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‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔــﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ‬
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‬
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‫‪-2-‬‬
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‪:‬‬
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: 3* 7$$5

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" + +# ## * (K) ! ## #3
+%3 4+2 (!# # *.0 *
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+ *0 161 %1 #3 0
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.0 0#
CH3 – CH2 – OH : 81#
*
?; 8)
#3
-4-
( )
( 1 – 1 )
# :0
$ :0 $ 69
2
R-CH CH2 C C %1 "-
R- C CH C C 161 "-
R- OH - OH 8)
"<
R-CHO - CHO (8# ,)

"

-
R- CO – R 8 "0
CO
R-COOH -COOH 8) $#-

)
R-O-R -O- 1L " 1=
R-COO-R -COO- 0)L " 0)=
R-X -X
8- "

-5-
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻟﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﻴﻞ‬
Alkyl Halides
: (11)

(X–) +! +## 3+#00 *0 " # * 8- "

*+, 1
8# 1
86L M00
.(8
) 7 # 9 . -
CnH2n+2 –H Cn H2n+1 X
+X
(I , Cl , Br , F = X : )
: .
;<
CnH2n+1 X : * 8- "
# %3 N'
.R X * 8- "
# % N'
-6-
:
(2 – 1)
( )

" IUPAC "
Br
.1 CH3 – CH2 – Br " X"

R X
CH3 – C – CH3
( !)

" R "
Br . !

" R "

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – I
! $ – 2 # 2) % "% & " # $$ .2
(!!
)

(%!!
& %
% %" '(
& *() )
Cl Br +% , -./ 0/
# 2 () ) * 1
CH3 – C – C – CH3
$ 34 5 / '
H–H . % " 6(
– 3 – ! 2) "! "./ 6( $7% .3
(%! ." 3
7
:

(3 – 1)

CH3 – Cl CH3Cl

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – 1 C3 H7 I

2 CH3 – CH – CH3 C3 H7 Cl

Cl

2 Cl C4 H9 Cl

CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH3

2 2 Br C3 H6 Br2

CH3 – C – CH3
Br

3 – 2 Cl Br C4 H8 BrCl

CH3 – C – C – CH3
H H
:

:
Cl Cl
CH3CH2CHCH2Br (ii) CH3CHCH2CH3 (i)
: ! (111)
.
$% &
! "# .1
*-
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! * ++%
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..
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1 & 23 .3
.)

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62-% 72- ( '
6* 6* .4
-305 /9 0

80 1#
208 '
.10 .(;'& 3 R – F
:.& 3 R – I )
: ! (211)

<-
-0# 1- & 2- 6=-
->
?@ 35
1-+ $- 0 ( KOH ( NaOH 14

( =# 2 23
:
2
A.
3
23 %

R–X + OH– R – OH + X
(

) () ()
2- 23 1-+

<-
( -49
) 14 2
10# : (11) "
: 28
CH3 – CH2 – Br + NaOH CH3 – CH2 – OH + NaBr
(

!
) (
)
1-+
<-
(1- =-5 2 ) 2 10# : (21) "
: 2 23
Cl OH
CH3 – C – CH3 + KOH CH3 – C – CH3 + KCl
H H
( – 2) (2 )
9
:
B 1 & 2
>=# ?@ 3
.1
: 2
1
5 .2
i) CH3 – Cl + NaOH ........ + ........
ii) CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH3 + KOH ........ + ........

Cl
: # $% (311)
:
3 1 & 23 .+ $ 35
C3
: '%( )* /&
<-
=- + + 5 (RH) & 10# 3
- 6* 1+9 $ 0 C* ( D
E.+
(X2)
: 2
+ ( 6+ ). 2 ! ( 2 6* 1+
R – H + X – X R – X + H–X
() (
") (

) (
"

)
: ( 4
) 14
2 .+ : (31) "

CH4 + Cl2 CH3 – Cl + HCl
(
)

(
"

)
(
)
: ( 4
) 14 2
.+ : (41) "

CH3 – CH3 + Br2 CH3 – CH2 Br + HBr
(
) (#)

!
(
"

)
(
)
10
2 /0 14
) + –
.+ : (51) "
.(+
CH2 CH2

H2C CH2 + Cl2 CH2 –– CHCl + HCl
($ ) () ($ – ) (
"

)
– -
& -
/0 14
) =
.+ : (61) "
(
H
CH C
H–C– C–H + Cl2 Fe H –C C – Cl

+ HCl
H–C C–H H–C C–H
C C
H H
(
) () (
)
F- =- -3 1-0# *3 ! (Benzene) =
: +%'
-
@ 3 @& 5 *9 ( (Benzene) = G ( (
&)
.(C8 H18) &
35 %
23
620
: ,$( )* /
+ (
5 & /9 23 23 !.H 3
:
2

H X
–C=C– +H–X –C – C–
(
) (
"

) (
%
)
11
: ( 4) 4
49 .+ : (71) "
CH2 = CH2 + HCl CH3 – CH2Cl
(

) (
"

) (
)
:
– 2 2 .+ : (81) "
I H
CH3 – C = C – H + HI CH3 – C – C – H
H H H H
(
) (
"

) ( –
– 2)
- - 6*- HI I= ! 2 6* 5 ,+J : +%'

- (: ! -
620') + 2 *
220 5
: /0 ?
( -44 5 – C = – C ->4 - /9 !. 0# 20)
-
220 5 6* /9 :. 2 6* 5 ,+J
.( 2 *
2- /0 14
) +
.+ : (91) "
: (%
K +
CH CH2
CH2 – C – H + HCl CH2 – CHCl

($
) (
"

) ($ )
12
:
:

L1 .+ 2
5 (
& 2@.
.1 2
.i
. 2 .ii
2
.+ >
2
9 (
& 2@ .7
.

: # ) * (411)
( D!4 "# , $>+ )#9 ! (CCl4) 2 < 2@ .1
-
N O-
& O- P2+ ! 2' D& D
2@ M1'
G-
1
! . 2
*9 ! 2 < 2@
.(: 1)
.. 2
*9 ! Q62@
Q62
(CH3Cl) ! 2@J .2
-! 2- 2@-
-# 08 ! ! 2@J .3
C-3) -%+ 2
1> 0 ! 4 #

.(2@ *3 /0 ,#+
.G
1
! 49 44 2@J .4

( 2
08 ! (PVC) 1# 2

62
2@R .5
S ! ( # 5 1#) 49 ! 0

62
2@R
. $8 <
T & @2

-, D
- - ! 2@
0 ! 4 3 2@ .6
. 4 ! 44 – 1 ( 1 ( 1 – 2 –
– 2 : 3 (
)
13
: -
:
1
.( 4 ! 0) # .1
. 4 3 .2
: . ) (511)

:

L1 > 8 9 /1
. 49 >4 1 ( 1 .i
. 3 2 2
2 .ii
. 2 –
1 .iii
.
>4 3 ( 3 .iv
.+
.v
:

/2
CH3 Cl .i
CCl4 .ii
.
&
(14 2
) .+ 2
/3
:
&
(
2)
.+ 2
/4
: 2
1
/5
i) NaOH + CH3 – CH2Br ……. + …...
ii) LiOH + CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH3 …… + ……
Cl
14
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
Ethers ‫ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺜﺮﺍﺕ‬Alcohols ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻻﺕ‬
: % (21)
-0

1-+
2-0 U- - 23 -%
3 +
-
-! -4 5 5 2-3 6* 1-+
-4 5 5 (OH) 1 23
5- & /9 (1) <
!.H +
. 2
.(1 5)
: /"&
H H
H–C–H H – C – OH
H H
(
) (
)
H H H H
H–C–C–H H – C – C – OH
H H H H
(
) (
)
CnH2n + 1 OH : 3 +
>= 8
R – OH : 3 +
> 8
: % 0& (121)
-0

) #, 6
=
+ 6* " + + / 5
: 3 '5 44 /9 (1 2
15
- 6* (OH) 1 2 0

! : % .i
-! ( 1'& /0 23 * 6* E*3 P+ ( 5
. R – CH2OH : 3 & +
> 8 <.

6* (OH) 1 2 0

! : 4 + .ii
2-3 6*- 6*- E*3 P+ * F5) 4
: 3 4 +
> 8 <.

R2CHOH 5 R-CHOH-R
(-OH ) 1- 2 (6-
=) 0

! : 44 + .iii
.F@5 * P4
6* F5 44 6*
: 3 44 +
> 8
OH
R–C–R
R
)F=- -! (OH) 1- 2 0

220 + + /
: 3 '5 44 /9 2+ 1+
1- 23 -0

/0 ;+ 3 : 1 2 2+5 + .i
: 14
62+ (OH)
OH
CH3CHCH3 , CH3 – CH2OH
1- 23 0-

/-0 F+ 3 :1 2 >4 + .ii
.1 : (OH)
16
: (101) "
CH2 – CH2
1 4 OH OH
/-0 -
2+ )F= ;+ : 1 2 6220 + .iii
1- 1-4
. -4 5 5 (OH) 1 23 0

P4
: ( )
CH2OH – CHOH – CH2OH
:
: ( * <
) +
1 "
CH3 – CH2 – OH (i)
CH3
CH3 – C – OH (ii)
CH3
H H
CH3 – C – C – CH3 (iii)
H OH
CH3-CHOH-CHOH-CH3 (iv)
17
:
(4 – 1)
( ) ()

OH CH3 " # $% .1 CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH (R) (OH) R – OH
CH3 – CH – CH – CH2 – CH3 (! ) "R"
& ' (OH)

(2 # – – 3)

.# '( ) . (OH)
+
&% +#* .2 CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH
.# ,* (! )
- (OH)
' .3
OH
. & / ' "
CH3 – CH – CH3
() 0 - #
(2#)
- () 1 + &#(
20 +#* 3# #
# 45( &
.6 7# /.#
18
:

: (5 – 1) (i)

(
) CH3OH CH4O
(
) CH3 – CH2 – OH C2H5OH
(
) (1) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2OH C4H9OH
(1) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2OH C5H11OH
(1) CH3(CH2)4 – CH2OH C6H13OH
:
(6 – 1) (ii)

(2) CH3 – CHOH – CH3 C3H7OH
(2) CH3 – CH2 – CHOH – CH3 C4H9OH
(2) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CHOH – CH3 C5H11OH
(3) CH3 – CH2 – CHOH – CH2 – CH3 C5H11OH
(2) CH3(CH2)3 – CHOH – CH3 C6H13OH
(3) CH3 – (CH2)2 – CHOH – CH2 – CH3 C6H13OH
: (7 – 1) (iii)

(2
– 2) CH3 – CH2 – C OH – CH3 C5H11OH
CH3
(2
– 2) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 C OH – CH3 C6H13OH
CH3
(3
– 3) CH3 – CH2 – C OH – CH2 – CH3 C6H13OH
CH3
19
()
(1) : !
:
C2H5OH (i)
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 (ii)
OH
:
! (2)
2"– "# 2 (ii) 2" (i)
:Ethers " (2 21)
" &' (ROR/) % $ ! #
: ( ) #* "
.(ROR) # #, -. ) R = R/ +* .i
.(ROR/) # / #* #, -. ) R ≠ R/ +* .ii
& n () : CnH2n+2O 0 # 1 !
(2! 3
#, +* R – O – R/ : 0 # !
.# / #, +* R-O-R- & #
: " ! (8 – 1)

()
( )

Cl
.1 CH3 – O – C2H5 R–O–R
( )

/
CH3 – O – C – CH3
"R" "R"
CH3 – O – CH3

CH3
( )
(
#!$ ! 2)

OCH3 .!
)

" .2
CH3 – CH – CH3 (
20
(
#!$ 2) %
' (
)
"&
.!&
*"
! .3
+, -
.
./
/
"RO" 0
.4
1

2 3

.#!!
41
! 5)
6, !
,
(7
: (111)"#
H-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-CHCl-CH3
: # $% &' (9 – 1)

CH3 – O – CH3 C2H6O

CH3 – CH2 – O – CH2 – CH3 C4H10O

CH3 – CH2 – O – CH3 C3H8O

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – O – CH3

C4H10O

21
: !
4 (# " ") :
! 0 .1
.CH3OC2H5 :
.2
:
, , + 5 ! .3
.CH3OC(CH3)3
:(
) *! (321)
.67 8 1 9$ .1
. % + ! .2
,
(- .
! / ! 01 )# 2 .3
:
(- ! .
.4
1. CH3CH2CH2OH
2. CH3(CH2)3CHCH3CH2OH
3. CH3CHOHCH2CH3
4.CH3CH2COHCH3CH3
:3! 3 3 4
! .5
.32 ( (
– 2,2 (1)
.3!
( 2 2 (2)
:!5 " 3 4 (6
" % " ! .6
CH3-O-CH3 (1)
CH3OC2H5 (2)
CH3CH2OCH2CH3 (3)
CH3CH2CH2OCH3 (4)
C4H10O + 6 -
!.7
22
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﱰﺍﺕ‬
Aldehydes , Ketones,Carboxilic Acids & Esters
:
! 2# (31)
: (67 $ ) 8 1 3 303 1
O "
C
: 2# (131)
R "& $ " 8 1 ;. < =>$ 0 : 2#
: ?@A H 30 8+
O
R – CHO & R–C–H
< ( "A 0 303A $ . 3 B#)
O
.(303 6 0 H – C – H 30 + " 8 1
.("&) 2! A :* (") 5<' .>- 303A
.CnH2nO : 0 303 1 !
O
.R – C – H & RCHO : 0 303 !
23
:
(10 – 1)
()
( )

Br O +
%

), /1 O O
CH3 – CH – C – H & % - CH3 – C – H
! R – C – H
( % % % – 2) )
" R "
/ '. "1" '. " #$
" H "
.(( 0 1 + & ' %%

Cl O *
23 % - 3 /2 . (
CH3 – CH – CH2 – C – O
H .#% # 0 () #
CH3CH2C – H
( % ( 3) & ' /3
(% %)
(( / +& '
+

/
0&
.() 40#
24
:
(11 – 1)

( )

O

HCHO H–C–H CH2O
. O

CH3 – C – H C2H4O
O
C3H6O

CH3 – CH2 – C – H
O

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – C – H C4H8O
O
2 CH3 – CH – C – H C4H8O

CH3
O
C5H10O
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – C – H
O
2 CH3 – CH2 – CH – C – H C5H10O
CH3
: (231)
:

:
O
C–C–C
%& " ("$)

! " #
. (#) ) * + ,- () '(
CnH2nO : . %/ %0! %1*
: %/ %0 %1*
O
R–C–R
R – CO-R
O
(R⁄ = R ) (R⁄ ≠ R ) R – C – R
25
:

(12 – 1)

()
CH3 O %
&! /1 O O
⁄
CH3 – CH – C – CH3 ' (" %) *+ C2H5 – C – CH3 R/ R R⁄ – C – R
( ! 3) ( ") R ,R

!

CH3 – C – CH – CH3 O .

+
, #- )
O CH2 CH3 – C – CH3

. :
( #$!) ( !
CH3
./ ( /2 ( )
(2 !! – 3) . + 0!
!! /3
1 +)
( ) 1
+ -
2"
.) ("
26
:
(13 – 1)

O

CH3 – C – CH3 C3H6O
( O

CH3 – CH2 – C – CH3 C4H8O
O

2
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – C – CH3 C5H10O
O
3
CH3 – CH2 – C – CH2 – CH3 C5H10O
O

3
C6H12O
CH3 – CH2 – C – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
2

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – C – CH3 C6H12O
O
:

:
IUPAC

i) CH3 – C – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
O Br
ii) H – C – CH2 – CH2 – CH – Br

O CH2CH3
27
:

(3 31)

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R-C-OH 0 R – CO2H : " ! :7
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28
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(14 – 1)

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29
:

(15 – 1)

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(
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H–C–O–H CH2O2
O
(
)

CH3 – C – O – H C2H4O2
O

CH3 – CH2 – C – O – H C3H6O2
O

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – C – OH C4H8O2
O

CH3 – (CH2)3 – C – OH C5H10O2
O

CH3 – (CH2)4 – C – OH C6H12O2
O

CH3 – (CH2)5 – C – OH C7H14O2
O

CH3 – (CH2)6 – C – OH C8H16O2
:
:

/1
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2 .ii
:

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Cl O
CH3 – CH2 – C – C – OH
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30
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32
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.
33
:
(18 – 1)

HCOO – CH3 C2H4O2

CH3COO – CH3 C3H6O2

CH3COO – CH2 – CH3 C4H8O2

CH3 – CH2COO – CH3 C4H8O2

CH3COO – (CH2)4 – CH3 C7H14O2

CH3COO – (CH2)7 – CH3 C10H20O2

CH3 – (CH2)2COO – CH3 C5H10O2

CH3 – (CH2)2COO – CH2 – CH3 C6H12O2
:
: ()
(1)
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38
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40
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i. CH3 – CH2 – CH2OH + K ………. + ............
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iii. CH3 – COH – CH3 + HCl ZnCl2 ………. + .............
H
iv. CH3 – (CH2)3 – CH2OH O ……… + ............
v. CH3 – CHOHCH2CH3 O ……… + .............
vi. CH3OH + Mg ………. + ............
vii. CH3CH2 – CHOHCH3 K2Cr2O7  H+ ……… + ............
46
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‬
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O –C–H O O – C – OH
( )
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O
(iii) C2H5 – C – H K2Cr2 O7  H+ ……………
O
(iv) CH3 – C – CH3 + HBr …………..
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56
: ('%3 2) 0 (0'%3 2)
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CH3 – CH2 – C – H O ………… ()
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CH3 – C – CH3 + H2 Ni ………….()
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60
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‫‪61‬‬
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: B4" .1
1. CH3COOH + Ca
2. CH3CH2COOCH3 + KOH
3. HCOOH + Mg(OH)2
4. CH3CHOHCH3 + H-COO-CH2CH3 H+
5. CH3COO(CH2)3CH3 + H2O H+
:*
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71
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CH2 – O – C – R
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CH – O – C – R + 3NaOH CH – OH + 3R – C – ONa
O
CH2 – O – C – R CH2 – OH
(% '() *% (*
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: (33 1)
O
CH3(CH2)16 – C – O – CH2
O O
CH3(CH2)16 – C – O – CH2 + 3NaOH 3CH3 – (CH2)16 – C – ONa
O CH2 – OH
CH3(CH2)16 – C – O – CH2 + CH – OH
CH2 – OH
72
: 03 (29 1)
)
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CH2 – OH CH2 – O – C – R
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CH – OH + 3R – C – OH CH – O – C – R + 3H2O
O
CH2 – OH CH2 – O – C – R
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C3H5 – (OH)3 + HO – C – R C3H5 – (O – C – R) 3 + 3H2O
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CH – O – C – (CH2)7 – CH = CH – (CH2)7 – CH3 + 3H2
CH2 – O – C – (CH2)7 – CH = CH – (CH2)7 – CH3

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74
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CH2 – O – C – (CH2)16 – CH3
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78
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U!3 !H 8% Z3
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.5O <3 S & J .2
*$! 4" *4 L : Condensation Polymers &% (
.* " * $ *" 8
!" !4 *! ! 51$ " / # 6
: 92 * 3 %4 * %(
V! (
N$ # * *
& * ; (* )
!
'( 4" *4 *
L @ * " 8 * $ C4
:
% (
O O
HO – CH2 – CH2 – OH+HO – C – O – C – OH
(‫)
ل‬ ()
O O
HO – CH2 – CH2 – O – C – O – C – OH + H2O
( ‫)إ‬
: ) -< J
$ 3 < 92

O O
n (HO – CH2 – CH2 – O – C – O – C – OH)
79
(
)
O O
n H2O + (O – CH2 – CH2 – O – C – O – C) n
(
) OH
:
. – # /4 .1
.6-O # ,- = 2 .2
./ # = ,- %< .3
:Isomerism % (2101)

! C!< C!4 6< -< 5 .
% % %4
: ) (D )
$ ?" *-4 * %
. 6 *" 8
: % 7 ' (1 2 101)
: Chain Isomerim (( %.i
.:
.
% B8 * * ; 2 C4 6< %7
: Position Isomerism :
% .ii
C4 V ( -< ( 6 * ; 2 E%(
1%A! !

#$ 3 J- / 8 %:6 " $
04 L #%( $ X * %%4 C&
!6 !7" *! F C4 $" 8 6 / 8
. * ; 2 C4 H '< 6 $
80
: $ .C3H7OH : $ : (351)
CH3 – CH – CH3 , CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH
OH
: $ .(C3H7Br) $ : (361)
CH3 – CH – CH3 , CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – Br
Br
:Functional Group Isomerism )8 4" % .iii
* *! $ . * %4 * ; 2 E%(
*4 H '< .& " #$ 6 / 8 X 4 ID
." #$
: $ . (C2H6O) : $ : (1)
CH3 – O – CH3 , CH3 – CH2 – OH
( &) (&)
: $ (C3H6O) : $ : (2)
CH3 – C – CH3 , CH3 – CH2 – CHO
O
(*) ()
[* #$] [– CHo %% #$]
: $ (C3H6O2) $ : (3)
O
CH3 – C – O – CH3 , CH3 – CH2 – COOH
( B8) (. '()
81
: * (B :
H * : 8$9
.O J =" * * ( .1
.%%H J =" * * .2
.
J =" * * -< '(H .3
:- (3101)

.; = 34 " 8 ; * =-< %%4
!$ X! *! X
*
.1
: ( 6 ; 2 J )
C4H10O .i
C3H6O .ii
C5H10Br2 .iii
82
‫ﲤﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬
:
:
: CH3-C(CH3)2-CHO /1
. ! " 2،2 ()
.! ! " 2،2 ()
.$$ ! " 2،2 (#)
. – $$ 2 !2 ($)
: ( % 2) /2
CH3H2CHICH2OH .
CH3-CH2-CIOH-CH3.
CH3-CHOH-CHI-CH3.K
CH3-CHI-CHOH-CH3.%
: :' 5
J! I!38 #< (×)#B4 (( #< () B4 J-
: % *& I38 ,(
( ) : H * H % -( .1
( ) $ (
< $ .2
( ) * 2 %%4 6 * L ( #%
.3
( ) $6 J 4" ( -( C4 % * .4
: 5
:
F" W
*! L ! ! !: ....... L H ( "<- #%
H .1
.: ..... 17 %
A %

83
.......... C!& 0( * 12 H L ....... C& 5 6-& %4 .2
. M 135 #( % C& $ . '( J 08
%4
: 1 5
: * *& ) %<
Cl
1. CH3 – CH – CH3 + LiOH ............. + ............
2. CH3OH + Na .............. + .............
3. Q 4" 2 E%( CH3 – O – CH3 + K ........ + .........
4. CH3 – CHO +CuO .......... + ..........
5. (CH3)2 – CO + HCN ........... + ..........
6. CH3 – CH2 – C – OH + NaHCO3 ...........
O
7. CH3H2OH + HBr ...............
conc
8. 2CH3 – OH H2SO4 ............. + ..............
135 C
9. CH3ONa + C2H5Br ............. + ............
: + 5
:

%< ) B(
.O ( *O .1
. % .2
. 6 %%6 .3
.* & *& .4
2 & * .5
. %
B & .
'( .6
84
: 5
: /4 ()
(ii) # (i)
(iv) (iii)
.# ; %%4 ()
. ; %%4 (K)
! !
*! (%) (K) () * 6 H . & 4%
.C5H10O2 $
C5H10O2 $ ($) X * (%)
:1 5
: 338 .
% *
C3H8O [O] C3H6O [O] C3H6O2
: 0 5
O O %%W .1
R-C-R R- C -H
Q 3 < S:( *% #2 (R) %
& * * 1 6
!( J 4" * + % *& #%
H L .2
:
'(
CH3CH2OH (1)
CH3COCH3 (2)
CH3CH2CHO (3)
CH3CHOHCH3 (4)
(CH3)3COH (5)
85
: 1 5
: ) * K$ * (3 %< ) =4 S" /
.:( * * (1)
.* %% (2)
.1 ( ( (3)
.1-4 F 8Y 1-4 '( (4)
.
&
'( (5)
.
& ( (6)
:- 5
:( <) () !
( ) .-"8 #( % 2 -< .1
( ) .
5 6 -< < 2 .2
( ) .4
-< B4" $ .3
( ) .%< #( % 6 $F
-< < .4
( ) .5 #% -< .5
:-= /$ 5
: * + .1
2* (3) . (2) . 3 *
(1)
* 2 1( *% 2
0 *% (3)
.3:6
1 2 (4)
.* 4 – 2,2,3,3 (5)
86
: ) * +
.2
.* 2 J 4 1 ( ( (1)
.* 2 EB 4 1 ( * (2)
. . '( 4" * L
& (3)
CH3CH2CH2OH 12 ( J & (4)
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO 12 %%H J * (5)
87
- 88 -
‫ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪91‬‬ ‫

‬ ‫
‬
‫‪95‬‬ ‫

–
‬ ‫
‬
‫‪99‬‬ ‫
‬ ‫
‬
‫‪105‬‬ ‫
‬
‫‪- 89 -‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬
‫ ! ‪:‬‬

‫

‪:‬‬
‫‪.& '%
% ( #%% $% $# !" .1‬‬
‫‪: + &) (" & '% *% " " .2‬‬
‫‪., -‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫‪./ – ". - .2‬‬
‫‪., -‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫‪: - &) & '% 0" #% 1% " .3‬‬
‫)( ‪.,‬‬
‫)( ‪.". /‬‬
‫)‪., (2‬‬
‫‪./ – ". *% &) &)"% ( – '%) 2#5 34 .4‬‬
‫‪. % % 6 . 34" 1% " .5‬‬
‫‪- 90 -‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﺭﻫﻴﻨﻴﻮﺱ‬
: (12)
+ % (")
4 ) ($5
$% /
" *
*" 6 7%5 34 . $% $# " &) *"

: 89 '% ) &) . & '%
.'% * % .1
%

% : 07%) ; : '
:" .2
.(? ( 6 5 < =>
: A %
B #C " # ' @% ("" .3

B + 3 % # ) + '%
2HCl + Mg MgCl2 + H2(q)
.""% B D (" $% % .4
: A" % 9 ) &) & % .5
.% * #%"" .
.E#5 < %5
% ,%> F " (7% : '
:" .
: A % D% + 3 % A" '%5 @% ("" .2
D% + 3 % + '%
2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O : (12)
.""% B D (" $% % .1
.A % $% (% ,% % .2
- 91 -

$- ,+ *( ) ) #"! '* . !" # $
% &'
7 4 " 3 6 345 ) * 12 ,. / 0
!" * , 1 &! 8 "9 (:" 3 .(Oxy - gen) 34 5
.8
: (
)

(112)
– *1859 A%+
+ +% " A) G H. * ,
. A$ " (" & '%5 (%
,I -1 *1927
'% ! &) 8 (> A)
" (%
'") &) 6
: A"5
B+ + % D% A)

9"" HX % ": %
: A % ; H+ B%
HX H+ + X-
D% $#B "" '%
9"
% B" B%
B
: A % * % %
+
H + H2O H3O+
: A % D% A) '%
9" % "
%
"% @%B
HX + H2O H3O+ + X-
:(22)
+ -
HCl + H2O H3O + Cl
H2SO4 + H2O H3O+ + HSO4-
: A % , ) &) & %
. A" D% A)
9"" MOH % ": % A
.OH- .
MOH M+ + OH-
- 92 -
:(32)
+ + " A+) (?+ 1 +% '

< >J B"
A+ +% + , '% 6 . D% A) 6 ."
B
A+" '+%5 % D% A) " A) SO3 CO2 (7% # )0 .
: A % * B"%
9""
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
H2CO3 + H2O H3O+ + HCO3-
: (" %
%
"% @%B
CO2 + 2H2O H3O+ + HCO3-
:SO3 + . 6
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
H2SO4 + H2O H+ + HSO4--
SO3 + 2H2O H3O+ + HSO4--

A) 6 ." .
" A) (? 1 % B" (7%
: (7% & 6 . D%
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 Ca + 2OH-
2+
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

D% 3 % A & @% '% (" , ("
HX + MOH MX + H2O
:(42)
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
(aq) (aq)
Ca(OH)2 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
(aq) (aq)
- 93 -
: A %) ? "
% 4"1
% 7 ,I - 1
+% A$+% ( % ,. & '%
% 0 - ) .1
*C+ HCl
B #C 07%) . % ,. ,
A+) $
< 1< 4% " 1 8 " A)
B 8$"
%
.D%
"
1 - .) %K & L? - ." * .2
D+% A+) +
9" / *%5 . A" D% A) %5
: A"M 6 . . A
NH3 + H2O NH4OH NH4+ + OH-
NH4OH % B 1 @ A)

6 +. +."
B+ + B
% 1 - . .3
% / A) , D% A) $ %
"
" % A4%
.4% " 1 ?I % /
# A) HCl ( %) ?I
1 ,+ *+%
% 34" A" 4"1
% *C
(#+" 1 ; + -
1< )% & '% ( @."
+- 6+ +)% '% *5 A4% 6 . ." A) ..
.)% 0" *-% 8) *"" / . D%
5 ; ".
:
" (212)
.& '%
% (
"$#)
"? .1
N D & '%5
% ( $% (% (" % .2
.$% % 8 (7% ,I (" ! .3
: A"9 % $% 1% 34 .4
6 +. D% A) 6 . 8
B 8 " A) /" 1 SO2 (
., '%
D+% A+) 6 +. 8 . 8 " A) /" 1 Na2O (
., 6 .
- 94 -
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺴﺘﺪ – ﻟﻮﺭﻯ‬
: " (22)
& '%5
% ( ,I !"
E . , A)
H+""
"B+B# 4 < 07%) . )% & '%5 ( (%> 1
H?5 BB# H"" #% 6 '% ( % %
+. >. O)
"BB# ") %4
% & #% %5 ( %
+
" D4 . L .
"BB# D A) D4
#+C (+"
+%
" / NH4Cl *%5
% B &
+% ."% %5 #C @%

"BB# H<
% ."%
B
: A (" % H?5 BB#
HCl(g) + NH3(g) NH4Cl(s)
(+" < P"+ /+ 3 % , NH4Cl (" P"
%
'% (" NH2 @% HCl (" "
% 8O) ;
"BB#
1 %
1 ,+I *%
O) . 1 D% B A) (" *" D.
+." 1%+> +7 ?I *% B
% 1 (" (7% (%> @."
./& A4% 6 .
/#+ B5 H+ A%+ ".
% @4 *1923 * A)
%%+. %. - A) & '%
% ( " 4

%
: %
:
–

(122)
B+
+) +7 " 3%"
@"." % / : $ (#
.H? % < ( H+ B%
- 95 -
!" QD '%
% 7 " ( &" % / A : " (%
: A % NH3 #C HCl #C
(" ." %
HCl + NH3 [ NH4+] [Cl --]
/ 1 " 1 !)* NH3 $- HCl 3 1' ; 3 39
6 3 = ,5 HCl " /* . < – ) # ;
* ; NH3 / HCl 3>* ,
. 3
' )5 NH3 " '
/5 @ 3>* ,
. < – 8 "? 3 1
.7A 1 * 39 B ( '
: "'
" $ (&
: D% A) H2CO3 '%
9"
/ A" (" "
H2CO3 + H2O H3O+ + HCO3--
A+. D+% A) 89") 6 4 '%5
% H2CO3 '%
+ % < - < . 0 %
% %
#"< < (
+" 3+% 85 '% 6 '%
O) H – ". *% D4
A+. (+" < - < ;
" &" A" & (7% / D%
*
9) 6
5 " 3% *

B
)
< . 4 H – ". *% &) ;
'%
.% A B '% ( ;
"
4% 6
#"1
H2CO3 + H2O H3O+ + HCO3-

HCO3- & (" HCO3- & P"" H2CO3 '% ("
3+% A+
"%

" A" 0 . H2CO3 '% P"
% E
/ – 0 % "
"% / .
" ?
+O) . (+ – '%) E)"% 2#
)" – " " A)
'% H3O+
< H2CO3 '% &)% & HCO3-
< (&
.H2O & E)%
- 96 -
B / – ". *% &) / – A4% (" : ?I (7%
%K A$% ( % A)
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
A+" +%K " 3% / '% D% (7% A)
(+ – '+%)
+&)"%
+B# (7% A) B 4 . & (7%"
.OH- H2O ?M 2# NH4+ NH3 : %
– "+. *+% . / – '% (" (7%" % %%
:A"M H
HX + Y HY + X-
+

E+)"% 2#+ HY+ Y (7% % &)"% B# X- HX (7%
.?M
: 89 H – ". *% (" !" % E . %%
.
?I '% P" < '%
%
" (&" %
H+ + & = E)% '% : - %
H+ – '% = &)% &
: (52)
:
% ( &)% & : A %
N H2PO-4 (2) H2SO4 () HF ()
:
+" + 8 &)% & '%

" A) E
%
:+
%
" ! &)% & : ( O)
: A) &)% &)
< '%
HPO42- (() HSO-4 (% F- (#
- 97 -
: (62)
: " &
% ( E)% '% : A %
N S-2 (2) NH-2 () PO4-3 ()
:
:+ +<
" )4O E)% '% : (
.HS- (2) A) NH3 () A) HPO4-2 () A) E)% '%
< &
: (72)
: A" (" A) ( '%) &)"% 2#5

CO3–2 + H2O HCO3– + OH–
:
< +
+" +
&)"% & '%
E
%
(OH– H2O) 6+ '+% &)"% B#
07% (HCO3– , CO32+)
. '% 8) &)"% B# (7%
-2
CO3 + H2O HCO3- + OH-
& '%
% ( ; H – ". *%
34" E . %%
,. & '%
% 0 ! 85 ,I *%
% 1%> 7
+-
O) 6
% *C . A$% % ,. , . %
'+% ( (%>" 1 4 A) 6 (? 8%)
" &
% A"
.)% &
:
" (222)
./ – ". *% &) & '%
% 0 ! .1
./ – ". *% &) (" (7% $% % %?".% .2
N H2O D% &)% & : E)% '% : A % .3
(+7% CH3NH3+
O+) &)"% B# CH3NH2 CH3NH3+
< .4
................ (7% CH3NH2 % ..............
.& '%
2# ( A) " % A) &)"% 2#5
.5
H2S + SO42– HS– + HSO4–
- 98 -
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ‬
: " (32)
+." 1 /+ – "+. -
< E . , A) > &
+.
+ (+" 07% " O) . % / – '% 6 .
: " % 8 7%" / . R7 #C *
Na2O + SO3 Na2SO4
(s) (g) (s)
+. (+"
% P" / 3 % , P" Na2SO4 3 %
D% A) SO3 #C <
% P" ( % H2SO4 @% NaOH *
SO3 + H2O H2SO4 : " % A) %
: % . NaOH @% H2SO4 ("
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O
; + @% '% (" SO3 @% Na2O (" " % 6
*"+ 1 (") .
"& .
"-
% / A) (" ." B 1

%
" (&" H" 1 8 % ; ,I "> % A$% ( % A)
6 +. 1%+> 7 ?I ."
% 0) 6 . H – ". - A)
., A%5 A$% - A) B ." . / – '%
:
(132)
: A % & '%
% 0 , !S
+ 8
" "1
% B# 3%"
@"." % / A : " (#
.."
+
+" + +"1
% B# ( &"" % / : $ (%
.."
- 99 -
: ("
O) , *% &)
+"0 +% E$
." )
"" A" %
."0 &".% E$
: , *% &) (" 34" 7%
: (82)
: A % *" D%
" .
@%
B
("

+
H :O–H H O–H

+% +B# 3+% 8+5 .

" (" A)
B+
% .
B
@% ." 8
"1
O H+
" "1 2# A) >% ( &" 85 '% (7%)
: (92)
(+&) D% 3% (" A) : D% @%
B ("
."
" ('%) H+
1 < "1
% B#
H
+
H Cl + H – O – H H–O–H + Cl-

: (102)
:
B @% %5 ("
H H +
H – N : + HCl H–N–H + Cl-
H H
- 100 -
8+
+" "1 2# 3%" 5 NH3
O) A)
(+ &" 8+5 '% HCl
%
" . HCl
%
" @% ."
.N H+
" "1 2#
: (112)
:
) R7 @% %5 ("
H F H F
H–N: + B–F H–N–B–F
H F H F
H""

5 '% BF3 (7%" % & NH3 (7%"
+"1 2# ( &"
@"." A) 6 (%"% C AB? A" %
.." A)
(" , %&% A) 8 '" *" / (7% < <
: . R7 @% * .
Na2O + SO3 Na2SO4
'% .5
A &
(" , *% &))
: A % 8 7%"
% . R7
·· ··
O: :O: 2-
·· 2- ·· ·· ··
:O: + S = O: :O S = O:
·· ··
O: O:
·· ··
- 101 -
:
60+) B" &"1 *-%
< >J B"
+% '% 9 , - . "

% "1 $ "%% C
1 % ) 8" < %1 @% Cu2+ (II) ,
(" 6 7%
: A % 6 [Cu(NH3)4]2+ &%
NH3 2+
Cu2+ + 4 : NH3 H3N – Cu – NH3
NH3
/ 0 * C( B D9 8 7 39 7' 7
D5 3 =
B )* < – 8 "? 3 1 3 1 '
* 3 4 B ! 8 "? 7 * 7A 1
– 8 "? ; / 1 1B ! " .& – 7
.D9 <
:
(232)
A+) +& (7% / – "." *% A) D%
-1 6
: H? 0" A) '% (7% 0" '
H2O + NH3 NH4+ + Cl- (i)

H2O + HCl H3O+ + Cl– (ii)

%+." +. F %" '%9 ("" A" %
.(Amphoteric) "% %
: "% HCO3
" 6
HCO3- + OH- CO32- + H2O

- 102 -
HCO3- + H3O+ H2CO3 + H2O

'% (" / *%5 . )% "% %
%
: A"M NaOH (7% & & @%
85 . "
5 Al(OH)3 + OH- Al(OH)4-
Al(OH)- AlO2- + H2O D% %5
< 6"
: A % A4% . A) & (" %
Al(OH)3 + 3H3O+ Al3+ + 6H2O
: (7% "% "" /# > ."% # . ( :
Sb(OH)3 , As(OH)3 , Pb(OH)2 , Zn(OH)2 , Cr(OH)3
: * + (332)
+. @+% ("" 6 ? '% %5 ; D% : (7% %
% 7
: A % P""
H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH-
NH3 + NH3 NH4+ + NH2-
CH3COOH + CH3COOH CH3COOH2+ + CH3COO-

9+" A%. ("

O) P"" . @% % ("" %
.A"
- 103 -
:
" (432)
., *% &) (" & ; '%
% 0 ! .1
N ." &% % .2
NH3 + H+ NH4+ : , *% &) A" (" (" .) .3
N , *% . H2O D% " % .4
8":+ +&%
+
+" +%M @+% Ag+ +4
+ (" .5
(+" + (+"
, - D 34 .[Ag(NH3)2]+
. '%
."% % : ! ( .6
."% HSO4-
1
1%
(
.A"
9" ! ( .7
.HCN , NH3 :
% ( A"
9" 1% " (
- 104 -
‫ﲤﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
: ,
: A %% ( BJ

: , *% . 4% " 1 / B%
1 .1
a) Cu2+ b) Na+ c) Ag+ d) Fe2+
: A" % A , *% . & .2
."1
% B# &" .
.." (H+)
" @% "" .
.H? % / @% ." A) "0 % % (7%" .2
.9? BJ ( .
: 85 4% HCl " , *% . .3
. B%
B H" A$% 8 % .
+
.H3O
1
& (7% / D%
" 3% @". .
.D% 3 % A /& ( % @% A$% 8 % (" .2
.
" (2) ()
" BJ .
: ,
: .% (% ) % @4 6 " (%
+
" ,. & '% !" A) , - %"" .1
................. +
A4% . A) ............... /T" A" % A "% % .2
./& . A) ...................
: % A) .3
HA + B HB+ + A-
.................... : '%
.................... : A &
.................... : E)% '%
.................... : A &)% &
............... . 1 "" / – ". *% . .4
- 105 -
: ,
*% . 6 "% % – – '% : < " % ! o
HS- , NO3- , H2S , HPO42- , HNO2 , CO32- , Cl- , ) / – ".
.(H2O , NH4+
: -
,
+% ZnCl2 3+ % P" & Zn(OH)2
? . (" .1
.Na2ZnO2 3 % P" '% ("
.0
"
% ( #% $% % " .
N
? . #%" A" A % 0
"
% .
: . ,
'+% !+" R07+ - 34 / A" (B (%
: (" &
!
! "
! $
!
/

,I 1
H – ". 2
, 3
: ,
: A" (B (% .
HCO3-- NH3 H3PO4 E)% '%
OH-- NH3 HSO4-- F-- &)% &
- 106 -
."% HPO4-
1
1%
.
: - ,
+7 (+7< A$+7 BCl3
+ + R7
(" "
+% +% 8 P" , *% . '% (" ; (C2H5)2O
+% +" %?"+.% (C2H5)2O BCl3 A"M+ 8": "
.(" 34 AB?
: ,
+. 6 %0 & L? .) .% 1% %?".%
: *%
., ()
./ – ". ()
., (2)
: - ,
A) " 1%
% ( A) &)"% ( – '%) 2#5

: & '%
2# (
(i) HF + NH 3 NH 4 + + F --
(ii) HS O 4-- + HP O 4-- S O 4 2 -- + H 2 P O 4--
(iii) C 2 H 5 O H + NH 2-- C 2 H 5 O -- + NH 3
(iv ) O 2 -- + H 2 O O H -- + O H --
(v ) H2O + H2O H 3 O + + O H --
- 107 -
108
‫ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬
‫‪110‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪111‬‬ ‫
‬ ‫‬
‫ ‪119 ! "# $‬‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‪$‬‬
‫‪120‬‬
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‫)‪(
' () * #%‬‬
‫ ! ‪126 #% ! &#‬‬ ‫ ‪+‬‬
‫)‪(, (- * #%‬‬
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‫) ‪($ #%‬‬
‫ ! ‪140 # ! *$- &#‬‬ ‫ '‪/‬‬
‫ ‪$‬‬
‫‪148‬‬ ‫& ‪ 0 "# 1#‬‬
‫ ‪ 109‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻲ‬
‫‪Qualitative Chemical Anlaysis‬‬
‫‪: 0 2‬‬

‫
‪:‬‬
‫‪. %& & ($ ) !
" # .1‬‬
‫‪. &' # # # .2‬‬
‫‪.$, - +() * + # .3‬‬
‫‪.$, ( +() * + # .4‬‬
‫‪. %& * .) + # .5‬‬
‫‪.23 4 - +) – 1 ( +) – 0 : / . " .6‬‬
‫‪.5/3 ' $, + 0- 67 " .7‬‬
‫‪.9 0- 67 4 5/3 8 . " .8‬‬
‫‪: 0: " ( " - $' $ " .9‬‬
‫=;< ;‪.‬‬
‫‪. ; .> " .10‬‬
‫‪. ( - +() ? . ; 1; " .11‬‬
‫‪.@ 6/ $ 67 4 ; .' " .12‬‬
‫‪H2SO4 ?: :2 * ? !, & " .13‬‬
‫*‪.‬‬
‫ ‪ 110‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻲ‬
Qualitative Chemical Anlaysis
:
A " ! # &
4: 6 ) 1 B 1 (VI) 6 ? 6 $' +$
A < B$$, C; B&" !" ( # % +$ 6 $'
A ( 0 % " ,'
B,: 1: ; 6 " # +* 6 ; !
A 6 $
A 4& ' " + & ! SO2 * D B()& 1 <% C
. B7 ; E " D 678
: : %& 6%F 2 + 4- # 3 6&

6 :& : G + -$ . - ( # & 2
: :I C:; 2 D" " !D . ; H'
*:%;" = K 7 + 9 J / + " 7= J *%;3
&* # * + . ! ( ( ' ,
" B $, " * %F ; # '
: 2 . $ + # * D ' " B& "
% ( &' 6, # B
2 * 7 +
/:# 3 ; # " . L & # ;
. M, <;N
:# : " # %&3 O < / ! + *
6 :% : : - $ ( B# & <
:# :( :2" = (& " 7 $
. C,3 < 67 ; # ' ,
111
:

:

: Qualitative Anlaysis () :
?: 6 & . !% & 1
:$ < + "
O %
: : E& ?H . & " $'
" : , " 6& < %; 1" .)
# , 6 ,7 & 9 & . % & .
: $
.:) :2 ' C; J Dry-tests # ; 6 ,7 .1
.%
. C; J Wet-tests 6 ,7 .2
: = J : 6 :,7 : : " $
: J , # < = # & " %" # ; 6 ,/
., # *# " ; P !, % .) "
: (Quantitative Anlaysis) : 3

.

&# $
% . #
!"
.(
'
: $
(13)
: 7" :7 - D 5/Q $ !%$ ?
23 = F& 0 !%$ . # . Salt 0 . <
:
112
.NaCl !' .1
.CaCO3 ! 6 & .2
.AgNO3 -$ 6& .3
.AL2(SO4)3 !&3 6 .4
.NH4Br !&7 .5
.Na2S !' .6
0 " F/ 9 . - D 5/" 23 4;
, Al3+ , Ag+ : 6*:$ 6 &" B2 &) ; +) J ()
1 ( +) NH4+ ; !&3 ; " Ca2+ J Na+
.0
6*#/ 6 &" B2 &) 1 +) %# ,G +) "
CO32- 6 & ; 2 &" ; " S2- , Br- , Cl- : 2
.0: :- +:) . SO42- 6 J NO3- 6& J
: ) 0 2 B
( ) 1
+) + ‫ــ‬ (&") - +)
: 0 " + L&& " && B

" *# ") &) ; " ()
+) &) ,G 1 ( +) (!&
.-
113
+:) :" . ; !&3 ; " *# " 1 ( +)
.(OH- ) &" ; " *# 7 " = # -
.< # ? 9$ L & +) : - +) .
: %" 5/3 - + 9 & : 5/3 - +
.*# 7 4 *# .1
Ca + S CaS : (13)
? 4 *# $ .2
2K + 2HNO3 2KNO3 + H2 : 2
.
4 ? $ .3
2LiOH + H2SO4 Li2SO4 + 2H2O : (23)
..- ? 0 4 1
? $ .4
2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 : 2
: (Hydrolysis of salts) ( ) 5 4 (113)
.H3O+ " OH- , 6 & " < 4 0 6 & $
– P 7 ( ? 3 ( ; & ; 6 &7
9: # < # % R# 2 %&3 < 4 $ 7 1"
.OH6 &" 4 S * ; H3O+ 6 &
: NaCl 2

4 1
? $ L & 0 2/1
NaCl + H2O Na+ + Cl + OH + H3O+
(s) (aq) (aq) (aq) (aq)
: (13) -% %2

.< # !' /
" (")
. $&&$ ())
0 <*; = .-" ()
. ( 2 0 ,I <*; = .-" (K)
114
.K J # # H F7
: : " ( : ; # 9 ) L& " 9&
: ;& $ H 7 = < # !'
: G &
NaOH HCl
P

P ! 1
?
: G B$ B&P . 5/7 E& >R# B
1:
?: $ L& 1 0
.7 < # B

.NH4NO3 2 . $-
4 1
? $ L & 0 (2
H2O
1. NH4NO3 NH4+ + NO3
(s)
(aq) (aq)
2. NH4+ + H2O NH3 + H3O+

: 0'# " * # ; H3O+ 6 &" 0'
. -
: (23) -% %2
.< # !&3 6& 0 /
" (")
J < # 0 <*; = 2$&&$
.-" ()
A H
: J ,I <*; = ( 2
.-" (K)
A # H F/
: 6-
6:& : " :; : # 9 ) L& " 9&
: G & ;& $ J - $' < # !&3
115
NH4NO3 HN+4 + NO3-
H2O OH- + H+
NH4OH HNO3
P D $-
P ! 1
?
) HNO3 , - (H+) ) * +
+& 0 NH4OH #
. ! /# - (OH-) %
..
2#
. 6 2 2, 3
45" ' 1 2
: 7
8 9 8 $ # : . +
.#
.
: G 8
NH4+NO3
+ H2O NH4OH + H+ + NO3-
CH3COONa 2 .

4 .- ? $ L & 0 (3
1. CH3COONa H2O CH3COO + Na+
(s)
2. NH4+ + H2O NH3 + H3O+

: 0:'# " * # ; OH– 6 &" 0'
.
: (33) -% %2

.< # ' !' 6/, 0 <*; " ."
.0 <*; = 2$&&$
.-" .
. ,I <*; = ( 2
.-" .K
< : # !' 6/, " 9 ) L& " 9&
: G & 9 $
$'
116
CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+
H2O H+ + OH-
CH3COOH + NaOH

P: : ; & (OH-)% 6 &" * 0 #
.- ? P ; & (H+) 6 & (NaOH) ( (
.
0' (CH3COOH)
: 1 ( 1 0 . = '& " && 9
:# B .- ? 4

$ L& 1
.
<
.( ? 1 / & F& 4 ( + : F
: $-
.- ? $ L & 0 (4
J5/3 2 - " ( $' % ! 7
: 6 & = = K H' P ; 6 5/3 2 " =
% $:' : %&P # D
.- " (
117
: / 1 (213)
.5/Q $ . .1
– 1
– - ) % (# G 5/7 .&' .2
: (B& ' –
KNO3 , MgS , (NH4)2CO3 , Na2C2O4 , NH4Cl
.1 ( 0 . .3
(Na2CO3 ) 0 " 62 . ; .4
.
: - ! 0 7 2 " &* , .5

.
4 ? $ () .*# 7 4 *# $ (")
.*# 4 ? $ (K)
: # L& 0- 9 67 " .6
a) Mg + 2HCl
b) 2NaHCO3 + H2SO4
c) Na2S + 2HCl
118
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻼﺡ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬
+(:) . - D 5/Q $ "&
.5/3 9 -
: ! (23)
.? P L& 1 3 - +)
+)) 3 (H+) ;% " = 9$ ? P &
%:- : ? 7 * 1 &3 " 3 (-
:
- +) . ;% " ; # +$ = ?
: L& 1 " " (i)
.(HCl , HBr , HI , HF) &; % ? / - +() (")
HCl H+ + Cl-
HBr H+ + Br-
HI H+ + I -
HF H + + F-
.(H2S ;% ) 9 % ? - +) ()
H2S 2H+ + S2-
: &;7 ? - +() 2 6 &" ; (ii)
H2SO4 2H+ + SO42-
HNO3 H+ + NO3-
H3PO4 3H+ + PO43-
;:% 6 &" E*& ? 13 - +) H' #
*& ;% 6 6 &) 4- ? H'
.?
<*;
119
+) (SO42-) BH' (H2SO4) 9 ? - +) /2
. (PO43-) BH' (H3PO4) 9$$ ? -
6 :2 T " 6 ; @/2 = - +() !( >!
: +(:) : ; ;) %& () ?
.(9) .) % .
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
2NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HCl
?: 2 2 9% ? " /" 2 F/&
9: (CO32-) : (Cl-) ? +) /" HCl = 9&
9: ?: :" = (HCl) 2 2" (H2SO4) 9 ?
:; 5/: L& # (Cl-) (SO42-) - B() /=
.SO42- 6 Cl-
: 7#%
..$, 9% ? ; : 3 ;
.* 9 ? ; : & 2 ;
. ; : 2 2 ;
() * #%) " #% ! &# !
: (
'
4 : ? 3 9% ? ; ; 6
; # & ? . %/ 2 B&
7 ?
.(1 3)
120
(13) %

HCO3- H2CO3 1
CO32-
S2- H2S 2
2-
SO3 H2SO3 3
NO2- HNO2 4
(#? ) ; - < -1 " - = >!? @ 3

*A @ 3
3#B / $ 9 (& + # -
, ( - < -1 . . >? @ 3
&
.. >? , + B%
. >!? @ 3
, ; ( - &# 4 ?
.- = 3#B / $ -
: (CO32- -
, HCO3 ) %) 7- 7- &# ! (123)
9% ? ' 0
= . - : (43) -%
: : ! " & 2 * D $ ' @ .$,
B# [Ca(OH)2 ! ]; < 1
:D CaCO3 ! 6 & ;& J '
6 & ;& CO2 * D * R * < #
.< # &;% !
CO32- + 2HCl 2Cl- + H2O + CO2
HCO3- + HCl Cl- + H2O + CO2
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2
(aq)
.(&; 6 &) 6 & " 6 & 0 - +) 
121
: %) 7- 7- &- , (1123)
* :D + &;% 6 & 6 & / " 6F7 9
: *: :P :; <:;= 7 HCl 4 % $ &CO2
: >" F/ 4 &;% 6 & 6 &
!: !:&3 6 :& : < # 7 6 & .1
.!'
.< # 6 & .2
:" 6 & %# 0 ! R# J ( < # 0 & B
!:' 6 & " " &; 6 & %# =
6 :& 6 :& * # . !&3 " ! "
: P ; C; &;%
R:# J !:*&H 6 0 = . - : (53) -%
?:3 ! = " J 6 & 0 # # ?"
.&; 6 & 0 # , 7=
2-
CO3 + MgSO4 MgCO3 + SO42-
(s)
2HCO3- + MgSO4 Mg(HCO3)2 + SO42-
Mg(HCO3)2 MgCO3 + H2O + CO2
(s)
: R:# J +* 0 = . - : (63) -%
:& : : ! = " . 6 & 0 # # &
: &; 6 & 0 # , 7=
CO32- + HgCl2 HgCO3 + 2Cl-
(s) (s)
-
2HCO3 + HgCl2 Hg(HCO3)2 + 2Cl-
Hg(HCO3)2 HgCO3 + CO2 + H2O

(s)
122
: (S2-) - &# ! (223)
0: := .:$, 9% ? # -= &: (73) -%
B:)) :% : ;% * D ' '
:= M :' 6/, 0)
H 1 ( $ ?
.3
2- -
S + 2HCl 2Cl + H2S
(g)
Pb(CH3COO)2 + H2S PbS + 2CH3COOH

: !' 0 - : 8 9%

: M ' 6/, 4 0 : (83) -%
9:& ?: :# : M ' "
: .$,
Na2S + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbS + 2CH3COONa
(s)
: -$ 6& 4 0 : (93) -%
: .$, 9& ? # -$ "
Na2S + AgNO3 Ag2S + 2NaNO3
(s)
: (SO32-) 7- &# ! (323)
:' 6: 0 = .$, 9% ? # -= &

H 1 (& , $& 6 & 2 * D '
?: - ( ! 6 & 2 0)
.(! 6 ) -,7 = .$, 9
SO32- + 2HCl 2Cl- + H2O + SO2
(g)
123
3SO2 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
! " #
0: : : - ! P ; <;7 : 8 9%
.6
: M :' 6/:, 0 = . - : (103) -%
..$, 9& ? # M ' 6 ?"
K2SO3 + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbSO3 + 2CH3COOK
! $% (s)
: -$ 6& 0 = . - : (113) -%
.6& * # -$ 6 ?"
K2SO3 + 2AgNO3 Ag2SO3 + 2KNO3
! $% (s)
: (NO2-) 7 &# ! (423)
) + @C 3#B / $ .C : " (123) !
/ # D - B" *E F5 (&
% G @C (NO) / % *E & -
- < -% 9 (NO) (NO2) -
: ;
-
NO2 + HCl HNO2 + Cl-
3HNO2 HNO3 + H2O + 2NO
(g)
2NO + O2 2NO2
& (g)
4:; ) 6& 0 - ! : 8 (133) -%
.( 0) B&R# -$ 6& < # 6 &
124
% )- @C ) + .C : (143) !
-%# )- <#B F5 3#B / $ $
: (Mn2+) ; @C )- ( Mn 7+ ) ; *B" - /
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5NaNO2 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5NaNO3 + 3H2O
-' 9-2 (1 – 3) !
: / 1 (523)
>H 3#B / $ 9 (A) .5 % ( # .1
. – % % 9 2# $ % H
*E
. % H
A + @C >6*
. A + 6 I& ( % .i
.=5 )" 6 )"
( .ii
: 9 3#B / $ B% .2
: *E & i. Na2S ii. Na2SO3 iii. NaNO2
@ 3
+& # 6
( *A % ()
.*A
.() & , - (()
: # L& 9 67 " .3
1. Na2CO3 + 2HCl ......... + ......... + ..........
2. NaHCO3 ........... + ........... + ......... .
3. Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ........... + ...........
4. K2S + 2AgNO3 ............. + ............
125
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
( ‫) ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ‬
: , (- * #% (33)
?: : :- +(:) ; % !, .)
;:& ? 9 &; % ? B& 1 * 9
. :; #3 - +() ) %/" (9&) (V)
: * :;
.Cl¯ - B() HCl 9% ? (1
.Br¯ - B() HBr 9% ? (2
.l¯ - B() Hl 9% ? (3
.NO3¯ 6& - B() HNO3 9& ? (4
:" J ' 0 !, +() . 3 ; C;
: 0 C;# P ;
: (Cl ¯ ) (133)
: (153) -%
: 0: := * H2SO4 ? (& 4- # -= &
. ;% * D ' # ; $F& , &" # '
2Cl ¯ + H2SO4 2HCl + SO42-
(g)
+ : B:- & < - B& HCl * D .
: G $ @ @ NH4OH &3
HCl + NH4OH NH4Cl + H2O
: :& :' , 9 ? 4 ) H& : <
.;
B&3 *
126
: #$ %
!
: :
= * (H2SO4) ?
# -= & : (163) -%
:, &" # (MnO2) *&;& " & 2 + ' 0
: T:) :
* 1 -,3 * D ' F/
: <
2NaCl + MnO2 + 2H2SO4 Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2
(g)
.:' :# 6 &; % 9 & * D 6# +
: :
: * %# J 3 * * D R# & 2
.< T)
: -$ 6& 4 (173) -%
F/ 0 = -$ 6& 6
# -= &
!:&3 # 1 -$ ?"
:= " F/ . .$, HNO3 ? # 7
A .$ <- B- & !

NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3

: M ' 6/, 4 (183) -%

: 0 = M ' 6/, # -= &
: C," , M ' ?"
2NaCl + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbCl2 + 2CH3COONa

: (Br ¯ ) - (233)

: (193) -%
: 0: := * H2SO4 ? (& 4- # -= &
: , & ," ' # ; $F& , &" # '
6: :" & :2 * D Br2 ! , HBr ;% * D
.SO2
127
2NaBr + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HBr
(g)
HBr : <*; * H2SO4 ? 3 ;& Br2 ,
: 9 = )& SO2 = H2SO4 *,U $ #
:
2HBr + H2SO4 Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O
(g) (g)
0)
? Br2 HBr , .)
:
,7 &" 6 " F/ 9 J $'3 = = )&
.! J & 6&
: #$ %
!
, = * H2SO4 ? (& 4- # -= & (203) -%
F:/ :, :&" # *&H& " & 2 + ' 0
)& B& .) 1 3 6 ! ," '
: 3 ; # +
2NaBr + MnO2 + 2H2SO4 Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Br2
(g)
: -$ 6& 4 (213) -%
F/ 0 = -$ 6& 6
# -= &
: # /
1 -$ $' ?"
..$, HNO3 ? # 7 !&3
NaBr + AgNO3 AgBr + NaNO3
(s)
: J& )5B 9 (223) !
: 0 = M ' 6/, # -= &
. , < # 1 M ' ?"
2NaBr + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbBr2 + 2CH3COONa
(s)
128
: (I¯ ) (333)
:
! (233) -%
," ' ' 0 = * H2SO4 ? # -= &
.+*3 = P)& 0)
;$&
2NaI + H2SO4 2HI + Na2SO4
(g)
HI <*; * H2SO4 ? 7 ;& (I2) ,
0- SO2 H2SO4 *, ! & / $ #
:
2HI + H2SO4 I2 + SO2 + 2H2O
(g) (g)
: 8 9%
0: , = * H2SO4 ?
# -= & (243) -%
:' F:/ , &" # *&H& " & 2 + '
:; # + )& B& .) 1 ;$& ,"
: 3
2NaI + MnO2 + 2H2SO4 Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + I2
(g)
: -$ 6& 4 (253) -%
F/ 0 = -$ 6& 6
# -= &
: : : :# 7 -$ $'"
..$, HNO3 ? !&3
NaI + AgNO3 AgI + NaNO3
(s)
: M ' 6/, 4 (263) -%
: 0 = M ' 6/, # -= &
. , < # 1 M ' $'"
2NaI + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbI2 + 2CH3COONa
(s)
129
: (NO3¯ ) 7 (433)
:
! (273) -%
H2SO4 ?: : 6
4- 4 ' 6& 0 , &
. :
:& 6* :D HNO3 ? ," ' , &" # *
T :& , H'
# -= & 5- & 6* H %F
: T :& 4: L & HNO3 ? $ # . &3 =
.& NO2 ;& " & 2 * D ' (II) T & 6&
NaNO3 + H2SO4 HNO3 + NaHSO4
4HNO3(conc.) + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2
(g)
(< ( ;) : 8
! (283) -%
. :- !2 , &" # 6& 0 3! 1 4-
(FeSO4 ) (II) : 6 * 3! 3 = 2 B=
:; @ ) T , = . - .- 2
: @: * H2SO4 ? 3! 3 = 2 , &3
. , 6 (
: : : :' $ 0 & < ( %F F/
.?
: < ( $ 6/ $
NaNO3 + H2SO4 HNO3(coc.) + NaHSO4
2HNO3 + 3H2SO4 + 6FeSO4 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
(g)
FeSO4 + NO FeSO4.NO

130
: , * !
! 9% =' (2 – 3) %
H2SO4
+
+
-

+
Pb (CH3COO)2 AgNO3 >?

# PbCl2

HCl Cl-
MnO2 + H2SO4(conc.) "
! ! AgCl
. NH4OH

NH4OH
# PbBr2
(
Br2 HBr Br-
! ! AgBr $ $ SO2
. NH4OH %& '
()
# PbI2 (
(
*" I-
! ! 0 AgI , I2 HI +"
NH4OH -
( SO2
.
%& ' $
../)

- *" NO3- 1
2
- - - $(
.3 *
131
: + / 1 (533)
NaI NaBr NaCl : : = * 9 ? # -= & .1
NaBr : : # HI HBr HCl * D
HI HBr : <*; 3 ;& I2 Br2 ! * D NaI
.NaCl # Cl2 * D 7 . * H2SO4
.9 " 0- 67 &
8 1 (.) ) $ * 9 ?: <
.Cl 8 7 I2 I- Br2 ! = Br-
: *& , 67 & .2

.' , 6& J ' , 6& ."
.!' J !' .
:& :&3 * D + < ( .) 1- 7 ', .3
:% : H:' :" !:' 4 ,
.',
6:& : .) # < ( . 0- (# 67 .4
.(NO3)-
132
(‫ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ )ﺍجملﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
SO42- , HPO42- , H2PO41- : $ #% (43)

9 " .$, 9% ? 2P 7 ; 5/"
+(:) : ; 1 . % # %& .) ! J *
H2PO¯4 PO4 3 ¯ 6 $$ SO4 2 ¯ 6 2 2 23 -
!: J : .) ; % ; 7 . B4O7 2¯ 6 HPO42-
[
?:& . . B ' , ; <;R +) V .
. (# 6 $$ 6 () .) ; ; #
: (SO4 2 ¯ ) Sulphate 7- (143)
M :' 6 : : :# < # 6 5/" !F
.(I) +* ! !)&7 !
: 1- . (293) -%
6 0 = ! 6
# -= &
:# : 7 ! : 6 : ?" , &" #
.& ?
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl
(s)
: => 7' . (30 3) -%
6 : 0 = M ' 6/,
# -= &
:# : 7 M :' 6 ?" , &" #
. & ?
Na2SO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbSO4 + 2CH3COONa
(s)
133
:
7 . (313) -%
6 : 0 = -$ 6& 6
# -= &
. -$ 6 ?" , &" #
Na2SO4 + 2AgNO3 Ag2SO4 + 2NaNO3
(s)
: (HPO4 2 ¯ ) &%) @ 7

?
(243)
: H3PO4 ( 2/2 9$$ ? 5/" 6 $$ 5/"
.PO43- HPO42- H2PO4- - +() 2/2 VW %#
!&3 6 $# # < # ) 6 $$ 5/" D"
.< # %# ( K J Na ) 2 </
3 6*# 6 $# (NH4)3PO4
: 1- . (323) -%

6 $:$ 0: : := ! : : # -= &
! : 6 $# ?" ( #) &;%
.$$, & ? # 1 &;%
Na2HPO4 + BaCl2 BaHPO4 + 2NaCl
(s)
:
7 . (333) -%
0: : := :-$ 6& & # -= &
: # Ag3PO4 -$ 6 $# $'" 6 $$
..$, 9& ? # !&3
2Na2HPO4 + 3AgNO3 Ag3PO4 + 3NaNO3 + NaH2PO4
(s)
134
: ! &# ! ) 7< (343)
" : :- +() .) ($)) 3 ; # (1
:: B: . , " * D ' 9$ 2
3 ?
:
:; < B . ! (H2CO3 ? %&") CO2 * D ."
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O : (# Ca(OH)2
(s)
R:# :; < # $ CO2 * D = = B&" F/ 9
A % 9$ . $, ?3
A 9 $ 67 9&
: B*, B . ! ( H2SO3 ? %&" ) SO2 * D .
: 6 !: 6 & - ! 6 &2
: (# -,3
3SO2 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
:
3 M ' B B . ! H2S * D .K
: G $ @ @ M ' 6/,
H2S + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbS + 2CH3COOH
(s)
C $ &" # & & B& B . ! NO * D .
: $ (# 1; <% ;" B/
2NO + O2 2NO2
(g)
NH4OH 4 < - B . ! HCl * D .:
HCl + NH4OH NH4Cl + H2O :
135
: := :)& : B B . ! Br2 ! , .
.$'3
.+*3 = )& B B . ! I2 , .*
<: *%; 3 J ; # <
* H .) *%; ; (2
@ 7 J $ ' 6* H % '# %#
. ( %= ) 6/ $
:) .:) 6
# -= SO2 * D .) # (3
: := (.:$, ? ( - ! 6 &2
: .:) 3 9 J $ &" , -,3 %F# $
.- L & 7
.)
? * H
.# CO2 * D ' ' (4
: $ : : * , 3 9 J 3 !* = , ; (5
. $'
: <
CO2 : = A 0 ' & # /" " %&" " 6
:
/ 0:- 9& %# J H2CO3 ? %&"
A %&" ?
: <
.? & < # 1 1*#/ 7 ? %&
SO2 + H2O H2SO3 : (33)

136
: &! ' () *)
+ ,,- (443)
. + . >? @ 3
/ (H "- )H C
.
E 45K . >!? #? ( - >% )

: 7 . >? 3? ) HB B% /
. T$& (3) = (1) 6 , E = 7 : ) <
: " .,-

(& %; ' 0 <*; = .-" , &" #
.* D ' $ @ F7 .$, HCl
0: :- +) CO2 * H # ; < * D ' = ."
P ; <;= ; & . CO32¯ " HCO3¯ "
:3 %& * . () % ' , *
:3 :; " < # ' 0 ! = B&"
; CO32¯ +) # HCl ? 4 CO2 * D '
" (# < # ' 0 = " . P ; <;N
!: !' 6 &) < # 6 & 5/"
:# :; 6 & 5/" "
J (!&3
:; <;= < # ' 0 # ; – <
.6 & 6 & * B P
: B J M ' 6/,
* D ' = .
:P :; C; J S 2 ¯ +) H2S * H # %
.*/
NO2¯ : +:) # : $ :&" # & & ," 6 ' = .K
.9 ' , ; C;
6 +) SO2 * H # $& (& , * D ' .
SO32-
!: $ @ ! B&" & 3 , # ; 6& =
: # - +) " = & 2 , = ) (& * D '
.3 ; T
137
: 0A'
H2SO4 ?
(& %; ' 0 <*; = .-"
: F7 *
: ,3 # NH4OH 4 < - ," 6 ' = ."
C; J Cl¯ +) HCl ;% * D ,"
.9 ' , P ;
J $'3 = )& ," 6 ' = .
: +) Br2 HBr & < ,3 # J (
. 9 ' , P ; C; J Br¯
: := < : )&
;$& ," 6 ' = .K
C:; J I¯ : +) HI I2 ," ,3 # +*3
.9 ' , P ;
NO2 * :D ," ,3 # &3 # & & ," 6 ' = .
NO3¯ : +) J 1; <% ;" 4 NO T/ L &
.(< ( .)) 9 ' , P ; C;
: :- +:) # = J & 2 , # ; 6& =
.2 2 ;
: 0A'
: P F7 AgNO3 0 <*; = .-"
: +:) # :$$, & ? # ?" %F = ."
.9 ' , P ; C; SO4 2¯
.HPO42¯ +) # J &3 # $'" %F = .
138
: .- / 1 (543)
:# 6 $$ +) 6 +) 4- B- ! 1 T 3 .1
A ; 6 ;
: < : # !' 5/" &23 *; H' " .2
? :3 :# : 7 ?:" ! 4 "
.& ? # ?" B ,G & &
/" % !' $ 0- .3
.! 4
:*; X:' : ! 4 5/" 2/2 9$$ ? .4
.9$$ ? 4 2/2 ! 5/7
:- 7: < # !' 5/ 1- 7 0 .5
: G 6/ $ B&" ;
.L & 0 ' , # - ;% * D (")
.NaOH 4 0 ()
: () ,7 L & = ! # - & (K)
.? 7 # 7 ?
./ 6/ $ 67 ()
: # - & 1 H' " ! .6
: !
.;% I ! 6 $# .i
.!&7 6 .ii
. 6 ; @/2 = - +() 6
T " 1" .7
139
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻼﺡ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪: $ # ! *$- &# ! (53‬‬

‫)‪9 - +) .) ( 2" 1 ( +) .‬‬
‫* )(‪+:) :; & 7 # -= %& # , ( +‬‬
‫( ‪. *$ $, P 67 ' # 1‬‬
‫=‪+: : () F& 2" 1 ( +) .) + " 7‬‬
‫)‪+:) # P ; " = # -N - +) .‬‬
‫( ‪.# 1‬‬
‫‪6*:$ 6 &" ( +() R# (NH4)+ !&3 +) #‬‬
‫‪6 ; = ( +() 6

J (Cations) 6 & $,‬‬
‫ ‪.5/P % P% !( $,‬‬
‫)‪: 7#% " B # ! 1? /?2 (153‬‬
‫
‪: : % (# 6 ; = ( +() 6‬‬
‫‪J Ag+ :-$ Hg2+ +:* J Pb2+ M ' 6 &" /2# J 5/P %‬‬
‫ ‪ # 6 P J 1 ; # %
./,‬‬
‫‪9:% ?: !,: ; 2 %# -‬‬
‫‪. ( +() % .$,‬‬
‫ &? ‪: ( +(:) : .) & #‬‬
‫;‪JAg+ :-$ 6 &" $, 6 ; 4" +() ,P +() 9 4‬‬
‫& ‪:* .& . . Ca2+ ! Al3+ !&7 J Cu2+ T‬‬
‫ ‪:(/ 9 # - D 5/Q ( +() .) +‬‬
‫! < = ‪. Y P 9 9‬‬
‫ ‪ 140‬‬
: Ag+
&2 &# ! (253)
:-$ " .) ; <;7 -$ 6& !,
.< # B& %
: C ! (343) -%
: : -$ 0 = .$, HCl ? # -= &
: 7 . <- B- & ;$& -$ ?"
.!&3 # B& ? 3 #
Ag+ + HCl AgCl + H+
(s)
: K2CrO4 1?- 7 . (353) -%
" ! 6 4 -$ 6&
.!&3 # .$, 9& ? # -$ 6
2Ag+ + K2CrO4 Ag2CrO4 + 2K+
(s)
: H2S &%) - . (363) -%
* :D & -$ " -$ 0
.B# ;%
+
2Ag + H2S Ag2S + 2H+
(s)
:# : 7 .:$, 9:& ?: # 3
.!&3
!: 6 :& 0*: :-$ " " / 6/ $ F/
A .;%
: Cu 2+ (II) / &2 &# ! (353)
:; := :& ( +() (II) T & "
;:% * D ! 6 P
T & 6 !, . .$, 9% ? ; #
II T :& : .(II) T :& " $) ; <;N (II)
141
:# :-" : :&3 * # &/; +*"
: 2 . 1
B&3 $$, ? 3
Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O
(s) (aq) (aq)
: C ! -% (373) -%
: (II) T & 0 # ;% * D = &
" :- : " #) (II) T & "
# B& .$, 9 ? # 3 7 .(7
., .$, 9& ?
2+
Cu + H2S CuS + 2H+
(s)
: 1> ? . (383) -%
(II) T :& 0: = !' # -= &
.(II) T & 6 +*"
Cu2+ + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + 2Na+
(s)
: 1 ? . (393) -%
0: = !&3 -
# -= &
# :-R : (II) T :& +* (II) T &
. Cu (NH3)4 2+ ( 3 &
*" 7 & .) *
Cu2+ + 2NH4OH Cu(OH)2 + 2NH4+
(s)
T: : > &> %Z&P (II) T & 5/" * : F
. % . # /
: Al 3 + 1 &2 &# ! (453)
: :; # ( +() " Al 3 + !&3 "
.1
# % P
142
0' NH4OH !2 NH4Cl ; .)
NH4OH P # ! B&" = 4; NH4Cl # -= < $ .
. :; : 6 (# # OH¯ 6 &" *

:" : $:) ; <;N !&3 6 !,
.!&3
: ! (403) -%
:# !:&3 0 = !&3 # -= &
&/; ?" !&3 ? # ;
. ( ? # !&3
3+
Al + 3NH4OH NH4Cl Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+
(s)
B:&3 ( ? # !&3
: 9 0- 67 J (C$") M,
.& ? # .i
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O
(aq.)
. ( # .ii
Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O
(aq.)
: 1> ? . (413) -%
0: : := !' 6
# -= &
:* # -R !&3 ?" !&3
.? # J 1(
3+
Al + 3NaOH Al(OH)3 + 3Na+
(s)
A . !' " 5*" !&3 " " F7
143
: Ca 2 + 1? &2 &# ! (553)
; # ( +() " Ca2 +
! "
.1 ( # 6 & P
!&3 !2 !&3 ; .)
%) + !&3 # -= < $ . !&3 6 &
:= (#
@ NH4OH P ; # ! B&" = 4;
: : !, . ; 6 & B# 1
. ! " $) ; <;N !
: ! -% (423) -%
#) ! 0 = !&3 6 & # -= &
?: :# : !: 6 & ?" (1
.9, ? # $$, &

2+
Ca + (NH4)2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NH4+
(s)
: 1 7D?2 . (433) -%
: ! 0 = !&3 67 " # -= &
.$$, & ? 3 # ! 67 " ?"
Ca2+ + (NH4)2C2O4 CaC2O4 + 2NH4+
(s)
:
' (- * . (443) -%
: !: 0 = .$, 9 ? # -= &
. ! 6 ?"
CaCl2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2HCl
(s)
144
: (Flame test) 9) ! (653)
J [- D
% %- & * &" 6 &3 ? %F
: : 7 B:&3 . :; .) . +*3 % . "
. !,
:# 62 ! 5 B &/ 9 .) <;= #
: 6 , 4 .) <;N . ; ;* +
# , !2 * 9% ? # B- / 9 .F& (1
.(23 !
) F&) .
[- D % ( &
. / $F& / 9 0' 6 (") , (2
J *: 9% ? # &/ 9 . TH (3
.1 ( B() . ' 0 # ? TH !2
:
:% # ( & # 0 B 9 4- (4
.% B 1 F/
.-," & % Cu 2+ T & 6 :&" /"
. " & % Ca 2+ ! 6 &" /
. $'" & % Na + !' 6 &" /K
. ;$& & % K + ! 6 &" /
145
(23) 1E !
% ! F 1'? 9) $! &,- E
146
: /' / 1 (753)
:
() ! .1
.+*3 % <- $- ("
.+*3 % $' <- $- (
.+*3 % ;$& <- $- (K
: & +$ . 0- 67 , .2
.! 6 !&7 6 .i
.! 6 & 9 & 6 & .ii
.!' 6& -$ 6& (iii)
: 6 ; : 6 (
' %& 1 6 ; ;* 4" .3
: 1: :%&" % - 3 ; 6& 43 6 ; ;*
! 2 2 !&7 & 2 9 &
E :; % . %& 6 , -$
:
:,7 &" ? 9 J ; ;* ' ;
!:&3 : !&3 ;% * D *&
.!&7 6 &
147
‫ﲤﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬
.' ;7 , 3 6 , : 4?

?:" : J 0 = -$ 6& # -= & .1
. %; 0 R# !&7 #
6& 0 (iv) 0 (iii) 0 (ii) 0 (i)
: ; < 1 * H .2
HCl * D (iv) SO2 * D (iii) H2S * D (ii) CO2 * D (i)
: : :& <:- D % R# % .) !, & .3
." ; ;$&
K+ (iv) Ca2+ (iii) Na+ (ii) Cu2+ (i)
(×) :/ " : # ' ! " () / 4- : 4?
: ; " P , 0' 4 P P , ! "
( ) % .) <;= & -$ 9 !,& .1
: % #/, 6 ; = ( +() !( .2
( ) 5/P %
( ) < # &;% 6 & 4; .3
< : # B $-
1
? $ L & 0 .4
( )
( ) 6& " .) < ( ; !, .5

: 6/ $ &* 67 : + 4?
.- ! 6 &2 6 & 2 * D *, (")
148
‫)( ‪: 4: ;% * D $ & < -‬‬
‫ ‪.!&7‬‬
‫)‪.; < # $ & 2 * D (K‬‬
‫ ?‪: # , & 1 ! : .- 4‬‬
‫*‪: K‬‬
‫)"( ‪.! + !' 6‬‬
‫)( &‪.! + -$ 6‬‬
‫)‪.!' + T & 6 (K‬‬
‫)( ‪.-$ 6& + !&7 6 $#‬‬
‫ ?‪: /' 4‬‬
‫ (' ‪A 5/3 8‬‬ ‫"‪.‬‬
‫‪: P 7 2 " .‬‬
‫‪. B 0 .i‬‬
‫‪.- B 0 .ii‬‬
‫‪.1
B 0 .iii‬‬
‫& '‪: ( %
(:) /:" 2/2 5/Q X‬‬ ‫‪.K‬‬
‫‪.8 # () 9 ; # B # -‬‬
‫ ?‪: /? 4‬‬
‫ ‪ +*" 0‬ان
راً أد اار ز آ‬
‫ا!رو ‪ "#‬أ‪ /0 ً$‬ا'‪ .‬ا‪ ,-‬ه*ا ) ('& ا!روآر‪%‬‬
‫ا'‪ 405‬و‪2‬ر ز ‪ 3‬ان ‪2‬ل إ‪! "78 9 :‬اء ‪ .‬ا'‪.‬‬
‫ه‪...............................................‬‬
‫ ‪ 149‬‬
: /
0
9: ? 4 A 1-/ 0 . / " E (1
H' T & # - & & ," 6 ' , &" # *
: . 5:- B ! :( :& * H %F , & # , =
!&7 (& # - & C &/; ?7
. A 0: : = !&7 ? # ; #
C D 0 .$, 9% ? # C
.!' # -"
.A , B , C , D 6 X' .i
./ 67 0- 67 .ii
: (2
.M ' (iii) .-$ 6 (ii) .! (i)
: & 4?
! C , B , A .7 % * !' 5/" $, 5/" 2/2
: 6 , @/2 # % $ .)
:'$& # 2/2 & = ! .-" .1
.C 2P ! . B A ?"
: (1) # L & = .$, 9% ? .- .2
L & A L & 2P ! . B L & A
.; < 1 D ! * H ( $ B #
A J BJC & = .$, 9% ? .- .3
E * :H C ' B D ! * H + & #
2P: !: F :& * H = <% B- E * H . !
.? A
150
.C , B , A 5/Q H' 6 .i
.F , E , D 6* H ! .ii
+:) : .:) :,I , 5
– & .iii
.C 0 # -
./" 3 J 2 , # %= ) 6/ $ &* 67 .iv
: .? 4?
A 6 ; = ( +() 6
T 1" 
: <
+:) : :&7 * D + 6 ( 4 $ 1 1 ( +)
.(NH4+) !&7
.1 ( * H NH3 &7 * D
151
152
‫ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫‪154‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪155‬‬ ‫

‬ ‫‬
‫‪160‬‬ ‫
‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪170‬‬ ‫&‪!
"# $
%‬‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪175‬‬ ‫
‬ ‫ '‬
‫‪181‬‬ ‫
*‬ ‫ )
(‬
‫ ‪188 +
!+

$,-‬‬ ‫ ‪(#‬‬
‫
‪*
. /‬‬
‫‪197‬‬ ‫" ‪%
0‬‬ ‫ ‪'#‬‬
‫‪207‬‬ ‫ ‪$& 1 % . 2& $‬‬ ‫
‬
‫‪217‬‬ ‫
‪* 0 3‬‬
‫ ‪ 153‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‬
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‫‪: $ * 4‬‬

‫

‪:‬‬
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#
$%
! "

(1‬‬
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( )#( )
(2‬‬
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+

(3‬‬
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(4‬‬
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) *$
) $

+- '
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*
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(6‬‬
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(
(7‬‬
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)
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4‬‬
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+-

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(14‬‬
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) 9=
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(15‬‬
‫ ‪ 154‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻲ‬
‫)‪:

(14‬‬
‫ ‪ ( & 3+
3#

)
== 39‬‬
‫‪& 06. 34
.:
4
@ A<5 ? 2
+
>
9‬‬
‫‪> 5 ? ( & 3#

)
39
3 ? ,‬‬
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& 39‬‬
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9 3 )
2‬‬
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)
B‬‬
‫‪.3 $ )
.1‬‬
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) =
$%! ,-( )
.2‬‬
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.3‬‬
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1000 1000 1000
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204
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‫ﺍﳚﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎء ﰲ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ‬
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:
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U ,- 39 ,
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%
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= CaCO3 7.
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: (284)
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1 1
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209
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210

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%
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% ? $
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213
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(
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219
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221
‫ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬
‫‪223‬‬ ‫
‬
‫‪224‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫ ‪228‬‬ ‫‬
‫&‪!" #$%‬‬
‫( ‪236‬‬
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‫ ‪ 222‬‬
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‫‪Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions‬‬
‫
‪:‬‬
‫
‪:‬‬
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! .1‬‬
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‫ ‪ 223‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
Law of Conservation of Energy
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226
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. 7 – 60 – : 2 ! (1
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: !" #$%& (25)
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60 383.7 = , – 383.7 = H
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: 2 # 6% + . /# 23

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8 ., . /# H#3 .60 51.9 $
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232
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8, 6 # # 6 # - '7 M:#
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H2 + Cl2 2HCl; H = - 185 KJ
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(
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389 NH 193 Br Br 435 H H
347 CC 493 O=O 431 H Cl
707 C=O 463 OH 364 H Br
485 CF 941 N N 240 Cl Cl
414 CH 326 C  Cl 339 S H
614 C=C
: > 3# ?- 9

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8( D ( D D"D 80
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: (15)
6 # . /# 23 )# 7 60 #7
: 2 #
O 5 6 # 6 CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
H H : 6
H–C–H + Cl – Cl H – C – Cl + HCl
H H
4 × 414 + 240 1 × 326 + 414 × 3 + 431 × 1

1896 = 1999 =
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234
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: (35) ;
. 5 +T 6 # + 7
: 2 + (325)

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: 2 # 6 # HCl 6 . /# 23 )#
H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)
235
‫ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬
: * ( ) (35)
: Heat of Formation (";) " (135)
8 6 # ,# $ 2
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: - (235)
P 25 @ $#7A &A D 23
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110.5 CO

393.5 – CO2

74.9 CH4
84.7 C2H6
49.4 + C6H6
227+ C2H2
278.6 CH3OH

363 HCOOH
!
278 CH3CH2OH

487 CH3COOH " !
635.5 CaO

986.6 Ca(OH)2

#
286 H2O(l) $ %
242 H2O(g) % "
92.5 HCl &
'

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236
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561 NaF

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411 NaCl

360 NaBr

288 NaI

504.6 – Na2O2

426.8 – NaOH

#
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)

297 SO2 )
396 SO3 ) *
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348 ZnO "
910.9 SiO2

Br2 (+)

:
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4
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4
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HCl # 0
HCl & (*0 62 # ,# $ :
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6 / 60 92.5 = 185 
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., . 7# 7 $ 23 , . # .2
: . 7# # .3
237
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4 
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: 2#S 6 # . /# 23 )# 7
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
242 ; 394 ; 75 2 H2O ; CO2 ; CH4 # -F
: ## 6 /60
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O :
[(75 ) + (, X 2)] [(394 ) + (242 )2]
&" # # – 9# # = . /# 23 )#
(75 ) – 394 – 484 =
60 803 = 75 + 878 = H
: $% ) :(35)
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.$ * " ) '/ ; 3#
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[ (635.5) + (0 X3) ] [ (62.7) + (110.5 ) ]
( 635.5) ( 173.2)
&" # # – 9# # = HP
238
60 462.3 + = 635.5 + 173.2 =
064 = 40 + (12 X2) = CaC2 6 #
6 30 = 1920 = 0 1920 = 0 1.92
64
CaC2 6 1 # *# 60 462.3
CaC2 6 30 # *# 60 >
60 13869.0 = 462.3 X 30 = >
: Hf & Compound Stability 7" " (335)
5 ? B 6 # J ?# D & D #
: 2 # @
68
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239
: (45)
; 63 28 HCl ; HF ; HI ; HBr & # & 1
& 8 8 # .## 6 / 60 92 ; 271 ; 26+
. # D DF (
# D 7
:
HF @ ?# D * # 4 D $ &* E
.HI + HBr D HCl ? # D D
: (55)
28 @8 87 = 7 6 # & 1
283 = +#7 73 .## 6/60 822 1676
.= 7 6*#+ 23 +#7 A @ 7 6*#+
:
;2Al + 3/2O2 Al2O3 H =  1676 KJ
2Fe + 3/2O2 Fe2O3 H = 822 Kj

8 ?8# 4 D $ &* * & D
0# 23 7 6 # .@ 7 # D D = 7 K3
8 = 7 # 0# 23 6 # 7 # D D= #
: 23
2Al + Fe2O3 2Fe + Al2O3
: Heat of Combustion - ?B (435)
68,# # 4
23 +7# ## C7 7F# '#A
8 8 #+ & '# 6 #%#3 6 #%A 0 1
# 0
: "D3 # J 7 @
$ '# 07= 23 &30 6 '# (
C(g) + O2(g )) CO2(g) H = 393.7 KJ 60 393.7
240
850 $ '# 07= 23 D * < 6 '# (
60
;CH4(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) H = - 850 KJ
$ '# 07= 23 6 DA 6 '# (80
.60 1367
C2H5OH(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O( g) H = - 1367KJ
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: (Calorific Value) /- (1535)
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241
: (65)
8 1300 = ?# & 1 C2H2 DL 7 $ 7
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:
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0/60.@ 50 = 1300 = D" 7 $

26
: (75)
87 68/60.@850 = CH4 D '#1 & 1
;12 =C) - &8 1 8D 0160 '# 0#
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:
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CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O H = - 850 K J
016 = 12 + (1 × 4) = CH4 6 #
60.@ 850 9## D 0 16 '#
60.@ > 9## D 0160 '#
60.@ 8500 = 850 × 160 = > 
16
60.@ 8500 = D 0160 '# $ 
242
: (85)
: 7 6 DI 0 4.6 '# 7
H = - 1367 KJ ;C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
(16 = O ;1 = H ;12 = C) -F
:
8 046 =16 + (1×6) + (12×2) = (C2H5OH) 6 DA 6 #
:
60 .@ 1367 9## '## 6 D 046
60.@ > 9## '## 6 D 04.6
60.@ 136.7 = 1367× 4.6 = > 
46
60.@ 136.7 $ '# 6 D 04.6 '# 
: (95)
: # C2H2 (#7=) DI * < '#
C2H2 + 5\2 O2 2CO2 +H2O H= -1300Kj\ mole
(g) (g) (g) (g)
4 8 8 6 # & 1 DI # 7
28 68/680 ( 7;393 ) ; ( 5;285) : 2 7 2 D
.##
6/60 > = DI # H3 : 6
&" # # J0 – 9# # J0 = H
[(>) + , ] – [ ( 393.7 )2 + (285.5) ] = 1300
> – 1072.9 = 1300
227.1+ = 1300 + 1072.9 = >
6 /60 227.1 + = DI #
243
: / (635)
0
& 6 6 # 0# 2
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& 6 C
. 87# 8$ $ H = 23 & D $ 2
8 8 6 # 2 6 # -= ; (KJ)60 57.7
: C# .4
;HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O H=  57.7 KJ
H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- Na+ + Cl- + H2O H = -57.7K J

;H+ + OH- H2O H =  57.7 KJ
: /+ D @
HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaNO3(aq) + H2O H =  57.7 KJ
! 8: H8 @# # 23 6 # +#7
:D C#) . :
(1)CH3COOH+NaOH CH3COONa+H2O H =  55.7 KJ
: $% &
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2 (3) (2) C0 6, H =  57.7 K J
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60 2.3+ = D
6 / 60 2.3+ = @+ H @# H 
244
: ' 2 + (735)
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245
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8$ K3 6/60 @ 286 2 0
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7
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: # & PCl5 # 7 (3
2P(s) + 3Cl3(g) 2PCl3(l) H =  66 K J
PCl3(l) + Cl2(g) PCl5(s) H =  141K J
(60 75 : 0I)
8DI 8 6 '# 7 # 60 #7 (4
(C2H6)
: 7
C2H6(g) + 7 O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
246
; 635.5 : 28 , + 7 7 7 # & 1 (5
O # # # .F3 ## 6 /60 . @ 348
(1) Zn + CaO ZnO + Ca
(2) Ca + ZnO CaO + Zn
: # C2H2 DI * < '# (6
C2H2(g) +5\2O2(g) 2CO2(g) + H2O(l) H = 1300 KJ
O DL 7 $ 2 .

.60 260 9## '## 0 DI 0 .
2 8D 4 6 # & 1 DI # 7 .U
.8## 8 68/680 @ 393.7 ; 286 2 7
(6/60 @ 227.6+ 0I)
68 /60 @ 34+ = NO2 0# 7 2 D # & 1 (7
8# . 68 /60 @ 297 = SO2 & 7 2 D #
.. /# 23 )# :# 6 # 6 #
: # &4$ CO 7 6 # 7 (8
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) H = 393.5 K J
CO(g) + 1O2(g) CO2(g) H =  283 KJ
(6/ 60 @ 110.5 : 0I)
: , 0I #+ (9
28 ; (4 . /# 7#) 4 23 ( *#+# .I
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‫‪279‬‬ ‫
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367
‫ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ‬
‫‪369‬‬ ‫
‬
‫‪370‬‬ ‫
‬ ‫‬
‫‪377‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬
‫‪383‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‬
‫‪389‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‬
‫‪397‬‬ ‫
"! ‬
‫ ‪ 368‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪Nuclear Chemistry‬‬
‫‪: #$‬‬
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‫ ‪ 369‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬
Nuclear Chemistry
:
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375
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: (29)

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380
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: ( / @( ) ! @ /. A 4 "< : ! (1)
i. 238U 234
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: (39)

3
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383
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H=- /=#(( Th " 0
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0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.008 = &- ! 3 !
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387
: 1 5 -" + (239)
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: (49)

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30
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27
Al + 4He 30
P + 1n
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Po "=( U U "= /. "( !
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392
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N + 1n 14
C + 1p
7 0 6 1
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201
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: =" -" + (449)
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396
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Co (iii) I (ii) C (i)
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49 0
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Cr ………… + -1
e
214 4
(ii) 83Bi ……….. + 2He
59 1 4
(iii) 27 Co + 0
n ………. + 2He
14 4 1
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40 0
(v) 10K + -1e …………..
397
: ! @ $ "< A
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79 90
S (R )( ! @ /. A 4 "< : ! () .4

226
22
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88 2
241 24
(ii) 94
Pu Am + …………
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56 56
1
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27 26
89 88
(iv) Kr 36
Kr + ………….
36
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Sn
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219 214
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‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫  ‬ ‫  

*+ E 9, 

: %8  $ 2

R-COOH -COOH 8)  $ #-

:   (11)

:      ! (211)

1 -+ $- 0 ( KOH ( NaOH 14

2- 23 1-+

ii) CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH3 + KOH ........ + ........

H–C– C–H + Cl2 Fe H –C C – Cl

- -  6*-  HI I= ! 2 6* 5 ,+ J : +%'

CH2 – C – H + HCl CH2 – CHCl

:  . ) (511)

:   (7 – 1)   (iii)

.(( 0 1  + & ' %%

  C3H6O

O CH2 CH3 – C – CH3

ii) H – C – CH2 – CH2 – CH – Br

: 12 * 2 7 0     .5

‫)‪: $%( !") * + (141‬‬

R – C – CH2OH Conc.H2SO4 R – CH = CH2 + H2O

CH3 – C – CHOH – CH3 Conc.H2SO4 CH3 – CH = CH – CH3 + H2O

: (1 ') % 

[91 – 90 : ]    ∩®⊇∪ tβθåκJt Ζ•Β Λä⎢Ρr& ö≅yγsù (

:  ) B4"  * =B ,-  %<  : 

CH2 – CH2 + NaOH 

: $% , (541)

CH3 – OH + CH3 – OH '  H2SO4 CH3 – O – CH3 + H2O

: = = ( 3< *  C& *% 6-& * 

: (  6 4"  ; 2     %<  /4

O * .O '( -( : (281) 

: A  % : 

(ii) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH KMnO4 ……........

: 1   (571)

:   B8 -( : (32 1) 

: * .  '( -(  %<  /6

CH2 – O – C – (CH2)7 – CH = CH – (CH2)7 – CH3

:Isomerism % (2101)

:-   (3101)

9. CH3ONa + C2H5Br ............. + ............

‫ ! ‪:‬‬

B+ + % D% A)

+ + " A+) (?+ 1 +% '

H2SO4 + H2O H+ + HSO4--

SO3 + 2H2O H3O+ + HSO4-- 

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

+% ."% %5 #C @%

 

+" + 8 &)% & '%

+% +B# 3+% 8+5  .

+% '% 9 , - . "

9+" A%. (" 

OH-- NH3 HSO4-- F-- &)% &

(ii) HS O 4-- + HP O 4-- S O 4 2 -- + H 2 P O 4--

‫ ! ‪133   #%   ! &#‬‬ ‫ ‪.-‬‬

‫‪: 0 2‬‬

:  0  " +  L&& " && B

: (13) -% %2

2. NH4+ + H2O  NH3 + H3O+

2. NH4+ + H2O  NH3 + H3O+

: (33) -% %2

:   - ! 0 7 2 " &*       , .5

 (#? )  ;  - < -1 "  - = >!? @ 3

‫ ‬ ‫

*+ E 9,

: %8 $ 2

R-COOH -COOH 8) $#-

: (11)

: ! (211)

1-+ $- 0 ( KOH ( NaOH 14

2- 23 1-+

- - 6- HI I= ! 2 6 5 ,+J : +%'

: . ) (511)

: (7 – 1) (iii)

.(( 0 1 + & ' %%

C3H6O

: 12 * 2 7 0 .5

‫)‪:$%( !") * + (141‬‬

: (1 ') %

[91 – 90 : ] ∩®⊇∪ tβθåκJt Ζ•Β Λä⎢Ρr& ö≅yγsù (

: ) B4" * =B ,- %< :

CH2 – CH2 + NaOH

: $% , (541)

CH3 – OH + CH3 – OH ' H2SO4 CH3 – O – CH3 + H2O

: = =( 3< C& % 6-& *

: ( 6 4" ; 2 %< /4

O * .O '( -( : (281)

: A % :

: 1 (571)

: B8 -( : (32 1)

: * . '( -( %< /6

:Isomerism % (2101)

:- (3101)

‫ ! ‪:‬‬

B+ + % D% A)

+ + " A+) (?+ 1 +% '

SO3 + 2H2O H3O+ + HSO4--

+% ."% %5 #C @%

+" + 8 &)% & '%

+% +B# 3+% 8+5 .

+% '% 9 , - . "

9+" A%. ("

OH-- NH3 HSO4-- F-- &)% &

‫ ! ‪133 #% ! &#‬‬ ‫ ‪.-‬‬

‫‪: 0 2‬‬

: 0 " + L&& " && B

: (13) -% %2

2. NH4+ + H2O NH3 + H3O+

2. NH4+ + H2O NH3 + H3O+

: (33) -% %2

: - ! 0 7 2 " &* , .5

(#? ) ; - < -1 " - = >!? @ 3

: !' 0 - : 8 9%

: M ' 6/, 4 (183) -%

: (Br ¯ ) - (233)

: *& , 67 & .2

SO42- , HPO42- , H2PO41- : $ #% (43)

: (HPO4 2 ¯ ) &%) @ 7

: 1- . (323) -%

SO2 + H2O H2SO3 : (33)

‫)‪: $ # ! *$- &# ! (53‬‬

. :; : 6 (# # OH¯ 6 &" *

.9, ? # $$, &

.' ;7 , 3 6 , : 4?

( ) 6& " .) < ( ; !, .5

‫‪: $ * 4‬‬

6 I6 3 $ )

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, M

: 33# . (3 4) 3 "7

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(1) *! = )

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> 3,( 0

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1000 × *!

% *% *! . (V)+(+ ?

1000 × *!

>69= 06 $6 L