1, A. Zucchelli 2, G. Minak2
1University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Piazza d‘Armi, 09123, ITALY.
2University of Bologna, Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136, ITALY.
Vitreous enameled steel sheets are a special class of metal-ceramic composite materials obtained by a two
stages coating process: the deposition of the enamel raw material over the metal surface and the firing of the
binary system. During the firing process the enamel raw material melts and interacts with the metal substrate
so enabling the formation of a continuous varying structure [1,2]. Residual stresses are introduced during the
manufacturing process due to the difference between the coefficients of thermal expansion of the vitreous
enamel material and the metal substrate. The local structure of the material evidences that the interface
domain between the substrate and the external layer is made of a complex material system where the ceramic
vitreous and the metal constituents are mixed. Furthermore, the presence of pores characterises the vitreous
coating. This particular local structure can affect the distribution and entity of the residual stresses.
In this paper a procedure based on the analysis of digital images of micrographs has been applied to the
measurement of thermal stresses. The approach considered uses the digital images filtered and converted into
a graphical format to perform finite element simulations on the real local structure of the material. The results of
the local approach were then related to measurements performed on the global structure of the material to
evaluate to which extent the local structure can affect the stresses.
[1] J. Wratil, Vitreous Enamel, (Borax Holding Limited, London, 1984)

[2] V.V. Vargin, Technology of Enamels, (MACLAREN And SONS LTD London, 1967)
VIP-ACEX20
Prof. Panos Liatsis
City University de Londres,
UK
3D segmentation of CT angiograms
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A novel framework for segmentation and quantification of stenosed coronary arteries in 3D contrast enhanced
computed tomography angiography (CTA) is presented. According to our knowledge, no commercially
available software permits fully automated detection and assessment of atherosclerotic stenosis. Therefore, in
clinical practice, the radiologist has to make a detailed evaluation, segment by segment, which is a tedious and
time consuming task. In the proposed framework, the main branches of the coronary arteries are firstly
extracted from the volume datasets by using a localized region-based level sets framework. Next, calcified
voxels are removed by a post processing step. The centreline of the coronaries is extracted using the mesh
contraction algorithm. Finally, the circularity and the convex hull deficiency of the cross sections at specific
locations along the coronary arteries are calculated, which used in the automated detection and identifaction of
the presence of calcified stenosis.
VIP-ACEX24
Prof. Fabiana R. Leta
Universidade Federal Fluminense,
Brasil
Detection of Targets Angular Position Considering One Single Image

V. B. Mendes 1,2, J. C. P. Filho2, F. R. Leta1
1Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
2Instituto de Pesquisas da Marinha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
This paper presents a system for detecting angular position of targets, using feature extraction techniques in
digital imaging and artificial neural networks. We used military ships images graphically generated in three-
dimensional solid modeling software. We assessed different features groups, with some invariance in the
geometric space, obtained from ship modeled images at different angles and magnifications. We performed
different tests using neural networks applied to three distinct characteristics groups: geometric, invariant
moments and the Hu moments [2]. The results show the contribution of recognition algorithms in determination
of ship angular positioning regardless of their distance from the observer. The methodology produced good
results concerning the target spatial position information. The results encourage future applications for tracking
targets using infrared images [1], which are those usually adopted in public safety and military.
References:
[1] ALVES, J. A., Recognition of Ship Types from a Infrared Image using Moment Invariants and Neural
Networks, Dissertação de Mestrado, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Califórnia, EUA, 2001.
[2] HU, M. K., "Visual Pattern Recognition by Moment Invariants", IRE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. IT-8, pp.179–
187, 1962.
ACEX249
Prof. Ivica Kuzmanić
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Faculty of Maritime Studies,

Zrinjsko-Frankopanska 38, Split,
Croatia
Wavelet Compression/Reconstruction and Visualisation of Pulmonary X-Ray Images for Archieving of

Asbestosis Infected Patients Data
I. Kuzmanić1, M. Vujović2, S.M.Beroš3, I. Vujović1
1University of Split, Faculty of Maritime Studies, Zrinjsko-Frankopanska 38, Split, Croatia.
2 Occupational medicine private practice, Trg kralja Tomislava bb, 20340 Ploče, Croatia.
3University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Zrinjsko-
Frankopanska 38, 21000 Split, Croatia.
Image processing, visualing of infacted tissue and compression are very interesting in medical imaging, but
principles can be applied also in civil engineering, nanotechnology, etc. The paper deals with image processing
for archivieng of large amounts of medical data. Due to sensitivity of data, it is necessary to archieve data for a
long period of time and call it when need it. Data is image of pulmonary X-ray for living patients with suspicious
of asbestosis. Novel algorithm for image compression/reconstruction and visualisation of infected areas is
presented in the paper. This is different from previous algorithm, which delt with compression only. Previous
algorithm is improved in implementation (lifting instead of filters). Experiments are performed on real-patients
X-rays. Number of patients was 215, each with several images. Advantages of the proposed algorithm
implementation are enhanced asbestos shadows recognition, saving space for archieving X-rays and saving
time to call data. Tricky part of any such algorithm is to maintain medical information. Independent medical
experts confirmed that medical data is un-changed, in particular: till 14th level of wavelet decomposition while
using the second order symlets (compression ratio 1316), till 10th level for biortoghonal wavelets (bior1.1,
bior2.6, bior4.4), reverse biorthogonal wavelets till 14th level and so on.
[1] M. Karrakchou, M. Kunt, Time Frequency and Wavelets in Biomedical Signal Processing, M. Akay, Ed.
(IEEE Press, New York, 1998).
[2] I. Vujović, et. al., Vision Systems – Segmentation & Pattern Recognition, p. 243-268, G. Obinata and A.
Dutta, Ed. (I-Tech Education and Publishing, Vienna, 2007).
[3] J. P. Ko et al., Radiology, vol. 228, 70(2003).
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SPECIAL SESSION 2
ACEX044
Dr. B. Vengadaesvaran
Department of Physics,
50603 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
SS2
Development of Organic Resins Hybrid System Using Epoxy Polyol Resin for Mild Steel Protective
Coating
B. Vengadaesvaran, S. Ramis Rau, A.K. Arof and R. Puteh
Department of Physics University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
venga@um.edu.my
A hybrid system which forms compatible blends with epoxy resin was developed. The developed hybrid
systems can be used as a flexibiliser and toughener for epoxy resin. This study demonstrates an interesting
correlation between adhesion test, impact resistance test, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier
Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies. The hybrid systems were prepared by blending acrylic polyol
resin (A) with epoxy polyol resin (E) in various weight ratios and applied on the pre-treated cold rolled mild steel
panels. The dry film thickness was maintained within the range 40mm to 80mm. The panels were allowed to
cure under ambient air condition for one week prior to testing. The physical, mechanical, structural and thermal
properties were investigated to obtain the best formulation. The blending systems with 80A20E and 90A10E
exhibit good adhesive bonding and improved mechanical properties. FTIR study showed crosslink between the
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components of the binders. DSC showed that the glass transition temperature of the modified binders range
between 100oC to 150oC.
Keywords: Acrylic polyol resin; Epoxy polyol resin; Adhesion; Cross linking; Protective coating
ACEX045.1
Dr. Tadeusz Balawender
Rzeszow University of Technology,
W. Pola 2, 35-959 Rzeszow,
Poland
Experimental and numerical analysis of hybrid: clinched - adhesive joint

T.Balawender1, T.Sadowski2, P.Golewski2
1Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Powstańców Warszawy 8 Str., Poland.
2Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Nadbystrzycka 40 Str., Poland.
Choice of proper joining technology is essential aspect of designing and manufacturing activity. New product
designs enforce joining different materials in a new joining method. Clinching is a relatively new joining
technology in which sheet metal parts are deformed locally without use of any additional element. Combining
clinching with adhesive joining seems to be interesting hybrid joining method with new potential applications in
manufacturing industry [1].
The paper deals with experimental and numerical investigations of clinched lap joint of different metal strips
combined with their adhesive joint, which can be applied for different branches of engineering. The main
purpose of using different types of sheet metals was to analyze their influences on the geometry and
mechanical strength of the clinched joint. The experiments with application of digital image ARAMIS system
allowed for exact monitoring of the deformation process of considered hybrid joint. Finite element analysis done
with ABAQUS code was used to model the hybrid joint as well as the subsequent loading of the joint in the
shear and cross tension test and an analysis of the whole structural systems up to the final failure.
The clinched joint test specimens were carried out with laboratory test-stand which consisted of a pair of tools
(punch and die) attached to C-frame hydraulic press.
[1] F. Moroni, A. Pirondi, F. Kleiner: Experimental analysis and comparison of the strength of simple and hybrid
structural joints. IJA&A, 2010, doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2010.01.005
Acknowledgement
Financial support of Structural Funds in the Operational Programme - Innovative Economy (IE OP) financed
from the European Regional Development Fund - Project "Modern material technologies in aerospace
industry", No POIG.0101.02-00-015/08 is gratefully acknowledged.
ACEX053
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Ms. Lijuan Liao

Hiroshima University
Mechanical System Engineering
Material Mechanics Lab
Japan
Finite Element Stress Analysis and Strength Evaluation of Adhesive Joint with Epoxy-Steel Composite
Cylinders Subjected to Impact Push-off Loads
Lijuan Liao1, Toshiyuki Sawa1
1Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-
8527, JAPAN
The stress wave propagations and stress distributions in adhesive joint of epoxy-steel composite cylinders in
which the outside surface of a solid cylinder (steel) is fitted at the inside surface of a hollow cylinder (epoxy)
subjected to impact push-off loads with small strain rate are analyzed in elastic and elasto-plastic deformation
ranges using finite element method (FEM) as a three-body contact problem. The impact loads are applied to
the composite cylinders by dropping a weight. The FEM code employed is ANSYS/LS-DYNA. In the numerical
calculations, the effects of the rigidity, the diameter, the height of the solid cylinder, the minimum size of the
mesh element and the initial impact velocity on the stress wave propagations and stress distributions at the
interface area are examined. It is found that the maximum normal stress occurs at the upper edge of the
interface, where the rupture initiats in the composite cylinders while the impact push-off loads are applied.
Besides, it is also found that the normal stress near the upper edge of the interface increases as the rigidity,
the height of the solid cylinder, and the initial impact velocity increase, the diameter of the solid cylinder and the
minimum size of the mesh element decrease. While, the shear stress near the edge of the interface increases
as the rigidity and the height of the solid cylinder decrease, the diamter of the solid cylinder increase. The joint
strengths, which are estimated using the interface stress distributions described as impact energy, increases
as the rigidity and the height of the solid cylinder increase and the diameter of the soild cylinder decreases. In
addition, it is observed that the characteristics of the joints subjected to impact loads are opposite to those
subjected to static loads by comparing both stress distributions. Furthermore, experiments were carried out to
measure the strain response of the adhesive joint with epoxy-steel composite cylinders subjected to impact
and static push-off loads using strain gauges and the joint strengths were also measured. Fairy good
agreements are observed between the numerical and the measured results.
ACEX235
Ms. Noemí Encinas García
Materials Science and Engineer Departament
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
(NIF Q2818029G)
Av Universidad, 30
Spain
Approaches to poly (tetrafluoroethylene) adhesive bonding

N. Encinas, M. Pantoja, M. Torres-Remiro, M. A. Martínez
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Department of Science and Engineering of Materials and Chemical Engineering, IAAB

Group Behaviour in Service of Materials. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Av.Universidad, 30. 28911-
Leganés, Spain
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) is an interesting polymer since its properties, such as chemical (due to the
strong C-F and C-C bonds) and mechanical resistance or good thermal stability from -196 to 370ºC, differ from
the ones found in other plastic materials (flexibility, low thermal conductivity, etc). However, the industrial
applications of PTFE are hindered because of its low surface energy and poor adhesion properties, so the
modification of its surface is a requirement prior to a joint process [1-2]. Different methods have been
employed, such as irradiation, plasma or wet chemical treatments, all of them leading to a more wettable
surface thanks to C-F and C-C scission and C-O and C=O formation. In the present work PTFE is bonded
using three adhesives (polyurethane based Sikaflex-252, acrylic and epoxy). Surfaces are studied under
different conditions: pristine polymers, abraded with 180 grain size sandpaper, atmospheric pressure plasma
treated and using two chemical procedures (NaOH wt.50% immersion 5h at 60ºC and HNO3 64 wt. % +
KMnO4 6.02wt. % immersion 5h at 100ºC [3]). Surfaces are characterized by contact angle, FTIR-ATR and
SEM measurements. A pull-off test is used to evaluate changes on adhesion using steel studs.
[1]K. L. Mittal (Ed.), Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion, Vol. 5, VSP/Brill, Leiden (2009).
[2] E. David, A. Lazar and A. Armeanu, Surface modification of polytetrafluoroethylene for adhesive bonding, J.
Mater. Process. Technol. 157-158 (2004) 284-328.
[3] S. Wang, J. Li, J. Suo and T. Luo, Surface modification of poly (tetrafluoroethylene) film by a simple
chemical oxidation method, Appl. Surface Sci. 256 (2010) 2293-2298.
ACEX236
Mrs. Mariola Pantoja Ruiz
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid,
Av Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés (Madrid),
Spain
Characterization of bis-sulfur silane solutions as function of ratio ethanol/water to its application in

anaerobic adhesive joints on electrogalvanized steel
N. Encinas1, J. Abenojar1, Y.Ballesteros2, M. Pantoja1
1 Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Av Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés (Madrid), Spain.
2 Universidad Pontificia Comillas, C/ Alberto Aguilera 23, 28015 Madrid, Spain.
A minimum hydrolysis time is required to get an adequate crosslinking between silane film and metallic
substrate [1, 2], and that is function of the ratio ethanol/water of the silane solution prepared.
The main objective of this work is to study the effect of different ratios ethanol/water with the hydrolysis time for
a 1% bis-sulfur silane solution at pH natural, by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) and proton Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance (H1 NMR). The bis-sulfur silane used is bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-disulfide (DS). The
different solutions studied correspond to different ratios silane/ethanol/water in vol. The study was done
following the appearance of the siloxane and silanol groups and the disappearance of the ethoxi groups. These
results obtained from pH natural were compared with the results obtained from pH 4. It was observed that
higher hydrolysis time is necessary as the amount of water and the pH of the silane solution is higher. Single
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lap tests were used to study the behaviour of anaerobic adhesives on electrogalvanized steel silanized
samples.
[1] D. Zhu, W. J. van Ooij, Electrochimica Acta., 49, 1113 (2004).
[2] P. Puomi, H.M. Fagerholm, J. Adhesion Sci. Technol., 15, 509 (2001).
ACEX244
Mr. Thomas Norton
University of Nottingham,
Nottingham, NG7 2RD,
UK
Cold-Cure Adhesive Selection, for the Optimisation of an Automotive Underbody

T.W. Norton1, M.S. Johnson1, S. Pujol2, T.A. Turner1
1University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
2Aston Martin Ltd, Gaydon, Warwickshire, CV35 0DB, UK
Some vehicle manufacturers rely solely on adhesives as their primary form of joining, moving away from more
conventional methods such as mechanical fasteners and welding. This joining technique has proven to be very
effective, resulting in stiff, lightweight structures, that are cost effective for low-volume production (<10,000units
per year). The adhesives used, are usually one-component (1K), epoxy-based adhesives that require a 'high-
temperature' cure (up to 200oC), in order for them to reach their most favourable performance. The introduction
of a cold-cure adhesive (e.g. <70oC) , would remove the need for the cure-ovens, resulting in a direct cost
saving from energy consumption, and reduced thermal distortion in the curing Underbody, while allowing a
wider range of materials to be cured together in each assembly.
This paper investigates the selection process of a cold-cure adhesive for use in the automotive industry.
Testing was performed in Over-lap shear, T-peel and Impact-peel, for a wide range of adhesives
recommended from several different adhesive manufacturers. Emphasis is made on the bonding of Sulphuric
Acid Anodised (SAA) Aluminium, with additional work on alternative alloys, CFRP, coatings and pre-
treatments. Obstacles are addressed such as poor failure modes after peel on SAA aluminium. Finite Element
Analysis modelling using LS-Dyna® is used to predict the impact that a new adhesive would have on simple
joint designs, with reference to laboratory results.
By changing the pre-treatments on the aluminium substrates, failure modes improved from 95% adhesive
failure to 100% cohesive failure. Results showed that in a shearing mode, a cold-cure adhesive can reach 88%
of the ultimate shear-stress achieved from a high-temperature-curing adhesive (1K). After modifications were
made to one adhesive, an increase in joint performance was seen, combined with a 13% drop in variability
between samples, indicating better, more predictable, failures.
ACEX250
Prof. José Roberto Moraes d’Almeida
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro,
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Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225

Gávea - 22453-900,
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Stress numerical analysis of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix composites single-lap joints
F.L.Ribeiro1, L.M.S.A.Borges1, J.R.M.d‘Almeida2
1Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Tecnologia, Bl. G, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro-
RJ, Brazil.
2Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225 - Gávea - 22453-900,
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Following the outstanding increase of using composite materials in the last decades, there was also an
increasingly need to join components fabricated and assembled with these materials. The use of traditional
methods of joining, such as riveting, became a first choice, due to their relatively low cost and ease of
assembly. However, as already know when such joints are used with metals, high stress concentrations can be
developed at the joining, and the joint can be brought to failure at stress levels lower than the expected ones.
The use of adhesives became, thus, a usual practice to join composite structures, and presents several
advantages over traditional joining methods [1].
In this work, numerical models based on finite element methods are used in order to model the stress
distribution of single-lap carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix composite adhesive joints. Experimental
parameters were used as reference to allow the validation of the numerical analysis. Also, joints with defects
on the lap region were modeled, in both two and three dimensions, with defects varying in format (straight or
circular) and position (centered or dispersed). The inclusion of adhesives fillets and spews in the adhesive
layer was also varied. Despite higher computer costs, the 3D finite element model presents higher
convergence with the experimental results than the 2D model, especially when defects are present. The effect
of defects at the joints was satisfactorily modeled and the model presented can be used to asset the integrity of
the joint given the detection of a certain defect.
[1] S.-C. Her, Comp. Struct., 47, 673 (1999).
ACEX262
Prof. Paz Pinilla Cea
Research Group on Hybrid Materials,
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid,(CISDEM)
ETSI Navales, Avda. Arco de la Victoria s/n,
28040 Madrid, Spain
Light-weight Hybrid Materials: energy dissipation mechanisms in elastic adhesives under impact
loading
P. Pinilla1, S. Miguel1, M.A. Herreros1, J.C Suarez1
1Research Group on Hybrid Materials. Universidad Politecnica de Madrid.
Center for Durability and Structural Integrity of Materials (CISDEM)
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ETSI Navales, Avda. Arco de la Victoria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Materials with a high capacity of energy dissipation and damage tolerance are of great importance for an
increasing number of application as, for example, areas of high probability of impact in vehicles for terrestrial,
marine, and aerospace transportation. It is not possible to use high density material or very thick plates due to
restrictions in the overall weight of the structure. It is necessary to develop new light materials with improved
properties, that suppose a radical advance respect to the traditional materials, maintaining a proper residual
strength after impact. Structural hybrid materials combine materials of different composition (organic-inorganic)
and properties, and consequently a sound and durable interfacial bonding between constituents is of
paramount importance. Solid ceramic particles embedded in an elastic adhesive matrix are used in a new
hybrid material developed in our lab. The material has been tested in impact to assess its ability to dissipate
energy, and the damage tolerance. Mechanism of energy dissipation are related to the type of particle and
adhesive, but also to the size, shape and distribution of the ceramic reinforcement, and the interfacial strength
between both constituent. Specimens have been prepared and tested using a drop-weight testing equipment.
Analysis of the mechanisms of energy dissipation have been elucidated using scanning electronic microscopy.
[1] G. J. Rodin y Y. L. Hwang. Int. J. Solids structures, 1991. Vol. 27, pp: 145-159
ACEX267
Ms. Rawaa Al-Safy
Department of Civil Engineering
Building 60
Wellington Road
Monash University, Australia
Melbourne VIC 3800
Australia
Thermal and Mechanical Characterizations of Nanomaterials modified Bonding Adhesive used in

CFRP/Concrete System
R. Al-Safy1, R. Al-Mahaidi2, G. Simon3
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, VIC 3800
2 Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia,
VIC 3122
3Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, VIC 3800
Nanomaterials are increasingly being used to modify adhesives used in aerospace and materials applications.
Improvements in thermal and mechanical properties have been found by incorporation of small amounts of
nanosize materials to such adhesives [1-4]. However, the introduction of nanomaterials to adhesives used in
civil engineering applications is still a new approach which needs to be explored, especially in retrofitting of
structures. This paper will present part of ongoing research at Monash University to address the effect of
adding nanomaterials to modify a thermosetting adhesive used for bonding Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer
(CFRP) composites to concrete members. Vapour grown carbon fiber (VGCF) have been chosen to modify the
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bonding adhesive. Different concentrations of carbon nanofibers PR-24 XT-LHT were adopted for modification.
The effect of nanomaterials inclusion on the glass transition temperature of the adhesives was investigated
using Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) technique. Adhesion Pull-off tests and single-lap shear
tests were as well carried out to demonstrate the effect of such modification on the bond between CFRP and
concrete substrates. A comparison will be made as well with results obtained from a previous work pertaining
nanoclay additions to the adhesive.
[1] S.G. Prolongo, M. Buron, M.R. Gude, R. Chaos- Morán, M. Campo and A. Ureoa, Compos. Sci. Tech., 68,
2722 (2008).
[2] O. Becker, G. P. Simon, and R. J. Varly and P. J. Halley, Polym. Eng. Sci, 43, 850 (2003).
[3] M. H. Al-Saleh and, U. Sundararaj, Carbon 47, 2 (2009).
[4] D. Ratna, N.R. Manoj, R. Varley, R.K. Singh. Raman and G.P. Simon, Polym Int., 52,1403 (2003).
ACEX320
Mr. Yoshiaki Uratani
Graduate School, Tokyo Institute of Technology,
Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
Stress Distribution in Dismantable Adhesives Including Thermally Expandable Microcapsules

Yoshiaki Uratani1, Chiaki Sato2
1Graduate School, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
2P&I Lab., Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
Adhesively bonded adherends have been difficult to recycle. However, some dismantlable adhesives that can
be separated by several kinds of triggers have been developed. Therefore the adherends become recyclable
recently. A typical kind of the adhesive includes thermally expandable microcapusules (TEM). Since the
mechanism of the separation is interesting, it is investigated analytically in this research.
The model having a TEM contained in resin and an adherend was analyzed. Axisymmetric elastic analyses of
stress distribution around a TEM, which is contained in resin and placed on the interface between the resin and
an adherend, was conducted using the finite element method (FEM) in order to know the reason of the
interfacial separation.
The analytic results show shear stress is dominant in the stress components on the interface and the peel
stress is also present though it is smaller than the shear stress.
An interfacial crack should occur in the vicinity of a circumferential region when the joint is dismantled.
ACEX333
Mr. Björn Abeln
Institute for Steel Structures,
RWTH Aachen University,
Germany
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Development of bonded hybrid steel-glass beams

M. Feldmann1, B. Abeln1, D. Ungermann2, E. Preckwinkel2,
1Institute for Steel Structures, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
2Institute of Steel Construction, TU Dortmund, Germany
In civil engineering and architecture glass plays a decisive role as façade cladding or windows, but also an
increasing role as load bearing, structural element. Glass beams, glass columns or bracing façade elements
are such examples. To realize those architectural attractive transparent structures, bonded hybrid steel-glass
structures are favoured where each material is used in an optimized way according to its material properties.
The intention of the European research project INNOGLAST [1] is to develop hybrid façade elements and floor
girders, where flanges of steel and webs of glass are assembled to I-beams using adhesive connections. This
allows for a smooth load introduction into the glass panes. The shear force is carried by the glass web,
whereas the bending capacity of the hybrid beam is significantly increased by slender steel flanges compared
to the pure glass pane. The shear forces between steel and glass are only sustained by the adhesive between
them. To maximize the exploitation of steel and glass the adhesive therefore, on the one hand has to ensure
an adequate stiffness but on the other hand must be soft enough allowing for a reduction resp. redistribution of
stress peaks or other constraints. Apart from the mechanical and strength characteristics of the adherent the
load-bearing capacity of such beams is governed by ageing, temperature and creeping. The paper will give an
overview about the state of research and the results which were already gained (small-scale and full-scale
tests, FE-calculations).
[1] M. Feldmann, D. Ungermann, B. Abeln, M. Baitinger, E. Preckwinkel et al., Development of innovative steel-
glass-structures in respect to structural and architectural design (INNOGLAST), RFCS Research Project No
RFCS-CT-2007-00036, 2007-2010.
ACEX334
Dr. Davide Castagnetti
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,
Reggio Emilia, via Amendola, 2, 42122,
Italy
Efficient finite element modelling of complex bonded structures: application of the Tied Mesh method
with experimental validation
D. Castagnetti1, A. Spaggiari1, E. Dragoni1
1Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, via Amendola, 2, 42122, ITALY
This paper evaluates the applicability and the accuracy of a reduced FE model, based on standard options, for
the failure analysis of complex three-dimensional bonded structures. The proposed approach, named Tied
Mesh (TM) method, was previously developed and tested by the authors [1] on simple bonded joints in the
elastic and post-elastic field.
The TM method reproduces the adherends with structural shell elements and describes the adhesive with a
single layer of brick elements having the true thickness of the adhesive. Internal kinematic constraints (tied
mesh), which represent the core of the method, are applied to the adherends and adhesive to assure the
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structural continuity. As proposed in [2], a cohesive zone model failure criterion is implemented for the
adhesive layer, to combine the accuracy of the model with computational efficiency. The validation of the TM
method is carried out against a systematic experimental campaign.
The structure considered is a square thin-walled tube, made of two portions of different length joined head to
head by overlapping thin plates on each side. The structure is tested to failure under three point bending and,
although simple to manufacture, provides a complex stress field in the bonded region.
The experimental force-displacement curves of the eight configurations tested are the benchmark for the
efficient numerical simulations performed on the same geometries.
Moreover, some joint configurations have been examined through a full finite element model in order to
quantify the different computational effort between this approach and the TM method.
References
[1] D. Castagnetti, E. Dragoni, A. Spaggiari, J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 23, 1459 (2009).
[2] A. Pirondi, D. Fersini, E. Perotti, F. Moroni, Proc. 19° Congress IGF Milan (2007).
ACEX335
Mr. Julien Maurice
Airbus Opérations S.A.S,
Toulouse,
France
Characterization and modeling of the elasto-plastic behaviour of structural adhesives using hydrostatic
pressure dependency
J. Maurice 1,2, J-Y. Cognard 2, R. Créac‘hcadec 2, L. Sohier 3, P. Davies 4, G. Meirinhos 1
1 Airbus Opérations S.A.S, Toulouse, France.
2 LBMS, ENSIETA / Université de Brest / ENIB, ENSIETA, Brest, France.
3 LBMS, ENSIETA / Université de Brest / ENIB, UBO, Brest, France.
4 Materials & Structures group, IFREMER Brest Centre, Plouzané, France
The next generation of aircraft will use composites components extensively; bonding, as a rivetless assembly
solution, is thus gaining in importance, leading to the need for accurate characterization of adhesive behaviour
and the development of adapted models.
Structural adhesives often show large inelastic behaviour before failure, however the characterization and the
modelling of the 3D elastic-plastic behaviour of adhesives are not straightforward. Indeed, because of the
dependency on hydrostatic stress [1-3], a complete and accurate characterization requires a large range of
mixed loads to be investigated, which is not possible using classical tests methods such as the Thick-Adherend
Shear test (ASTM D5656). Besides, considering the constitutive equations, a non-associated formalism is often
necessary in order to describe the behaviour under complex loadings accurately [4], requiring the development
of specific models.
This study presents the development of a 3D elastic-plastic model with hydrostatic pressure dependency. The
characterization of the material parameters is made using experimental results obtained with a Modified Arcan
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Test that enables an adhesive to be characterized over a large range of mixed loads [5]. The numerical
implementation of the model is performed under small strain formulation in ABAQUS. Particular attention is
paid to the definition of the flow rule; it is demonstrated that models based on the Drucker-Prager one do not
allow the inelastic behaviour under mixed shear-compression loadings to be described.
[1], C-H. Wang, P. Chalkley, Plastic yielding of a film adhesive under multiaxial stresses, Int. J. of Adh.& Adh.,
20:155-164 (2000)
[2], G. Dean, L.Crocker, B. Read, L. Wright, Prediction of deformation and failure of rubber-toughened
adhesive joints, Int. J. of Adh. & Adh., 24:295-306 (2004)
[3], R. Mahnken, M. Schlimmer, Simulation of strength difference in elasto-plasticity for adhesive materials, Int.
J. for Num. Meth. in Eng., 63:1461-1477 (2005)
[4], R. Créac'hcadec, J. Y. Cognard, 2-D Modeling of the behavior of an adhesive in an assembly using a non-
associated elasto-visco-plastic model, J. of Adh., 85:239-260 (2009)
[5], J.Y. Cognard, P. Davies, L. Sohier and R. Créac‘hcadec, Compos. Str., 76:34-46 (2006).
ACEX338
Mr. P. Weißgraeber
FG Strukturmechanik, TU Darmstadt,
Hochschulstraße 1, 64293 Darmstadt,
Germany
Strength of bonded lap joints: A new finite fracture mechanics approach

P. Weißgraeber, W. Becker
FG Strukturmechanik, TU Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 1, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
In this work a new approach of assessing the strength of bonded joints is presented. This approach
incorporates the hybrid fracture criterion by Leguillon [1], which strictly combines a consideration of energy
release balance and fulfillment of strength criteria.
Based on a simple model of joint behavior and assumptions about the crack initiation process a criterion for a
crack initiating failure load is presented. Only two material parameters namely a strength parameter and a
critical energy release rate are needed in this criterion.
The classic shear lag theory by Volkersen [2], that results in a shear stress distribution being constant over the
adhesive thickness, and simplifying assumptions for the crack initiations and the resulting stress fields form the
basis of this new approach.
Within the framework and limitations of the underlying idealizations and simplifications this new approach is
able to physically describe crack initiation and the corresponding effective strength of the lap joint. The work
closes with a discussion of possibilities to enhance the criterion by employing more sophisticated underlying
models and assumptions.
[1] D Leguillon, Eur. J. Mech. A/Solids, 21, 61, (2002)

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[2] O Volkersen, Luftfahrtforschung, 15, 41, (1938)
ACEX341.1
Dr. Leonardo Molisan
Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto,
Ruta Nacional 36 Km. 601, X5800BYA, Río Cuarto,
Argentina
Global Fault Detection Using Artificial Intelligence

A. Zapico1,2, L.Molisani1, J. C. del Real3 and Y. Ballesteros3
1Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km. 601, X5800BYA, Río Cuarto, Argentina.
2Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avda. Rivadavia 1917 CP
C1033AAJ, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
3Universidad Pontificia Comillas de Madrid, Alberto Aguilera, 23, 28015 Madrid, Spain.
In general, non destructive evaluation is applied to detect and localize structure faults by using a signal with a
wavelength smaller than the detecting fault. The method requires analyzing the object in numerous small
sections just only to detect the fault. Also the technique became very difficult to apply in composite materials.
Non-invasive diagnosis methods for fault detection are nowadays interesting research topics in different
industrial developments. In this work, the main topic is on global fault diagnosis detection for structural
mechanical components such as beam using artificial intelligence, i.e. neural nets [1]. Therefore, the fault
detection procedure requires only a global measurement in the structural component in operational conditions.
An experimental setup using two aluminium beams bonded by adhesive at the ends on a 10% surface one on
top of another was used to simulate a bonded joint. Different amount of adhesive surface simulates faults in the
original adhesive joint. Thereafter, experimental modal analysis measurements such Frequency Response
Functions (FRFs) were used in this effort as the most important parameter to detect structural faults. Damage
in structures causes small changes in the FRF resonances. Then, the FRFs are used to input an artificial
supervised neural network [2]. This work considers global non-destructive tests focused only on the estimation
of the integrity of the system. The neural network involved is a supervised feed-forward network with
Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation algorithm, which classifies the beams in four clusters, distinguishing
damage and the intensity of the damage.
[1] Akerberg, Peeter M., Ben H. Jansen, y Robert D. Finch, Neural net-base monitoring of steel beam, Journal
of the Acoustical Society of America 98, nº 3, pp. 1505–1509, (1995).
[2] Rojas, R. Neural Networks - A Systematic Introduction. Springer-Verlag, (1996).
ACEX349
Prof. Raul Duarte Salgueiral Gomes Campilho
Lusófona University of Porto,
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Porto, Portugal
Strength prediction of single and double-lap joints by finite element modelling

R.D.S.G. Campilho1, M.D. Banea2, A.M.G. Pinto3, L.F.M. da Silva2, A.M.P. de Jesus4
1Universidade Lusófona do Porto, Porto, Portugal
2Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
3Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Porto, Portugal
4Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
It is known that the structural integrity of multi-component structures is usually determined by the strength and
durability of their unions. Adhesive-bonding is often used with this purpose, since it provides several
advantages, compared to welding, riveting and bolting methods, such as reduction of stress concentrations,
reduced weight penalty and easy manufacturing. In the past decades, the Finite Element Method (FEM) has
been used to simulate these structures, providing a more accurate insight on this subject. On the strength
prediction of bonded assemblies, two different lines of analyses were developed over the years: the strength of
materials and fracture mechanics-based methods. Whilst the first ones suffer from the known mesh
dependency problems, classical fracture mechanics requires the existence of an initial crack. Cohesive-zone
modelling has already proved to be an effective tool in modelling bonded assemblies, surpassing the limitations
of the aforementioned techniques. The cohesive elements, including a softening relationship between stresses
and relative displacements, are placed at the planes where damage is prone to occur, which can be difficult to
identify. The recently developed Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) is an extension of the FEM, allowing
the growth of discontinuities within the solid elements along an arbitrary path by enriching degrees of freedom
with special displacement functions, thus overcoming the restriction of cohesive zone modelling to follow the
pre-established crack paths. These two numerical techniques will be tested to simulate single and double-lap
joints bonded with an acrylic adhesive, considering a variety of overlap lengths. A comparative assessment
between these two numerical methods to predict the joints behaviour will be performed.
ACEX355
Dr. Kwang-Seop Kim
Nano Convergence and Manufacturing Systems Research Division,
Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials,
104 Sinseongno, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
Characterization of adhesion property of UV-curable nanoimprint resin with release agents

K.S. Kim, S.A. Song, D.G. Choi, J.H. Jeong, J.H. Kim, S.M. Hyun, H.J. Lee
Nano Convergence and Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials,
104 Sinseongno, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea.
In UV nanoimprint lithography, the adhesion between UV-curable resin and mold should be controlled carefully
to avoid the deformation and breakage of imprinted patterns during separation process [1]. Various anti-sticking
layers, adhesion promoters, and surface treatments have been developed to reduce the generation of defects
and their adhesion properties were evaluated [2]. In this work, the interfacial adhesion energy between UV-
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curable resin with release agent and glass wafer was measured based on the concept of the interfacial fracture
mechanics [3], and the effect of release agent on the reduction of interfacial adhesion was investigated. The
four-point bending test was selected since it can provide the energy release rate independent of crack length.
The UV-curable resins with different amounts of release agents were prepared. The glass wafer as a substrate
was cut for the test and the UV-curable resin was dispensed on the slice of the wafer. After the test sample
was cured by UV exposure, the four-point bending test was performed under fixed displacement rate and the
corresponding load was measured. The results show that the interfacial adhesion energy between the resin
containing the release agent and glass wafer decreased with the increase of the concentration of release
agents. After the test, fractured interfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy
dispersive spectroscopy.
[1] K.S. Kim, J.H. Kim, H.J. Lee, S.R. Lee, J. Mech. Sci. Tech., 24, 5 (2010) .
[2] E.J. Jang, Y.B. Park, H.J. Lee, D.G. Choi, J.H. Jeong, E.S. Lee, S. Hyun, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 29, 662
(2009).
[3] P.G. Charalambides, J. Lund, A.G. Evans, R.M. McMeeking, J. Appl. Mech., 56, 77 (1989).
ACEX358
Mr. Andrea Spaggiari
Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia,
Reggio Emilia, via Amendola, 2,
42122, ITALY
Effect of bondline thickness on the static strength of structural adhesives under nearly-homogeneous
shear stresses
A. Spaggiari1, D. Castagnetti1, E. Dragoni1
1Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, via Amendola, 2, 42122, ITALY
This paper investigates experimentally the effect of the adhesive thickness on the static shear strength of the
adhesive subject to a nearly uniform stress distribution. Previous researches show an increase in the strength
of adhesive joints as the adhesive thickness decreases, both for single lap joints [1-3] and for tubular butt
joints. This experimental evidence is in contrast with the theoretical increase of the maximum stresses on the
midplane of the adhesive as its thickness decreases. Two arguments can be found in the literature to explain
this apparent paradox. First, from a chemical perspective, a lower thickness ensures a better polymerization of
the adhesive thus strengthening the molecular bonds [3]. Second, from a mechanical perspective, a thinner
adhesive is affected by stress singularities of lesser degree at the adherend-adhesive interface so that the
stress distribution becomes less critical [1-2]. This paper is aimed at understanding to what extent the true
properties of the adhesive can explain the observed relationship between strength and adhesive thickness in
real joints. To this aim, the static shear strength of the adhesive is measured under nearly-homogeneous,
singularity-free stress field for different bondline thicknesses. A tubular bonded butt joint, which provides under
torsional load a fairly uniform stress field in the adhesive, is adopted in the experimental campaign which
considers two variables: adhesive thickness and adhesive type. Five levels of the adhesive thickness (0.05,
0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mm) and two high strength structural adhesives (Henkel 9466 and Henkel 330) are tested.
Since the scatter in adhesive joints is usually high, five replicates are performed, for a total of 50 joints. From
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the maximum torque measured in the experimental tests the maximum shear stress is calculated and the
influence of the adhesive thickness is assessed.
References
[1] L. F. M. Da Silva et al, ―Effect of adhesive type and thickness on the lap-shear strength‖, J. Adhes, 82,
1091-1115, 2006.
[2] G. Dolev and O. Ishai, ―Mechanical Characterization of adhesive layer in-situ as bulk material‖, J. Adhes,
12, 283-294, 1981.
[3] Adnan A., Sun C. T., ―Effect of adhesive thickness on joint strength: a MD perspective‖, J. of Adhes, 84,
401-420, 2008.
ACEX383
Prof. Massimiliano Avalle
10129 Torino, Italy.
Numerical analysis of hybrid joining in car body applications

M. Avalle, L. Peroni, M. Peroni, A. Scattina
Nowadays two are the fundamental issues in car body design. On one hand there is the need for weight
reduction in order to reduce fuel consumption and consequently pollutant emissions, on the other hand there
are ever more stringent safety requirements. To meet these targets, the trend is towards using hybrid
structures made by unconventional materials, like aluminium, polymeric and composite materials [1]. The use
of these materials brings about some problems, one of them associated to the joining techniques because the
traditional resistance spot-welding, used in the assembly of a common steel chassis cannot be used. Among
the different alternative solutions, the most promising is the use of structural adhesives.
In this perspective it is possible to introduce this work aimed to model the behaviour of simplified crash box
elements made by different type of materials and joined together by structural adhesives. In particular, the
attention was focused firstly on the adhesive joining modelled with a cohesive formulation [2]. Starting from
experimental results for the characterization of the adhesive, the cohesive parameters were identified by
means of an inverse method. The results were then applied for modelling the crushing of simplified crash
boxes. The crushing axial compression of these components were investigated both by considering static and
dynamic loading conditions because the materials used in this application are known to be strain-rate sensitive.
The models were developed and verified by comparing the numerical with experimental results on these simple
components.
[1] G. Davies, Materials for automobile bodies, Elsevier, Oxford (2003).

[2] S. Marzi, O. Hesebeck, M. Brede, F. Kleiner, 7th European LS-Dyna Conference (2008).
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ACEX401
Mr. Jong-Bum Lee
School of Advanced Materials Science & Eng.,
Sungkyunkwan University,
#300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon,
Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
Reliability of interfacial adhesion in multi-chip package bonded with ultrasonic vibration

J. B. Lee, J. G. Lee, S. S. Ha and S. B. Jung
School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University
#300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
System-on-Chip and System-on-Package technologies have advantages depending on A wide range of

requests. As a number of electrical and electronic equipment manufacturers have an interest in increasing
CMOS technology densities, a range of two- and three-dimensional silicon integration technologies are
emerging which will support next-generation high-end semiconductors such as high speed microprocessors
and high speed memories. However, there are many issues regarding process integration, thermal
management, and reliability of 3-D stacked package. The reliability is one of the most critical issues to apply
this 3-D stacking technology.
In this study, the printed circuit board (PCB), silicon carrier and silicon chip are integrated with ultrasonic
vibration. Die shear tests of the joints are carried out with increasing bonding time and input power to optimize
the bonding condition. The integrated chips are successfully bonded to the PCB with and without non-
conductive adhesive (NCA) using a transverse ultrasonic bonding. Electrical resistance of multi-chip bonded
with NCA (10 mΩ) measures lower than that bonded without NCA (28.9 mΩ). Thermal cycle, high temperature
storage and high temperature/humidity test are evaluated to understand if the interface was vulnerable. Cross-
section features in a bonding interface are inspected by using a scanning electron microscope.
ACEX405
Mr. Kim Youngtae
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 373-1,
Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701,
Korea
SLB joint analysis using cohesive zone model and s-version FEM
Y. T. Kim1, M. J. Lee1, B. C. Lee1
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 373-1,
Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
Because the behaviour of the adhesive joints could be different by adhesive properties and interface
characteristics, various modeling methods are proposed. Cohesive zone model, which consists of a cohesive
zone instead of an adhesive layer, is widely used to simulate the adhesive joint behaviour. In the cohesive
137 | P a g e
zone model, nodes between adherends and cohesive elements should be coincided each other. In general
adhesive joint, there is scale difference between the adhesive and the adherend in geometry. So, mesh
generation for an analysis is difficult and manual mesh technique is needed. This task is not efficient and
sometimes error could be occurred.
In this paper, the s-version FEM is introduced to overcome this problem. The s-version FEM is one of the local
mesh refinement methods. This method is used the local mesh, which is overlaid the global mesh for local
mesh refinement so, re-meshing is not required. Proposed method in order to apply the s-version FEM to the
adhesive joint is available to generate the mesh of adherends and cohesive layer independently. In this case
most nodes at interface are not coincided. So, find the contacted points at interface. Using this point, perform
the local refinement using the s-version FEM considering element quality and size automatically.
Consequently, nodes are coincided each other at the interface and manual meshing process is not required.
i.e. total mesh generation time and element number are reduced. The proposed method is applied to the some
examples.
[1] J. W. Park, J. W. Hwang and Y. H. Kim, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Vol. 39, p. 619-638 (2003).
[2] M. F. S. F De Moura, J. P. M. Goncalves, J. A. G. Chousal and R. D. S. G. Campiho, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes.,
Vol. 28, p. 419-426 (2008)
[3] M. Alfano, F. Furgiuele, A. Leonardi, C. Maletta, G. H. Paulino, Int. J. Fract., Vol. 157, p. 193-204 (2009)
ACEX409
Mr. Bongkyun Jang
Nano Convergence and Manufacturing Systems Research Division,
Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, 171 Jang-dong,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-343, Korea
Rate dependent adhesion between spherical PDMS and silicon substrate

B. Jang1, J.-H. Kim1, K.-S. Kim1, H.-J. Choi1, H.-S. Park1, H.-J. Lee1
1Nano Convergence and Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials,
171 Jang-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-343, Korea
Transfer assembly is one of the promising techniques for fabricating a flexible device with high performance.
An important element of the transfer assembly is the control of the adhesion during picking and placing
process. Visco-elastic materials like PDMS show a rate-dependent adhesion which enables us to control the
adhesion force during the transferring process [1, 2]. In this study, we have developed an apparatus for
measuring adhesion force between spherical PDMS and flat silicon substrate. With the apparatus consisting of
multi-axis stage for an alignment, a vertical stage and a load-cell, the adhesion force is measured with varying
detachment velocity during the picking process. The size of contact area is simultaneously measured during
the picking process by incorporating the optical microscope. With the measured contact area and adhesive
force, it is possible to verify the validity of the models from contact mechanics. The effect of detachment
velocity on the adhesion is carefully investigated in terms of the rate of contact area change. The use of
spherical stamp rather than flat stamp is also evaluated with an emphasis on alignment easiness and transfer
yield. The adhesion behaviour reported in this study can be an essential data for designing the transfer
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assembly process of Si devices
.
[1] M. A. Meitl, Z.-T. Zhu, V. Kumar, K. J. Lee, X. Feng, Y. Y. Huang, I. Adesida, R. G. Nuzzo and J. A. Rogers,
Nature Materials, 5, 33-38 (2006)
[2] X. Feng, M. A. Meitl, A. M. Bowen and Y. Huang, Langmuir, 23, 12555-12560, (2007)
[3] D. Maugis and M. Barquins, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 11, 1989-2023 (1973)
ACEX420
Mrs. Min Jung Lee
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology,
Yu-seong gu, Dae-jeon, Korea
Experiments and simulations of the SLB joints with micro-pattern

M. J. Lee1, T. M. Cho1, W. S. Kim1, C. J. Jang1, B. C. Lee1, J. J. Lee1
1Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yu-seong gu, Dae-jeon, Korea.
Strength of the adhesive joints could be different by the interface characteristics. For this reason, there have
been studies to improve the strength of the adhesive joints using various surface treatment methods. One of
these methods, mechanical interlocking by the roughness has been known as the effective method but an
analysis of the roughness effect is not easy because the roughness by the sandblast, sandpaper and etching is
random and there are no consistent directions of valleys and peaks. Also, in order to simulate the crack growth
of the adhesive joint, it needs to be known the dominant parameter to the strength of the adhesive joint.
In this paper, micro-patterns on a bonded area are manufactured and analyze the mechanical interlocking
effect by the SLB experiment. Experimental results show that the mechanical interlocking effect is higher when
the SLB joint is closer to mode II - dominant state. Then finite element analysis of the SLB joint with the micro-
pattern on the interface is performed to analyze the dominant parameter to the strength of the SLB joint.
Consequently, cohesive zone model is constructed using the dominant parameter as a damage initiation and
simulate the crack growth of the SLB joint.
[1] M. Alfano, F. Furgiuele, A. Leonardi, C. Maletta and G.H. Paulino, Int. J. Fract., 155 (2008).
[2] M.F.S.F. De Moura, J.P.M. Goncalves, J.A.G. Chousal and R.D.S.G. Campilho, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 28,
419 (2008)
[3] Lucas F M da Silva and R. D. Adams, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 27 (2007).
ACEX422
Mr. Fábio G.Teixeira
Departamento de Design e Exp. Gráfica,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,
Osvaldo Aranha, 99/408, 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Study of Influence of Substrate Topography on Strees Distribuition of Structural Adhesive Joints

F.G. Teixeira1, L.F.M da Silva2
1Departamento de Design e Exp. Gráfica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Osvaldo Aranha,
99/408, 90035-190, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
2Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto
Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
This paper analyses the influence of surface roughness on adhesive bonds strength. Numerical simulations
were performed to evaluate the influence of geometry on the performance of structural adhesive joints. The
objective is to create a model to describe the behaviour of the interphase of adhesive joints according to its
geometry. Numerical simulations with theoretical geometries were performed considering parameters of
roughness, stress distribution and contact area to verify the qualitative influence of substrate topography on the
adhesion of a joint.
Experimental mechanical tests were done with enlarged scale models to verify in macroscopic scale the effects
present in the microscopic theoretical models. These experimental tests and the numerical simulations allowed
to relate the geometric properties of surface to the mechanical features of the joint at the interphase area.
Stress distribution can be controlled by a correct manipulation of the geometrical features of surface
topography.
ACEX425
Dr. R. Créac’hcadec
LBMS, ENSIETA / Université de Brest /
ENIB, ENSIETA, Brest, France
Analysis of the Behaviour of an Adhesive in an Assembly under Cyclic Shear Loadings Using a
Modified TAST
R. Créac‘hcadec, D. Thévenet, J.Y. Cognard
LBMS, ENSIETA / Université de Brest / ENIB, ENSIETA, Brest, France
The experimental and numerical analyses of the mechanical behaviour of bonded joints are particularly made
difficult by the influence of edge effects. Stress singularities can contribute to the initiation and the propagation
of crack in adhesive joints. Thus the experimental analysis of the long term behaviour of bonded assemblies is
quite difficult. Most of approaches usually developed into fatigue in bonded assemblies are mainly based on
the crack propagation within the adhesive [1].
This paper presents an experimental study developed in order to analyze the mechanical behaviour of bonded
assemblies under cyclic loadings. A modified TAST (Thick Adherend Shear Test) developed previously [2] is
used to analyze the behaviour under shear loadings. The proposed test, using specific geometries, strongly
limits the influence of edge effects and thus prevents crack initiations close to the free edges of the adhesive.
The experimental procedure uses a real time non-contact extensometry system to measure the relative
displacement of both ends of the adhesive in the tangential direction. Results of various tests under different
load rates and constant amplitude loads, using an epoxy adhesive (Huntsman Araldite 420 A/B), will be
140 | P a g e
presented and analyzed.

These experimental results are interesting in order to model the behaviour of an adhesive under shear cyclic
loadings. But to fully describe the long term behaviour of an adhesive in an assembly tensile-shear tests under
cyclic loadings have to be developed.
[1] A. Graner Solana, A.D. Crocombe and I.A. Ashcroft, Int. J. of Adhesive, 30, 36 (2010).
[2] J.Y. Cognard and R. Créac‘hcadec, J. Adhes. Sci. and Technol., 23, 1333 (2009).
ACEX426
Mr. Eduardo A. de Sousa Marques
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management,
University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias,
4200-465 Porto, Portugal
Combined Shear-Thermal Testing of Bonded Ceramic-Metal Joints

E A S Marques, Duarte N M Magalhães and Lucas F. M. da Silva
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
Among the extreme conditions faced by the aerospace industry, the existence of large temperature gradients is
arguably the one that imposes the greatest challenges for designers and engineers. The temperatures
encountered by some aerospace structures are high enough to require the use of advanced thermal shielding
materials, which must not only be effective as thermal shields, but must also be mechanically strong to
withstand the complex mechanical loading that is present in this type of structures. Many of these shields use
ceramic tiles as refractory material. These tiles are bonded to a metallic substrate using high temperature
adhesives and it is believed that the performance of these bonded joints can be significantly improved by the
implementation of new structural adhesives and a thorough redesign of the joint geometry.
Bonded joints currently used for this process use high temperature silicone adhesives (RTV silicones) to
achieve good thermal resistance. These materials are able to effectively retain much of their strength at high
temperatures but are known to exhibit sub-optimal performance when subjected to high shear loads or
significant impact forces. High temperature epoxy based adhesives have recently surfaced as a viable
alternative or complement, which can provide adequate thermal resistance, while introducing considerable
higher shearing and impact strength. The broader objective of this work is the production of an adhesive layer
that is able to use a combination of these high performance adhesives and effectively use their best properties
in a synergetic fashion.
The portion of work presented here describes the development process and some results achieved with a
novel test specimen and respective testing apparatus, both necessary to accurately model the loads
(mechanical and thermal) which are encountered in the thermal shield of a real aerospace structure. The
specimen is manufactured by bonding a cordierite ceramic tile to a rectangular aluminium substrate. The
adhesive layer‘s thickness and shape is controlled by a frame of silicone rubber, which acts as a spacer. A
thermocouple is embedded in the adhesive layer and is connected to a logging device so that temperature
information can be available during testing. The testing apparatus is designed to provide shearing a load along
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the adhesive layer of the specimen. This is achieved by holding the ceramic tile stationary while the metallic
substrate is pulled down. Temperature can be directly applied into the face of the ceramic tile by means of a
gas burner array. Data regarding temperature distribution is already available from previous thermal testing.
Results for testing of different adhesives and combination are provided and adequate conclusions are drawn
regarding their adequacy for the intended purpo
ACEX432
Prof. Silvio de Barros
Univesidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB,
Joao Pessoa/PB – Brazil
The Effect of Quasicrystal Incorporation on the Epoxy Bond Strength

S. De Barros1, J.D. Altidis1, S.J.G. Lima1, R.M.Gomes1, S.M. Torres1, E.M. Sampaio2
1Univesidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Joao Pessoa/PB – Brazil
2Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UERJ/IPRJ, Nova Friburgo/RJ – Brazil
Quasicrystalline materials exhibit high hardness, low surface energy accompanied by a low coefficient of
friction, good corrosion and oxidation resistance, attractive wear resistance and low electrical and thermal
conductivity [1]. Although methods to manufacture quasicrystalline materials are well known, much effort is
addressed to obtaining quasicrystalline materials as a final product for use in industry. As quasicrystalline
materials are very brittle, they are usually used in powder form as reinforcement for additives in composites as
well as for coating technology. Some researches have addressed the incorporation of quasicrystalline particles
in mettalic matrices such as in aluminum matrix via melting and powder metallurgy methods, for example [2].
Another is to develop polymer/quasicrystal composite materials. In this sense, the use of epoxies resins seems
to be an interesting option [3]. Nonetheless, to the best knowledge of the authors, the literature regarding the
adhesive properties of such composite are scarce, and systematic studies need to be performed.
In this work, the effect of quasicristal particles incorporation on the adhesive properties of the epoxy is
investigated. Single Lap Joints adhesion tests (SLJ) were performed in order to assess the shear mode bonded
strength. The samples were prepared taking into account the percentage between quasicrystal and epoxy, the
amount of quasicrystal particles in the adhesive was gradually grown and its effect on the adhesion was
observed.
[1] J.M. Dubois, Useful Quasicrystals, T.W. Wei, Ed. (World Scientific, Singapore, 2005).
[2] A. Inoue, H. Kimura, Materials and Engineering: A, 286, 1, (2000).
[3] P.D. Bloom et al., Materials and Engineering: A, 360, 46, (2003).
ACEX435
Mrs. Mariana Doina Banea
Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica (IDMEC),
4200-465, Porto, Portugal
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Mode I Fracture Toughness of Adhesively Bonded Joints as a Function of

Temperature: Experimental and Numerical Study
M. D. Banea1, R.D.S.G. Campilho2, L. F. M. da Silva3
1 Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica (IDMEC), 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
2 Departamento de Economia e Gestão, Universidade Lusófona do Porto,
Rua Augusto Rosa, 24, 4000-098 Porto, Portugal
3 Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do
Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
In the last years, there has been a growing requirement, particularly in the aerospace industry, for adhesives to
withstand high temperatures. One of the main problems caused by high temperatures conditions is the fact that
the adhesives have different mechanical properties with temperature. As is known, adhesive strength generally
shows temperature dependence. Studies that present experimental results of adhesive joints with structural
adhesives (especially epoxies) as a function of temperature generally show a decrease in strength with
increasing and decreasing temperatures [1-3]. Similarly, the fracture toughness is expected to show
temperature dependence. To date, only limited data exists on the influence of temperature on the fracture
toughness of adhesives.
In this work, a numerical and experimental study is performed to evaluate the effect of the temperature on the
adhesive fracture toughness of an adhesively bonded joint. Pure mode I adhesive fracture toughness (GIc)
tests were performed at room and high temperatures (100ºC, 150ºC and 200ºC). and the fracture toughness
GIc as a function of temperature was obtained for a high temperature epoxy adhesive/steel DCB specimens.
Cohesive zone models have been used to predict the adhesive P–δ curves as a function of temperature.
[1] L.F.M. da Silva, R.D Adams, J. Adhesion Science and Technology 19 (2): 109-142 (2005).
[2] R.D. Adams and V. Mallick, J. Adhes. 43(1-2), 17-33 (1993).
[3] M. D. Banea, L. F. M. da Silva, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of
Materials: Design and Applications, DOI: 10.1243/14644207JMDA283.
ACEX437
Mr. Yasuhiro Goda
Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1,
Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima,
Japan
Study on the effect of strain rate of adhesive material

on the stress state in adhesive joint
Y. Goda1, T. Sawa1
1Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1,
Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan.
As adhesive properties are enhanced, adhesive bondings have been widely used in automobile industry and so
on. In automobile industry, it is important to research the fundamental characteristics of adhesive joints under
static and impact loadings. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the effects of strain rate on the deformation
143 | P a g e
behavior of the adhesive and characteristics of the adhesive joints.

In this study, the effect of the strain rate sensitivity on the behavior of bulk materials of epoxy resin adhesive
are examined experimentally using an INSTRON-type material testing machine. In the present study, the strain
rate is about 10-4 ~ 100 /s. The effects of the strain rate sensitivity of adhesive joints in which pin and color are
bonded are also examined using an INSTRON-type material testing machine and a split Hopkinson pressure
bar apparatus. In addition, the stress distributions at the adhesive interface in the pin-color adhesive joints
under impact loadings are examined using 2-dimentional axisymmetrical finite element stress analysis. The
experimental results for the pin-color adhesive joints under impact loadings are compared with the numerical
results. The experimental results are fairly good agreement with the numerical results.
The results of compressive and tensile tests for the adhesive bulk specimens show that the yield stress
increases as the strain rate increases. The results of quasi-static and impact shear tests for the adhesive joints
show that the shear strength increases as the strain rate increases. The FEM results show that the maximum
value of the shear stress τxy decreases as the adhesive Young‘s modulus decreases, where the adhesive
thickness was held constant at 2mm under impact loadings. The above results are the different characteristics
from those under static loadings.
ACEX438
Mr. Filipe Chaves
Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica (IDMEC),
4200-465, Porto, Portugal
Envelopes for Mode-Mixity Evaluation of Adhesively Bonded Steel

F.J.P. Chaves 1 ,Vitor Esteves2 L.F.M. da Silva 2, M.F.S.F. de Moura2, D. Dillard3
1 IDMEC, pólo FEUP
E-mail: chaves.filipe@fe.up.pt
2 Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica
Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto,
Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
3 Virginia Tech, 120-E Patton Hall, Mail Code 0219, Blacksburg, VA 24061
This study is about the effect of the adhesive thickness and adhesive ductility on the mixed mode loading of
Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) joints.
The project is divided into three main tasks. The first task is about the development of a finite element model
using a cohesive zone model to design an experimental device based on the standard ASTM D6671D.
The second task is concerned with the generation of experimental results in mixed mode varying the type of
adhesive and the adhesive thickness. In the third task, the experimental results will be used to develop an
adhesive toughness model as a function of the mode mixity.
The work presented here reports the testing using the dual actuator load frame from Virginia Tech‘s
Engineering Science & Mechanics Dept. [1] to obtain the envelopes for mode mixity for three different
adhesives and thicknesses.
A proposal for a data reduction scheme allowing, based on a numerical study [2], to obtain better results for the
analysis of results is also presented.
Some results obtained from preliminary DCB, ENF (End Notch Flexure), ATDCB (Asymmetric Double
144 | P a g e
Cantilever Beam) and SLB (Single Leg Bend) are also presented and plotted in the envelopes.
KEY WORDS: adhesive failure, structural adhesive, dcb specimen, slb specimen, enf specimen, atdcb
specimen, double actuator load frame
[1] Hitendra K. Singh, Soojae Park, DonOhanehi and David A. Dillard, "ADesign Space for a Novel Dual-
Actuator Mixed-Mode Test Frame‖,Proceedings of the 29th Annual Adhesion Society Meeting, Jacksonville,FL,
2006.
[2] de Moura MFSF, Gonçalves JPM., Chousal JAG., Campilho, RDSG. IJAA, Volume 28, Issue 8, December
2008, Pages 419-426
ACEX442
Dr. Sylvain CHATAIGNER
LRPC of Autun, Bd de l‘Industrie,
71 400 Autun,
France
Shear stress transfer optimization using a curved adhesively bonded joint

S. Chataigner1, J.F. Caron2, C. Aubagnac1
1LRPC of Autun, Bd de l‘Industrie, 71 400 Autun, France.
2Université Paris-Est, Institut Navier, Ecole des Ponts, 77 455 Marne La Vallée, France.
In order to join a plane composite cable to the main structure of a composite footbridge designed within [1], it
was decided to investigate structural adhesive bonding. This technique is indeed coming into increasing use in
civil engineering either for reinforcement operations involving the adhesive bonding of additional components
or to replace traditional assembly techniques in new structures, and it is particularly adapted to composite
materials. However structural adhesive bonding induces stress concentrations at the edges of the adhesive
joint, which have been studied by a large number of researchers in order to reduce these phenomena and
increase the capacity and service life of the bonded joint [2]. These studies are all concerned with optimizing
shear stress transfer in adhesively bonded joints.
This paper investigates the role of hydrostatic pressure on the ultimate capacities of common civil engineering
adhesives. The conclusions led us to study a new joint geometry, the ―curved‖ bonded joint that naturally
creates compressive stresses on the edge of the bonded joint. Initially, classical modeling is conducted to
determine how the geometry affects the stresses in the joint. Then, fracture mechanics is used to investigate
crack propagation to study the fatigue behaviour of such a joint. After this theoretical modelling, several
experimental investigations are presented. These are quasi-static tests that compare classical shear lap joints
to curved joints. Additional testing is currently in progress, but the curved bonded joint seems to hold good
prospects and a patent has been filed.
[1] J.F. Caron, S. Julich and O. Baverel, Composite Structures, 89, 489 (2009).
[2] A.J. Kinloch, in Adhesion and Adhesives: Science and Technology, Ed. (Chapman and Hall, 1987).
ACEX445
Mrs. Maria Victoria Castro Fernandez
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University of Porto,
R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto,
Portugal
Composite Bonded Joints under Mode I Fatigue Loading

M.V. Fernandez1, M. F. S. F. de Moura1, L. F. M. da Silva, A.T. Marques1
1Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
In this work experimental investigation on fatigue behaviour of carbon-epoxy composite bonded joints under
mode I loading was performed. The objective is to evaluate the Paris law using Double Cantilever Beam (DCB)
specimens under fatigue loading. This law relates the evolution of fatigue crack growth (FCG) as a function of
the energy release rate (G) and is generally composed by three different regions: damage nucleation, stable
propagation and abrupt final failure. The second phase corresponding to stable propagation leads to a linear
trend on the Paris law representation (log-log scale) and must be well characterized to define the fatigue
behaviour of the structure. During fatigue tests the classical methods require a rigorous monitoring of the crack
length throughout the fatigue tests which is cumbersome and not easy to perform in some materials. In this
work, an alternative data reduction method based on specimen compliance and crack equivalent concept is
proposed to overcome this difficulty. The results provided by the proposed method, named Compliance-Based
Beam Method (CBBM) [1], are compared to the ones obtained from the polynomial and Pirondi‘s method [2],
which require both crack monitoring. The first is a compliance calibration method that fits a third order
polynomial curve to the experimental results (compliance (C) versus crack length (a)). The second one uses
the beam theory to establish the C=f(a) relationship taking into account the properties of the adhesive. One
additional advantage of the CBBM is the equivalent crack that is related the specimen compliance, thus taking
into account the influence of fracture process zone on specimen behaviour. This issue is particularly important
when adhesives with some ductility are being used in the fatigue tests.
[1] M. F. S. F. de Moura; J. J. L. Morais, N. Dourado, A new data reduction scheme for mode I wood fracture
characterization using the Double Cantilever Beam Test, Eng. Fract. Mech., 75, 3852 (2008).
[2] A. Pirondi, G. Nicoletto, Fatigue Crack Growth in Bonded DCB Specimens, Eng. Fract. Mech., 71, 859
(2004).
ACEX451
Dr. Mojtaba Eskandarian
Aluminium Technology Centre (ATC / IMI),
National Research Council Canada,
501 boul. de l'Univ., Chicoutimi, Québec,
Canada
A Novel Technique in Mechanical Evaluation of Adhesive Joints Subject to Monotonic And Fatigue
Loadings
M. Eskandarian1 and B. Jennings2
1 Aluminium Technology Centre (ATC / IMI), National Research Council Canada,
501 boul. de l'Univ., Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada G7H 8C3.
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2 Structural Adhesives NGV, 3M Center Bldg. 201-2W-17, St. Paul, MN 55144-1000.
Adhesive joints are normally subject to static and fatigue loadings in their entire service-life duration. Various
types of mechanical tests are needed in order to evaluate the joint performance under different working
conditions that might also involve environmental degradation and mixed-mode loading. In this work, a series of
cyclic tests on double-cantilever-beam (DCB) specimens have been conducted under opening loads (mode-I)
at room temperature. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the mechanical performances of 3M
structural epoxy adhesive DP920 under monotonic and fatigue loadings. The specimens were made from
aluminum bars in accordance with ASTM standard D 3433 which were tested by implementing a novel testing
technique. A series of crack detection sensors (Vishay CD-23-10A) were bonded to one face of DCB specimen
and were used for crack length measurements and also for controlling the testing machine in switching
between quasi-static and fatigue loadings. The testing machine had two aligned hydraulic actuators applying
bending forces on upper and lower halves of DCB specimen. Five constant-amplitude cyclic tests were carried
out on the same specimen in load control with a load ratio of 0.1. Prior to each cyclic loading, the quasi-static
value of critical strain energy release rate (GIc) in adhesive layer was first determined. The influence of testing
frequency was also investigated by varying the testing frequency from 4 to 20 Hz. The fatigue performance of
each configuration was represented by a power law relationship and was compared for different frequencies.
The test results revealed that the fatigue damage was occurred at relatively low load levels when compared
with quasi-static fracture loads. This significant influence of fatigue loading on mechanical performance of
adhesive joints should be considered in adhesive joint design.
ACEX471
Dr. Yukihiro Kusano
Plasma Physics and Technology Programme,
Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy,
Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde,
Denmark
Dielectric barrier discharge treatment of polyester in air enhanced by ultrasonic irradiation

Y. Kusano1, S.V. Singh1, A. Bardenstein2, N. Krebs2
1Plasma Physics and Technology Programme, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical
University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
2FORCE Technology, 2605 Brøndby, Denmark.
Efficiency of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment at atmospheric pressure in helium is
enhanced by simultaneous ultrasonic irradiation onto the treating surface [1]. It is because ultrasonic waves
with a sound pressure level (SPL) above approximately 140 dB can reduce the thickness of a boundary gas
layer between the plasma and the material surface, and thus many reactive species generated in the plasma
can reach the surface before inactivated, and be utilized for efficient surface treatment.
In the present work polyester plates were treated using an atmospheric pressure DBD in air to study adhesion
improvement. The effect of ultrasonic irradiation at the SPL of approximately 150 dB is investigated. The
ultrasonic waves are introduced into the DBD through the perforated mesh-electrode. The plasma gas and
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ambient air are separated using an ultrasound-transparent polyethylene film clamped in the waveguide. The
polar component of the surface energy of the polyester plate was 21 mJ m-2 before the treatment, increased
markedly to 57 mJ m-2 after 5-s plasma treatment with no ultrasonic irradiation, and increased furthermore but
slightly after longer treatments. The ultrasonic irradiation during the plasma treatment did not influence the
discharge mode, but suppressed occasional arcing in the DBD, preventing damage of the polyester plates. In
addition, the polar component of the surface energy was increased by the simultaneous ultrasonic irradiation,
indicating that the adhesive property would be further improved.
[1] Y. Kusano, S.V. Singh, A. Bardenshtein, N. Krebs, N. Rozlosnik, J. Adhesion Sci. Technol., accepted for
publication.
ACEX481
Mr. Tae Min Cho
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology,
Daejeon, South Korea
Experiment and Finite Element Analysis of Interfacial Fracture Toughness for Micro-Patterened ENF
specimen
T.M. Cho1, M.J. Lee1, W.S Kim1, K.H Kim1, B.C. Lee1, J.J. Lee1, H.T. Jung1
1Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
In this study, the interficial fracture toughness of micro-patterened end notched flexure (ENF) specimens is
performed through experiment and finite element alanysis. Firstly, the steel/composite bonded joints were
fabricated. Steel (AISI 1045) as a conventional metal and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) as an
advanced structural material were chosen as the substrates to be bonded. In order to investigate the effect of
mechanical interlock on adhesion strength, micro-patterns were fabricated on metal surfaces as a designed
surface topography. The micro scale line-patterns, which were fabricated on the steel plate prior to bonding,
were created perpendicular to the direction of crack propagation. The effect of metal surface morphology on
the adhesion strength can be assessed by varying the width, depth and spacing of micro-line patterns, since
the line-patterned surface morphology can be completely characterized by these three independent
parameters.
The mode-II interfacial fracture toughness of a metal-polymer bond was measured through the bi-material ENF
test. The experimental results showed that the interfacial fracture toughness of the steel/composite ENF
specimens were much affected by the spacing of micro-line patterns. Finally, the interficial fracture toughness
is investigated through finite element analysis and compared that of experiment.
[1] A.A. Volinsky, N.R. Moody and W.W. Gerberich, Acta Materialia, 50, 441 (2002).
[2] T.M. Cho, Y.S. Choo, M.J. Lee, H.C. Oh, B.C. Lee, T.H. Park and Y.S. Shin, Journal of Adhesion Science
and Technology, 23, 1875 (2009).
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ACEX482
Prof. J.D. Mathias
Laboratoire d‘Ingénierie pour les Systèmes Complexes,
CEMAGREF, Campus des Cézeaux,
24 avenue des Landais – BP 50085, 63172 Aubière Cedex,
France
Developing a new structural adhesive from bioresources

A.K. Patel1,2, H.D.Baysnast1, P. Michaud1, M. Grédiac2, J.D. Mathias3
1Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, LGCB,
BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
2Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, EA 3867, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Ingénieries,BP 10448,
63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
3Laboratoire d‘Ingénierie pour les Systèmes Complexes, CEMAGREF, Campus des Cézeaux, 24 avenue des
Landais – BP 50085, 63172 Aubière Cedex, France
Adhesives offer huge market worldwide in various domains of many industries ranging from aeronautics to civil
engineering. The presence of "volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or other toxic chemicals in many of these
adhesives are matter of concern for health and environment. United States Environmental Protection Agency‘s
pollution prevention program has a goal to decline or diminish the use of these materials and develop
environment friendly biological adhesives [1]. Research on polysaccharides and proteins based bioadhesives is
in emerging phase nowadays. The main focus of this study is to develop potential adhesives from
bioresources. Various polysaccharides featuring either single or multiple formulations and containing
plasticizers have been experimented on chemically treated aluminium adherends. For shear strength
measurement "double lap joint" binding method is adopted as it offers lowest peeling. To find eventual shear
strength, the maximum force of the specimen failure is measured and the relative adhesive thickness taken into
account in the final result since it significantly influences the apparent strength of the adhesive. Experimental
results obtained will be discussed during the presentation, with a special emphasis on the influence of
plasticizers/polysaccharide combinations or concentrations on the shear strength of the bioadhesives that have
been tested.
Reference
RA,Gross, B., Kalra, Biodegradable polymers for the environment. Science (2002) 297:803–807.
ACEX494
Dr. Roger A. Sauer
Emmy Noether group leader,
Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in
Computational Engineering Science (AICES),
RWTH Aachen University, Germany
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The peeling behavior of thin films with finite bending stiffness

and its implications on gecko adhesion
R.A. Sauer1
1Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Science (AICES), RWTH Aachen
University, Templergaben 55, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
Analytical thin film peeling models, like the Kendall model [1], are formulated under restricting assumptions
concerning the strip geometry, the material behavior, the peeling kinematics and the contact behavior.
Recently, such models have been applied to study the peeling of gecko spatulae, although the gecko spatula is
significantly different from an idealized thin film. Especially the bending stiffness of the spatula has a strong
influence on the peeling force which is neglected in analytical models. This is demonstrated here by several
detailed finite element computations, based on a geometrically exact deformation model and a refined contact
description for van der Waals adhesion [2]. Therefore, the peeling of an elastic strip is considered and the
influence of the bending stiffness is studied. It is shown that the peeling behavior can be characterized by a
closed function containing the effects listed above. Further, the implications on the peeling behavior of gecko
spatulae are discussed based on detailed 3D finite element computations.
[1] K. Kendall, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 8, 1449 (1975).
[2] R.A. Sauer, S. Li, Finite Elem. Anal. Des., 43(5), 384 (2007)
ACEX495
Mr. Achim Geßler
Lehrstuhl für Stahl- und Leichtmetallbau,
RWTH Aachen
Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 1
D - 52074 Aachen
Mechanical Model of Elastomer used for SPS to Repair Orthotropic Bridge Decks
Markus Feldmann1, Achim Geßler1
1 RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Steel Structures, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
Bridge decks in steel bridges are built as so called orthotropic decks. During the development of those plates
until today‘s standardized solution some variants have been built showing particularly sensitiveness to fatigue.
For the important task to make the existing bridge decks fit for the future, considering particularly the increased
traffic volume and loads, foremost the durability of the steel deckplate and at the welded connection between
the longitudinal stiffeners and the deckplate is important. Past investigations have shown that in order to
reduce the fatigue load of the deckplate there are basically two possibilities: One is to increase the composite
action of the asphalt layer together with the deckplate by improving the stiffness of the asphalt, the other is to
reinforce the deckplate by some direct strengthening measure.
One method to reinforce the deckplate directly is using a steel-elastomer-sandwich (SPS), which has been
proven already to be extremely effective. This SPS (Sandwich Plate System) is a sandwich structure,
developed by ie (Intelligent Engineering Holdings Limited), UK together with BASF SE, Germany, composed of
150 | P a g e
two steel plates (the existing deckplate as the bottom skin and an additional new deckplate for the top) with a
core of solid polymer (polyurethane), where sandwich-action is generated through the bond between the
polymer core and the steel plates. While the effectiveness of SPS as refurbishment technique for ferry ships as
well as for orthotropic bridge decks has been proven in a wide range of field applications the material
characteristics needed accompanying analysis and proof under environmental influences especially
temperature when determining material strength. RWTH Aachen has been developing associating yield/flow
functions and has set up some deterioration function following Johnson und Cook approach.
ACEX502
Prof. Arnaldo Manuel Guedes Pinto
Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto,
Portugal
Strength improvement in single-lap joints by hole drilling at the overlap

A.M.G. Pinto1, R.D.S.G. Campilho2,3, I.R. Mendes1, S.M. Aires1, A.P.M. Baptista2
1Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Portugal
2Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
3Faculdade de Economia e Gestão, Universidade Lusófona do Porto, Portugal
In this work, the effect of hole drilling in one of the adherends in the shear strength of single lap joints was
analyzed experimentally and numerically. Figure 1 shows the joint geometry and its nomenclature. The holes
made in the overlap zone will be filled by the adhesive, increasing the anchorage effect of adhesive. Moreover,
it is known that the shear stress distribution is not uniform along the overlap length, being higher near the
overlap edges. This modification can change the stress distributions, allowing the inner region of the overlap to
play a more active role in the joint strength. Tests were made with two adhesives (one ductile and one brittle)
varying the substrate thickness, the number of holes, their position and diameter. The experimental results
were compared with numerical simulations performed in ABAQUS®.
ACEX503
Mrs. Isabel Cristina S. B. R. Mendes Pinto
Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto,
Portugal
Upgrade of “Joint Designer” software for composites adherends

I.R. Mendes1, R.D.S.G. Campilho2,3, A.M.G. Pinto1, R.F.T Lima2
and Lucas F.M. da Silva2
1Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Portugal
2Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
3Departamento de Economia e Gestão, Universidade Lusófona do Porto, Portugal
With this work we intend to upgrade the ―Joint Designer‖ software developed by da Silva et al. [1]. The software
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has six different mathematical models implemented to cover any situation that can occur in practice: elastic
analysis, adhesive non-linear analysis, and adherend non-linear analysis. Isotropic and composite laminates
can also be simulated. For each model proposed the compatible failure criteria are included to have the stress
distribution and the failure load for a given joint/load scenario. The software was developed in the form of
executable application software programmed in Matlab and was created to be intuitive and user-friendly. The
‗‗Joint Designer‘‘ software, developed to design adhesive joints used in practice, includes the model of Bigwood
and Crocombe [2]. This model can be used for any type of joint provided the boundary conditions are known.
However, in the case of adhesive plasticity there are some convergence problems in the boundary value
problem of the Matlab solver. This work aims to overcome the limitations mentioned above and change the
model of Bigwood and Crocombe to include composite adherends. We also intend to perform a parametric
study of several joints varying parameters such as the overlap length and adherends thickness.
[1] – da Silva, Lucas F. M., Lima, Ricardo F. T. and Teixeira, R. M. S., The Journal of Adhesion, 85 (2009) 889
– 918.
[2] – Bigwood, D. A. and Crocombe, A. D., International Journal of Adhesion and
Adhesives, 10 (1990) 31–41.
ACEX511
Dr. P.E. Mazeran
Laboratoire Roberval,
UMR CNRS 5263, Compiègne,
France
A Multi-scale Method to Determine the Spatial Scale implicated in Adhesion. Application on Human Cell
Adhesion on Fractal Isotropic Rough Surfaces
M. Bigerelle1, P.-E. Mazeran1, W. Gong1, S. Giljean2, K. Anselme2
1 Laboratoire Roberval, UMR CNRS 5263, Compiègne, France.
3 Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS LRC 7228, Mulhouse, France
The influence of roughness on adhesion is generally analyzed by comparing surfaces obtained with various
processes that can induce different surface physico chemical properties. An extensive statistical analysis is
proposed to determine the best relevant roughness parameters for describing roughness influence on adhesion
and the spatial scale(s) that affects adhesion on similar physicochemical surfaces. The methodology is based
on a multiscale decomposition of the roughness surface and is linked with adhesion measurements. This
method is applied on a very wide range of roughnesses titanium substrates (22 surfaces, Ra from 1 to 21 µm)
tooled by electro-erosion process and coated with a polyelectrolyte leading to similar surface chemistry (figure
1). It is shown that under a critical size of roughness, the adhesion is approximately constant and is linked to
the nanoroughness morphology due to oxide formation (confirmed by Atomic Force Microscopy
measurements).
Lowest Macroscopic Roughness: Ra= 1 µm Highest Macroscopic Roughness: Ra= 21 µm
152 | P a g e
ACEX527
Dr. Gert Weber
Federal Institute for Meterials Research and Testing
Devision V.5 "Safety of Joined Components"
Ms. Ney, Ms. Bartz
Unter den Eichen 87
12205 Berlin
Germany
Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Bonded Joints of Advanced High Strength Steels

G. Weber1, H. Thommes2, H. Gaul1, O. Hahn3, M. Rethmeier1
1BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
2University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
In lightweight car body shell mass production, due to requirements on vehicle weight reduction and carbon
dioxide emissions, joining of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) with different joining procedures and
especially hybrid bonding techniques is becoming more and more important [1-3]. One of these hybrid bonding
techniques is the combination of resistance spot welding and adhesive bonding called weldbonding. One of the
important advantages of weldbonded joints in comparison to resistance spot welded joints are the enhanced
mechanical properties. The target of this contribution is to show the influences of medium-viscosity and low-
viscosity structural adhesives on the mechanical behaviour of hybrid bonded joints of advanced high strength
steels. This will be done for non-corrosive and corrosive environments. To guarantee sufficiently high quality
conditions regarding the strength of the weldbonded joints, the influence of the applied adhesive systems and
of different base metal combinations will be studied. This will be carried out for both, the non-corrosive and
corrosive environments, for the choice of different joining parameter settings. In particular, the mechanical
behaviour of the weldbonded joints will be investigated under quasi-static, impact and fatigue loads.
Furthermore, the energy absorption of the weldbonded joints for both the non-corrosive and the corrosive
environment will be studied.
[1] H. Cramer, T. Bschorr, O. Hahn, H. Thommes, F. Zech, Final Report for FOSTA-No. P704/10, AiF-No.
14476 N (2009)
[2] G. Weber, S. Göklü, Welding in the World J. Int. Inst. Welding, Vol. 50, No 4/4, (Rossy France, 2006)
[3] G. Weber, T. Bschorr, H. Cramer, O. Hahn, M. Rethmeier, H. Thommes, Int. Conf. ACE-X, Vol. 3, (Rome,
Italy, 2009)
ACEX540
Mr. Pierre Jousset
Sika Technology AG,
Tüffenwies, 8047 Zürich,
Switzerland
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Identification, Validation and Evaluation of an Elasto-Plastic Damage Model for the

Finite Element Simulation of Structural Bonded Joints
P. Jousset1, M. Rachik2
1Sika Technology AG, Tüffenwies, 8047 Zürich, Switzerland.
2Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Lab. Roberval, 60205 Compiègne, France.
Structural adhesive bonding is an interesting assembly technique for OEM‘s since it enables for example to
bond light-weight multi-material together. Finite Element simulation is used to predict the behaviour of bonded
structures in static or crash loading situations. Specific material constitutive models based on continuum elasto-
plasticity or cohesive traction-separation can be used for the simulation of structural adhesives but this task is
not trivial. Indeed, on the one hand classical elasto-plastic models [1] fail to describe the complex multi-axial
behaviour of confined adhesive layers. On the other hand, the cohesive traction-separation model is successful
to describe damage in an adhesive layer but neglects elasto-plasticity. Additionally the usual continuum
approach where the adhesive layer is meshed with several solid elements through the thickness is
computationally inefficient and is rejected by OEM‘s.
This paper addresses the identification, validation and evaluation of an elasto-plastic damage model based on
interface elements for the FE simulation of structural bonded joints with the adhesive SikaPower-490 [2].
Validation of material parameters are carried out by cross-checking numerical results of butt-bonded cylinders
and modified Arcan specimens. The model is evaluated with a T-joint case-study submitted to loading
situations leading to the collapse of the adhesive layer. Computational efficiency and accuracy are considered
since these aspects are essential for large industrial simulations.
[1] P.Jousset, M. Rachik and S. Koch, Adhäsion Kleben & Dichten, 52, 14 (2008).
[2] P.Jousset and M. Rachik, accepted for publication in Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology.
ACEX546
Dr. Nunziante Valoroso
Università di Napoli ―Parthenope‖,
Centro Direzionale Isola C4, Napoli,
Italy
A novel fixture for measuring mode-III toughness of bonded metal joints

G. Cricrì1, M. Perrella1, N. Valoroso2
1Università di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo 1, Fisciano (SA), Italy
2Università di Napoli ―Parthenope‖, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, Napoli, Italy
Recent advances in adhesive technology have led to a rapid growth in the use of structural adhesives and in
many cases their use is by far more convenient, less expensive and more durable than traditional methods of
joining dissimilar materials and structural members.
When utilizing adhesive bonding in structures, the designer is generally interested in the possibility of
determining the pure-mode fracture toughness in order to obtain a complete fracture characterization of the
material. However, different from mode I and mode II, mode III fracture involves several difficulties, see e.g. [1]
and references therein.
In this work a new fixture for the determination of the pure mode III adhesive fracture toughness of bonded
154 | P a g e
metal joints is presented (Figure 1). Il consists of two circular plates joined in the central region with a
cylindrical hinge and adhesively bonded on the remaining part of the plates.
The experimental data that will be made available from the new test will allow useful comparisons with
numerical results and the calibration of the damage-mechanics-based interface model developed in [2] as well.
[1] R. Marat-Mendes, M. de Freitas, Characterisation of the edge crack torsion (ECT) test for the measurement
of the mode III interlaminar fracture toughness, Eng Fract Mech, 76, 2799-2809, 2009.
[2] N. Valoroso, L. Champaney, A damage-mechanics-based approach for modelling decohesion in adhesively
bonded assemblies, Eng Fract Mech, 73, 2774-2801, 2006.
VIP-ACEX55
Prof. Jean-Yves Cognard
ENSIETA,
France
Experimental analysis of the influence of hydrostatic stress

on the behaviour of an adhesive using a pressure vessel
J.Y. Cognard 1, R. Créac‘hcadec 1, L.F.M. da Silva 2, F.G.Teixeira 2,
P. Davies 3, M. Peleau 3
1 LBMS, ENSIETA / Université de Brest / ENIB, ENSIETA, Brest, France
2 Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do
Porto, Porto, Portugal
3 IFREMER, Brest Centre, Materials & Structures Group, 29280 Plouzané, France
Generally, adhesives are viscoelastic-plastic materials, for which the development of viscosity and plasticity
varies depending on the type of adhesive and the stress state. Various models exist to represent the yield
surface, or the so-called elastic limit, taking into account the two stress invariants, hydrostatic stress and von
Mises equivalent stress. Moreover, to develop precise pressure-dependent constitutive models, it is necessary
to have a large experimental database in order to accurately represent the adhesive strains which are strongly
dependent on the tensile-shear loading combination. However, very few experimental results are available to
model the behaviour of the adhesive in a bonded assembly under realistic loadings.
This paper presents the possibility of combining the use of tensile or compression tests performed on bulk
adhesive with a pressure vessel specially designed to study the influence of hydrostatic stress. The latter
allows pressures up to 100 MPa to be applied during mechanical testing. Secondly, experimental results are
presented for an adhesive in an assembly under tensile-shear loadings combined with hydrostatic pressure.
Tests are performed with a modified TAST fixture and a modified Arcan device, both designed to strongly limit
the influence of the edge effects. The results are discussed with respect to the development of 3D pressure-
dependent models.
[1] A. Deb, I. Malvade, P. Biswas and J. Schroeder, Int. J. Adhesion Adhesives 28, 1-15 (2008).
[2] R. Rolfres, M. Volger, G. Ernst and C. Hühne, Trends in Computational Structures Technology, Saxe-
Coburg, ISBN 978-1-874672-35-7, 151-171 (2008).
[3] J.Y. Cognard, R. Créac‘hcadec, J. Maurice, P. Davies, M. Peleau, L. Da Silva, J. Adhesion Sci. Technol. (in
press, 2010).
155 | P a g e
VIP-ACEX62
Prof. Juan C. Suarez
Research Group on Hybrid Materials,
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid,
Center for Durability and Structural Integrity of Materials (CISDEM),
ETSI Navales, Avda, Arco de la Victoria s/n, 28040 Madrid,
Spain
Mixed mode double cantilever beam test for characterization of degradation of structural adhesive
joints in sea water
J.C Suarez
Research Group on Hybrid Materials. Universidad Politecnica de Madrid.
Center for Durability and Structural Integrity of Materials (CISDEM)
ETSI Navales, Avda. Arco de la Victoria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Numerical simulations or virtual testing are gradually replacing many expensive and time consuming
experiments in the product design process. For adhesive joints, it is convenient to let the constitutive relation
represent the mechanical behaviour of the entire adhesive layer. Such a constitutive relation describes
activities in the adhesive layer before and at fracture. The objective of this work is to experimentally obtain the
constitutive behaviour of an adhesive layer under mixed mode loading, before and after immersion in sea water
for increasing time. The Mixed Mode Double Cantilever Beams (MCB) specimen used in the experiments is
designed to allow the adhesive layer to be loaded by a force varying smoothly from pure peel to pure shear.
The measured deformations of the adhesive layer in the FPZ show a nonlinear deformation path in all tested
mode mixities and the critical deformation of the adhesive in the peel direction is virtually independent of the
mode mixity. The constitutive behaviour of the adhesive layer is obtained by the inverse method. The obtained
constitutive behaviour of the mixed mode loaded adhesive layer is coupled and mode dependent.
[1] M Bordes, P Davies, J-Y Cognard, L Sohier, V Sauvant-Moynot and J Galy, Prediction of long term strength
of adhesively bonded steel/epoxy joints in sea water, International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives, 2009, Vol.
29. Pp : 595–608
VIP-ACEX63
Prof. Alessandro Pirondi
Industrial Engineering Department,
University of Parma, viale G.P. Usberti 181/A,
43124 Parma, Italy
Simulation of Mixed-Mode I/II Fatigue Crack Propagation in Adhesive Joints with a Modified Cohesive
Zone Model
F. Moroni, A. Pirondi
Industrial Engineering Department - University of Parma, viale G.P. Usberti 181/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
156 | P a g e
This work extends to mixed mode I/II conditions the fatigue crack propagation model developed in [1] for pure
mode I and pure mode II loading. The model is implemented in the finite element software ABAQUS using the
related USDFLD subroutine. The present model is based on the cohesive zone concept, where damage
develops according to the value of the opening/sliding at the bondline under static loading, and according to a
cyclic damage accumulation law under fatigue loading. The damage accumulation law is obtained by
distributing the cyclic crack area increment over the process zone ahead of the crack tip, where the cyclic crack
area increment is calculated according to a Paris-like law that relates the crack growth rate to the applied
loading (see [2]).
The Benzeggagh-Kenane (BK) mixed mode cohesive law has been implemented into the subroutine in order to
calculate the cohesive mixed mode behavior depending on mode I and mode II cohesive laws and mixed mode
I/II ratio. A similar procedure has been developed to evaluate the parameters of the mixed mode I/II fatigue
crack growth rate starting from the mode I and mode II values.
In order to verify the performances of the model simulations have been performer under varying mixed mode
I/II conditions and the results have been compared with those obtained analytically, finding an excellent
agreement.
[1] A. Pirondi, F. Moroni, ACE-X 2009, Rome, Italy. Submitted to J. of Adhesion.

[2] Turon, A., Costa, J., Camanho, P.P. and Dàvila, C.G. Composites 38, 2270-2282 (2007).
VIP-ACEX66
Prof. Chiaki Sato
Precision and Intelligence Laboratory
Tokyo Institute of Technology
4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku,
Yokohama 226-8503,J
Japan
Residual Stress Distribution in Adhesively Bonded Joints

of Curved Members on Flat Plates
C. Sato1
1P&I Lab., Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
Residual stress in adhesively bonded joints caused by the configuration mismatch of adherends is very
important in terms of their strength. This paper presents a simple closed-form theory to predict the residual
stress in bonded joints of curved members on a flat surface with adhesives, which occurs often in actual
production lines of sheet-metal working.
The curved members, the adhesives, and the flat plates are treated as beams, elastic materials, and rigid
bodies respectively in this theory. An imaginary bending moment is applied to the end of the member to give a
flexure of constant curvature. The maximum stress occurs at the end of the adhesive layer. In the case of
concave members, the maximum stress is tensile. However, it is compressive in the case of convex members.
Therefore, the maxim peel stresses in both the cases occurs at different loci and their values are also different.
The fact leads to the different life times of the joints due to the creep deformation of the adhesives.
In this study, the finite element method is applied to the same problem to verify the results obtained by the
157 | P a g e
theory. That enables the problem to be expanded to viscoelastic analysis. An experiment using concave and
convex beams bonded on a flat plate with a pressure sensitive adhesive was carried out to verify the prediction
by the theory. The concave beam was debonded faster than the convex beam as the theory predicted.
VIP-ACEX65
Prof. Luca Goglio
Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24,
10129 Torino, Italy
Precision of the one-dimensional solutions for bonded DOUBLE LAP joints

L. Goglio, M. Rossetto
Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
Some tens of analytical, closed-form solutions for bonded lap joints have been developed over the last seven
decades [1]. With a few exceptions, they all rely on two assumptions about the stress state in the adhesive
layer: (i) the stresses are a function of the longitudinal coordinate only; (ii) just the shear and peel stresses are
considered, the remaining ones being negligible. The practical consequence of the first assumption -usually
justified by the small thickness of the adhesive with respect to the adherends- is that the through-thickness
variation is disregarded, the results can be considered as representative of the stress state on the mid plane.
The second assumption restricts the analysis to the stress components which are indispensable to transmit the
loads. As a consequence, neither the infinitesimal (―strong form‖) equilibrium, nor the boundary conditions on
the shear stress are satisfied.
The most relevant results that this simplified approach can offer are the stress peaks at the end of the overlap,
thus it is interesting to evaluate the error which affects their values. In this work such analysis is carried out for
the solutions of the double lap joint [2,3], varying the geometrical parameters (overlap length, adhesive and
adherend thickness). The reference results used for comparison are given by finite element modelling. In some
cases, experimental measurements obtained from strain gauges applied on the adherend back face have also
been used for general validation of the models and further comparison. It has been found that, although the
stress distribution along the overlap is generally well reproduced by the analytical model, the discrepancy for
the values of peak stress at the ends is not always small. Furthermore, the longitudinal normal stress in the
adhesive is not actually negligible, since it is comparable to the peel or shear components.
References
[1] L.F.M. da Silva et al. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 29, 319 (2009).
[2] L.J. Hart-Smith. Adhesive-bonded double-lap joints NASA CR 112235 (1973).
[3] A.M. Albat, D.P. Romilly. Compos. Sci. Technol. 59, 1127 (1999).
ACEX316
Dr. Nicolo Vincenzi
University of Bologna, DIEM,
V.le Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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Experimental analysis on the strength of press fit and adhesively bonded axisymmetric components
D. Croccolo, M. De Agostinis, N. Vincenzi
University of Bologna, DIEM, V.le Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna (IT).
ABSTRACT: The present paper deals with the definition of the static and fatigue strength properties of press-fit
and adhesively bonded axisymmetric components (hybrid joints) in presence of tensile loads. The final purpose
is to evaluate accurately the axial releasing force, as the addition of the interference contribution and of the
adhesive contribution. The tested specimens are some cylindrical fit joints in which hubs are made of
aluminium alloy, while shafts are made of steel alloy. Firstly, some experimental tests have been performed in
order to relate the static strength of the joints to the adhesive strength, to the actual amount of interference and
to the actual friction coefficients between the shaft and the hub. Then, fatigue tests, differentiated and related to
the static joint performances, have been carried out to define the residual strength after 106 loading cycles.
The outputs of the investigation are some engineering design formulae useful to easy calculate the hybrid joint
strength.
TEXT: Improvements in mechanical properties of hybrid joints (interference fit augmented with anaerobic
adhesive) and in their control techniques have strongly spread this type of joining applications [1].
Unfortunately, the strength of hybrid joints is affected by various factors, such as the coupling pressure (directly
related to the amount of interference), the type and the way of assembling (press fit or shrink fit), the type of
materials in contact, the roughness of the surfaces, the operating temperature and the loading type (tension or
torsion). Indeed, referring to the whole coupling surface, the dry interference carries out about the 30% of
contact surfaces, whereas the presence of anaerobic adhesive is able to fill the voids, exploiting effectively
100% [2]. The aim of this study is, therefore, to evaluate accurately the static and fatigue strength of press-fit
hybrid joints loaded in tension. The tested specimens (Fig.1) are some cylindrical components, in which hubs
are made of aluminium alloy (6082 T6), while shafts are made of steel alloy (39NiCrMo3). All the specimens
have been realised with a coupling diameter DC=20mm and with a coupling length LC=20mm (aspect ratio
LC/DC=1). The amount of nominal interference U has been calculated by applying the ISO system of limits and
fits: the tolerance grade H6/r5 is able to provide the range Umin - Umax = 13 - 37mm.
Fig.1 Example of tested specimens: steel shaft and aluminium hub with the strain gauge
The actual coupling pressure pF, generated by the press-fit operation, has been precisely evaluated by means
of a strain gauge located on the external surface of the hub (Fig.1). The strain gauge provides the external
hoop deformation, which can be easy related to the internal pressure by means of the thick walled cylindrical
theory (Lame‘s equations). Experimental coupling and decoupling tests have been carried out on a standing
press, by pushing the shaft into the hub at a constant speed (5mm/s). Assembly and disassembly tests have
been performed, firstly, without the presence of the adhesive, in order to evaluate the axial friction coefficient μll
and, therefore, the interference strength contribution Fll=μll∙pF∙p∙DF∙LF [4]. Secondly, the total strength
Ftot_D=Fll+Fad of the press-fit and adhesively bonded joint has been evaluated by performing another set of
coupling and decoupling tests: the static contribution of the adhesive Fad=τad∙p∙DF∙LF has been calculated by
subtracting the interference contribution from the total decoupling strength (Fad=Ftot_D-Fll). The adhesive
under investigation is the Loctite® 648: the bonded specimens have been cured for 48 hours at 40°C in order
to aid the complete polymerization. The analysis of the static results pointed out that a strong correlation exists
between the coupling pressure (or the amount of interference) and the adhesive mean shear strength. It is
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therefore possible to relate the actual coupling pressure to the total decoupling force Ftot_D by calculating the
interference contribution Fll and by forecasting the adhesive contribution Fad. Once the static loads have been
defined, some fatigue tests have been carried out with the purpose to evaluate the adhesive residual strength
at 106 cycles of a tension-tension fatigue test. In fact, as the interference contribution Fll is constant with
respect to the fatigue stress, each specimen has been loaded with a minimum force equal to the interference
contribution (Fmin=Fll), and with a maximum force equal to a percentage a%, within the range 25% - 50%, of
the static strength of the adhesive, added to the interference contribution (Fmax=Fll+a%×Fad). After 106
loading cycles in case of surviving, the specimens have been disengaged in order to calculate the residual
axial force Ftot_D_fatigue: the joint and the adhesive strength reduction has been finally evaluated, with
respect to the static value. The different fatigue cycles produce different adhesive strength reduction. When the
adhesive is fatigue stressed up to 25% of its static strength, no strength reduction has been highlighted on the
specimens.
References:
[1] D. Croccolo, R. Cuppini, Int J Adhes Adhes, 29, 234-239 (2009).
[2] T. Sekercioglu, Int J Adhes Adhes, 25, 352-357 (2005).
[3] D. Croccolo, N. Vincenzi, in ACE-X 2009, 22-23 June 2009, Roma (IT).
[4] D. Croccolo, R. Cuppini, N. Vincenzi, Strain, 44, 170-179 (2008).
ACEX313
Prof. Shiuh-Chuan Her
Yuan Ze University,
Chung-Li, Tao-Yuan Shian, 320,
Taiwan
Adhesively Bonded Repair on Composite Laminates

S.C. Her1, M. Chao1
1Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Tao-Yuan Shian, 320, Taiwan
Damaged composite laminate repaired by adhesively bonded patches has been studied in this paper. A special
adhesive element is developed to examine the stress distribution in the bonded region. Utilizing the adhesive
element, one is able to incorporate the regular elements in the laminate and patch. It has the advantage of
reducing the adhesively bonding problem into two-dimensional in-plane problem, and avoiding fined meshes in
the adhesive. The special adhesive element is derived basing on the assumption of constant shear stress
through the thickness of the adhesive. The damaged area of the composite laminate is simulated as a hole.
The repair efficiency is evaluated by comparing the stress concentration factor on the damaged hole before
and after the reparation. The effects of the thickness, size and material properties of the patch and adhesive on
the stress distribution are presented through a parametric study. Numerical results indicate that a stiffer and
thicker patch is able to carry more loads, consequently, reduce the load across the damage area yielding to
less stress concentration on the damaged hole. For a high shear modulus and thin thickness of adhesive layer,
fewer loads are transferred to the patch resulting high stress concentration on the damaged hole.
Keywords: adhesively bonded repair, composite laminate, patch, adhesive element.
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VIP-ACEX23
Prof. Erol Sancaktar
The University of Akron,
USA
Nanocomposite Adhesives
E. Sancaktar
The University of Akron, Polymer Engineering Department, Akron, OH 44325-0301 U.S.A.
With the advent of ―nanotechnology‖, nanocomposite adhesives are fast appearing for many improved
applications in aerospace, automotive, medical and construction industries. Different types of nano-size
particles and fibers are used to produce nanocomposite adhesives. It has been reported that nanotubes
increase the composite strength by as much as 25%. However, multiwall nanotubes (MWNTs) are limited in
their applications because of weak inter-shell interaction. Single wall nanotubes (SWCNTs) on the other hand
are quite expensive and difficult to manufacture. Alternative reinforcement materials for nanocomposites
include graphitic nanoplatelets, carbon nanofibers (GCNFs) and layered silicate nanolayers. The clay silicate
nanolayers possess stable Si-O bonds and high particle aspect ratios comparable to conventional fibers. Their
interlayer surface is easily modified by ion-exchange reaction, and the gallery can be intercalated by organic
polymer precursors for the formation of organic-inorganic nanocomposites. Exfoliated clay composites contain
single, ~1 nm thick layers of clay dispersed in the polymer matrix. Owing to the platy morphology of the silicate
layers, exfoliated clay nanocomposites can exhibit dramatically improved properties such as barrier and
mechanical properties that are not available for conventional composite materials. Sub-micron size fillers,
including electrospun conducting fibers have large specific surface area and tend to form high interconnecting
network. These characteristics enhance electrical conductivity of nanocomposite adhesives. When carbon
nanofiber (CNF) mats are used to render epoxy resins electrically conductive, the rate of cure reaction for the
CNF mat-epoxy nanocomposite becomes higher than that for the neat epoxy resin at low curing temperatures.
However, high CNF mat loading may retard the cure reaction due to the hindering effect of the CNF mat to the
diffusion of epoxy resin and curing agent, leading to low crosslinking density. At such high CNF mat contents
with relatively lower crosslink density, the Tg for the composite still ends up higher than that for the neat resin
due to the ultra-high strength of the CNF mat.
VIP-ACEX23
Prof. Erol Sancaktar
The University of Akron,
USA
The Effects of Partial Bonding at Overlap Edges in Adhesive Lap-Joints

J. D. Engerer and E. Sancaktar
The University of Akron, Polymer Engineering Department, Akron, OH 44325-0301 U.S.A.
The most commonly used adhesive joint geometry is the ―single lap joint‖ geometry. This joint structure
possesses a complex state of stress with high stress concentrations, and often, singularities at the ―overlap‖
ends due to the termination of the adhesive layer with free surfaces, on which no shear stresses exist to
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provide the requisite force balance. Furthermore, since the force applied on the adhesive layer is not by a
collinear force vector through the two bonded substrates, a net out-of-plane moment is created over the
adhesive layer, which subjects it to strong peel forces at the overlap ends. These mechanical conditions result
in majority of the load transmitted to the adhesive layer to be carried in areas close to its overlap end locations.
In this current work, the adhesive lap joint was modified by omitting adhesive from the center of the bond
area, thus introducing two bands of adhesive separated by a gap (band-adhesive joint). Keeping the joint
geometry symmetric, the size of the adhesive bands was varied from full bond area coverage to 1.59 mm
strips. The experiments were conducted using a commercially available double-sided acrylic adhesive tape, as
well as epoxy putty bonding steel adherends at different percentages over 25.4 mm overlap length. The
bonded specimens were subsequently tested using an Instron tensile tester.
Our experimental data reveals that the highly deformable nature of the acrylic adhesive yields very different
results in comparison to the brittle epoxy adhesive used in single-lap band adhesive joints. This disparity is not
without expectation due to the different deformation/failure modes of the two types of adhesives. The relatively
brittle epoxy adhesive primarily fails by crack propagation at relatively low strain levels. The ductile adhesive,
on the other hand, fails after forming fibrils at very high strain values, rendering the peeling forces at the ends
of the bond area to have a less significant effect on the failure of the bonded joint.
VIP-ACEX30
Dr. Lucas da Silva
Portugal
Effects of Temperature and Strain Rate on the Mechanical Properties of a High Temperature Epoxy
Adhesive
M. D. Banea1, F.S.M. de Sousa2, L. F. M. da Silva2, R.D.S.G. Campilho3
1 Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica (IDMEC), 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
2 Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do
Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
3 Departamento de Economia e Gestão, Universidade Lusófona do Porto,
Rua Augusto Rosa, 24, 4000-098 Porto, Portugal
The variation of the mechanical properties of the adhesives with temperature and strain rate is one of the most
important factors to consider when design a bonded joint, due to the polymeric nature of adhesives. Adhesive
strength generally shows temperature dependence. Studies that present experimental results of adhesive joints
with structural adhesives (especially epoxies) as a function of temperature generally show a decrease in
strength with increasing and decreasing temperatures [1,2]. Also, in many structural applications, the applied
loads can be dynamic and the design of the joints requires the knowledge of the high strain-rate mechanical
behaviour of the adhesive [3].
In this study, the effects of the temperature and strain rates on the tensile properties of a high temperature
epoxy adhesive were investigated. Tensile tests were performed at three strain rates and various temperatures
(room temperature and high temperatures (100ºC, 150ºC and 200ºC)).
A constitutive model has been developed based on the experimental data with variables of strain rate and
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temperature for the epoxy adhesive. With the obtained models, the mechanical properties of adhesive joints
can be predicted as a function of strain rate and temperature.
[1] L.F.M. da Silva, R.D Adams, J. Adhesion Science and Technology 19 (2): 109-142 (2005).
[2] M. D. Banea, L. F. M. da Silva, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of
Materials: Design and Applications, DOI: 10.1243/14644207JMDA283.
[3] L. Goglio, L. Peroni, et al., International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 28(7): 329-339, (2008).
VIP-ACEX30
Dr. Lucas da Silva
Portugal
Strength improvement of adhesively-bonded joints using a reverse-bent geometry

R.D.S.G. Campilho1, A.M.G. Pinto2, M.D. Banea3, R.F. Silva2,
L.F.M. da Silva3
1Universidade Lusófona do Porto, Porto, Portugal
2Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Porto, Portugal
3Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Adhesive bonding of components has become more efficient in the last few decades due to the developments
in adhesives technology, which reflected on higher peel and shear strengths, and also allowable ductility up to
failure. Adhesive bonds have thus replaced traditional methods such as fastening or riveting, allowing a big
step towards stronger and lighter unions between components. This was mainly due to the reduction of stress
concentrations, especially in the thickness direction, absence of fretting between materials to be joined,
improved fatigue behaviour, easier conformance to complex shapes, amongst many other factors. However, it
is known that single-lap bonded joints still generate substantial stress concentrations in the length direction of
the overlap owing to the gradual transfer of load between the two adherends at the overlap region (also known
as differential straining along the overlap). As a result of this phenomenon, shear stresses concentrate towards
the overlap edges. Peel stresses also develop at the same regions owing to the joints rotation and curvature of
the adherends. Both of these can be harmful to the structure, especially when using relatively brittle adhesives
that do not allow plasticization at the loci of higher magnitude of stresses, leading to premature failures. In this
work, a parametric study is performed on single-lap aluminium joints bonded with two adhesives, a brittle and a
ductile one, to assess the improvement on strength caused by bending the adherends at the ends of the
overlap (configuration known as bent joint). The experimental study comprises different combinations of
eccentricity between the adherends, including absence of eccentricity, allowing the optimization of the bond.
Finite Element stress and failure analyses in ABAQUS® are also carried out for a better understanding of this
joint configuration, showing accurate predictions.
VIP-ACEX64
Prof. S.M.R. Khalili
Centre of Excellence for Research in Advanced
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Materials and Structures,

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
K.N. Toosi University of Technology,Tehran, Iran
Geometry and Core Material Effects on Performance of

Light Weight Sandwich T-Joint Adhesive Bonding
S.M.R. Khalili1,2, A. Ghaznavi1
1 Centre of Excellence for Research in Advanced Materials and Structures, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
2 Faculty of Engineering, Kingston University, London, UK
Due to numerous advantages of sandwich panels, their application in various industries like aerospace, ship
construction, ground transportation, civil infrastructure, maritime, etc. is developing very fast. Since, joining of
sandwich panels is a new subject and has various problems in industries, which would finally results in
efficiency decrement of structures, the study of sandwich panel joints and various parameters that affect their
resistance and effectiveness is necessary. Adhesively bonded T-joints are one of the adhesive joints and
extensively used in assembling sandwich structures. The advantage of adhesive bonded joints over bolted or
riveted joints is that the use of fastener holes in mechanical joints inherently results in micro and local damages
to the composite laminate during their fabrication. In this paper, the effect of fillet and core material of sandwich
panels on the performance of the T- joints is studied. The base angle of the triangle (fillet) is the most important
geometrical parameter of the triangular T-joint. Thus, nine geometric models with different base angles of the
core triangle were made to investigate the effect of base angle on the performance of T-joint. It should be
mentioned that the base angle in triangular foam is changed, so that the final volume of the filler is same in all
cases. Also, four types of foams are used to model the core of sandwich panels to study the effect of core
material of sandwich panels. In modeling the adhesive between the joint elements, contact and cohesive zone
material model are used. Therefore, failure of adhesive and separation of the joint elements have been
excellently modeled. Meanwhile, damage and core shear failure of base panel are modeled using a written
macro code in ANSYS software. Final resistance of the joint in each case is calculated by modeling adhesive
failure and core shear failure of sandwich panels. Finally, the results of finite element method (FEM) were
validated by the experimental results in the previous literatures. In general, the failure load predicted by the
FEM is within 5% as compared to the experimental results. It showed that changing the base angle of
triangular foam, increases the absorbed energy of the joint by 140% and increases the failure load of the joint
by 80%.
VIP-ACEX64
Prof. S.M.R. Khalili
Centre of Excellence for Research in Advanced
Materials and Structures,
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
K.N. Toosi University of Technology,Tehran, Iran
Effect of Piezoelectric Patches on Behavior of

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Adhesively Bonded Scarf Joints

S.M.R. Khalili, R. Farsani Eslami, A. Khoeini
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, South Tehran Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2Centre of Excellence for Research in Advanced Materials and Structures,
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
3Faculty of Engineering, Kingston University, London, UK
In order to reduce the maximum peel and shear stress concentrations influence in the adhesive layer, a smart
adhesively bonded scarf joint system was developed by surface bonding of piezoelectric patches onto a typical
scarf joint. The forces and bending moments at the edges of the developed smart joint system can be
adaptively controlled by adjusting the applied electric field in the piezoelectric patches, thus reducing the peel
and shear stresses concentration effect in the adhesive layer. In order to verify the effect of surface bonding of
piezoelectric patches in smart scarf adhesive joints, an analytical model was developed to evaluate the shear
stress distribution and to predict the peel stress. It was established that the piezoelectric patched joint could
reduce the stress concentrations in the scarf joint edges. The influence of electric field and also the effect of
scarf angle and adherends stiffness in the scarf joint on peel and shear stresses was investigated. The effect of
scarf angle is more significant at high angles to rise the stresses. The effect of electric field on shear stress is
more significant than peel stress. The results and discussions are presented in full length paper.
VIP-ACEX279
Prof. Juan Carlos del Real Romero
Universidad Pontificia Comillas de Madrid (ICAI),
C/ Alberto Aguilera, 23
28015 Madrid, Spain
C.I.F.: R-2800395-B
Study of degradation of high strength epoxy filled with B4C by moisture and temperature
J.C del Real1,a, J. Abenojar2, M.A. Martinez2, M. Pantoja2, N. Encinas2
1. Mechanical Engineering Dept. Universidad Pontificia Comillas de Madrid. (ICAI)
Alberto Aguilera, 23, 28015 Madrid, (Spain)
a: delreal@upcomillas.es
2. Science and Engineering Materials Dept. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
Av. Universidad, 30, 28911 Leganés (Spain).
The amount of degradation that takes place in a polymer composite is related directly with the amount of
moisture it absorbs. Plasticization and swelling are among the undesirable consequences of absorbed water.
The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of moisture and temperature on mechanical properties of epoxy
strengthened with boron carbide. Different B4C sizes (10 and 23 μm) were studied, the carbide percentage is 6
wt%. In order to quantify the degradation level of the composite, the specimens were exposed to two moisture
environments (50%, and 95%) at 60 ºC. Shore D hardness, three point bending and pin-on-disk wear test were
used to determine the effect of humid environments. Mechanical properties were determined at several
intervals of time of exposure (0, 48, 120, 360, 720 hours). Also, the degradation process is following with
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Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR).
SPECIAL SESSION 3
ACEX035
Dr. Siti Aslina Hussain
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Kimia dan Alam Sekitar,
Fakulti Kejuruteraan,
Universiti Putra Malaysia,43400
Selangor, Malaysia
SS3
Numerical Method on Blood Flow Pressure Drop in Aorta Coronary Sinus Conduit
Siti Aslina Hussain1*, Tan Hong Tat1, Mohd Ismail Hamid2, Norhafizah Abdullah1, Azni Idris1
1Universiti Putra Malaysia
Department of Chemical and Enviromental Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, 43400
Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
2 University of Middlesex, London, United Kingdom
Tel. No.: +603 89466292; Fax. No.: +603 86567120.
*Email address: aslina@eng.upm.edu.my
Numerical studies of blood flow system of aorta coronary sinus conduit were carried out using ANSYS™ CFD
simulation. Pressure drop was investigated to achieve from 80 mmHg to 15 mmHg with a 3D model blood
conduit. From the analysis of coronary sinus conduit, it is found that a narrow tube needs to be incorporated
into the conduit produced. This is to induce a venturi effect to reduce the pressure of blood within a specific
throat length. As a conclusion, a model of 3 mm inlet and throat diameter of 1.13 mm show satisfactory result
for pressure reduction from 80 mmHg to 15 mmHg.
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Keywords: blood flow, computational fluid dynamics, simulation, pressure drop, conduit.
ACEX217
Mrs. Rosniza Hussin
Department Materials and Manufacturing Engineering,
University of Nottingham NG7 2RD,
United Kingdom
Growth of ZnO thin Films on Silicon substrates by Atomic layer deposition

R. Hussin, X.H. Hou, and K.L.Choy
1Faculty of Engineering, Department Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham NG7
2RD, United Kingdom
2Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) 86400, Parit Raja
Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) offers the key benefits of precise deposition of nanostructured thin films with
excellent conformal coverage. ALD is being used in the semiconductor industry, for producing high-k (high
permittivity) gate oxides and high-k memory capacitor dielectrics. ZnO has attractive properties for various
applications such as semiconductors, gas sensors and solar cells. In this study, ZnO thin films were deposited
via ALD using alternating exposures of diethyl zinc (DEZ) and deionized water (H2O) on silicon wafer (100).
The thin films were analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), ellipsometer, Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The XRD analysis shows the presence of ZnO thin films with a
hexagonal wurtzite structure. The thickness of ZnO thin films was correlated with the substrate temperatures
and deposition cycles. The coating thickness was found to increase with the increase of the deposition cycles,
but it decreased with the increased of deposition temperature. The nucleation and growth mechanism of ZnO
thin film has been established. It can be concluded that, the growth mechanism of ZnO films is strongly
dependent on the ALD processing conditions.
ACEX218
Mrs. Adibah Haneem bt Mohamad
Embedment of HA/Ti composite on superplastic titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V)

A. H. Mohamad Dom, I. Jauhari, S. Yazdanparast, H. Mohd Khalid
Titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4V) are generally used for medical implants more frequently than other metals due to
their superior mechanical strength. However, being bioinert, the integration of such implants in bone was not in
167 | P a g e
good condition as compared to the other biomaterials with bioactive properties such as hydroxyapatite (HA) [1].
HA has excellent biocompatibility but its mechanical properties are inadequate for load bearing applications. As
a result, the application of HA is mainly found as a coating material on a bioinert metallic implant such as Ti-
6Al-4V. Nevertheless, it was found that the bonding between the HA coating and metallic substrate was not
strong [2].
Recently, HA and Ti composite coatings have been studied to improve the low strength of pure HA coatings [3].
Biomedical composites composed of Ti and HA can offer the combination of the bioactive properties as well as
good mechanical strength and toughness. Various methods can be employed for HA/Ti coatings on metal
substrates such as plasma spray [4, 5] and radio frequency magnetron sputtering [6]. Some drawbacks have
been noticed regarding to the long-term performance of the coatings such as non-homogeneity and low
bonding strength between the coatings and substrate [7]. Apart from that, these coating methods are
sophisticated and costly, which limit the accessibility of the techniques. Ti-6Al-4V with fine and equiaxed
microstructures has the abilities to show superplastic behaviours which allow large plastic deformation under
certain conditions. The phenomenon of superplasticity has made it possible to form complex shapes with low
flow stress. Dental implants have been successfully developed using superplastic Ti-6Al-4V.
The objective of this study is to produce HA/Ti composite layer on superplastic Ti-6Al-4V using continuous
pressing technique. Through continuous pressing of HA/Ti composite, it is expected that the superplastic
deformation of the Ti-6Al-4V surface asperities will strongly hold the embedded composite layer. Thus, an
improved HA/Ti composite layer on Ti-6Al-4V is expected to be produced. The bonding strength between the
HA/Ti composite and superplastic Ti-6Al-4V will be evaluated by wear test method. Comparison will be made
with HA/Ti composite layer on as-received Ti-6Al-4V.
[1] Albrektsson T, Branemark PI, Hansson HA, Lindstrom J. Osseointegrated titanium implants. Requirements
for ensuring a long-lasting, direct bone-to-implant anchorage in man. Acta Ortho Scand 1981;52:155–70.
[2] Jansen JA, van de Waerden JPCM, Wotke JGC, de Groot K. Histologic evaluation of the osseous
adaptation to titanium and hydroxylapatite-coated titanium implants. J Biomed Mater Res 1991;25:973-89.
[3] X.B. Zheng and C.X. Ding Characterization of Plasma-Sprayed HA/TiO2 Composite Coatings Journal of
Thermal Spray Technology Volume 9(4) December 2000:520-525.
[4] Xiu Feng Xiao, Rong Fang Liu, Yang Zeng Zheng Hydoxyapatite/titanium composite coating prepared by
hydrothermal–electrochemical technique Materials Letters 59 (2005) 1660–1664.
[5] Xuebin Zheng, Jianmin Shi, Xuanyong Liu and Chuanxian Ding Developments of plasma-sprayed
biomedical coatings Journal of Ceramic Processing Research. Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 174~179 (2001).
[6] Cui FZ, Luo ZS, Feng Q. Highly adhesive hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium alloy formed by ion beam
assisted deposition. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1997;8:403-5.
[7] Kangasniemi IMO, Verheyen CCPM, van der Velde EA, de Groot K In vivo tensile testing of fluoroapatite
and hydroxylapatite plasma-sprayed coatings. J Biomed Mater Res 1994; 28:563-72.
ACEX223
Prof. Monouchehr Vossoughi
Department of chemical and petroleum Engineering,
Sharif University of Technology, Tehran,
Iran
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Simultaneously Synthesis and Encapsulation of Gold nanoparticles using

linear–dendritic Copolymers of Poly (ethylene glycol)-Poly (citric acid)
Ashkan Tavakoli Naeini, Manouchehr Vossoughi1,2, Mohsen Adeli2,3
1 Department of chemical and petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
2 Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Nanogold or gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely studied in the past 10 years because of their unique
properties, such as catalysis, quantum size effect, and optical properties. Due to the requirements for control of
nanoparticle size and surface functionalization for this broad range of applications, different synthetic methods
have been developed to generate monodisperse AuNPs. One of the most widely used methods is the reduction
of tetrachloroaurate ions (AuCl4-) in aqueous medium using sodium citrate to generate particles with diameters
typically ranging from 10 to 100 nm. Although this method has good control over producing a particular particle
size, it is limited to the synthesis of larger particles. The Brust method and various modifications are useful for
the generation of AuNPs having core sizes ranging from 1 to 4 nm. In this study, Linear-dendritic triblock
copolymers of linear poly(ethylene glycol) and hyperbranched poly(citric acid) (PCA-PEG-PCA) were used as
reducing and capping agents to synthesize and encapsulate gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). PCA-PEG-PCA
copolymers in three deferent molecular weights were synthesized using 2, 5, and 10 citric acid/PEG molar
ratios and were called A1, A2 and A3, respectively. The diameter of A1, A2 and A3 in a fresh water solution
was investigated using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and it was between 1.8 and 2.8 nm. AuNPs were simply
synthesized and encapsulated by addition a boiling aqueous solution of HAuCl4 to aqueous solutions of A1, A2
and A3. Encapsulated AuNPs were stable in water for several months and agglomeration was not occurred.
The loading capacity of A1, A2 and A3 and the size of synthesized AuNPs were investigated using UV
spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that the loading capacity of PCA-PEG-
PCA copolymers is depend on the concentration of copolymers and the size of their poly(citric acid) parts
directly. For example average loading capacities for 400 µM concentration of aqueous solutions of A1, A2 and
A3 were 32.24, 37.4 and 41.52 µM respectively. Average loading capacities for 400, 200 and 100 µM
concentration of A1 were 32.24, 20.28 and 9.1 µM respectively. Interestingly, there was a reverse relation
between the size of synthesized AuNPs and size of citric acid parts of PCA-PEG-PCA copolymers.
Keywords: Encapsulation, Linear-dendritic, Gold nanoparticles, Loading capacity
ACEX232
Prof. Ping Yuan
Lee Ming Institute of Technology,
Taiwan
Investigation on the equivalent perfusion rate of Pennes model and heat transfer coefficient of porous
model in a no blood feeding tissue
P. Yuan1, S.B. Wang1, H.M. Lee1, K.T. Lee2, M.S. Chiang3
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1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lee Ming Institute of Technology, Taiwan.

2Department of Electrical Engineering, Lee Ming Institute of Technology, Taiwan.
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nan Kai University of Technology, Taiwan.
This study designs an experiment to investigate the equivalent perfusion rate of Pennes model and the
equivalent heat transfer coefficient of porous model, which authors have proposed and published in an
international journal. This experiment model is filled by the agar gel as the bionic tissue, and uniformly
distributed by multiple stainless steel tubes with micro-scale diameter as the bionic blood vessels. On the top
of agar gel cube, the heating plate gives a certain heat generation to the agar gel, and three thermocouples at
different positions measures the transient temperature. Simultaneously, this study also uses a software
package to simulate the tissue temperature by using the Pennes model and the porous model, respectively.
Through applying the conjugated gradient method and the software package, this algorithm can finds the
equivalent perfusion rate of Pennes model and the equivalent heat transfer coefficient of porous model by
iterated comparing the numerical results and experimental data. The study has finished the research on the
estimation of equivalent perfusion rate and heat transfer coefficient when the tissue has no blood flowing. The
results show that the equivalent parameters found by this algorithm conform to the expected values, and the
predicting temperatures calculated by the Pennes model and porous model with the equivalent parameters
also agrees with the experimental data. In the next stage, authors will extend the research to find the
equivalent perfusion rate and heat transfer coefficient when the tissue has blood flowing.
[1] H.H. Pennes. J. Appl. Psychol., 1. 93 (1948).

[2] P. Yuan. Int. J. Heat Mass Tran. 52, 1734 (2009).
ACEX240
Dr. Smail Benbarek
University Djillali Liabes of Sidi Bel-Abbes,
BP89 cité Larbi Ben M‘hidi
Algeria
Finite element study of the crack propagation in cement of the total hip arthroplasty
S.Benbarek1, B.Bachir Bouiadjra1, T. Achour1, B.Serrier1
1 University Djillali Liabes of Sidi Bel-Abbes, BP89 cité Larbi Ben M‘hidi.
The focus of this study is the analysis using finite element method of the propagation path of the crack in the
vicinity of the orthopedic cement of the total hip replacement. In fact, a small python statement was
incorporated with the Abaqus software to do in loop the following operations: extracting the crack propagation
direction from the previous study, drawing the new path, remeshing and calculating again(stresses and fracture
parameters). The loop is broken when the user‘s desired crack length is reached(number of propagations) or
the value of the mode I stress intensity factor is negative. Results shows: the crack propagation‘s path can be
influenced by human body posture; a crack‘s neighbor cavity can change this path to, or can absolutely attract
it enough to meet. Crack can propagate in the outward direction (toward the acetabulum bone) and can‘t
propagate in the opposite direction, the mode I stress intensity factor raises with the crack length and that of
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mode II vanishes.
ACEX242
Mrs. Hidayah Binti Mohd Khalid
University of Malaya, 50603
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Wear behavior of hydroxyapatite superplastically embedded into Ti6Al4V in the biological environment
H. Mohd Khalid, I. Jauhari, A. H. Mohammad Dom, S.Yazdan Parast
Titanium and its alloys (Ti6Al4V) are suitable for bioimplant applications. This is due to its desirable properties,
like high strength to weight ratio, biocompatibility, do not corrode [1-3] and do not release harmful toxins when
exposed to body fluids [1]. Unfortunately, one of the limitations for usage these materials as implants is their
poor osteoconductive properties [3,4]. However, this drawback has recently been addressed by ceramic bio-
apatite such as hydroxyapatite (HA) coating on titanium substrate in the field of orthopedics and dentistry due
to its chemical and biological similarity to human hard tissue [2, 3, 5]. Since its mechanical strength is low, HA
alone does not fully satisfy the requirement. Thus, combination of high strength of the titanium with bioactive
ceramics makes titanium coated by HA valuable for medical applications [6, 7]. Nowadays, various techniques,
such as sputtering [8], electron beam deposition [5, 8], laser deposition [9] and plasma spraying [10] have been
employed to deposit HA or other calcium phosphate layers on various metal substrates. Nevertheless, the
adhesion of this coating on metal substrates is always poor especially during the actual application in human
body [5, 6, 11]. It was reported that superplastic deformation-like method used to deposit carbonated–apatite
(CAP) to titanium alloy has successfully produced strong layer of coating [2]. Besides elementals‘ diffusion at
the CAP/Ti interface from the high-temperature condition, the additional pressing work can give extra energy
that force the bio-apatite to move inside the substrate through deformation of surface asperities and the bulk
material itself which enhance a good bonding properties of bio-apatite on the substrate[2]. In this study, HA is
superplastically embedded into the well known Ti6Al4V. The mechanical behaviours of the embedded layer are
evaluated to assure the performance, safety and durability through evaluations of the wear properties in
simulated body fluids (SBF).
[1] Matej Balazic and Januz Kopac, Mark J. Jackson, Waqar Ahmed, Review: titanium and titanium alloy
applications in medicine, Int. J. Nano and Biomaterials, Vol. 1, (2007).
[2] R.D. Ramdan, I. Jauhari, R.Hasan, N.R. Nik Masdek, The role of strain rate during deposition of CAP on
Ti6Al4V by superplastic deformation-like method using high-temperature compression test machine, Materials
Science and Engineering A 477 (2008) 300-305.
[3] X. Nie , A. Leyland, A. Matthews, Deposition of layered bioceramic hydroxyapatite/TiO2 coatings on titanium
alloys using a hybrid technique of micro-arc oxidation and electrophoresis, Surface and Coatings Technology
125 (2000) 407–414.
[4] Sergio Allegrini Jr., Elisabeth Rumpel, Ellen Kauschke, Jochen Fanghanel, Bruno Konig Jr., Hydroxyapatite
grafting promotes new bone formation and osseointegration of smooth titanium implants, Ann Anat 188 (2006)
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143—151.
[5] Jae-Man Choi, Hyoun-Ee Kim, In-Seop Lee, Ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) of hydroxyapatite coating
layer on Ti-based metal substrate, Biomaterials 21 (2000) 469-473.
[6] Takamasa Onoki, Kazuyuki Hosoi, Toshiyuki Hashida, Yasuhiro Tanabe, Tomoaki Watanabe, Eiichi
Yasuda, Masahiro Yoshimura, Effects of titanium surface modifications on bonding behavior of hydroxyapatite
ceramics and titanium by hydrothermal hot-pressing, Materials Science and Engineering C 28 (2008) 207-212.
[7] Toru Nonami, Akira Kamiya, Katsuyoshi Naganuma, Tetsuya Kameyana, Implantation of hydroxyapatite
granules into superplastic titanium alloy for biomaterials, Materials Science and Engineering C 6 (1998) 281-
284.
[8] Ong JL, Lucas LC, Lacefield WR, Rigney ED. Structure, solubility and bond strength of thin calcium
phosphate coatings produced by ion beam sputter deposition. Biomaterials 1992; 13:249-254.
[9] Cotell CM, Chrisey DB, Grabowski KS, Spregue JA. Pulsed laser deposition of hydroxyapatite thin films on
Ti-6Al-4V. J Appl Biomater 1992; 8:87-93.
[10] X.Y. Liu, P.K. Chu, C. X. Ding, Mater. Sci. Eng., R Rep. 47 (2004) 49.
[11] Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, 50-51, D. Shi (Ed.), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, New York, (2004).
ACEX317
Mr. Murali Subramaniyam
South Korea
Measurements of L4/L5 Biomechanical Forces of Korean Adults Postures for Low Back Pain Analysis
S.Murali1, S. Park1 , S.J. Park2 , Y.J. Oh2
2Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, South Korea.
Low Back Pain (LBP) is one of the main and second reasons after common cold as a cause of lost days at
work; around 80-90% of people will have low back pain at some part in their lives. The symptom for LBP varies
from person‘s condition, disease or injury to the muscles, bones, and/or nerves of the spine. Most of the
researches and studies are detailing low back pain occurs between L4/L5 and L5/S1. In this paper, we have
explained the measurements of L4/L5 biomechanical forces of the Korean adult‘s postures. Here, the
measurements of forces were comparison, shear and moment on L4/L5 joints. The analysis and
measurements have been carried out using digital human modeling technology. Using this technology, digital
human model of Korean adults have been modeled with different postures and symmetrically varying loads
were applied on their hands. The analysis of biomechanical forces for the digital Korean model postures were
based on NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) and UW (University of Waterloo‘s)
Limits.
Acknowledgment: The authors are grateful for the support from the Korea Research Institute of Standard and
Science (KRISS) and partially supported by the second stage of Brain Korea 21 Program.
[1] G. Bolstad, B. Benum and A. Rokne, Appl. Ergon., 32, 239 (2001)
[2] Y. C. Lin, M. J. J. Wang and E. M. Wang, Appl. Ergon., 35, 173 (2004)
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[3] S. Murali, S. Park, S. I. Choi and S. J. Park, The Korea CAD/CAM Soc., Conference, p569 (2009)
[4] S. Murali, S. Park, and S. J. Park, p. 341 (ICHCI 2009, WASET, Singapore 2009)
[5] S. Murali, S. Park, S. J. Park, Y. J. Oh and J. H. Piao, The Korea CAD/CAM Soc., Conference, p403
(2010)
ACEX336
Mr. Alvaro Joffre Uribe Quevedo
Campinas State University UNICAMP,
Campinas, São Paulo,
Brazil
Human Gait: Kinematics Analysis and Mechatronic Simulation

A.J. Uribe1, J.M. Rosario1, J.A.Tenreiro Machado2
1Campinas State University UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
2Institute of Engineering of the Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal
Human gait studies have yielded to various research for reproducing walking using techniques such as,
forward and inverse kinematics [1], Splines trajectory planning [2], and Zero Moment Point for stability in frontal
and Sagittal Planes [3]. Applied in humanoid robotics [4] and orthotic devices, current trends develop motion
assisted devices, whether it increases human capabilities or rehabilitates them [5]. This paper is focused on the
gait kinematic analysis, as well as joint trajectory planning based on anthropometric measurements and
collected data from a walking person. The analysis and study, resulted in the implementation of a
parameterized solution for suitable planning of low member paths, validated through a legged mechanism
simulation. The methodology followed for accomplishing this objective is described as follows:
1. Kinematic analysis for obtaining each joint positions and rotations;
2. Implementation of a trajectory generator for waist, knee and ankle articulations;
3. Comparative study focused on parameters obtained by experimental results and calculated data for defining
simulation parameters;
4. Simulation of a mechanical legged model to validate parameterized calculated path.
5. Results analysis, conclusions and future works.
[1] Guillaume N., Franck Multonab, Gilles Berillonc, François Marchald, J. of Biomechanics, 40, 1048 (2007).
[2] Zhe Tang, Changjiu Zhou, Zenqi Sun, Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Conf. on Robotics &
Automation, p.2455, (2003).
[3] M. Vukobratovic and L. Borovac, Int. J. of Humanoid Robotics, 1, 157, (2004).
[4] S. Ha, Y. Han, and H. Hahn, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 34, 74, (2007).
[5] B. Ruthenberg, N. Wasylewski, and J. Beard, Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 4, 203,
(1997).
ACEX342
Prof. E. Diez-Jimenez
Dpto. de Ingeniería Mecánica.
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid,
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Avda. Universidad 30. 28911 Leganés,

Spain
Biomechanical behaviour analyse of sap ascent in vascular plants

J.L. Perez-Diaz, J.C. Garcia-Prada, F. Romera-Juarez and E. Diez-Jimenez
Dpto. de Ingeniería Mecánica. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Avda. Universidad 30. 28911 Leganés, Spain
A pure mechanical anisotropic model of a tree trunk has been developed based on the 3D finite element
method. It simulates the microscopic structure of vessels in the trunk of a European beech (Fagus sylvatica) in
order to study and analyse its mechanical behaviour with different configurations of pressures in the conduits of
xylem and phloem. The dependence of the strains at the inner bark was studied when sap pressure changed.
The comparison with previously published experimental data leads to the conclusion that a great tensile stress
- or ―negative pressure‖- must exists in the water column in order to achieve the measured strains. Moreover,
the model can help to design experiments in where knowing qualitatively the strains and the purely mechanical
behaviour of the tree is required.
ACEX356
Mrs. Ying ZHANG
Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
Experimental Investigation of the Surface Tension of Lipid Membranes

Y. Zhang, H. Fan,
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798,
Republic of Singapore
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), known as the model of living cells, do not always exhibit spherical shape or
have constant surface tension as ordinary liquids. In this study, the surface tension of the constituting lipid
bilayer membranes is experimentally investigated on the adhesion and spreading of GUVs. The vesicles are
prepared through electroformation method which is proven to be effective in producing defects-free GUVs. The
spreading experiment is conducted on the home-made device assembled from one rectangular silicon sheet
and two transparent polymer sheets. The vertically fixed silicon sheet with a smooth surface serves as the
spreading surface for GUVs. The experimental design is applicable based on the theoretical analysis that the
spreading of micrometer-scaled GUVs should be controlled by the surface tension of the lipid membrane.
The results obtained from the experimental work show that the pre-aspirated vesicle would adhere onto the
solid surface when the vesicle is extremely close to the surface and the silicon surface is pre-coated with poly-
L-lysine. The surface tension of the lipid membrane varies with time, leading to the progress of spreading. The
spreading finishes in a short time and the vesicle reaches an equilibrium state with a measurable apparent
contact angle with respect to the solid surface.
ACEX363
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Mrs. Soon Chin Fhong

University of Bradford,
Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
Finite element analysis of traction force induced by cell on the liquid crystals
C.F. Soon1,2, M. Youseffi1, N. Blagden1, M.C.T Denyer1
1University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.
2University of Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 83000 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
The ability of a cell to exert traction force is important biological behaviour in regulating integrity of tissue,
wound healing and differentiations. Cholesteryl ester based lyotropic liquid crystals were used to probe the cell
traction force. Dynamic interactions of cells with liquid crystals due to re-structuring of the cells cytoskeleton
formed distinct localized deformation on the liquid crystal film. These deformations on the surface of the liquid
crystals was due to the traction forces originated from the focal adhesions that are connected to the
cytoskeleton of the cell. Therefore, we aim to investigate single cell contraction force induced by large groups
of focal adhesions on the liquid crystal layer using finite element analysis. The physical properties of the liquid
crystals properties were characterized by using AFM based nano-indentation and rheology techniques. To
obtain the displacement on the liquid crystals due to the contraction of focal adhesions, cytochalasin-B was
used to depolymerise the actin filament of the cell cultured on the liquid crystal substrate and in turn
degenerate the forces exerted on the surface of the liquid crystals. The result of the mechanical
characterization showed that liquid crystals behave linear viscoelastic at low angular frequencies <1s-1 and
below 10% shear strain. The Poisson‘s ratio of the liquid crystals was assumed to be 0.49 close to the elastic
rubber. The Young‘s modulus of the liquid crystals was determined at 104 ± 11.31 kPa. The dimensions of the
focal adhesions and displacement data were input into a 3D model of the liquid crystal and linear static stress
analysis was applied to the model. The proposed model produced force in fractions of µN induced by large
group of focal adhesions on a continuum agreed with published literatures.
[1] C.F. Soon, M. Youseffi, N. Blagden, S.B. Lobo, M.C.T. Denyer, Interaction of cells with elastic cholesteryl
liquid crystal, IFBME Proceedings, 25/X, 9 (2009).
[2] Beningo, K.A., Flexible substrata for the detection of cellular traction force, Trends in Cell Biology, 12, 2
(2009).
ACEX388
Mr. Mohamad Mazwan Bin Mahat
University of Technology MARA,
Shah Alam,, 40450 Shah Alam,
Malaysia
Biomechanical Modeling of Aneurysm Growth and Rupture using Fluid Structure Interaction
M.Mazwan Mahat1, A.Juliawati2 and Ishkrizat Taib3
1University of Technology MARA, Shah Alam,, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia.
2Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Malaysia.
3Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja Batu Pahat, Malaysia.
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We develop a method to analyze aneurysm growth and rupture based on idealized spherical shape from actual
patient specific geometry data. This study purposely carried out to evaluate whether wall mechanics of soft
tissue coupled with blood flow dynamics can be used to provide the insight weakening phenomena. In order to
simulate the behavior of the system, the fluid structure interaction method (FSI) was utilized using transferred
data from fluid dynamics model to finite element wall mechanics. The FSI transferred these dynamics loads to
exert the aneurysms wall then the respective deformations determined. The numerical modeling of aneurysms
results the blood flow parameter of pressure and velocity inside aneurysm sac in the form of profile
correlations. These parameters generate a possible aneurysms ruptures timing during the growth as a
reasonable quantitative observations. The developed method allows us to identify biomechanical factors that
can influence the blood flow properties changes and wall stress distribution. As part of the computed maximum
wall stress to relate with growth and rupture, normalized velocity and pressure profiles inside the aneurysm sac
were correlated. This explains the effect of blood flow to the weakening vessel wall and rupture behaviour due
to variable flow conditions. These results assist medical practitioner to the prediction of time and location of
aneurysm ruptured.
ACEX428
Prof. Humberto D. Silva
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco,
Recife, PE, Brazil.
Simulation of the problems of refraction in the human eye

H.D. Silva1, L.C.P. Dória2, C.P. Dória3, C.P. Dória4, M.C.T.D. Silva5, H.D. Silva Jr.6, M.T.D. Silva6
1Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
2Computer Engineer UPE, Recife, PE, Brazil.
3Biologist, UNICAP, Recife, PE, Brazil.
4Production Engineer, FBV, Recife, PE, Brazil.
5Technologist Computing, UNIBRATEC, Recife, PE, Brazil.
6Student, UNICAP, Recife, PE, Brazil.
This work demonstrates the need for updated review of the mechanism of refraction in the human eye, to
understand the deterioration of visual acuity and plan your recovery. It is the conclusion of a work for ten years
for recovery of presbyopia the first author, through exercise the extra-ocular and ciliary muscles.
Scheiner [1], (in 1619), proved in his experiments, made with a card which the object is seen in different
directions at different distances, this corresponds to stating that for each direction, the same object is projected
onto multiple images superimposed in different positions on the retina. These different projections characterize
the effect resulting from the formation of lenses, originating from the clustering of metabolic secretions trapped
in the cornea and lens.
It is shown through the simulation, the monocular vision of an object, perceived by a patient, under the effect of
these lenses. The simulated object can be produced by a light source or the refraction of light, which causes
different effects. In the simulation of a text on the lined paper, produced by reflected light, the patient sees only
the guidelines, if the predominant effect of overlapping images. The mechanism for refractive correction of
view, characterized by nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism, the lens under the influence, coming
176 | P a g e
from the agglutination of metabolic secretions trapped in the cornea and the lens is also examined.
[1] L. Werner, F. Trindade, F. Pereira, L. Werner, Arq. Bras. Oftalmol., vol. 63 no. 6, (São Paulo, Brasil,
Nov./Dec. 2000).
ACEX520
Mrs. Elina Teivane
University Hospital for Children,
Clinic for Paediatric
Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Riga, Latvia
Biomechanical Properties of the Aorta in Neonates and Infants

E.Teivane¹, N.Sikora¹, V.Ozolins¹, L.Smits¹, I.Bergmane¹, A.Lacis¹, V.Kasyanovs²
¹University Hospital for Children, Clinic for Paediatric
Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Riga, Latvia
²Biomechanical Laboratory of Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
Surgical correction of the coarctation of the aorta is the standard method in neonates and infants (surgical
techniques used are anastomosis end-to end, subclavian flap angioplasty and extended end-to-end
anastomosis) [1] There are still lots of disputable questions according the choice of the treatment and there are
almost no investigation of biomechanical properties of the neonatal and infantile aorta. The aim of the study is
to investigate biomechanical properties of the aorta in neonates and infants and compare results in case of
different techniques of anastomoses. Seven specimens of native aorta and 2 specimens with anastomosis end-
to-end specimens of the upper part of the descending aorta during the autopsies of neonates and infants were
investigated (children from 2 days to 5 months old, weight 4.0 ± 1.6 kg). Specimens were pressurized from 0 to
200 mm Hg with the step of 20 mmHg while maintaining the length of the sample in situ [2]. It was shown a
non-linear stress - strain relationship of neonatal and infantile aortic wall. The strain of the aorta at inner
pressure 100 mmHg is 38.2 ± 7.80 % and the stress is 76.61 ± 43.21 kPa. In the case of anastomosis end-to-
end the stress - strain relationship is linear. The strain of the anastomosis at the inner pressure 100 mmHg is
only 14.54 ± 7.4 %. The modulus of elasticity of the aortic wall increases with the increasing of inner pressure,
but in the case of anastomosis it does not changes. The first results show that the stiffness of the anastomosis
is a constant in comparing with aortic wall and this may affect on a hemodynamic in the aorta.
[1] M.K. Park, R.G. Troxler, Pediatric Cardiology for Practitioners, Vol. 105, p.165 (Mosby, 4th Edition, 2008).
[2] B.S. Gupta, V.A. Kasyanov, J. Biomed. Mat. Res., 34, 341 (1997).
ACEX521
Mr. Normunds Sikora
Children‘s University Hospital,
Clinic for Pediatric Cardiology
and Cardiac Surgery,
Vienibas St.45, Riga, Latvia
177 | P a g e
Biomechanical properties of coronary arteries neonates

N.Sikora¹, E.Teivane¹, A.Lacis¹, V.Ozolins¹, L.Smits¹, I.Bergmane¹, V.Kasyanov²
¹Children‘s University Hospital, Clinic for Pediatric Cardiology
and Cardiac Surgery, Vienibas St.45, Riga, Latvia
²Biomechanical Laboratory of Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
One of the most important issues in pediatric cardiac surgery is myocardial protection when cardioplegic
solution mixed with oxygenated blood is injected in coronary arteries with the pump [1]. In this case it is
necessary to establish the right pressure of the cardioplegic solution in coronary arteries taking into account
their biomechanical properties [2]. Biomechanical properties of eight specimens of coronary arteries from
neonates 12.3 ± 13.7 days old and weight 4.1 ± 0.9 kg were investigated and compared with adult arteries.
Specimens were pressurized from 0 to 200 mmHg with the step of 20 mmHg while maintaining the length of
the sample in situ. We observed that the relationship between stress and strain in neonates was non-linear.
There was a rapid increase of strain until the inner pressure reaches 80 – 100 mmHg and not as rapid
regarding to the stress in the arterial wall. When the internal pressure exceeds 100 mmHg the strain of the
arterial wall increases much slower but at the same time the wall stress and modulus of elasticity begin to
increase rapidly. It means that the structural elements of the arterial wall have been straightened and possible
damage in the wall of coronary arteries of neonates may appears. These results were compared with
biomechanical properties of arterial wall of adults and had been found differences.
Our first experimental results show that the pressure of the cardioplegic solution in neonatal coronary arteries
should not exceed 100 mmHg to decrease the risk of structural damage of the vascular wall. Additional
investigations of morphology of arterial wall of neonates and adults has to be done.
[1] J. Vinten-Johansen, R.S. Ronson, V.H. Thourani, A.S. Wechsler, in Cardiopulmonary bypass, 2nd ed.,
p.214 ( Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams&Wilkins 2000 )
[2] G.S. Kassab, J R Soc Interface, 3, 719 – 740 (2006)
ACEX533
Prof. Naceur Hakim
Lab. LAMIH, University of Valenciennes,
59313 Valenciennes, France
On the Mechanical Characterization of a Human Femur Bone using Multi-scale Continuum Finite
Element Model
H. Naceur1, J. Rahmoun1, J. Halgrin2
1 Lab. LAMIH, University of Valenciennes, 59313 Valenciennes
2 ISM - University of the Mediterranean Aix-Marseille II, Marseille
E-mail: hakim.naceur@univ-valenciennes.fr
Osteoporosis is a debilitating condition that reduces bone mineral density and makes one's bones susceptible
to disabling bone fractures. Preventing Human femoral fractures is an important end in osteoporosis research.
178 | P a g e
In order to evaluate the fracture risk and to quantify response to treatment, bone condition is directly related to
its strength. Finite Element (FE) models based on medical imaging are continuously improved in order to better
assess of in vivo femoral bone strength. It is well known that bone materials are highly anisotropic and
inhomogeneous, in particular cancellous bone, thus including anisotropic material properties could potentially
lead to a greater predictive value of FE models for femoral bone strength.
The aim of the present work is to propose a consistant multi-scale approach for the accurate modeling of
Human femoral under impacts. The proposed approach is based on the coupling between a micromechanical
model [1] for the modeling of elastic properties of trabecular bone using the Eshelby and Hill polarization
tensors of an isolated ellipsoidal inhomogeneity embedded in an infinite matrix [2], and a composite
multilayered solid-shell FE model [3] at the macro-level for the prediction of the global response. The
determination of the elastic properties at the micro-level is entirely geometrized and is treated in terms of
averages of Walpole's components of the fourth-order [4]. The Ponte Castaneda scheme is used to investigate
the effect spatial distribution of the ellipsoidal inclusions on the effective behavior [5]. Architecture of trabecular
bone can be quantified using the volume fraction and fabric, which is a second rank tensor describing the
orientation and degree of architectural anisotropy [6].
At the macro-level, we propose hexahedral solid-shell FE elements which are a variety of FE models midway
between solid elements and thin shells [7]. They have many advantages compared to the degenerated shell
models, because of their kinematics simplicity, their ability in modeling complex biological structures generally
composed of bulk and thin-walled regions. In the proposed FE model different locking phenomena have been
resolved using of the Assumed Natural Strain method and the Enhanced Assumed thickness Strain where a
7th enrichment variable is suppressed by static condensation.
Modeling results of Human femoral fractures showed the high effects of the aspect ratio and orientation
distribution of pores on the effective elastic properties of trabecular bone.
References
[1] J.Rahmoun, F. Chaari, E. Markiewcz, P. Drazetic, "Micromechanical Modeling of the Anisotropy of Elastic
Biological Composites", Multiscale Model. Simul. Vol. 8, Issue 1, pp. 326-336, 2009.
[2] J.D. Eshelby, "The determination of the elastic field of an ellipsoidal inclusion, and related problems",
Proceedings of the Royal Society Series A, 252(A), 561 (1959).
[3] M. Hannachi, H. Naceur, J. L. Batoz, "Continuum Based Solid–Shell Element Modeling for the Optimization
of Composite Multilayered Structures", Int. Rev. of Mech. Eng., vol. 1, Issue 4, 2007
[4] L.J. Walpole, "On the overall elastic moduli of composite materials", Journal of the Mechanics and Physics
of Solids, 12, 235 (1969).
[5] P. Ponte Castaneda, J.R. Willis, "The effect of spatial distribution on the effective behavior of composite
materials and craked media", Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 43 (12), 1919 (1995).
[6] T.P. Harrigan, R.W. Mann, "Characterization of micro structural anisotropy in orthotropic materials using a
second rank tensor", Journal of Material Science, 19, 761 (1984).
[7] M. Harnau, K. Schweizerhof, "A systematic development of solid-shell element formulation for linear and
non-linear analysis employing onlydisplacement degrees of freedom", Int. J. Num. Meth. Eng, Vol. 42, pp. 49-
69, 2002.
ACEX302
Prof. Mohammadhossein Fathi
Biomaterials Group,
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Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
Novel Magnesium-nano Fluorapatite Metal Matrix Nanocomposite with Improved Biodegradation

Behavior
M.H. Fathi, M. Meratian, M. Razavi
Biomaterials Group, Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-
83111, Iran.
Designing and preparation of magnesium alloys with adjustable biocorrosion rates in human body and
precipitation ability of bone-like apatite layer have been concerned recently. Application of metal-matrix
composites (MMC) based on magnesium alloys might be an approach to this challenge. The aim of this work
was fabrication and evaluation of biocorrosion and bioactivity of a novel MMC made of magnesium alloy AZ91
as matrix and fluorapatite (FA) nano-particles as reinforcement. Biodegradable magnesium-nano fluorapatite
metal matrix nanocomposite (AZ91-20FA) was made via blending-pressing-sintering method. In vitro corrosion
tests were performed for evaluation of biocorrosion behavior of produced AZ91-20FA nanocomposite. The
results showed that the addition of FA nano particles to magnesium alloy as reinforcement can reduce not only
the corrosion rate in simulated body environment but also accelerate the formation of apatite layer.
ACEX444
Dr. Asawinee Danpinid
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand
Stresses and Strains Analysis of a Longitudinal Heterogeneous Arterial Wall

A. Danpinid1, P. Sakulchangsatjatai1, J. Vappou2, E. E. Konofagou2
and P. Terdtoon1
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, THAILAND
2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Stress and strain have shown to be significant factors on several vascular disease, e.g., atherosclerosis and
abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) [1-3]. The variation of material properties along the artery is related to the
local onset of the disease. Results on the material-heterogeneity of the arterial wall yield the alterations of
stresses and strains that provide essential clinical information. We therefore investigate the distributions of
stresses and strains in a longitudinal, material heterogeneous arterial wall under physiologic loadings using
finite element method. Two cases were defined, i.e., normal and diseased aortas. The walls were assumed to
be symmetry, uniform, cylindrical, elastic tubes. Pulsatile blood pressure was applied to both cases. In normal
case, we assumed the wall to be material homogeneous, i.e., single Young‘s modulus is equal to 150 kPa.
Using our ultrasound-based method allows us to locally access the elastic modulus along the axial direction of
the aortic wall [4]. In the diseased case, therefore, the diseased aorta was treated to be material
heterogeneous by varying the Young‘s modulus from 20-1000 kPa. In the results, for normal and diseased
180 | P a g e
aorta, stresses and strains decreased nonlinearly in radial direction from inner toward the outer wall (28.45%
and 28.13% in stresses and 28.56% and 19.74% in strains for normal and diseased aortas, respectively). While
the trends of stresses and strains in normal case were uniform longitudinally, multiple jumps of stresses in
diseased aorta were found at the boundaries of the varying Young‘s moduli in adjacent sections, especially
high (408.3% maximum) at the big difference in Young‘s moduli. This is because of the alteration of material
properties on axial direction causes the change of arterial wall deformation, which is directly related to the
stress and strain calculations. Our study performs on a finite element model that provide a better understanding
on how the material heterogeneity influence the fashion and magnitudes of stresses and strains on the arterial
wall.
[1] M. J. Thubrikar and F. Robicsek, Ann Thorac Surg, 59, 1594 (1995).
[2] D. A. Vorp, J Biomech, 40, 1887 (2007).
[3] J. F. Rodriguez, C. Ruiz, M. Doblare, and G. A. Holzapfel, J Biomech Eng, 130, 021023 (2008).
[4] A. Danpinid, J. Luo, J. Vappou, P. Terdtoon, and E. E. Konofagou, Ultrasonics, In Press, Corrected Proof.
ACEX444
Dr. Asawinee Danpinid
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand
Stresses and Strains Analysis in the Left Ventricular wall with Finite Deformations
T. Khamdaeng, P. Sakulchangsatjatai, A. Danpinid and P. Terdtoon
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiang Mai University, THAILAND.
Tel. +66 53 944144 ext. 911, Fax +66 53 226014, Email: fon_tipa@hotmail.com
Dysfunction of left ventricle causes of death for large amount people in each year, one of the most dangerous
is heart attack originated by ischemia. In order to specify some indices for diagnosis in clinical treatment, the
material parameters of left ventricular (LV) wall are meaningful represented. These indices were determined
based on the understanding of material properties (stresses-strains relationship) of normal heart to assess its
fundamental mechanisms. In this research, transmural stresses and strains distribution from base to apex in
the normal canine heart during systolic and diastasis phase was determined using the previously well-
established constitutive relation for active [2] and passive [1] LV wall in terms of a pseudostrain-energy function
(W). A thick-walled truncated conical shell geometry was employed and LV wall was assumed to be
transversely isotropic, incompressible and homogeneous deformation. The left ventricular anterior and
posterior deformations were measured by the tetrahedron-shaped crystals implanted movement. Finite
deformations including inflation, extension, twist and transmural shearing were considered in the model.
Deformation parameters were considered as linear alteration from inner to outer LV wall. It was found from
calculation that all six components of strain were a function of radius with the same order, whereas, just three
components of stress were a function of radius (i.e. component of radial stress and two components of
transmural shearing stress). Moreover, stresses and strains relation is nonlinear due to fiber orientation
181 | P a g e
changing across the LV wall, the highest circumferential stresses occur at nearly middle surface, and they also
increase from the base to the apex. The highest radial stresses occur at the endocardial surface and decrease
gradually across the LV wall.
[1] J.D. Humphrey, R.K. Strumpf, and F.C.P. Yin, ASME. J. Biomech.Eng., 112, 333 (1990).
[2] P.J. Hunter, A.D. McCulloch, and H.E.D.J. ter Keurs, J. Biophys.Mol.Biol., 69, 289 (1998).
VIP-ACEX28
Prof. Saied Darwish
Saudi Arabia
Photo-elasticity verfication of industrial douple containment FEM model

S M Darwish
Industrial Engineering Department
King Sauid University
Riyadah Saudi Arabia
Double containment joints represent the backbone of many industrial bonded structure. It has been used so far
in many industrial applications such as bonded milling macines, bonded heat exchangers, bonded gear box
casing and bonded metal cutting tools. The joint has been analsyed analytically and numerically. In the present
work the joint has tested experimentally in order to verify the finite element predictions. A specially designed
set up for loading has been manufactured and used. it can be concluded that the experimental results are
nearly the same as the finite element results with a 4.9% error
VIP-ACEX28
Prof. Saied Darwish
Saudi Arabia
Femur Design Parameters and Contact Stresses at UHMWPE Cup

H. Fouad1* and Darwish SM2
1Department of Applied Medical Science, RCC, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 28095- 11437 Riyadh Saudi
Arabia
2Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Eng., King Saud University, P.O. Box: 800- 11421 Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
The contact stress that occurs in the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) hip joint cup has
been shown to be correlated with the implant wear rate. The wear of the hip joint is considered as one of the
main factors that affect the long term performance of the implant. The contact stress that occurs in the
UHMWPE hip joint cup is affected by the implant dimension and materials. In this study, four different femur
materials and geometries were used to investigate the effects of femur design parameters on the resultant
182 | P a g e
contact stress on the UHMWPE cup. The results of the FE simulation show that the contact stresses at the
UHMWPE cup decreases dramatically with increasing the femur diameter. Also the results indicated that the
contact stresses on the UHMWPE cup decrease significantly when using FG femur with low modulus of
elasticity. The presence of metal backing results in a slight reduction in the UHMWPE cup contact stresses
especially for small femurs. Finally, the presence of gap between UHMWPE cup and femur results in
remarkable increase in the cup stress especially for small femur. The hip joint femur dimensions and materials
are thought to play an important in the transition of load in the implant and should be taken into consideration
during the design of the hip joint.
Key Words: FE, femur, Cup Dimensions, UHMWPE, FGM, SS, Ti, CoCrMo.
* On leave from Helwan University, Faculty of Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Dept. Egypt
Corresponding author Prof Darwish SM E-mail: darwish@ksu.edu.sa Tel.: +966501459908; Fax.
+96614678657
VIP-ACEX67
Dr. Juan Alfonso Beltrán Fernández
Instituto Politécnico Nacional,
Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica,
Unidad Zacatenco, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación,
Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos (UPALM),
Edificio 5, 3er Piso, 07738, D.F., México
Numerical stress analysis of C3-C5 cervical porcine vertebrae under compressive loading using 3-D
scanner and 3-D Computed Tomography
J.A. Beltran-Fernández1a, L.H. Hernández-Gómez1b, G. Urriolagoitia-Calderón1c, A. González-Rebatú2d, G.
Urriolagoitia-Sosa1e
1Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (ESIME), Unidad
Zacatenco. Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos
(UPALM), Edificio 5, 3er Piso, 07738, D.F., México. Teléfono: 5729-6000, extensión: 54691
2Hospital Regional ISSSTE 1º de Octubre, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Núm. 1669, Col. Magdalena de
las Salinas, 07760, México.
ajbeltranf@hotmail.com, bluishector56@hotmail.com, currio332@hotmail.com, djanosclub@hotmail.com,
eguiurri@hotmail.com
Keywords: Biomechanics, cervical vertebrae, 3-D Scanning, Compressive loads, Porcine vertebrae
In this paper, the biomechanical behavior of C3-C5 porcine cervical vertebrae is analyzed. The objective of this
evaluation is to establish the differences of two cases, when they are under compressive loading. In the first
instance, a damaged C4 vertical body is instrumented with a bone graft and a titanium alloy (Ti-6A1-4V)
cervical plate. In the second case, the biomechanical integrity of a healthy C3-C5 unit is studied, when it is
instrumented with the cervical plate mentioned above. It is fixed with titanium screws. The required numerical
models are created with different techniques. 2-D Computer Tomography (CT) classic technique, 3-D Scanner
Z-Corp 700 and a CT scanning Philips Brilliance system were used to create three FEM models. It was done in
183 | P a g e
conjunction with Pro-E Wildfire 4.0, Scan IP 3.1, UGS NX-4 and Geomagics R 10.0 codes. Main displacements
and von Misses stresses between the upper and lower surfaces of the vertebral bodies were calculated.
Besides, the influence of a bone graft and the titanium alloy (Ti-6A1-4V) screws over C3 and C5 were
evaluated. The numerical disparities obtained with these numerical techniques are discussed. In order to
establish a performance criterion, the results obtained in the first case were compared with those obtained with
the second case mentioned above. The contribution of this study is to optimize the actual surgical technique
using different kinds of modeling and 3D polymer printing prototypes using CT to evaluate the case of study of
each patient.
VIP-ACEX67
Dr. Juan Alfonso Beltrán Fernández
Instituto Politécnico Nacional,
Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica,
Unidad Zacatenco, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación,
Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos (UPALM),
Edificio 5, 3er Piso, 07738, D.F., México
Biomechanical characterization of analysis of adjacent vertebra behavior using porcine specimens

L.H. Hernández-Gómez1a, J.A. Beltran-Fernández1b, G. Urriolagoitia-Calderón1c, A. González-Rebatú2d, G.
Urriolagoitia-Sosa1e
1Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (ESIME) Unidad
Zacatenco. Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, ESIME Zacatenco, Unidad Profesional Adolfo
López Mateos (UPALM), Edificio 5, 3er Piso, 07738, D.F., México. Teléfono: 5729-6000, extensión: 54691
2Hospital Regional ISSSTE 1º de Octubre, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Núm. 1669, Col. Magdalena de
las Salinas, 07760, México.
ajbeltranf@hotmail.com, bluishector56@hotmail.com, currio332@hotmail.com, djanosclub@hotmail.com,
eguiurri@hotmail.com
Keywords: Biomechanics, cervical, porcine vertebrae, displacements.
In this paper the evaluation of the behavior of the adjacent facets between vertebras and a bone graft implant
is linked to the effect known as: cervical pain, which is generated for diverse traumatism. In the case of specific
damaged vertebra, the replacement of the vertebral body is one of the alternative solutions. However, the
displacement between the vertebral adjacent facets and the bone graft is a critical parameter which has to be
evaluated in order to ensure the stability of the spine. For this study, three C3-C5 porcine cervical models
instrumented with a bone graft in order to replace a damaged C3 vertebral body and a cervical plate were
tested under compression loading. The maximum loading conditions were able to be evaluated using mechanic
testing machine INSTRON and FEM numerical modeling using ANSYS Code. The displacements between the
vertebral facets and the bone graft were measured using LVDT SDP-50 and a Phidget® interface. The results
were in accordance with the Muller criterion which establishes displacements lower than 3 mm.
ACEX370
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Dr. Kheng Lim GOH

School of Eng.,
Monash University Malaysia,
Selangor 41650, Malaysia
Dehydrothermal effects on the ultra-structure and micromechanical properties of collagen fibres:

implications on biomechanics of burned connective tissues
K.L. Goh1, Y.Y. Yeo2, K. Liao2, A. Listrat3, D. Bechet3
1 Sch. of Eng., Monash University Malaysia, Selangor 41650, Malaysia.
2 Sch. of Chem. & Biomed. Eng., Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
3Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 63122 St Genes-Champanelle, France
Collagen is the most fundamental unit of extra-cellular matrix (ECM) and is found dominantly in the form of
hierarchical microfibres, embedded in mammal tissues such as ligaments and skin. These fibres are
responsible for the mechanical and structural integrity, they act to resist the normal physiological load that
tends to pull the tissue apart. Should these fibres be subjected to dehydration in high temperatures, i.e. 54-148
oC, formation of inter-molecular covalent cross-links of collagen occurs, known as dehydrothermal (DHT) effect
[1]; DHT effects have been exploited for fabricating collagen-based scaffolds [2]. DHT effects are also
important in burn trauma as these implicate the increase in the stiffness, strength and toughness of the burned
tissue. In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DHT on the micromechanical
properties and ultra-structure of the collagen fibres, to gain insights on how the underlying collagen
components in ECM affect the burned tissue mechanical properties. Micro-size collagen fibres were teased off
from the anterior cruciate ligament of a lamb. The fibres were air dried for 24 hours and grouped into five; four
groups were designated as 30 minutes, 2, 4 and 24 hours depending on how long the DHT treatment was
carried out, at 120 °C. The fifth group was designated as a control group. After DHT treatment, tensile test to
rupture was carried out on the fibres. From the stress-strain data, the modulus of elasticity (E), ultimate tensile
strength (s0), strain at maximum stress (e0) and strain energy density up to maximum stress (u0) were derived.
Statistical analysis revealed significant increase in E, s0 and u0 with exposure time. Increase in s0 was
consistent with results from the analysis of the Weibull probability (strength) distribution, revealing that fibres
subjected to long heating time posed a reduced risk of failure. In particular, e0 showed significant increase only
by 24 hours. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the collagen fibres comprised fibril bundles; at the
ruptured sites fibril pull-out dominated for samples exposed to 30 minutes of heating. However, fibril rupture
dominated in samples treated to longer heating times. We conclude that DHT treatment alters the
micromechanical and ultra-structural properties of the collagen fibres. The increase in s0, e0, E and u0 with
exposure time were attributed to the increase in crosslink density between the amino acid chains and the
shortening of the increase in molecular packing density due to the tilting of fibrils in the gap region [1]. These
changes may influence the mechanism of scar formation during wound healing in burned tissues.
[1] T.J. Wess, J.P. Orgel, Thermochimica Acta, 365, 119 (2000).
[2] M.G. Haugh, M.J. Jaasma, F.J. O'Brien, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 89, 363 (2009).
ACEX222
Prof. Bachir Bouiadjra Bel Abbes
185 | P a g e
Department of Mechanical engineering,

University of Sidi Bel Abbes, BpP89,
Cité Ben M‘hidi , Sidi Bel Abbes,
Algeria
Stress distribution at the interface Bone-implant in dental prosthesis with stress barrier
A. Merdji1, B. Bachhir Bouiadjra2,3*, B. Serier2, T. Achour2
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Mascara, Mascara,2900, Algeria
2 LMPM, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, BP 89 Cité Ben M‘hidi, Sidi Bel
Abbes, 22000, Algeria
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King saud University, Riadh, Saudi Arabia
* Corresponding author e-mail : bachirbou@yahoo.fr
Dental implant has been used and studied for the replacement of missing teeth for many years. It has been
well known that the success of dental implant is heavily dependent on initial stability and long-term
Osseointegration due to optimal stress distribution in the surrounding bones. For this reason, the search of the
rational solutions to reduce these stresses has become an important issue in this field. Alternatives to reduce
the forces transmitted to implants have been studied, including variations in implant positioning, implant design,
prosthesis shape, occlusal requirements, prosthetic components and prosthetic materials. Thus, a new concept
of adding a bio-elastomer to the prosthetic components of implant system was interposed between the
abutment and the framework crown in order to damp the occlusive shocks and to attenuate the stress
concentrated at the implant/bone interface. The new implant system design was assessed by the 3D Finite
element techniques and ABAQUS program to study the effect of elastomer material under an occlusal load on
the equivalent von Mises interface stresses induced and these stresses were compared with the ones
provoked by the standardized implant. The von Mises stress distribution indicated that stress was maximal
around the top of the implant with varying intensities in the different loading cases. The stress was highest in
the cortical bone at the neck of implant and lowest in the cancellous bone. Overall, the novel implant provoked
lower interface stresses only in the cortical bone due to the stress shielding effect of the electrometric stress
barrier.
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SPECIAL SESSION 4
ACEX042
Prof. M. Jin
Department of Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University,
Beijing, 100044, P. R. China,
SS4
Mode-I Crack Control by SMA Fiber with a Special Configuration
M. Jin
Department of Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University,
Beijing, 100044, P. R. China,
email: jinmingjinming@hotmail.com
Key words: crack control, SMA fiber, actuator, complex stress function
Introduction Crack propagation in solid members is an important reason for structure failure. In recent years,
many research interests are focused on intelligent control of crack propagation. With the rise in temperature,
contraction of prestrained shape memory alloy (SMA) fiber embedded in matrix makes retardation of crack
propagation possible. However, with the rise in temperature, separation of SMA fiber from matrix is inevitable.
This kind of separation weakens effect of SMA fiber on crack tip. To overcome de-bonding of shape memory
alloy (SMA) fiber from matrix, a knot is made on the fiber in this paper. By shape memory effect with the rise in
temperature, the knotted SMA fiber generates a couple of recovery forces acting on the matrix at the two knots.
This couple of recovery forces may restrain opening of the mode-I crack. Based on Tanaka constitutive law on
SMA fiber and complex stress function near an elliptic hole under a point load, a theoretical model on mode-I
control is proposed. An analytical expression of relation between stress intensity factor (SIF) of mode-I crack
closure and temperature is got. Simulation results show that stress intensity factor of mode-I crack closure
decreases obviously with the rise in temperature higher than the austenite start temperature of SMA fiber, and
that there is an optimal position for SMA fiber to restrain crack opening, which is behind the crack tip. Therefore
the theoretical model supports that prestrained SMA fiber with knots in martensite can be used to control
mode-I crack opening effectively because de-bonding between fiber and matrix is eliminated. Specimen of
epoxy resin embedded with knotted SMA fiber can be made in experiment and is useful to an analytical study.
However, in practical point of view, SMA fiber should be embedded in engineering structure material such as
187 | P a g e
steel, aluminum, etc. The embedding process in these matrix materials should be studied systematically in the
future.
ACEX045
Prof. Tomasz Sadowski
Lublin University of Technology,
20-618 Lublin, 40 Nadbystrzycka Str.,
Poland
The thermal shock resistance and mechanical properties at elevated temperatures of transparent
ceramics
M. Boniecki1, Z. Librant1, T. Sadowski 2, W. Wesołowski1
1Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, 01-919 Warsaw, 133 Wólczyńska Str, Poland
2 Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, 40 Nadbystrzycka Str., Poland
There is a need for high-strength materials that transmit in the visible and infrared wavelength region. These
materials are needed for applications requiring transparent armour windows, infrared detector covers and
discharge lamp envelopes [1,2]. In this work the thermal shock resistance and mechanical properties at
elevated temperature of transparent ceramics as spinel (MgAl2O4) and Y2O3 were studied. The thermal
shocks were realized by putting samples (disk shape) into a hot furnace (1000°C). Vickers indentations were
made on the polished sample surfaces. Before and after shocks the measurements of crack lengths were
made and next a parameter Rm (an indicator of thermal stress resistance) was obtained. Hence the maximum
thermal stresses was calculated using fracture toughness KIc. The measurements of bending strength sc and
KIc in function of temperature were made. Young modulus and Vickers hardness were obtained at room
temperature. It was shown that for spinel sc decreased in function of temperature but KIc decreased up to 800
°C and next slightly increased up to 1000 °C and kept constant up to 1400 °C. Then for Y2O3 the increase of
sc and KIc was observed up to 800 °C. Next in the range of 800 – 1000 °C sc and KIc were constant. Te
described above dependency of KIc on temperature for spinel was explained [3] as a result of plastic
phenomena in this ceramics above 800 °C. However the explanation of the dependency of sc and KIc on
temperature for Y2O3 needs further studies.
[1] E. Strasburger, J.Eur.Ceram.Soc., 29, 267, (2009).

[2] G.C. Wei, J.Phys.D: Appl.Phys., 38, 3057, (2005).
[3] C. Baudin, R. Martinez, and P. Pena, J.Am.Ceram.Soc., 78, 1857 (1995).
Acknowledgement
Financial support of Structural Funds in the Operational Programme - Innovative Economy (IE OP) financed
from the European Regional Development Fund - Project No POIG.0101.02-00-015/08 is gratefully
acknowledged.
ACEX212
Dr. Nasser Suliman Bajaba
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Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Technology,

Yanbu Industrial College, Yanbu,
Saudi Arabia, P.O.: 30436
A Finite Element Simulation to Longitudinal Impact

Waves in Elastic Rods
Nasser S. Bajaba1 and Hesham A. Elkaranshawy2
1Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Technology,
Yanbu Industrial College, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia, P.O.: 30436
e-mail: bajaba@yic.edu.sa
2Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Technology,
Yanbu Industrial College, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia, P.O.: 30436
e-mail: hesham_elk@yahoo.ca
In this paper, wave propagation in a thin rod struck by a rigid mass is considered and a finite element
simulation of the system is developed. Both cases of free-free and fixed-free rods are considered. Though,
impact generates a propagating stress wave in both cases, the free-free rod is going to have a rigid-body
motion. The analytical equations of motion are presented and the corresponding finite element equations are
derived. A numerical scheme is constructed and solutions are obtained using Newmark implicit integration
method and Newton-Raphson iterative technique. Solutions include time histories of displacement, velocity,
stress, and contact force. The contact force is calculated, according to St. Venant impact model. Numerical
results of the simulation are compared to traditional analytical results. A simulated visualization of the
propagation of the stress wave in the rod is presented, which enhances the understanding of this complicated
physical phenomenon. The achieved results are accurate enough to have confidence in using this model for
practical applications in wave propagation simulation and analysis.
Keywords: Longitudinal impact, stress and strain analysis, wave propagation, finite element simulation.
ACEX228
Prof. N. Recho
LaMI, University Blaise Pascal,
Clermont II,
France
Hamiltonian Formalism Applied to Fracture

N.Recho1,2
1 ERMESS/ EPF-Ecoles d‘Ingénieurs, Sceaux and France
2LaMI, University Blaise Pascal, Clermont II, France
The first part of this paper deals with several Hamiltonian formalisms in elasticity. The formalisms of Bui [1] and
Zhong [2], which resolve respectively the Cauchy problem and the two-end problem in elasticity, are presented
briefly. Then we propose a new Hamiltonian formalism which resolves simultaneously the two problems
mentioned above and it shows the link between the two formalisms. The potential use for fracture mechanics
189 | P a g e
purposes is then mentioned. In fact, when traditional theories in fracture mechanics are used, asymptotic
analyses are often carried out by using high-order differential equations governing the stress field near the
crack tip. The solution of the high-order differential equations becomes difficult when one deals with anisotropic
or multilayer media etc. The key of our idea was to introduce the Hamiltonian system, usually studied in rational
mechanics, into fracture mechanics. That allows obtaining a system of first-order differential equations, instead
of the high-order differential equation. This method [3] is very efficient and quite simple to obtain solution of the
governing equations of this class of problems. It allows dealing with large range of problems, which may be
difficult to resolve by using traditional methods. Also, recently we developed another new way to resolve
fracture mechanics problem with the use of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with respect to the
circumferential coordinate around the crack (or notch) tip. This method presents the opportunity to be coupled
with finite element analysis and then allows resolving more complicated geometries [4].
[1] H.D.Bui, Introduction aux problèmes inverses en mécaniques des matériaux, Editions Eyrolles, 1993
[2] W.X.Zhong, A new systematical methodology in elasticity theory, Dalian Science & Technology University
Press, 1995
[3] J.Li, N.Recho, Méthodes asymptotiques en mécanique de la rupture, Editions Hermes Science, 2002, ISBN:
2-7462-0366-9
[4] Z.R. Niu, C. Cheng, J. Ye, N.Recho " A new boundary element approach of modeling singular stress fields
of plane V-notch porblems", International Journal of Solids and Structures. Volume 46 (August , 1, 2009) issue
16, pages 2999–3008.
ACEX285
Prof. Emil Manoach
Institute of Mechanics,
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,
Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bl. 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
Damage Detections of Nonlinear Vibrating Thermally Loaded Beams

Emil Manoach
Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,
Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bl. 4, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
Email: e.manoach@imbm.bas.bg
Vibration-based methods (VBM) for structural health monitoring and damage detection in structures are based
on the fact that any changes introduced in a structure result in changes in its dynamic behaviour. The
application of these methods sometimes is limited by the need of a precise enough model of the structural
vibration response. If some nonlinearities or environmental conditions (like the elevated temperature) are not
taken into account in the model, the methods will give a false alarm due to a discrepancy between the
measured and the model response. The temperature changes can and do affect substantially the vibration
response of a structure. This is why it is vital to be able to take into account the temperature changes when
developing VBM procedures. In this work dynamic behaviour of thermally loaded beams with damages
subjected to dynamic loading are considered.
The main objectives of this study are: (i) to study the influence of the defects, the elevated temperatures and
190 | P a g e
their combination on the dynamic characteristics of the structure and on its geometrically nonlinear dynamic
response. (ii) on the base of the analyzing Poincaré map of the structural response to propose criteria for
identifying the irregularities (defects) in the structure, considering the elevated temperature.
The application of the proposed approach is demonstrated on beams with different length/thickness ratio and
subjected to different loadings. A method for the solution of the nonlinear vibrations of beams with variable
thickness/rigidity at elevated temperature is developed. The cases when the structures are subjected to a
harmonic loading with a frequency of excitation close to the first natural frequency of the system and the cases
when the temperature loading is close to the critical one are studied in details. It is shown that the nonlinear
vibrating structures subjected to temperature changes can be very sensitive to the presence of damage. The
capability of the new damage index based on the Poincaré map of the structural response introduced in [1], is
tested for such cases and comments about its applicability for the different cases of loading and defects are
provided.
[1] Manoach, E. Trendafilova ,I. (2008) Large Amplitude Vibrations and damage detection of rectangular plates
J Sound Vib., 315: 591-606
ACEX295
Prof. Belhouari Mohamed
LMPM, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Sidi Bel Abbes,
BP 89, Cité Ben M‘hidi, Sidi bel Abbes, 22000, Algeria
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

Of Thin Films Cracking Along Ceramic Substrates
M. Belhouari 1, B. Bachir Bouiadjra1,2, T. Achour 1 , K.Madani1 and X. Feaugas3
1LMPM, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sidi Bel Abbes,
BP 89, Cité Ben M‘hidi, Sidi bel Abbes, 22000, Algeria
2Department of Mechanical Engineering,College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riadh, Saudi Arabia
3 Laboratoire d‘Etude des Matériaux en Milieux Agressifs (L.E.M.M.A), LaRochelle University, LaRochelle,
France
In the present work three-dimensional finite element method is used to calculate the J integral and the size of
plastic zone at the interfacial crack tip of ductile films bonded to a ceramic substrate in mode I. The ceramic
has linear elastic behaviour and the film has elastic-plastic behaviour. The effects of the specimen thickness
and the crack length on the variation of the J integral and the size of the plastic zone at the crack tip were
highlighted.
Keywords: Film; Substrate; Interface crack tip; J Integral; Plastic zone.
ACEX306
Mr. Omid Saligheh
Department of Textile Engineering,
Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch,
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Young Researchers Club, Tehran, Iran
Study of The Response of High Performance Polyethylene Fiber Crossply Composites to Impact
Loading
O. Saligheh1, R.E. Farsani 2
1Department of Textile Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Young Researchers Club,
Tehran, Iran.
2Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
High performance polyethylene fibers possess extraordinary physical and mechanical properties, such as low
specific weight, high modulus, high strength, high impact resistance, low dielectric constant, good UV
resistance, low moisture absorption, excellent vibration damping capability, low coefficient of friction, and self-
lubricating properties [1]. For fabricating a composite from high performance polyethylene fibers, the ability to
maintain high crystallinity and orientation of the fibers after processing and translate them into the composite
enables the composite to have outstanding properties [2]. In this paper, the influence of temperature on the
flexural properties and also impact resistant of high performance polyethylene (HPPE) fibers cross-ply
composite were investigated. To fabricate of composites a processing method called high temperature-high
pressure sintering/compaction is used and impact properties are measured by Drop weight test. The mass of
impactor was 38 kg and the test was conducted at a velocity of ca. 6 m/s. The results show that in pressure 3
MPa and in 30 min time, trouma (forming of bulge in the rear face of composite after impacting) is lowest when
the compaction temperature is about 125˚C or impact absorption energy is up to the highest value when the
compaction temperature is 125˚C.
[1] S. Kavesh, D.C. Prevorsek, Int. J. Polym. Mater., 30, 15 (1995).
[2] O. Saligheh, R.E.Farsani, R. Khajavi, J. Macromol. Sci. Part B: phys., 48, 766 (2009).
ACEX307
Mrs. Brenda Buitrago
Dept. of Continuum Mechanics and Structural Analysis,
Carlos III University,Leganés, 28911,
Madrid, Spain
Experimentation and numerical validation of low-velocity impact tests in composite carbon/epoxy

sandwich structures with Al honeycomb core
B. Buitrago1,2, A.L. Sánchez-Merino1, I. Irausquín1,2, E. Barbero1
1Dept. of Continuum Mechanics and Structural Analysis, Carlos III University,
Leganés, 28911, Madrid, Spain.
2Dept. of Industrial Technology, Simón Bolívar University,
Caracas, 1080, Venezuela.
Composite sandwich materials with honeycomb cores are becoming very useful for many applications,
especially related to aerospace industry, where the weight is one of the most important factors determining the
engineering design. However, dynamic behavior of this kind of material is still a research topic of concern. By
virtue of this, low-velocity impact tests have been carried out on carbon/epoxy sandwiches with aluminum
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honeycomb core, using a drop weight tower, for impact velocities ranging from 1.2 to 2.6 m/s. These impact
tests have been numerical modeled using nonlinear FEM-based code ABAQUS/Explicit.
For carbon/epoxy laminates linear elastic behavior up to failure has been considered with damage according to
the Hashin failure criteria [1,2], whereas for the aluminum honeycomb core elasto-plastic behaviour with
isotropic hardening was assumed [3], in order to take into account the energy absorbed by plastic strain of the
core.
Numerical results regarding absorbed energy have shown very good agreement with the experimental ones, so
that allow to infer the suitability of the numerical model to predict failures in structures made with this kind of
materials subjected to low strain rates.
[1] Z. Hashin, ―Failure Criteria for Unidirectional Fibre Composites‖, J. Appl. Mech., Vol.47, pp.329-334 (1980).
[3] Z. Hashin, A. Rotem, ―Fatigue criterion for fibre-reinforced materials‖, J. Compos. Mater., Vol.7, pp.448-464
(1973).
[3] C.C. Foo, L.K. Seah, G.B. Chai, ―Low-velocity Impact Failure of Aluminum Honeycomb Sandwich Panels‖,
J. Compos. Struct., Vol.85, pp.20-28 (2008).
ACEX323
Prof. N. Nik Abdullah
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering,
Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
High-Low sequence loading effect on the crack growth rate using UniGrow model
N. Nik Abdullah, S. Abdullah, M.H. Hafezi
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Bangi 43600, Selangor,
Malaysia
Keywords: fatigue crack growth, load sequence, UniGrow model, Reliability
The fatigue crack growth behaviour under variable amplitude loading is a subject that has been studied since
1970 with Elber‘s contribution to fracture mechanics. Simple VA load sequences are most commonly used to
study the load interaction effect phenomenon. Changes in the loading amplitude, so-called high-low sequence
loading experiments, can introduce profound effects on the fatigue crack growth. The purpose of this research
is to test applicability of a unified two-parameter FCG model - called UniGrow model for above mentioned
loading conditions. Good correlation has been achieved when comparing the results with previous literature
works for stainless steel 304. Finally, authors made efforts to identify some uncertainty parameters to evaluate
prediction accuracy of the model using reliability aspects.
ACEX348
Mr. Yonnes Mohammadi
Ghazvin Branch, Ghazvin,
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Iran
Indentation of Sandwich Beams with Functionally Graded Skins

and Transversely Flexible Core
Y. Mohammadi1, S.M.R. Khalili2
1Mechanical Engineering Department, Islamic Azad University, Ghazvin Branch, Ghazvin, Iran
2Centre of Excellence for Research in Advanced Materials and Structures, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Improved high-order sandwich beam theory is used to model the local deformation under the central indentor
for sandwich beams with Aluminum/Alumina Functionally graded (FG) skins loaded under three-point bending
load. First shear deformation theory (FSDT) is used for the FG skins, while three-dimensional elasticity is used
for the flexible core. The analysis is in the elastic region, which is appropriate to describe the beam response
up to the peak load for the material combination of FG skins and transversely flexible core. By using the model
to consider the way in which different wavelengths of sinusoidal pressure loading on the top FG skin are
transmitted to the core and to the bottom FG skin, two spreading length scales λ_t and λ_b are calculated. λ_t
and λ_b, which are two functions of the beam material and geometric properties, characterize the length over
which a load on the top surface of a beam is spread out by the skins and the core. Calculations of the effect of
semi-wavelength sinusoidal pressure loading (L⁄m) on the top FG skin on indentation behavior, illustrate the
importance of this length scales. When semi-wavelength is greater than λ_(t )(or λ_b), the contact load at the
top FG skin is transmitted relatively unchanged to the core (or to the bottom FG skin). Conversely, when
L⁄m<λ_t (or λ_b), the load from the top FG skin is spread out by the top FG skin (or by the core and top FG
skin) and the pressure in the core (or in the bottom FG skin) is distributed over a length of the order of λ_t (or
λ_b). Reasonable agreement is found between the theoretical predictions of the displacement field under the
indentation loading and the finite element method (FEM) results obtained by ANSYS software. Various
examples are studied and the vertical and longitudinal displacements and the normal stress in the skins and
the shear stresses in the core are obtained for different power law functions of FG skins and the results and
discussions are presented in the full length paper.
ACEX367
Mr. A.S. Abhilash
National University of Singapore, Singapore
Micromechanics of Diffusion Induced Damage Evolution in Reinforced Polymers

A.S. Abhilash and S. P. Joshi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore
Polymers, natural or synthetic, are often subjected to residual stresses under varying hygroscopic conditions,
due to the difference in the moisture expansion coefficients between the inclusion and the matrix. Moisture
ingress may assist the degradation of composites used in, for example, wind energy or marine structures,
dental composites and similar hostile conditions. In this work, we investigate the response of fiber-reinforced
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polymers under transient hygro-mechanical conditions at two microstructural length-scales.

In the first part, we demonstrate the role that fiber distribution plays in the evolution of overall damage
debonding at the matrix-inclusion interfaces due to moisture-induced stresses, using finite element based
micromechanics. Motivated by experimental observations, we incorporate the interface behavior that degrades
with the local moisture concentration. The moisture and mechanical transients provide synergistic conditions
for the evolution of debonding, under both the sequential and simultaneous loading. The results show that fiber
clustering strongly affects the moisture diffusion characteristics of the RVEs that in turn hurt the overall load
carrying capacity of a composite due to aggravated damage. The strong dependence of the moisture-induced
damage evolution on the fiber arrangement suggests that one should not resort to using simplistic unit cell
models that assume regular fiber arrangements.
In the second part, we focus on incorporating the moisture induced degradation of the polymer itself under
moisture ingress. The moisture affected polymer network exhibits dramatic reductions in the elastic modulus
and glass transition temperature (plasticization), which may be reversible (reduction of non bonding
interactions) or irreversible (chain scission). Our objective is to incorporate the mechanism-based elastic
degradation of polymers through (a) probabilistically informed continuum damage models, and (b) discrete
network models. The later approach models the random network of polymer chains as discrete elements inter-
connected at their junctions representing physical or chemical cross-links. These cross-links are modeled as
softening springs that resemble the chain scission mechanisms in real polymers.
ACEX404
Dr. J. Xavier
CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro,
Vila Real, Portugal.
Mode I and Mode II Fracture Characterization of Wood Bonded Joints

J.J.L. Morais1, J. Xavier1, N.M.M. Dourado1, M.F.S.F. de Moura2
1CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
2DEMEGI, FEUP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
The use of adhesive technologies in wooden construction offers several advantages over solid-sawn wood,
allowing a more efficient exploitation of forest resources. Moreover, it permits engineers to design lighter and
more innovative structures that offer better performance. Although there have been great achievements in the
science and engineering of wood adhesion, the characterization and modeling of bond strength of the adhesive
at the adherend wood-wood interface remains an open issue.
The purpose of this paper is to present an experimental work about the identification of resistance-curves
under pure modes I and II of adhesively bonded wood joints. The work is focused on maritime pine (Pinus
pinaster Ait.) wood bonded with an epoxy adhesive (Araldite 2015®). Two fracture tests were used: the double
cantilever beam (DCB) to apply the mode I loading, and the end notched flexure (ENF) test for mode II loading.
Recently it has been demonstrated that both mode I and mode II resistance-curves can be obtained according
to the beam theory, without crack monitoring during propagation [1, 2]. The so called Compliance Based Beam
Method only requires the global mechanical response of specimens (loading–displacement curve). This
identification method will be compared with the modified experimental compliance method.
[1] de Moura MFSF, J.L. Morais and N.M.M. Dourado, Eng. Fract. Mech., 75(13), 3852 (2008).
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[2] de Moura MFSF, M.A. Silva, J.L. Morais, A.B. de Morais and J.L. Lousada JL, Holzforschung, 63(1), 99
(2009).
ACEX411
Prof. Wang Chong
Federal University of Pampa,
Alegrete, RS, 97546-550, Brazil.
Modeling of Spalling Effect on Toughening in Fiber Reinforced Composites

C. Wang1, N. F. Piaceski2, K. M. Soares2
1Federal University of Pampa, Alegrete, RS, 97546-550, Brazil.
2Northwest Regional University of South Rio Grande State, Ijuí, 98700-000, RS, Brazil.
Brittleness of ceramics and concrete can be improved by adding ductile short fibers into the brittle matrix. As
too parameters are involved in toughening, computational modeling is an economic and efficient approach to
obtain the parameters optimization. For this objective, many computational models have been suggested.
However those models focused attention on the processes such as debonding interface between fiber and
matrix, fiber put-out and snubbing effect, although knowing the importance of matrix spalling. If the spalling
extent overpasses the embedded length of a fiber, this fiber will loss its contribution to toughening; otherwise
the relieved stresses rid the fiber of possibility to be broken, in other word, the fiber is saved and can make
contribution to toughening. Few works of spalling analysis were reported. According to statics and geometry of
a random fiber crossing the cracked matrix surfaces, this work derived, at first, the distribution of pressure
provoked by the random inclined fiber in the matrix and related the pressure to interior forces in the fiber such
as axial force, bending moment and shear. The tangent stress in the interface fiber/matrix was simply
suggested as a constant, determined with the axial force divided by the cylindrical surface area of the inclined
fiber. Then the stresses at points underneath of the inclined fiber were calculated by means of integrating, over
a crack open of 0.001 mm, the pressure and tangent stress with Kelvin‘s fundamental solution of and Mindlin‘s
complementary solution. Also the maxima normal stress in the fiber was calculated and compared with the fiber
strength. Using failure criterion of five parameters for brittle materials, the spalling extent was determined. In
the simulation, parameters of steel fiber and concrete were applied and the percentages of alive fibers (case
for the fiber wasn‘t broken nor the spalling extent overpass the embedded length of the fiber) were computed
with the variations of the fiber strength and the interface resistance. The results show that the percentage of
alive fibers increases with the fiber strength increment but decreases with the interface resistance increment,
which is conformal to the conclusion reported otherwheres that the higher fiber strength and the lower interface
resistance, more benefit to the debonding process.
ACEX423
Dr. Carlos Rubio-Gonzalez
Centro de Ingeniería y Desarrollo Industrial, Pie de la Cuesta 702,
Desarrollo San Pablo
76130 Querétaro, Qro., México
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Dynamic Fracture Toughness Of Composite Materials

C. Rubio-Gonzáleza, J. Wangb, J. Martineza, H. Kaurc
aCentro de Ingeniería y Desarrollo Industrial, Pie de la Cuesta 702, Desarrollo San Pablo
76130 Querétaro, Qro., México
bDepartment of Engineering Technology and Industrial Distribution
cDepartment of Mechanical Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3367. U.S.A.
The Dynamic Fracture Toughness KID, is determined for unidirectional graphite-epoxy and fiberglass-epoxy
composite materials, by means of an experimental-numerical method. An instrumented Hopkinson Bar is used
to make the tests with pre-cracked specimens loaded on a three point bending configuration. Specimen
receives a sudden impact load that generates the opening of the crack faces. Dynamic pulses registered on the
incident and transmitted bars are used to determine the load history applied on the specimen. A strain gage is
placed on the specimen to register the wave propagation and therefore to determine the onset of the crack
growth. This load history is then used in a numerical analysis done by the Abaqus software to determine the
Dynamic Stress Intensity Factor time evolution. Knowing the time to fracture it is possible to estimate the
Dynamic Fracture Toughness KID. For the composite material specimens, the tests were made for different
impact velocities and two different fiber orientations.
Keywords: Dynamic Stress Intensity Factor, Dynamic Fracture Toughness, Composite Materials.
ACEX505
Dr. Daniel Trias
Analysis and Advanced Materials for the
Structural Design (AMADE),
University of Girona, Av. Lluís Santaló s/n,
17071, Girona, Spain
Micromechanical analysis of mode I crack growth in Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers

D. Trias1, P. Maimí1, J. Costa1
1Analysis and Advanced Materials for the Structural Design (AMADE). University of Girona, Av. Lluís Santaló
s/n, 17071, Girona, Spain.
Computational Micromechanics models offer the possibility of analysis and quantification of the failure
mechanisms that take place at the micro-scale level and are the responsible of the damage in the composite
with high accuracy and with the need for very few hypotheses. Although these kind of analyses are common in
current scientific literature, the analysis performed are generally limited to the stress/strain fields. This work
makes use of a micromechanical model to analyze the crack tip and the cohesive zone of an interlaminar crack
loaded in mode I for a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). A real fibre distribution obtained from a
micrograph is modelled in a FE environment and a degradation law is used to simulate damage in the matrix.
This simulation allows both stress and strain quantification during crack opening and fracture mechanics
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analysis, such as the estimation of the critical value of the energy release rate and the quantification of the
length of the cohesive zone, which is a parameter required for the application of cohesive elements.
VIP-ACEX27
Prof. M.N. Tamin
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Malaysia
Evolution Characteristics of Delamination Damage in CFRP Composites under Transverse

Loading
H. Osman, A. Abdul-Latif, M.N. Tamin
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai Johor, Malaysia
The increasing use of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) matrix composites is derived from its high
strength-to-weight ratio, high specific modulus and flexible design through sequencing of the pre-impregnated
plies. The relatively weak ply-to-ply interface strength and the large interface shear stresses developed during
loading of the composite structures facilitate interface delamination. Therefore, quantifying the mechanics of
delamination damage in a typical CFRP composite is essential in establishing reliability of the composite
structure. In this respect, the initiation and subsequent evolution of delamination damage in CFRP composite
laminates is examined using finite element method. For this purpose a 12-ply CFRP composite, with a total
thickness of 2.4 mm and anti-symmetric ply sequence of [45/-45/45/0/-45/0/0/45/0/-45/45/-45] is simulated
under three-point bend test setup. Each unidirectional composite lamina is treated as an equivalent elastic and
orthotropic panel with dominant properties in the fiber direction. Interface behavior is defined using damage,
linear elastic constitutive model and employed to describe the initiation and progression of delamination during
flexural loading. Complementary three-point bend test on the sample is performed at crosshead speed of 2
mm/min. The measured load-deflection response at mid-span location compares well with predicted values.
Interface delamination accounts for up to 46.7 % reduction in flexural stiffness from the undamaged state.
Delamination initiated at the center mid-span region for interfaces in the compressive laminates while edge
delamination started in interfaces with tensile flexural stress in the laminates. Anti-symmetric distribution of the
delaminated region is derived from the corresponding anti-symmetric ply sequence in the CFRP composite.
The dissipation energy for edge delamination is greater than that for internal center delamination. In addition,
delamination failure process in CFRP composite can be described by exponential fracture energy dissipation
under monotonic three-point bend loading.
VIP-ACEX328
Prof. Xinran Xiao
Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University
2727 Alliance Dr, Lansing, MI 48910
Modeling Post-peak and Unloading Behavior of Fabric Composites

For Crashworthiness Prediction
Xinran Xiao and Azadeh Sheidaei
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Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University

2727 Alliance Dr, Lansing, MI 48910
Fiber reinforced polymer composites exhibit high Specific Energy Absorption (SEA) values under axial impact
loading. They are the preferred materials for lightweight energy absorbing structures such as front rails in
vehicles, airplane or helicopter subfloors, and landing gears. The high SEA value of composite structures is
attributed to extensive failure, damage and fracture of the material. Fig.1 shows examples of failure
morphologies of two types of fabric composite tubes and a steel tube under axial impact. The steel tube failed
by buckling and folding without fracture. Composite tubes are crushed. The crush morphology was found to
vary with the reinforcement architectures, types, etc. A composite structure can be crushed into debris or split
into pieces at the crush front while maintaining an apparent structural integrity in its uncrushed portion. In this
way, the structure is capable of sustaining large deformation under a sufficiently high load. To simulate this
behavior, the constitutive model must be able to describe the response of a substantially damaged composite
under dynamic loading. The constitutive behavior beyond the peak loading is not well represented in common
composite constitutive models. This paper presents the recent development of a coupled damage-plasticity
model for composites and its applications in crush simulations.
VIP-ACEX57
Prof. António Ferreira
Universidade do Porto -
Faculdade de Engenharia
Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n
4200-465 PORTO
Portugal
Modeling laminated plates and shells by radial basis functions

A. J. M. Ferreira
Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto
Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
Most of the spacial discretization techniques so far have been based on finite differences and finite elements.
However, new numerical schemes based on collocation by radial basis functions can produce highly accurate
results in the static and vibration analysis of composite and sandwich structures.
The basic aspects of collocation with radial basis functions, either alone or in a pseudospectral framework, are
reviewed. The crucial aspect of shape parameter choice and optimization is discussed.
The analysis of plates and shells by various shear deformation theories is presented and its use in various
laminate configurations is discussed. Single-layer and layerwise approaches are selected for possible, viable,
theories to analyse plates and shells with RBF collocation.
The paper focuses on static deformations and free vibration results by the author and colleagues, but also on
other contributors in the field.
Several examples are presented and discussed to illustrate the high potential of the methods.
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ACEX378
Prof. Alen Harapin
Split, Croatia
Numerical Model for Fluid-Structure Coupled Problems under Seismic Load

D. Brzović, J. Radnić, A. Harapin
University of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Split, Croatia
The paper briefly presents the numerical model for solving the fluid-structure coupled systems problems which
is based on a separate solution for each field. Individual fields (fluid and structure) are solved independently,
considering the interaction information transfer between them at every stage of the iterative solution process.
The applied model is primary intended for the simulation of water – concrete structure dynamic interaction in
seismic conditions. It includes the most important nonlinear effects in water and structure, such as concrete
yielding in compression and crack opening/closing in tension, reinforcement yielding and phenomena of
cavitation in water.
Finally, a numerical example of arch dam Grančarevo under registered earthquake is presented to show the
efficiency and the accuracy of the developed algorithm.
ACEX370
Dr. Kheng Lim GOH
School of Eng.,
Monash University Malaysia,
Selangor 41650, Malaysia
Micromechanical fibre-recruitment computer modelling of liquid crystalline polymeric (LC5000) fibrils

reinforcing polycarbonate composites
K.L. Goh1, L.P. Tan2
1 School of Eng., Monash University Malaysia, Selangor 41650, Malaysia.
2 School of Mater. Sci. & Eng., Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
The wide applicability and economic importance of polycarbonates (PC) has led to considerable research on
the synthesis of PC composites reinforce by in-situ thermotropic liquid crystal polymeric fibrils (LCP; comprising
80/20% of hydroxybenzoic acid and poly(terephthalate)), so as to achieve a composite material with ‗tailorable‘
mechanical properties [1,2,3,4]. Here, we report on new insights into the precise mechanics of fibril recruitment,
fibrillation and interfacial failure gain by evaluating the microstructure-property relationship of compatibilised
LCP-PC composites using a novel fibre-recruitment (FR) computer model. The model comprises a parallel
array of LCP, of differing lengths and diameters to account for the natural variation, embedded in PC matrix.
When an increasing external load acts on the composite, an increasing number of fibrils is recruited in tension.
Initially, these fibrils undergo linear elastic deformation. At higher load, a proportion of the fibrils yield and
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undergo plastic deformation; a proportion of these fibrils rupture eventually. The model was used to evaluate
the fibril elastic modulus (Ef), yield (sy) and rupture (sr) stresses by fitting, using a simulated annealing
approach, to experimental data derived from earlier reports on catalytic transesterified (compatibilized (C)) and
uncompatibilized (uC) LCP-PC composite tensile bars [1]. Here, we noted that the average fibril cross-sectional
size for the C samples was about 2.5 mm while those in the uC samples ranged from 1 to 15 mm [1,2]. In this
case, the FR model predicted that fibrils in the C samples were characterised by sy = 10.0 MPa and sr = 44.0
MPa (corresponding interfacial strength ~ 11.0 MPa); 63% of the fibrils underwent yielding but only 50%
eventually ruptured. The C composite strains at the first and last yielded fibril and first ruptured fibril were 0.08,
0.60 and 0.48, respectively. The corresponding values of Ef ranged from 50 to 100 MPa. On the other hand,
the uC samples were associated with lower sy and sr. While the proportion of yielded fibrils in the uC samples
was similar to that of the C samples, more fibrils ruptured (56%) in the uC samples. The uC composite strains
at the first and last yielded fibril and first ruptured fibril were 0.01, 0.30 and 0.05, respectively. The uC samples
showed a wider spread of Ef values, ranging from 10 to 400 MPa. The conclusion is that compatibilization
modulates the crystal lattice of LCP, leading to enhanced sy and sr. Consequently, the combined effect of
these fibrils results in stronger, tougher and also more flexible PC composites
[1] L.P. Tan, C.Y. Yue, K.C. Tam, Y.C. Lam, X. Hu, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,84,568 (2002).
[2] L.P. Tan, C.Y. Yue, K.C. Tam, Y.C. Lam, X Hu, Polym. Int., 51, 398 (2002).
[3] L.P. Tan, C.Y. Yue, K.C. Tam, Y.C. Lam, X. Hu, K. Nakayama, J. Polym. Sci. B - Polym. Phys., 41, 2307
(2003).
[4] L.P. Tan, S.C. Joshi, C.Y. Yue, Y.C. Lam, X. Hu, K.C. Tam,. Acta Mater., 51, 6269 (2003).
ACEX222
Prof. Bachir Bouiadjra Bel Abbes
Department of Mechanical engineering,
University of Sidi Bel Abbes, BpP89,
Cité Ben M‘hidi , Sidi Bel Abbes,
Algeria
Analysis of notch effect and the behaviour of notch cracks in adhesively bonded composite laminates
B. Bachir Bouiadjra1,2*, L. Rezgani3, K. Madani1
1Department of Mechanical engineering, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, BpP89, Cité Ben M‘hidi , Sidi Bel
Abbes, Algeria
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riadh, Saudi Arabia
3 University of Mascara, 20000, Algeria
Corresponding author : e-mail : bachirbou@yahoo.fr
In this study the finite element method is used to analyse the notch effect and the behaviour of notch cracks in
adhesively composite laminate under tension by computing respectively the stress concentration factor at the
notch tip which characterize the notch strength and the stress intensity factor at the crack tip which
characterize the resistance to the crack propagation . The effects of the adhesive properties and the fiber
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orientation on the variation of both stress concentration and stress intensity factors are highlighted. The
obtained results show that the notch strength is reduced in the layer of the laminate which has the fiber
orientation in the direction of the applied load; the resistance to the crack propagation is also reduced in this
type of layer. The Stress intensity factor at the tip of notch crack exhibits an asymptotic behaviour as the crack
length increase.
Key words: Notch, cracks, composite laminate, adhesive, stress concentration factor, stress intensity factor,
finite element method
SPECIAL SESSION 5
ACEX214
Prof. Janusz Majta
AGH, University of Science and Technology
al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow,
Poland
SS5
Multiscale Modelling of the Effect of Very Large Strain on the Microstructure Evolution and
Ductility of Microalloyed Steels
K. Muszka, J. Majta
AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Mickiewicza 30, Poland.
Microalloyed steels due to a very good strength-to-ductility balance represent one of the most competitive
structural material with the wide field of applications. Thanks to their microstructural complexity, where grain
size control, substructure, precipitation and solid solution strengthening mechanisms play significant role, they
also represent very interesting research material. Nowadays, when strong grain refinement is recognized as a
tool for further improvement of the mechanical properties but is still restrained by weak ductility, its combination
with the beneficial role of microalloying elements seems to be promising route to achieve good quality product
characterised by both good ductility and mechanical properties. This paper addresses some aspects regarding
mechanical behaviour of bcc structures characterized by high grain refinement level developed using large
plastic deformation. Existing flow stress models for ultrafine-grained (UFG) and nanocrystalline materials are
presented and their physical bases were discussed with respect to their application in the computer modelling
process of mechanical behaviour of bcc structures. In the case of severly deformed microstructures that are
mostly characterized by high inhomogeneity of microstructure and mechanical properties, existing flow stress
models need to be modified and justified to the new conditions. The proper analysis based on the mechanism
of generation the dislocation structures and taking into account effects of precipitation and solid solution
strengthening, implemented in FEM, enable to capture the moment of plastic instability of UFG microalloyed
steels. The fact that ductility, strengthening and deformation mechanisms are strictly connected to each other
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suggests that the properly built model of their relationships is the key factor in the ductility improving process of
UFG materials.
ACEX239
Dr. Jennifer Jordan
Energetic Materials Branch,
Munitions Directorate,
Air Force Research Laboratory,
Eglin AFB, FL 32542,
USA
Particulate Composites under High Strain Rate and Shock Loading

J. L. Jordan
Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RWME, Eglin AFB, FL 32542
Polymer-matrix particulate composites consist of individual particles of more than one material dispersed
throughout and held together by a polymer binder. The mechanical and physical properties of the composite
depend on the mechanical and physical properties of the individual components, particularly the polymer
binder; their loading density; the shape and size of the particles; the interfacial adhesion; residual stresses; and
matrix porosity. Systematic studies of the effects of volume fraction and microstructure on the behavior of
these polymer-based composites are critical. The behavior of polymer-matrix particulate composites at
intermediate to high strain rates has not been investigated in detail in the literature. The testing strain rate can
greatly affect the behavior of these composites due to the dependency on rate dependant phase changes in
the polymer binder [1]. The intermediate strain rate behavior (~103-104 /s) is studied using a split Hopkinson
pressure bar [2]. Shock, or high strain rate, properties of these composite materials have been investigated
using gas gun and explosive loading techniques [3]. This paper will review results from recent experimental
studies on the properties of polymer-based particulate composites containing metal and metal oxide powders.
[1] Jordan, J.L., J.R. Foley, and C.R. Siviour, ―Mechanical Properties of Epon 826/DEA epoxy,‖ Mechanics of
Time Dependent Materials, 12, p. 249-272 (2008).
[2] Jordan, J.L., J.E. Spowart, and D.W. Richards, ―Constitutive Characterization of Multi-Constituent
Particulate Composites,‖ Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Annual Meeting (2010).
[3] Jordan, J.L., D. Dattelbaum, L. Ferranti, G. Sutherland, M. Baer, W. Richards, S. Sheffield, R.D. Dick, and
N.N. Thadhani, ―Shock Equation of State of Single Constituent and Multi-Constituent Epoxy-Based Particulate
Composites,‖ Shock Compression of Condensed Matter – 2009, Ed. M.L. Elert, W.T. Butler, M.D. Furnish,
W.W. Anderson and W.G. Proud, American Institute of Physics, 1195, p. 1253-1256 (2009).
ACEX265
Mr. K.Hosseini Safari
Islamic Azad University, Ghazvin Branch
Iran
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Modeling Of High Velocity Impact In sandwich beams With FGM Core

K.Hosseini Safari1, E. Etemadi 2, J.Zamani 2, A. Afaghi Khatibi 3
1Islamic Azad University, Ghazvin Branch, Ghazvin, Iran
2K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O Box: 19395-1999, Tehran, Iran.
3 University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365-4563, Tehran, Iran.
Sandwich structures usually are made of two thin and stiff face sheets that are separated with a thick and low
density core. Utilizing sandwich panels with a Functionally Graded Material (FGM) core is increasing because
of their capabilities in reducing thermal- and residual-stresses induced between the face sheets and core
materials in comparison to traditional sandwich panels. Mechanical properties (such as young modulus and
Poisson‘s ratio) of FGMs vary continuously throughout the thickness direction.
In high velocity impacts, the important parameters are velocities of a given projectile at the beginning and end
of contact. So in this paper, variation of projectile velocity through thickness of sandwich panels for two cases
of symmetrically about the mid-plane core and/or asymmetrically is investigated. Also the ballistic limit and
residual velocity of several sandwich panels with a FG core are studied. Also the ratios of residual kinetic
energy as well as perforation energy to initial kinetic energy are calculated.
In this work, three dimensional finite element simulations were conducted using 3D finite element method for
analyzing high velocity impact behavior of this new generation of sandwich panels. The Young's modulus of
Functionally Graded (FG) core, Ec, was assumed to change linearly through the thickness (z-coordinate) either
symmetrically about the mid-plane or asymmetrically. The Poisson's ratio of the FGM core, however, was
assumed to be constant.
[1] E. Etemadi, A. Afaghi Khatibi, M. Takaffoli Composite Structures, 89, 28(2009)
[2] NK. Naik, P. Shrirao, Composite Structures, 66, 579(2004)
ACEX291
Mr. Mahadi Abd Murad
Department of Offshore and Process,
EngineeringSchool of Engineering,
Building 52, Cranfield University,
Bedfordshire MK43 0AL United Kingdom
Simulation of blunt defect behaviour in a thin walled cylinder for the development of Structural Health
Monitoring techniques for pipeline repairs
M. A. Murad1, F. P. Brennan2
1,2Department of Offshore and Process Engineering
School of Engineering, Building 52,
Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL United Kingdom
Emails: m.abdmurad@cranfield.ac.uk, f.brennan@cranfield.ac.uk
The objective of this paper is to analyse numerically the effects of artificial notch defect size on a pressurised
straight pipe (thin walled cylinder) subjected to limited testing pressures within an elastic working region. The
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paper reports part of a wider study into the use of composite wrap repair techniques to extend the fatigue life of
pipelines containing flaws and cracks.
The methodology employed has been to verify the numerical stress analysis using strain gauge measurements
made before during and after application of the composite repair. The measurement system will be further
developed as a permanently deployed structural health monitoring system to ensure structural integrity during
service.
Finite element analysis using ABAQUS was employed to simulate stress and strain behaviour of the blunt
defects. A comparative study was carried out in terms stress concentration factor, relative notch length,
Poisson‘s ratio and loading. The paper reports the parametric analysis of the flaws and of the physical notched
specimen.
References
[1] Y.J. Kim, B.G. Son: Finite Element based stress concentration factors for pipes with local wall thinning,
International Journals of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Vol. 81, p.897-906, 2004.
[2] F.P. Brennan and B. De. Leeuw: The use of Inspection and monitoring reliability information in criticality and
defect assessment of ship and offshore structures, Proceedings of the ASME 27th International Conference on
Offshore Mechanics and Artic Engineering, Portugal, June 15-20, 2008.
[3] C. Alexander: Strain based design methods for composite repair systems, Proceedings of IPC2008, 7th
International Pipeline Conference, , Calgary, Alberta Canada, September 29-October 3, 2008.
[4] Peterson‘s Stress Concentration Factors, second edition, p. 4-8, W. D Pilkey, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
1997.
[5] M. Abd Murad: The Development of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Procedures for the Structural
Integrity and Maintenance Repair of Offshore Ageing Pipelines (4th European-American Workshop on
Reliability of NDE, Berlin Germany, June 24 – 26, 2009.
[6] Abaqus CAE User Manual, Version 6.7 ed, Abaqus Inc and DS Abaqus Inc, United State of America, 2007.
[7] The Eight-Node Hexahedral "Brick" Element in Finite Element Analysis, ALGOR Development Staff
ALGOR, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA U.S.A, 2009.
[8] A. Carpinteri, R. Brighenti, S. Vantadori: Circumferentially notched pipe with an external surface crack under
complex loading, International Journals of Mechanical Sciences, Vol. 45, p. 1929-1947, 2003.
ACEX293
Dr. Ladislav Ecsi
Faculty of Mech. Engineering,
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava,
Bratislava, Námestie slobody 17, 812 31
Bratislava 1, Slovakia
An Improved Finite Element Model for Numerical Simulation of Phase Changes of Iron under Extreme
Conditions
L. Écsi1, P. Élesztős1, K. Balázsová1
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1Faculty of Mech. Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Námestie slobody 17,
812 31 Bratislava 1, SK.
In this paper an improved finite element model for numerical simulation of phase changes of iron is presented,
which is capable of simulating iron construction behaviour under extreme conditions that include large
strains/large deformations at high strain rates and temperatures. The model is based on an improved
variational formulation of the conservation of energy with convective heat transfer [1]. It employs the updated
Lagrange formulation and uses the extended NoIHKH material model for cyclic plasticity of metals [2]. It also
uses the Kelvin-Voigt model [1], [3] for internal damping, the Jaumann objective rate in the Cauchy‘s stress
update calculation [3] and the Mehl-Avrami and Koisten-Marburger equations for ferrite, pearlite, bainite,
martensite and the remaining austenite phase calculation [4]-[6]. A numerical experiment using a cooled bar in
cyclic bending will be presented and briefly discussed.
[1] L. Écsi, P. Élesztős, Int. Journal of Multiphysics, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 155, (2009).
[2] L. Écsi, Engineering Mechanics, Year 13, No. 2, p. 83, (2006).
[3] L. Écsi, P. Élesztős and J. Kosnáč, Constitutive equation with internal damping for materials under cyclic
and dynamic loadings using large strain/large deformation formulation. In proceedings of the International
Conference on Computational Modelling and Advanced Simulations (CMAS 2009), Bratislava, Slovak
Republic, (2009).
[4] J. Ronda, G.J. Oliver, Comput. Methods. Appl. Mech. Engrg., No. 189, p. 361,(2000).
[5] J. Ronda, G.J. Oliver, Comput. Methods. Appl. Mech. Engrg., No. 153, p. 195,(1998).
[6] D. Hömberg, Acta Matter. Vol. 44, No. 11, p. 4375-4385, (1996).
ACEX297
Dr. Tshai Kim Yeow
Dept. of Mech. Materials and Manufacturing Eng.,
Univ. of Nottingham M‘sia Campus,
Malaysia
Performance of hyperelastic material laws in simulating biaxial deformation response of polypropylene

and high impact polystyrene
K.Y. Tshai1, E.M.A. Harkin-Jones2, P.J. Martin2
1 Dept. of Mech. Materials and Manufacturing Eng., Univ. of Nottingham M‘sia Campus.
2 School of Mechanical and Aerospace Eng., Queen‘s University Belfast, UK.
Free surface moulding processes such as thermoforming and blow moulding involve thermal and spatial
varying rate dependent biaxial deformation of polymer. These processes are so rapid that the entire forming
took place in a matter of seconds. As a result of the elevated rate of deformation, assumption that the
deforming polymers experience no time dependent viscous dissipation or perfectly elastic up to large strain has
became a common practice in numerical simulation. Following the above assumption, Cauchy‘s elastic and
hyperelastic theories, originally developed for vulcanised natural rubber has been widely used to represent
deforming polymeric materials in free surface moulding processes. To date, various methodologies were
applied in the development of these theories, the most significant are those develop purely based on
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mathematical interpolation (mathematical models) and a more scientific network theories that involves the
interpretation of macro-molecular structure within the polymer. In this paper, the most frequently quoted
Cauchy‘s elastic and hyperelastic theories, including Ogden, Mooney-Rivlin, neo-Hookean, 3-chain, 8-chain,
Van der Waals full network, Ball‘s Tube model, Edwards-Vilgis Crosslinks-Sliplinks model and the elastic model
of Sweeney-Ward are reviewed. These models were analysed and fitted to a series of experimental high strain
rate, high temperature, biaxial deformations data of polypropylene (PP) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS).
The performance and suitability of the various models in capturing the polymer‘s complex deformation
behaviour during free surface moulding processes is presented.
ACEX360
Dr. Lorenzo Peroni
Corso Duca degli Abruzzi,
24,10129 Torino, Italy
Thermo-mechanical modelling of high energy particle beam impacts

M. Scapin1, L. Peroni1, A. Dallocchio2
1 Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24,10129 Torino
2 Mechanical and Materials Engineering Group, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23
The unprecedented energy intensities of modern hadron accelerators yield special problems with the materials
that are placed close to or into the high intensity beams. For example, the LHC increases the present energy
density for stored proton beams by three orders of magnitude: the energy stored in a single beam is equivalent
to about 80 kg of TNT explosive, stored in a transverse beam area with a typical value of 0.2 mm×0.2 mm. The
beam intensities in the newest hadron accelerators are such that materials placed close to the beam are used
at, or even beyond, their damage limits, while requirements on collimation efficiency are extraordinarily high.
However, it is very difficult to predict structural efficiency and robustness accurately: beam-induced damage for
high energy and high intensity occurs in a regime where practical experience does not exist. The interaction
between high energy particle beams and metals induces a sudden non uniform temperature increase. This
provokes a dynamic response of the structure entailing thermal stress waves and thermally induced vibrations
or even the failure of the component. The pressure and temperature increase and the materials could arrive at
its melting temperature or vaporize. The remaining part of the material is characterized by high values of plastic
strain, strainrate and temperature. The complexity of the problem is such that, at present, the study is not
exhaustive. As a matter of fact, the attention is focused on single aspects without considering the interaction
between the different phenomena.
[1] Fasso et al., The physics models of FLUKA: status and recent developments, in: Conference on Computing
in High Energy and Nuclear Physics, La Jolla, USA, March 24–28, 2003.
[2] N.A. Tahir, A. Shutov, I.V. Lomonosov, A. Dollocchio, A. Bertarelli, and A.R. Piriz, Thermo-mechanical
effects induced by beam impact on LHC Phase II collimators: preliminary analysis using hydrodynamic
approach, GSI internal report.
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ACEX380
Dr. Ramadan Masoud Al-Habashi
Physics Deparment, Tajoura Research Center (TNRC),
Tripoli, Libya
An optimization procedure to estimate the permittivity of ferrite-polymer composite

Ramadan Al-Habashi1,2,3 and Zulkifly Abbas2
1 Physics Department, Tajoura Research Center (TNRC), Tajoura, Libya.
2Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory (AMNL), Institute of Advanced
Technology (ITMA) and Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM
Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
3Member of The Nano and Advanced Technology Project, National Organization of Scientific Research, Tripoli,
Libya.
A numerical optimization method is performed using MATLAB program to estimate the relative complex
permittivity of each component of Samarium-substituted Yttrium Iron Garnet nanoparticles in Poly-vinylidene-
fluride (Sm-YIG-PVDF) composite samples. The optimization is taken to be that, the optimized parameters
yield a minimum sum for the absolute differences between the calculated impedance obtained by using the
permittivity calculated from Maxwell-Garnett (MG) formula and measured equivalent one over the entire
frequency range named the objective function (M). The guessed (estimated) ranges of the complex permittivity
are based on the measured values of each component of Sm-YIG-PVDF composite samples. The optimized
(optimum) impedance values are in very good agreement with the measured ones for each composite and
within the estimated ranges. More details on the optimization procedure are illustrated, and the permittivity of
different composition dependence on the mole fraction of the Sm-YIG-PVDF composite materials is shown.
Keywords: MATLAB, Permittivity, Sm-YIG-PVDF composite, Maxwell Garnett.
Corresponding Author: Ramadan Al-Habashi, email: rtasneem2000@gmail.com
ACEX421
Mr. Ali SLIMANI
Compiegne University of Technology,
Lab.Roberval BP 20529- Compiegne,
France
Extraction of material parameters from high temperature indentation test for constitutive modeling of
cast aluminum Alloys
A. Slimani1, M. Rachik1, A.C. Abdelouahab1, P.E. Mazeran1
1Compiegne University of Technology, Lab.Roberval BP 20529- Compiegne. France
Indentation technique has been used extensively to measure the elastic modulus and hardness of materials. It
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has been instrumented and used successfully to identify other mechanical properties at room temperature.
However the extension of this technique for characterization at high temperature is in its beginning. The main
goal of our investigation is to characterize cast aluminum alloys (AS5U, AS7G and AS10G) using
microindentation test at different temperatures. In addition to the quantities measured directly from indentation
test such as Young modulus and hardness, we also determined the characteristic parameters like work
hardening and viscoplasticity parameters of the aluminum alloys at different temperatures.
In this work, the high temperature indentation tests are combined with inverse analysis to calibrate the
constitutive model parameters. The micro indentation tests are carried out at high temperature using Vickers
indenter but for computational efficiency, an axisymmetric finite element model is used for the inverse analysis.
Nevertheless, the obtained results are validated using a 3D analysis. To demonstrate its feasibility the
procedure was used to extract material parameters for an isotropic work hardening model described by the
yielding stress . The parameters k and n have been calibrated for different alloys at different temperatures.
The proposed procedure is very straightforward and it doesn‘t require any geometric measurement like imprint
size or shape that is a difficult task in general and especially at high temperature. In addition, the proposed
method can be used to calibrate material parameters of general and complex constitutive models.
ACEX431
Dr. Andrea Manes
Politecnico di Milano,
Dipartimento di Meccanica,
Via la Masa 1, 20156 Milano,
Italy
Calibration of a constitutive material model for Al6061-T6 aluminum alloy

A. Gilioli1, A. Manes,1, M. Giglio1
1 Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Meccanica, Via la Masa 1, 20156 Milano, Italy
The definition of a complex operative scenario that introduces large strain and failure is a present challenge in
the design of critical mechanical components. Full scale testing is not straightforward an economical, and
alternative approaches as numerical simulations are now increasingly chosen especially due to the increasing
of computing performances. In particular, the numerical assessment of the ductile fracture in metallic
components represents a innovative and challenging field in the structural integrity scenario. Aerospace,
automotive and manufacturing industries have recently boosted their interest in this kind of simulations with the
aim, little by little, to make these approaches reliable also for the certifications. However, in order to obtain
reliable and realistic results, a complete calibration both of true stress-strain curve and failure is required.
Starting from the need to characterize the material for further impact simulations, the work described in this
study contain a complete characterization of the mechanical properties of Al6061-T6 aluminum alloy for how
concern material hardening and fracture locus. The calibration has been carried on trough a series of
experimental tests on simple specimens with similar geometry but subjected to different stress triaxiality thanks
to the use of a multiaxial hydraulic test machine. All the experimental tests are numerically simulated and, on
the results of these analyses, a complete material constitutive model has been calibrated. Finite Element
models are in fact extensively used during the calibration process in order to reproduce numerically (virtually)
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the quasi-static tests. In particular the work presented in this paper is focused on the calibration of a ductile
failure criteria using the Bao-Wierzbicki [1] framework: it represents a state of the art about criterion based on
the stress triaxiality and it is indirectly already implemented in most common finite element codes.
[1] Bao, Y.; Wierzbicki, T. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 46 (2004) pp. 81-98.
ACEX450
Prof. S.K. Dwivedy
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati,
India
Numerical investigation of Chatter in Cold Rolling Mill

S.K. Dwivedy1, S. S. Dhutekar1, P. Eberhard2
1Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India.
2Institute of Engineering and Computational Mechanics, Stuttgart University, Germany.
Chatter in rolling mills is a commonly observed phenomena where the work rolls undergo self excited vibrations
which lead to intolerable gauge variations and harm the surface finish of the strip. Alexander [1] explained the
theory of rolling, where roll flattening has been considered by using Hitchcock‘s equation and work hardening
has been considered by means of Swift‘s equation. Recently, Tan et al. [2] proposed dynamic friction model
(DFM) and the developed results are compared with those obtained by Coulomb‘s friction model, constant
friction model and with Lenard‘s experimental results for cold, warm and hot rolling. It is shown that this model
gives better results especially at neutral point than Coulomb friction model and constant friction factor model.
To account the vibration in rolling mills several studies [3,4] have been proposed. But these studies have been
based on several linear dynamic models which could not explain the complex chaotic phenomena observed in
the cold rolling processs.
In the present work a four degree of freedom model describing the dynamic interaction between work rolls and
metal sheet for rolling has been developed. Using dynamic friction model [2], attempt has been made to obtain
the roll forces in horizontal and vertical directions acting on the plastically deformed metal strips. Then these
forces have been applied to compute the horizontal and vertical work roll deflections and velocities. As the
neutral point and roll forces depend on the work roll deflections and velocities an iterative scheme has been
developed to compute the response of the system. Effect of rolling speed, variation of tension and strip
thickness on the vibration of the rolling mill have been investigated.
[1] J. M. Alexander, Proc. Royal Society London, A 326, pp. 535 (1972).
[2] X. Tan, X.Yun, N.P. Juster, R. Srinivasan and J. Wany, J. Mat. Proc. Tech., 207, 223 (2008).
[3] R. E. Johnson, Proc. Royal Society of London, A. 445, .479, (1994).
[4] Y.J. Lin, C.S. Suh, R. Langari, S.T. Naoh, ASME, J. Manuf. Sc., 125, 778, (2003).
ACEX477
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Dr. Raguraman Munusamy

School of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Numerical Study Of Effects Of Upper Yield Point And Yield Drop On Deformation Behaviour Of Taylor
Projectile
R. Munusamy, D. C. Barton and T. H. C. Childs
School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
The Taylor projectile impact test was initially developed for assessing the high strain rate dynamic compressive
yield stress of materials. One of its main purposes at present is to validate the constitutive relations used in
explicit finite element solver such as LS-DYNA, by comparing the predicted post-impact deformation behaviour
of the Taylor projectile with experiment. These deformations behaviours are generally affected by the dynamic
yield stress and other constitutive properties of the projectile material. The present paper deals with the effects
of particular parameters relating to the yield drop phenomenon on the deformation of steel projectiles. The
numerical modelling approach was validated by considering a solid cylindrical projectile made of AA7010 alloy
impacted against a massive, rigid target as described in [1]. The numerical simulation was performed using LS-
DYNA. Both the projectile and target were modelled using 3D brick elements. A popular strain rate and
temperature dependent constitutive relation known as the Johnson-Cook model was used to represent the
alloy projectile material behaviour whilst the target plate was assumed to be rigid. A generally good agreement
between test [1] and numerical results was found. A mild steel projectile was then considered using a
piecewise linear plasticity model which has provision for introducing the yield drop effect and in which
temperature effects were ignored. The impact velocities were varied from 200 to 1000 m/s in this study.
Significant influence of the yield drop on the deformation behaviour of the projectile at low impact velocities was
found. However, the effect was far less significant at higher impact velocities ( > 400 m/s). It is concluded that
the upper yield point and yield drop phenomena may be important effects in the constitutive modelling and
numerical analysis of high strain rate deformation.
Keywords: Taylor impact, Johnson-Cook model, upper yield point, yields drop, numerical simulations.
Reference:
[1]. Vili Panov. Modelling of behaviour of metal at high strain rates. PhD thesis, Cranfield University, 2006.
ACEX489
Mr. M. Fariz Bin Mohamad Taib
Institute of Science Universiti Teknologi MARA,
40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia
First principle study on electronic structure of ATiO3 (A=Ba,Sn) and BaTiO3/SnTiO3 superlattices
M.F.M. Taib1, 2, K.H.K. Arifin1, 2 T.I.T. Kudin1, 2, M.Z.A. Yahya1, 2
Ionics Materials & Devices (iMADE) Research Laboratory,
1Institute of Science Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia
2Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia
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The electronic band structure and density of states (DOS) of perovskite ATiO3 (A=Ba,Sn) and BaTiO3/SnTiO3
superlattices are investigated from first principles calculation using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and
Local-density Approximation (LDA). Full geometry optimization of SnTiO3 provides a stable tetragonal structure
relative to cubic one. At gamma point in the Brillouin zone, the result band structure of ATiO3 (A=Ba,Sn) and
BaTiO3/SnTiO3 superlattices were compared and showed in good agreement with other calculated values
using different method.
[1] S.F. Matar, I. Baraille, M.A. Subramaniam, Chemical Physics 355 (2009) 43-49
VIP-ACEX304
Prof. Takeji Arai
Chuo University R.D.I,
1-13-27 Kasuga Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
Simulation of thin metal laser lap welding

Welding behavior of heat conduction welding and keyhole welding
Takeji ARAI
Chuo University R.D.I,. 1-13-27 Kasuga Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
The majority of the laser welding are welding of a thin metal. As for the thin metal laser welding, the research
paper describing the welding properties of the materials, metallographic structure and processing conditions,
and about the deformation of the laser welding, there are only few technical report and documents. In the lap
welding, the gap in the middle of interface is known to give the influence on the welding performance. The
welding phenomenon in the keyhole type welding of a thin metal has not been clarified still enough.
In the present study, the phenomenon that happened when two of thin plates of 1mm were welded by the high
power laser was verified. Especially, this research, the keyhole type welding caused in high power density and
the heat conduction type welding caused in low power density were treated for the comparison. The welding
property to the gap and the influence of the deformation were investigated and welding phenomenon and
behavior of laser welding is simulated computationally. The welding deformations and the molten metal
behaviors of the laser welding in initial states were calculated. Moreover, the deformation of welding metal
plate and angular distortion were calculated. Correct information was variously collected as much as
possible, and the calculation tries so as not to actually contradict the result though there were still a lot of
elements of the uncertainty. It seems that the result reflects the actuality well. In the near future、if a precise
measurement by X rays etc. can be done, it has been convinced that the accuracy of this research improves
further.
[1] F.Dausinger et al.:Laser Welding of Aluminum Alloys, Proc. of ICALEO 2002, Oct 14-17,2002
[2] Naoki SETO et al.:High-Speed Simultaneous Observation of Plasma and Keyhole Behavior during High
Power CO2 Laser Welding: Effect of Shielding Gas on Porosity Formation"; J. of Laser Apll. Vol.12, No.6, Dec,
(2000), 245-250
[2] Remy Fabbro and Karim Chouf::Dynamical description of the keyhole in deep penetration laser welding,
Journal of Laser Application, t 2000 Vol.12 No.4 (2000.8), pp142-148
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VIP-ACEX54
Prof. Nicola Bonora
University of Cassino,
Italy
Numerical Simulation of the Dynamic-Tensile-Extrusion (DTE) Test in Pure Copper

N. Bonora, A. Ruggiero, G. Iannitti
1University of Cassino, Cassino, Via G. Di Biasio 43, 03043, Italy.
Recently, Gray et al. (AIP Conf. Proc., 845, pp.725-728, 2006) proposed a new experimental technique, called
Dynamic-Tensile-Extrusion (DTE), where a spherical projectile is launched against an open conical dime. Since
the exit diameter of the dime is smaller than the sphere diameter, the projectile experiences severe plastic
deformation in dynamic tension at high strain rates. Preliminary results reported by Gray et al. seem to indicate
that the effect of microstructural features (such as grain size, inclusion content, texture, etc.) on the overall
material response can be enhanced in this type of experiment. Therefore, there is an interest in understanding
the governing parameters of this type of test (stress triaxiality evolution, stress wave interaction, friction, etc.)
for a potential use in the material constitutive and damage modeling qualification. In this work the DTE has
been investigated by means on numerical simulation. As a result of the large plastic deformation, the test
configuration poses several challenges from the computational point of view (such as temperature changes
and related induced effects on the material response caused by the plastic work, high strain rates and mesh
distortion, etc.). In this work the implicit finite element code MSC.MARC with direct integration scheme has
been used for the analyses and results have been compared with numerical solutions obtained with different
code formulations (CTH, EPIC) as reported by other authors. Damage calculation has been also performed in
order to better understand the fragmentation process. The possibility to modify the geometry configuration of
the DTE using a bullet-shaped projectile, alternatively to a sphere, has also been investigated and the
preliminary results are reported in this work.
VIP-ACEX56
Dr. Eric N Brown
Los Alamos National Laboratory,
ADW MS A-113, Los Alamos, NM 87545,
USA
Soft-Recovery And Constitutive Modeling Of Polytetrafluoroethylene Shocked Through The Crystalline

Phase Ii–Iii Transition
E. N. Brown1, A. D. Resnyansky2, N. K. Bourne3, and J. C. F. Millett3
1 Los Alamos National Laboratory, ADW MS A-113, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
2Weapons Systems Division, DSTO, Edinburgh SA 5111, Australia
3AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, RG7 4PR, Berkshire, UK
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Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a complex material with four known phases conventionally locating their
states in the pressure-temperature space. Shock loading of PTFE above the phase II–III transition causes both
an increase in crystallinity and a finer crystalline microstructure, and changed the yield and flow stress behavior
[1]. The transitions, specifically the high-pressure one, may be affected by parameters such as the stress
deviator (martensitic transition) and time, manifesting the kinetic nature of the transitions. When treating PTFE
as a composite with amorphous and crystalline phases, that may be regarded as a relatively soft one (phase I)
or a harder phase II, Taylor testing has demonstrated that possible inclusions of a harder crystalline phase
(such as the phase III) or even an increase in crystallinity can explain the brittleness increase of the PTFE rods
impacting anvil. Therefore, the present paper is an attempt to consider constitutive effects within shock waves
using a multi-phase model for experimental data on velocity profiles in PTFE at two velocity impacts with
presumably dominating phases II and III, respectively [2].
[1] E.N. Brown, C.P. Trujillo, G.T. Gray III, P.J. Rae, N.K. Bourne, J.Appl.Phys. 101, 024916 (2007).
[2] A. D. Resnyansky, N. K. Bourne, J. C. F. Millett, and E. N. Brown, in Conference of the American-Physical-
Society-Topical-Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, Vol.2, Pages: 1183-1186, (AIP 2009)
ACEX258
Prof. Carmelo J. Luis Pérez
Public University of Navarre,
Campus de Arrosadia s/n, 31006,
Pamplona Mechanical,
Energetics and Materials Engineering Department,
Spain
FEM modelling of the Continuous Combined Drawing and Rolling Process for Severe Plastic
Deformation of metallic materials
C. J. Luis Pérez1, D. Salcedo1, R. Luri1, J. León1, I. Puertas1
1Public University of Navarre, Spain, Campus de Arrosadia s/n, 31006 Pamplona
Mechanical, Energetics and Materials Engineering Department
In the last years, new severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes have been developed in order to produce
very high values of deformation in the materials to be processed with only small changes in the size of parts.
This is not possible through conventional thermo-mechanical processes, in which the increase until the above-
mentioned values of deformation is usually associated with a change in their geometry. As it is well-known, with
enough accumulation of plastic deformation, a new submicrometric or even nanometric grain structure
substitutes the former. Given that the grain size in metallic materials has a great deal of influence in their
mechanical properties, the refinement of this provides enormous technological advantages. For instance, at
low values of temperature, a fine grain size can increase mechanical strength, hardness, fracture toughness
and the material fatigue limit. Furthermore, at high values of temperature, the alloys with a ultrafine grain size
may exhibit a superplastic behaviour and thus, the ability to undergo very high values of deformation with no
damage for the material. The continuous combined drawing process in angular channel (CCDR) is a new
concept of severe plastic deformation process (SPD), developed by researchers belonging to the Public
University of Navarre and based on the patent (ES 2224787). In the present work, finite element analysis will
214 | P a g e
be employed in order to study not only the strain distribution in the processed materials but also the
homogeneity of the introduced strain. Moreover, experimental results will be compared to that obtained by
using FEM. With the present work, it will be shown that it is feasible to achieve a process with possible
industrial application, this making it possible the continuous processing of metallic materials in angular channel
by SPD.
[1] C. J. Luis Pérez, P. A. González, J. Gil, J. Alkorta, Pat. ES 2224787.
ACEX372
Dr. Mohammad Reza Mobinipouya
Firouzabad Islamic Azad University,
Firouzabad, Iran
Influence of the Molar Gas Composition w Upon the Relative Drag Force for the Binary Gas Mixture at
300 and 600K and 1 atm.
M. R. Mobinipouya1 and A. Campo2
1Department of Chemistry, Firouzabad Islamic Azad University, Firouzabad, Iran
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont, USA
This paper addresses a detailed procedure for the accurate calculation of the reduced Prandtl numbers of
selected binary gas mixtures. Binary gas mixtures find application as working fluids of thermoacoustic
refrigerators. Light helium is the primary gas and carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen; oxygen, sulfur
hexafluoride, tetrafluoromethane and xenon are the heavy secondary gases. The three thermophysical
properties specifying the Prandtl number of binary gas mixtures Prmix are viscosity ηmix, heat capacity at
constant pressure Cp,mix and thermal conductivity lmix, which in general depend on temperature T, pressure p
and molar gas composition w. The precise formulas for the calculation of the trio of thermophysical properties
ηmix, Cp,mix and lmix are gathered from various reliable sources . When the set of computed Prmix in (0, 1)
is plotted against the molar gas composition w for the seven binary gas mixtures, the family of Prmix (w) curves
for He+CO2, He+CH4, He+N2, He+O2, He+SF6, He+CF4 and He+Xe exhibited distinctive concave shapes.
References
[1] Hirschfelder, J. O., Curtis, C. F., and Bird, R. B., Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids, Wiley and Sons,
New York, 1964.
[2] Chapman, S., and Cowling, C. F., The Mathematical Theory of Non-uniform Gases, Cambridge University
Press, London, 1970.
[3] Schreiber, M., Vesovic, V., and Wakeham, W. A., Thermal Conductivity of Atom-Molecule Dilute Gas
Mixtures, High Temp.- High Pressure, vol. 29, pp. 653-658, 1997
[4] Raithby , G. D.¬, and Hollands, K. G. T., " Natural Convection" Handbook of Heat Transfer , 3rd ed., edited
by W. M. Roshsenow, J.P. Hartnett, and Y. I.Cho, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998, Chap. 4.
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TRANSPORT FENOMENA
ACEX372
Dr. Mohammad Reza Mobinipouya
Firouzabad Islamic Azad University,
Firouzabad, Iran
Analysis of Thermodynamic Properties of Alternative Refrigerant Fluids

M. R. Mobinipouya
Department of Chemistry, Firouzabad Islamic Azad University, Firouzabad, Iran
This paper describes a method for predicting constants in the equation of state (EOS) for saturated and
compressed refrigerant fluids. A numerical procedure has successfully predicted accurate values of
thermodynamic properties in seven cubic equations of state (EOS) in predicting thermodynamic properties of
nine ozone-safe refrigerants both in super and sub-critical regions. Refrigerants include R22, R32, R123, R124,
R125, R134a, R141b, R143, and R152a and equations of state, considered here, are Ihm-Song-Mason (ISM),
Peng-Robinson (PR), Redlich-Kwong (RK), Soave-Redlikh-Kwong (SRK) , Modified Redlickh-Kwong (MRK),
Nasrifar-Moshfeghian (NM), and TCC were shown in this paper..
In general, the results are in favor of the preference of TCC and PR EOS over other remaining EOS's in
predicting gas densities of all aforementioned refrigerants in both super and sub critical regions. Typically, PR
and SRK are in good agreement with those obtained from recent correlations and speed of sound
measurements. Therefore, these two EOS stand over other EOS both in sub and super critical regions. All
EOS follow two-parameter principle of corresponding states at T/Tc higher than 8 and lower than 1 except NM
EOS. In the temperature range 1<T/Tc<8, PR and SRK still follow above mentioned principle. The same trend
has been observed for other refrigerants.
References
[1] Y. Song, E. A. Mason, J. Chem. Phys. 91, 7840 (1989).
[2] D. Y. Peng, and D. B. Robinson, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 15, 59 (1976).
[3] O. Redlich and J. N. S. Kwong, Chem. Rev. 44, 233 (1949).
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[4] G. Soave, Chem. Eng. Sci. 27, 1197 (1972).
ACEX551
Mr. Christian Maier
Aalen University of Applied Sciences,
Germany
Comparison Between BEM Analysis and SONAH measurements using an Acoustic Camera
W. Pannert1, C. Maier1, R. Winkler1, M. Merkel1
1University of Applied Sciences Aalen, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalen, Germany
There are several methods available to determine eigenmodes of structural objects. Eigenmodes represent
displacements of the material at different positions. This effect is similar to a speaker. So the sound pressure
reaches a maximum at the points with maximum surface-velocity. With an acoustic camera these sound
sources can be visualized by an appropriate signal processing method. A suitable algorithm is the Nearfiel
Acoustical Holography (SONAH) [1]. This algorithm shows its power at low frequencies in comparison to other
(beamforming) algorithms.
In this paper a comparison between a Boundary Element Method (BEM) analysis and the SONAH sound
processing method is performed. The BEM arises for such sound radiation problems, in our analysis we used
the WAON® Software package. This software calculates with the help of structural harmonic analysis, which
covers the displacement, velocity and acceleration of the elements, the sound pressure on the surface of the
mesh.
The measurement setup consists of a sawing blade with a diameter of 0.65 m and a thickness of about 0.05 m.
In the middle it is clamped by a spigot. At a small drilled hole at the outer side the sawing blade is connected to
a shaker which impinges the sawing blade with different frequencies.
[1] J. Hald, NAH and Beamforming using the same Array - SONAH, ISSN 0007–2621 DK-2850 Nærum,
Denmark, 2005
ACEX301
Dr. Azwina Zainol
Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak,
26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
Kinetic modelling of biogas generation from banana stem waste

N. Zainol1*, J. Salihon1 and R. Abdul-Rahman2
1Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak,
26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
2Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author. Phone: +6095492829, Fax: +6095492399
217 | P a g e
Email:azwina@ump.edu.my
Kinetic model for biogas generation from banana stem waste was proposed on the basis of the experimental
results obtained. The system consists of anaerobic sequencing batch reactor for the first stage and anaerobic
fixed bed reactor for the second stage which operating at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 9 days . The
process was conducted at ambient temperature for the first stage and thermophilic temperature for the second
stage. Four differential equations described the overall process. A first order kinetics for hydrolysis of non-
soluble organic matter and a Michaelis–Menten equation type for the soluble organic matter decomposition,
total volatile acids consumption and methane production. The following kinetics constants were obtained for
the above-mentioned anaerobic stages: (a) hydrolysis and solubilization of organic matter: k1 (kinetic constant
for non-soluble organic matter degradation): 0.0033 day-1; k2 (maximum rate of soluble organic matter
production): 0.3 g soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD)/l day; k3 (saturation constant): 14 g SCOD/l; (b)
acidogenesis: k4 (maximum rate of soluble organic matter degradation): 0.027 g SCOD/ l day; k5 (saturation
constant): 20.2 g SCOD/l; and (c) methanogenesis: k6 (maximum rate of acetic acid (TVA) consumption): 0.15
g TVA/l day; and k7 (saturation constant): 7.2 g TVA/l. The kinetic constants obtained and the proposed
equations were used to simulate the different steps of the anaerobic digestion process of banana stem waste
and to obtain the theoretical values of non-soluble and soluble CODs, TVA and methane production.
ACEX324
Mr. Tony Herbert Freire de Andrade
Centre of Science and Technology,
Department of Chemical Engineering
Brazil
Numerical Study of Heavy Oil Flow on Horizontal Pipe Lubricated by Water

T.H.F.Andrade1, K.C.O. Crivelaro2, S.R.F.Neto1, A.G.B.Lima2
1Department of Chemical Engineering, 2Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Aprígio Veloso, 882 – Bodocongó, 58429-900, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil.
The high viscosity heavy oil transportation is one of the main technological challenges for the oil industry. This
fact is related with the high pressure drop due to the viscous effects during the flow heavy oil of this [1].
Different techniques for the heavy oil transportation has been cited in the literature, core-flow is one. This
technique is characterized In this technique, water is injected in the oil such that it flows as an annular film
along the pipe wall while oil flows in the core region . This way, smallest amount of energy is required to pump
heavy oil [2]. In this sense, the aim of this work is to study heavy oil core-annular flow, using computational
code CFX 10®. The mathematical formulation considers the mixture model to describe (water- heavy oil) two-
phase flow, considering a two-dimensional, transient and isothermal flow. We consider laminar flow to oil and
we use k-e model to describe water turbulent flow. Results of the velocity (Figure 1), pressure and volume
fraction (Figure 2) distribution of the phases were obtained and analyzed, by using water-heavy oil viscosity
ratio mwater/moil = 7.408x10-5 and 20.7 cm internal diameter horizontal pipe. It was possible to see clearly a
218 | P a g e
water film close to pipe wall (Figure 2) that involves the oil core. A large reduction of pressure drop by
comparison with single phase heavy oil flow (around 59 times) was verified.
[1] D. K. Olsen, and E. B. Ramzel, Fuel, Vol. 71, 12, p.1391-1401 (1992).
[2] G. Sotgia, P. Tartarini, E. Stalio, Int. J. Multiphase Flow , Vol. 34, p. 1161–1174 (2008).
ACEX345
Dr. Galina Ilieva Ilieva
Technical University, Shipbuilding Faculty,
Department of Marine Engineering,
Bulgaria
Modeling Features And Convergence Approaches For 3d Turbine Stage In Fluent

G.I. Ilieva
Technical University, Shipbuilding Faculty, Department of Marine Engineering, Bulgaria.
Numerical modeling process and solution convergence features for 3D compressible, viscous and turbulent
flow in turbine stage in FLUENT is the object of the current paper. Basic opportunities and approaches to get
over problems for iteration procedure convergence; real results and flow quantitative and qualitative
characteristics are analyzed. Process of numerical modeling, problem solution for special flow features in
turbine stages and increasing its efficiency, requires account of real fluid physical properties and their variation
for estimation flow parameters distribution, in case of proper solution technics. Modern tools for modeling and
research of fluid flow in turbine stages with rendering of account for all flow special features are based on so
called CFD methods.
In the present paper all restrictions, problems for modeling and computations are overcomed in FLUENT. Its
priorities are: modeling stator-rotor interaction; different turbulent models; opportunity for exact boundary
conditions definition and boundary layer definition, needed to obtain real results for flow parameters distribution
in the process of numerical research; more discretisation schemes for flow equations, different approaches
(CFL, Multigrid techniques, Multilevel techniques, etc.) for solution convergence. Furthermore FLUENT gives
opportunity for research radial gap influence; two-phase flow in turbine stage; modeling roughness, erosion,
etc.
A real turbine cascade with twisted rotor blade is researched. Working fluid is water steam. Preliminary
geometrical modeling of turbine stage is made in GAMBIT.
Problem for 3D compressible, viscous and turbulent flow parameters distribution determination in the
researched turbo volumes, is redused to solving Navier-Stokes equations system with appropriate turbulent
model. For this purpose, a logical sheme for numerical modeling and rendering an account of special features
for flow motion is recommended in the current paper
In the process of numerical modeling and problem solution for 3D viscous, compressible and turbulent flow of
water steam, many special features are settled in the researched work.
As a result of the researched works a logical scheme (methods of approach and application of algorithms to get
over convergence problems) for numerical modeling and rendering an account of special features for flow
motion is developed and applied in the methodology for numerical modeling of 3D viscous, compressible and
219 | P a g e
turbulent flow in turbine stage with moving twisted rotor blade. Methodology is fully realized in the process of
researched works for 3D flow in turbo volumes; basic aerodynamical quantitative characteristics for the
investigated turbine cascade are determined.
Logical scheme for solution convergence with the methodology can be applied as a base for future
investigations of flows in turbine stages as: radial gap influence research, research for wet-steam working
conditions, research of erosion rate, analysis and investigation of boundary layer growth along turbine blade
surfaces and predicting its break point.
Researched problem for rendering an account of solution special features and solution convergence gives
opportunity for modeling stator-rotor interaction especially in case of rotational motion for rotor blade; static
pressure distribution along streamed profiles; investigation of flow irregularity at stator and rotor outlets; obtain
of characteristics for turbine stage work estimation; to get qualitative and quantitative information for fluid
parameters distribution.
All that contributes to receive information needed for complex investigations of energy efficiency evaluation;
strength, thermal stresses and assessment of vibrations of turbo aggregates and its elements; exploitation in
nominal and variable working conditions; modernization and reconstruction.
[1]. Aldo Bonfiglioli, M. Sergio Campobasso, ―Computing Three-Dimentional Turbomachinery Flows with an
Implicit Fluctuation Splitting Scheme‖, Conference on Modeling Fluid Flow (CMFF‘06), The 13th International
Conference on Fluid Flow Technologies Budapest, Hungary, September 6-9, 2006.
[2]. Alessandro Corsini, ―A FE Method for the Computational Fluid Dynamics of Turbomachinery‖, SOCRATES
Teaching Staff Mobility Program, 1999-2000.
[3]. Codes Written by the National and International Computational Physics Community D. Post LA-UR-02-
6284 October 8, 2000, revised September 10, 2002.
[4]. D. Borello, A. Corsini, F. Rispoli, ―А Paralel Approach to FEM Modeling of Internal Fluid Flows‖, Internet
Site.
[5]. ―Evaluation of Turbulent Modeling for the Prediction of Wind Turbine Aerodynamics‖, S. Bejanirat, L. N.
Samear, Guanpeng Xu, AIAA-2003-0517.
[6]. Fernández Oro, J., Argüelles Díaz, K., Santolaria Morros, C.,Ballesteros Tajadura, R., ―Unsteady Flow
Analysis of the Stator-Rotor Interactions in an Axial Flow Fan‖, Proceedings of ASME FEDSM‘03 4th
ASME_JSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conference Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, July 6-10, 2003, FEDSM 2003-4
5394.
[7].FLUENT 5 Volume 2, July [1998].
[8]. FLUENT 5 Volume 3, July [1998].
[9]. FLUENT 6 Volume 1, December [2001].
[12]. Hong Yang, Dirk Nuernberger, Hans-Peter Kersken, ―Toward Excellence in Turbomachinery
Computational Fluid Dynamics: A Hybrid Structured-Unstructured Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Solver‖,
Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol. 128. pp.390-402, April 2006.
[13]. Ilieva G.I., Iosifov R.D. ―Geometry Modeling Features for 3D Turbine Cascade with Twisted Rotor Blade in
GAMBIT‖, ACTA UNIVERSITATIS PONTICA EUXINUS Number 2, Volume 5, 2005; ISSN 1312-1669, р.7-12.
[14]. ―Innovative Turbulence Modeling: SST Model in ANSYS-CFX‖, Technical Brief, ANSYS-CFX, 2005.
[15]. Jin Yan, David Gregory-Smith, ―CFD Simulations of 3-Dimensional Flow in Turbomachinery Applications‖,
220 | P a g e
Presented at Turbomachinery Flow Prediction VIII ERCOFTAC WorkshopLac Clusaz, France, March 2000.
[16]. Jochen Gier, Bertram Stubert, Bernard Brouillet, Laurent de Vito, ―Interaction of Shroud Leakage Flow and
Main Flow in a Three-Stage LP Turbine‖, Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2002 June 3-6, 2002, Amsterdam,
The Netherlands.
[17]. Jochen Gier, Sabine Ardey, Stefan Eymann, Ulf Reinmcller, Reinhard Niehuis, ―Improving 3D Flow
Characteristics in a Multistage LP Turbine by Means of Endwall Contouring and Airflow Design Modification
Part 2: Numerical Simulation and Analisys‖, Proceedings of ASME TURBO EXPO 2002 June 3-6,2002,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands GT-2002-30353.
[18]. Laumert, B., Mårtensson, H., Fransson, T.H., ―Investigation of the Flowfield in the Transonic VKI BRITE
EURAM Turbine Stage with 3D Steady and Unsteady N-S Computations‖, ASME paper, 2000-GT-0433.
[19]. ―Modelling, Research and Analisys of 3D Real Flow in Turbine Stages with Complex Geometry‖, Galina
Ilieva Ilieva, Dissertation Thesis, Technical University-Varna, 2009.
[20]. N. Sakai, T. Harada, J. Imai, ―Numerical Study of Partial Admission Stages in Steam Turbine‖, JSME
2006, № 2 vol. 49, 2006.
ACEX376
Dr. R. Leticia Corral-Bustamante
Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Cuauhtémoc,
Av. Tecnológico S/N, Z.P. 31500,
Cd. Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, México
Transport Phenomena in an Evaporated Black Hole

R.L. Corral-Bustamante1, A.R. Rodríguez-Corral2, H. Mendoza-Olivas1
1Technological Institute of Cuauhtémoc City, Tecnológico Ave. S/N, Z.P. 31500, Cuauhtémoc, City,
Chihuahua, México.
2Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Av. Escorza No. 900, Z.P. 31000, Chihuahua, México
In this paper the study of the behavior of a gigantic mass is presented, the mass collapses becoming a mini
hole in the continuous space-time, liked the ones that were formed in the first instants of the Universe, when a
billion of a second had not elapsed after the Big Bang, due to an enormous concentration of energy in a tiny
region of the Space. To detect the presence of the infinite superficial gravity mini-hole, the phenomena of
occurring transportation during the phase of mass evaporation to its disappearance were studied [1], by means
of theoretical measurements of energy, in matter of General Relativity, originating from a proposed metric. The
eternals energy or Hawking‘s radiation emissions originating from the hole and whose loss is measured by its
entropy [2,3], are the ones guilty of the hole loss of energy leaving it without mass, and of its probable
explosion in its final instants of life. Seem as if its last death rattle freed great quantity of gamma radiation.
The results obtained show evidence that the final state of the hole would be able to be treated as a pure
quantum state, that is, in the period of its evaporation, the information of its interior escaped with the Hawking‘s
radiation, nevertheless, the entropy that its emissions show in indefinite form [2,3], allow us to include in the
calculation some of the possible evolutions of the last scenes of this physical phenomenon, with some of the
possible angular positions (energy states) of the hole, having as precedent the lost information where the
entropy is calculated with the relation of the natural logarithm of the wave length of the mass to consider the
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situation in which the hole not even has been formed.
[1] C. Teitelboim and J. Zanelli, Black Holes and the Structure of the Universe, World Scientific Publishing
Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore, [2000].
[2] J. D. Bekenstein, Sci. American, 289 Number 2, 61 (2003).
[3] J. D. Bekenstein and M. Schiffer, Int. J. of Modern Phys., 1, 355 (1990).
ACEX385
Mrs. Raceanu
Université de Bourgogne,
Dijon, ICB, UMR 5209 CNRS,
9 Avenue Alain, France
Pre-Strained surface contribution on volume diffusion in stressed solids

L. Raceanu1, V. Optasanu1, T. Montesin1, N. Creton1
1 Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, ICB, UMR 5209 CNRS, 9 Avenue Alain, France
Our recent modelling and numerical simulation work made with the purpose to describe the UO2 oxidation
process attests the theory concerning the mechanical stress that can strongly slow down the local volume
diffusion of oxygen in a stressed solid [1],[2]. This remark allows us to assume that a plastic deformation,
previously applied at the surface of a metallic sample on several microns, will delay the degradation during its
oxidation.
Considering this hypothesis we have implemented a FEM simulation code developed in our laboratory to
numerically investigate the different deformation fields of a sample surface that might significantly modify the
volume diffusion of oxygen during the oxidation process. The simulation tool we are using is based on an
irreversible thermodynamics approach which incorporates both chemical diffusion and mechanical deformation.
Experimental studies using similar conditions to the ones implemented in our simulations are being conducted
in order to compare experiments and theory. Zirconium was chosen in our applications due to its physic-
chemical and mechanical proprieties currently available in the literature. At a temperature between 700°C and
800°C and atmospheric pressure, the metal is oxidized involving an anionic migration process of oxygen in the
metal being governed by a mechanism of volume diffusion.
[1] N. Creton, V. Optasanu, T. Montesin, S. Garruchet, L. Desgranges, Defect and Diffusion Forum, Vol. 289-
292, p. 447-454 (2009),
[2] N. Creton, V. Optasanu, S. Garruchet, L. Raceanu, T. Montesin, L. Desgranges, S. Dejardin, Defect and
diffusion Forum, Vols. 297-301, p. 519 (2010)
ACEX472
Mr. Afredo R. Carella
Department of Energy and Process Engineering,
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Norwegian University of Science and Technology,

Kølbjorn Hejes vei 1b, Trondheim 7491, Norway
Fractional Diffusion Modeling Inside a Catalytic Particle in a Gas Flow

A.R. Carella1, C.A. Dorao1, J. Jakobsen1
1Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Kølbjorn
Hejes vei 1b, Trondheim 7491, Norway
2Energy Processes, SINTEF Energy Research, Sem Saelands vei 11, Trondheim 7465, Norway
Fluidized bed reactors have a wide application scope, ranging from petroleum and petrochemical applications
to environmental biotechnology [2]. One of the constraints limiting the optimization possibilities of these
reactors is the inaccuracy in the description of the diffusion processes occurring in the catalytic particles
transported in a fluidized bed. This work discusses simulation results for the steady state concentration of
species in a catalytic particle submerged in a gas flow in a 2-dimensional domain. The fluid flow is modeled by
Navier-Stokes equation. Diffusion in the fluid is modeled by Fick‘s law, and diffusion in the solid particle is
described by the fractional equation where is the species concentration, is the diffusivity constant and is the
fractional derivative operator defined in [3]. The simulations are performed by the Spectral Least Squares Finite
Element Method, which transforms a well-posed system of partial differential equations into a symmetric
positive definite linear system that can be solved by iterative algorithms.
[1] J. R. Grace, J. Chaouki, T. Pugsley, Fluidized Bed Reactor, Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing, (Taylor
& Francis, 2005).
[2] I.J. Dunn, H.Tanaka, S. Uzman and M. Denac, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 413, Issue
Biochemical Engineering III, 168-183 (2006).
[3] I. Podlubny, Fractional Differential Equations, Mathematics in Science and Engineering, Vol.198, p.62,
(Academic Press, San Diego, 1999).
ACEX485
Prof. Severino Rodrigues de Farias Neto
Federal University of Campina Grande
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882 – Bodocongó, 58429-900,
Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
Heavy Oils Transportation in Catenary Pipeline Riser: Modeling and Simulation

J.S.S. dos Santos1, K.C.O. Crivelaro; F.P.M. Farias; S.R. de Farias Neto1, A.G.B. de Lima2
1Department of Chemical Engineering, 2Department of Mechanical Engineering
Av. Aprígio Veloso, 882 – Bodocongó, 58429-900, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil.
In the offshore platform is often used a catenary riser (which leaves the platform at an angle from the vertical)
to carry heavy oils from reservoirs to platform. However, the high viscosity of these oils provides an elevated
223 | P a g e
pressure drop in the flow. Several studies report the use of the core-flow technique in vertical and horizontal
pipes to reduce the pressure drop during heavy oils transportation [1,2,3]. However, so far no record of studies
using catenary riser was found. Then, the purpose of this paper is to present a numerical study of the heavy oil
flow in catenary riser using the core-flow technique. We use the software ANSYS CFX 11® to solve the
mathematical model, which considers the free surface model to describe the two-phase flow (water-heavy oil).
It was considered transient and non-isothermal flow with viscosity of the phases as a function of the
temperature. A non-structured mesh with 346,075 elements was generated. Results of velocity, pressure,
temperature and volumetric fraction of the phases presented and analyzed. The pressure drop in the catenary
riser decreased 3.34 times when compared with the single-phase oil flow. This low value compared with the
available literature [1,2,3] was attributed to the adhesion of the oil along the surface of the overhead line.
[1] Rodriguez, O.M.H.; Bannwart, A.C.; Carvalho, C.H.M., J. of Petroleum Sci and Eng. 65, 67–75 (2009).
[2] Crivelaro, K.C.O.; Damacena, Y.T.; Andrade, T.H.F.; Lima, A.G.B.; Farias Neto, S.R., WIT Transactions on
Eng. Sciences, 63, 193-203 (2009).
[3] Ooms, G.; Vuik, C.; Poesio, P., Physics of Fluids, 19
ACEX488
Dr. Matthias Haase
Dept. of Architectural Design, History and Technology,
Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
N 7491 Trondheim, Norway
Condensation issues in ventilated façades

M. Haase1,2, T. Wigenstad2
1Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Architectural Design, History and
Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
2SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, Buildings Deparment, 7465 Trondheim, Norway.
The design of ventilated glass-glass facades in large buildings seems a promising technology to enhance
energy efficient building design. In order to describe the optical and thermal heat transfer mechanism in glass-
glass configurations with vertical airflow regimes radiation, conduction and convection models have been
developed and validated [1, 2]. In application to existing buildings condensation on various surfaces in the
construction is always a risk. A prediction model that takes weather conditions for a specific site into
consideration is needed.
In this work measured data of condensation on external window panes was used and a mathematical model for
predicting condensation depending on air temperature, humidity and airflow regimes was developed [3]. The
validation show very good agreement and give confidence in using the model for further analysis of
condensation times over the year in this type of façade. The model was implemented in a programme for heat
transfer calculations and used to evaluate condensation and energy issues for various façade material
configurations.
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[1] Arasteh, D., M.S. Reilly, and M. Rubin, A Versatile Procedure for Calculating Heat Transfer through
Windows. ASHRAE Trans., 1989. 95: p. 2.
[2] Manz, H., Numerical simulation of heat transfer by natural convection in cavities of facade elements. Energy
and Buildings, 2003. 35(3): p. 305-311.
[3] Thyholt, M., Utvendig kondens på vindusruter, SINTEF, Editor. 2006, SINTEF Byggforsk.
ACEX491
Prof. Alexander I. Sukov
Moscow State University of Technology "STANKIN",
Moscow, 127994, Russia
Mathematical Modelling of Electrodynamics Properties for Mesoglasses According to the Technologies

“Top – Down”
A.I. Sukov
Moscow State University of Technology "STANKIN", Moscow, 127994, Russia
We are concerned about the 2D scattering problem (so called ―classical diffraction case‖) for laser radiation
(plane wave, wave beam or pulse) by a periodic (corrugated) surface [1]. This surface is composed by an
amorphous substance (glass, occupies a semi-infinite domain) which exhibits periodically distributed cuts with
a rectangular profile (so called ―lamellar grating‖); these cuts are full with a substance of crystalline structure
(for example, Co3O4).
The main conclusions of this work are the following: a) The unique rigorous method for solving the considered
problem over a wide range of values of the geometric and physical parameters is the integral method, in which
the original problem is reduced to the solution of a system of singular integral problems. We propose modern
implementation of this method, using the fast Fourier transform and parallel algorithms. b) As a result of the
decreasing of the fundamental diffraction parameter (in our case, of the geometric sizes, the so-called ―top-
down‖ technologies), the microscopic and macroscopic models exhibit different physical properties: in the
macroscopic model, the characteristic parameters are averaged, which does not occur in the microscopic one.
Models of this type are called mesostructures (in our particular case, mesoglasses). c) The obtained numerical
results are in agreement with the available experimental data (in particular, in what concerns the variation of
the impulse reflection coefficient).
[1] Electromagnetic Theory of Gratings. /Ed. R. Petit (Topics in Current Physics; 22, ISBN 3-540-10193-4
Springer – Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1980).
225 | P a g e
ACEX525
Prof. Antonio Gilson Barbosa De Lima
Campina Grande, Paraíba, 58429-900,
Brazil
Heat Transfer in a Packed Bed Cylindrical Reactor of Elliptic Cross Section: Modeling and Simulation
L. G. Oliveira1, W. C. P. B. de Lima1, A. G. B de Lima1
1Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Paraíba, 58429-900, Brazil.
Porous media is composed by a solid matrix with an interconnected void. The stationary solid with the fluid
moving through it is considered as a porous media and the solid phase is envisioned as being made of
particles consolidated or nonconsolidated (as in packed bed of pellets) [1]. The packed-bed tubular reactors
with heated or cooled walls are frequently used to carry out gas-solid reactions in engineering applications. The
design of a fixed bed reactor requires an extensive knowledge of heat transfer characteristics within the
equipment, especially when is used new geometry [2]. In this sense, this work presents a three-dimensional
mathematical model to predict the steady-state heat transfer inside a fixed-bed elliptic cylindrical reactor
including chemical reaction term for exothermic and endothermic reactions. The model considers uniform
velocity and temperature profiles of the fluid phase at the entrance of the reactor, and constant thermo-physical
properties. At surface of the equipment convective boundary condition is assumed to be constant. The energy
conservation equation, written in the elliptical cylindrical coordinates, was discretized using finite-volume
method.
Effects of the heat transfer coefficient, reactant fluid concentration, inlet fluid temperature, and pre-exponential
factor of the Arrhenius equation on the dimensionless temperature profiles within the packed bed reactor are
presented and temperature distribution is interpreted. To validate the model, numerical results of the heat
transfer obtained for circular cylindrical reactor are compared with experimental results and a good agreement
was obtained.
[1] D. Nield A. and A. Bejan, Convection in porous media, (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992).
[2] L.G. Oliveira, R. Swarnakar and A. G. B. de Lima, Int. J. Chem. Reactor Eng. 6, A71 (2008).
_________________________________________________________________________________________

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 ADVANCED MATERIALS ………………………………………………………………….…PAGE 7

ABOUT PROF JN REDDY

The use of least-squares principles lead to variationally unconstrained minimization problems

Ab-initio study on electronic structure of BaTiO3/SrTiO3 and SnTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices

University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadía s/n, 31006 Pamplona, Spain.

Effects of Reinforcement Arrangement on Strength Capacity of Concrete Plates

CELLULAR AND STRUCTURED MATERIALS

Measurement of longitudinal and transverse strain in an aluminium foam

Protective Technologies Research and Development Center,

Plasticity and damage analysis of metal foams under dynamic loading

Structure-Borne Sound in Metallic Hollow Sphere Structures

J. C. Lee1, S. H. Ahn2,*, D. G. Cho3, C. S. Lee3

A functionally graded material (FGM) is a two-component composite material characterised by a compositional

Transmission Loss of sandwich composite-foam-composite panels

[1] ISO Norm 140-3.

Experimental Analysis of Core Materials for Sandwich Panels

COMPOSITES AND MULTIPHASE MATERIALS

Composites and Multiphase Materials

Fabrication of SAC solder by mechanical milling and mechanical mixing

Structure, Surface and Hardness Properties of YxAgyBa2Cu3O7-δ/Ag Composites

[1] J. G. Bednorz, K. A. Müeller: Z. Phys. B. 64 (1986) 189-193.

Mechanical optimization of a pultruded thermoplastic composite profile

rue Léonard de Vinci, 53810 Changé, France.

Keywords: Functionally graded, Annular sector plate, Analytical method.

Structural design and experimental investigation of a carbon fibre wheel for

Damage and Fracture

Prediction of Particle Size Distribution Effects on Thermal Conductivity of Particulate Composites

effective properties dependence on the size distribution.

[1] M. Ostoja-Starzewski, J. Appl. Mech., 69(1), 25 (2002).

Damage and Fracture Analysis of Rubber Component

[2] L. Mullins, Chemistry and Technology, Vol.42, p. 339 (1969).

Experiments on the Bending Failure of Diagonally

Numerical simulation of cross wedge rolling process aimed on die geometry,

Modeling and Analysis of Three-Dimensional Cracks Using Unstructured Finite Elements

[1] J.R. Shewchuk, Comp. Geom.: Theo. Appl., 22, 21 (2002).

A comparison of local and non-local strategies for crack path propagation

Prof. José Maria Andrade Barbosa

[1] J. Lufrano and P. Sofronis, Acta Materialia, 46 (5), 1519 (1998).

Failure Analysis on the Ceramic Heads in Artificial Hip Joint

Fracture Toughness Assessment of Nuclear Graphite

Osaka 565-0871, Japan

Crack Propagation Analysis in Underwater Laser Drilling

Free Vibration Characteristics of Thermally Loaded Plates

Vibration Confinement in Flexible Structures

Dynamic Vibration Absorbers attached to multi degree of freedom systems

bending wave than FSDT.

Basic study on dynamic soil-structure interaction

Optimal Control of Smart Composite Shell Structures Using Genetic Algorithm

[1] R. Alkhatib, M. F. Golnaraghi, Shock Vib Dig., 35, 367(2003)

[2] S. Narayanan and V. Balamurugan, J. of Sound and Vibration, 262, 529(2003)

Stable Flight Analysis of Ski Jumping its Effects on Lift-to-Drag Ratio

[1] H. Schwamedar, Sports Biomech.,7, 114 (2008).

On the use of SEREP for Satellite FEM validation

Effect of the mass dissymmetry on the Stability

[1] Y. Hori, hydrodynamic lubrication, (Springer 2006)

Effect of Heat Treatments on the Fatigue Performance of Carbon Steel

On the one-to-one correspondence between the elastic-plastic

Diametral Compression Test: Validation Using Finite Element Analysis