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1. 汽轮机概述

1. Generals of steam turbine

1.1 概述

1.1 Generals

1.1.1 产品概述

1.1.1 Product general

本产品是一台亚临界，一次中间再热，单轴，双缸双排汽、冷凝式汽轮机。采

用先进的设计理念进行了全新设计：通流结构介于反动式与冲动式透平之间，

级数少，效率高；整锻转子高压通流反向布置，中压通流正向布置，低压通流

为对称布置，轴向推力自平衡；采用多层缸结构，通流部分轴向间隙大，径向

间隙小，具有较好的热负荷适应性；采用数字式电液调节（DEH）系统，自动

化程度高。全部动叶自带围带成圈联接；高压缸压力级叶片为倒 T 型叶根，中、

低压采用“P”型叶根，整机在可靠性及经济性方面均有进一步的提高。

This product is one unit of sub-critical, single reheat, tandem compound, two

cylinders and two flow and condensing type steam turbine. The advanced

design principle is used to realize new design. The flow path adopts the

advantages of both reaction type turbine and impulse type turbine for fewer

stage number and higher efficiency; for the integral rotor, HP flow path will

be counterclockwise arranged, IP flow path part will be clockwise arranged,

LP flow path part will be symmetrically arranged and the axial thrust will be

self-balanced. Multiple layer cylinder structure is used so that the axial

clearance of flow path part will be larger, but the radial clearance will be

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smaller. It has good thermal load adaptability. Digital electrical hydraulic

governing (DEH) system with high automation level is used. All moving blade

uses integral shroud which is connected to form a circle. Reverse T type

moving blades are used for HP turbine and P type moving blades are used

for IP turbine. The improvement of reliability and economy performance are

reliazed in this unit.

1.1.2 适用范围

1.1.2 Applicable scope

本产品适用于中型电网承担基本电负荷，更适用于大型电网中的调峰负荷及基

本负荷。本机组寿命在 30 年以上，该机型适用于北方及南方地区冷却水温的

条件，在南方夏季的水温条件下照常满发 350MW。本机组的年运行小时数可

在 7500 小时以上。

This product will be applicable for basic load of medium grid and it is

applicable for peaking load and basic load operation with large scale grid.

The life span will be 30 years above. It is applicable to the cooling water

conditions both in north and south area. The output can reach 350MW even

with the cooling water in summer of south area. The annual operation hour

of this unit is 7500 hours above.

1.2 结构特点

1.2 Structural features

1.2.1 主机结构

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1.2.1 Structure of main turbine

新蒸汽从下部进入置于该机两侧两个固定支承的高压主汽调节联合阀，由每侧

各两个调节阀流出，经过4根高压导汽管进入高压汽轮机，进入高压汽轮机的蒸

汽通过一个冲动式调节级和12个反动式高压级后，由外缸下部两侧排出进入再

热器。再热后的蒸汽从机组两侧的两个再热主汽调节联合阀，由每侧各两个中

压调节阀流出，经过两根中压导汽管由中部下半缸进入中压汽轮机，进入中压

汽轮机的蒸汽经过9级反动式中压级后，从中压缸上部经过1根φ1219连通管进

入低压缸。低压缸为双分流结构,蒸汽从通流部分的中部流入，经过正反向各7

级反动级后，从两个排汽口向下排入一个凝汽器。

The live steam will enter the bottom of HP main steam combined stop and

control valve which locate at the side of the unit and then discharge from the

two control valves at each side and finally enter the HP turbine after going

through 4 HP leading pipes. The steam entering the HP turbine will discharge

into reheater at both sides of outer casing after going through one impulse

control stage and 12 reaction HP stages. The reheated steam will discharge

from two reheat control valve through two IP control valves at each side and

enter IP turbine from the middle after going through 2 IP steam leading pipes,

The steam entering the IP turbine will enter from the upper of IP casing with

one piece of φ1219 crossover pipe to LP casing after going through 11 IP

reaction stages. Two LP casings are double flow structure; the steam will

enter in the middle of the flow path and discharge to a condenser downward

from two exhaust outlets after going through 7 positive and negative reaction

stages.

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高中压转子是高中压部分合在一起的 1 根 30Cr1Mo1V 耐热合金钢整锻结构，

高压部分为鼓形结构，中压部分为半鼓形结构，总长 7002.1，带叶片最大外缘

直径为φ1546。推力轴承位于前轴承箱处，与推力盘形成轴系的膨胀死点。高

压动叶片叶根为 T 形叶根，有效地防止了叶根处的漏汽，提高高压缸效率。调

节级与高压叶片均反向布置，中压叶片正向布置，同时还设计有 3 个平衡鼓，

机组在额定负荷运行时保持不大的正推力。

HIP rotor is of 30Cr1Mo1V heat resistant alloy steel integral structure. HP

will be drum type structure and IP will be half drum type structure with total

length of 7002.1 and the maximum external diameter with blades of

φ1546.The thrust bearing is located in front standard and it forms the

expansion dead point with the thrust collar. T type root is used for HP moving

blades to effectively prevent the steam leakge at root area so as to increase

the HP casing efficiency. The control stage and HP blades will be

counterclockwise arranged; IP blade will be clockwise arranged, meanwhile

three balance drums is designed so that small positive thrust force can be

maintained during the unit operation under rated load.

低压转子为 30Cr2Ni4MoV 合金钢整锻结构，转子总长为 8181.6，带叶片最大

外圆直径φ3528。低压转子为双分流对称结构，1—5 级为半鼓形结构，6—7

级带有较大的整锻叶轮。低压末级采用 900 叶片，强度好，跨音速性能好。低

压转子与发电机转子刚性联接。

LP rotor is of 30Cr2Ni4MoV alloy steel integral structure with total length of

8181.6 and the maximum external diameter with blades of φ3528. LP rotor is

of double flow symmetric structure with Stage 1 to 5 of half drum structure

and stage 6-7 having big integral wheel. 900mm L-0 blade is used for LP

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turbine for good strength and good transonic performance. Rigid connection

is used between LP rotor and generator rotor.

转子装好叶片后，要进行高速动平衡，达到一定平衡精度，减少运行时振动。

为此在每根转子的中部和前后各有一个动平衡面，沿每个平衡面圆周分布螺孔，

可以实现制造厂高速动平衡和电厂不揭缸动平衡。

The rotor will be conducted with high speed dynamic balancing after

installing the blades so as to meet certain balance accuracy to reduce the

vibration during operation. Therefore, there will be a dynamic balance face at

the middle and front and bear of each rotor and the bolt holes are distributed

along the circumference of each balance face. This can realize the high

speed dynamic balance at the manufacture factory and the dynamic balance

in power plant without opening the casing.

高中压汽缸的结构形式和支撑方式在设计时给予充分考虑，当受热状况改变时，

可以保持汽缸自由且对称的收缩和膨胀，并且把可能发生的变形降到最低限度。

由合金钢铸造的高中压外缸通过水平中分面形成了上下两半。内缸同样为合金

钢铸件并通过水平中分面形成了上下两半。内缸支撑在外缸水平中分面处，并

由上部和下部的定位销导向，使汽缸保持与汽轮机轴线的正确位置，同时使汽

缸可根据温度的变化自由收缩和膨胀。

HIP casing structure and supporting mode shall be fully considered during

design to keep the free and symmetric shrinkages and expansions of casing

and to minimize the deformation which is possible to occur while the heating

state is changed. HIP outer casing is alloy casting with upper half and lower

half which are connected at the horizontal joint. The inner casing alloy

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casting with same structure as HIP outer casing. The inner casing is

supported at the joint surface of outer casing and guided by the upper and

lower locating pins so as to keep the right axial position of casing and to

make the casing to be able to contract and expand freely while the

temperature changes.

高压汽轮机的喷嘴室由合金钢铸成，并通过水平中分面形成了上下两半。它采

用中心线定位，支撑在内缸中分面处。喷嘴室的轴向位置由上下半的凹槽与内

缸上下半的凸台配合定位。上下两半内缸上均有滑键，决定喷嘴室的横向位置。

这种结构可以保证喷嘴室根据主蒸汽温度变化沿汽轮机轴向正确的位置收缩或

膨胀。主蒸汽进汽插管与喷嘴室插座之间通过叠片式密封滑动连接，这种结构

不会引起卡涩，密封效果好。高中压外缸上半及内缸下半可采用顶起螺钉抬高，

直到进汽管与喷嘴室完全脱离，然后按常规方法用吊车吊起。在拆卸外缸上半

或内缸下半时尽量保持进汽密封处蒸汽室的形状，当汽缸放下时与密封环同心。

The nozzle of HP turbine is of alloy casting and is separated into upper and

lower halves which are connected at the horizontal joint. Centerline is used

to locate and it is supported at the joint surface of inner casing. Sliding pins

are designed for both upper half and lower half of inner casing to determine

the transverse position of nozzle chamber. This kind of structure can ensure

the nozzle chamber can contract or expand along right axial direction of

turbine with the temperatue change of main steam. The main steam pipe

and nozzle chamber will be connected with seal ring in sliding so as to

minimize the deformation caused by temperature change. The upper half of

HIP outer casing and the lower half of HIP inner casing can be lifted with the

jacking screw until the steam admission pipe and nozzle chamber will be

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completely separated. Then lift them with the hoist by conventional method.

It will keep the steam chamber shape at the admission steal place as far as

possible while disassembling the upper half of outer casing or the lower half

of inner casing. On the other hand, the casing will be concentric with the seal

ring.

汽轮机高压隔板套和高中压进汽平衡环支撑在内缸的水平中分面上，并由内缸

上下半的定位销导向。汽轮机中压 1 号隔板套﹑中压 2 号隔板套和低压排汽平

衡环支撑在外缸上，支撑方式和内缸的支撑方式一样。

HP diaphragm carrier and HIP admission balance ring for the steam turbine

will be supported on the horizontal joint of inner casing, and to be oriented

with the locating pin at the upper and lower half of inner casing. IP No.1

diaphragm carrier, IP No.2 diaphragm carrier and LP exhaust balance ring

for the steam turbine will be supported on the outer casing, and the

supporting mode will be same with that of inner casing.

高中压缸的上下半，在水平中分面上用大型双头螺栓或定位双头螺栓连接。为

使每个螺栓中保持准确的应力，必须对它们进行初始拧紧获得一定的预应力。

正确的拧紧方法在“螺栓拧紧说明书”中描述。汽缸精加工完成后，按照标准

的程序并且中分面不涂密封涂料进行水压试验，保证汽缸不漏，当电厂装配汽

轮机并准备投入运行时，中分面需要涂性能好的密封涂料。

The upper and lower half of HIP casing will be connected with large size

studs or locating studs on the horizontal joint. In order to make each stud

keep the correct stress, it must perform the initial tightening to them to

receive certain pre-stress. The correct tightening method will be described in

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the instruction manual “bolt tightening”. After finishing, the casing will be

conduct hydraulic test in compliance with the standard program and its joint

face will not be painted with the seal oil to so as to ensure the casing steam

not to be leaked. But the joint face will be necessary to paint with the good

quality seal oil while assembling steam turbine and preparing to put into the

operation in the power plant.

低压外缸全部由钢板焊接而成，为了减少温度梯度设计成双层缸。由外缸、内

缸组成，减少了整个缸的绝对膨胀量。汽缸上下半各由 3 部分组成：调端排汽

部分、电端排汽部分和中部。各部分之间通过垂直法兰面由螺栓作永久性连接

而成为一个整体，可以整体起吊。排汽缸内设计有良好的排汽通道，由钢板压

制成，由面积足够大的排汽口与凝汽器弹性连接。低压缸四周有框架式撑脚，

增加低压缸刚性，撑脚座落在基架上承担全部低压缸重量，并使得低压缸的重

量均匀地分布在基础上。在撑脚四边通过键槽与预埋在基础内的锚固板形成膨

胀的绝对死点。在蒸汽入口处，内缸通过 1 个环形膨胀节与外缸中部相连接，

内缸通过 1 个承接管与连通管连接。内缸通过 4 个搭子支承在外缸下半中分面

上，内缸和外缸在汽缸中部下半通过 1 个直销定位，以保证二层缸同心。为了

减少流动损失，在进排汽处均设计有导流环。低压缸两端的汽缸盖上装有两个

大气阀，其用途是当低压缸的内压超过其最大设计安全压力时，自动进行危急

排汽。大气阀的动作压力为 0.034—0.048Mpa(表压)。低压缸排汽区设有喷水

装置，空转和低负荷时按要求自动投入，降低低压缸温度，保护末叶片。

The complete LP outer casing is welded by steel plate. In order to reduce the

temperature grades, double layer casing including inner casing and outer

casing is designed to reduce the absolute expansion of whole casing. The

upper and lower half casing will be composed of three parts: GOV exhaust

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part, GEN exhaust part and middle part, which will be connected

permanently with the bolt through vertical flange to form an integral structure,

and can be lifted integrally. The exhaust hood will be designed to have good

exhaust path, which to be manufactured by pressure with steel plate and to

be connected elastically by the outlet with enough big area and condenser.

There will be frame supporting foots around LP casing to increase LP

rigidness, the supporting foots will be located on the foundation to bear the

whole LP casing weight and make LP weight evenly distributed on the

foundation. The place around the supporting foots will form expanded

absolute dead point by key slot with anchor plate embedded in the

foundation. At the entrance of steam, the inner casing is connected with th

middle part of outer casing through one circular expansion joint and

connected with crossover pipe through one transition pipe. The inner casing

will be supported on the joint surface of the lower half of outer casing with

four lugs. The inner casing and outer casing is located by one straight pin at

the lower half of middle casing so as to ensure the concentricity of two

casings. The guide ring will be installed at the inlet and outlet to reduce the

flow loss. Two relief valves are installed on the upper part of LP outer casing

to perform the automatic emergency discharge when the pressure inside the

LP casing will be above the safety pressure. The actuating pressure of relief

valve will be 0.034—0.048Mpa (gauge pressure). The water spraying device

will be equipped at the discharge area of LP casing and will be actuate

during idling or low load or temperature increasing in the exhaust hood to

reduce the temperature of LP casing and protect the L-0 blade.

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高、中、低压内外缸水平中分面部分合金钢螺栓需要热紧，以使其有足够的预

应力，保证机组在一个大修期间法兰密封不漏汽。本机组使用螺栓电加热器，

给螺栓加热，使其伸长量达到要求的数值。

The horizontal joint alloy steel bolts for HP, IP and LP inner and outer casing

require hot tightening to have enough pre-stress so as to ensure that the

flange will be sealed well while the unit performing the overhaul. This unit will

use bolt electrical heater to heat the bolt, and make the bolt elongation

meeting the required values.

汽轮机的连通管上采用连杆膜板式膨胀节，吸收各方向热膨胀。

The expansion joint of connection bar film plate type will be used for the

crossover pipe of steam turbine to absorb the thermal expansion from all

directions.

1.2.2 汽封系统

1.2.2 Gland system

包括高压、辅助、冷再热供汽调节阀，溢流调节阀等主要设备，每阀上均置一

压力控制器，该控制器接受蒸汽母管的压力讯号后，产生空气压力输出，所以

在各种工况下均能使通往汽封的蒸汽保持在给定的压力范围内。

For the main equipments including HP steam supply governing valve,

auxiliary control valve, cold reheat steam supplying valve and overflow

governing valve, etc., each valve will be equiped with one pressure controller,

which can create air pressure output after receiving the pressure signal from

steam mains; so this controller can make the steam leading to the gland to

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be kept within the specified pressure range under various conditions.

1.2.3 后汽缸喷水系统

1.2.3 Water spraying system of exhaust hood

本机配有 1 套喷水减温装置，机组转速达到 600r/min 直至带 15%负荷时及机

组正常运行时出现低压缸蒸汽温度大于 79℃时投入运行。

This unit will be equipped with a set of water spraying device, which will be

put into the operation while the unit speed reaching 600r/min and with 15%

load and when the LP temperature is more than 79℃ during the unit

normal operation.

系统配置气动喷水调节阀

The system will be assembled with the pneumatic water spray governing

valve

阀门名义直径—1 英寸

The nominal diameter for the valve will be 1 inch.

气压失效时阀门关闭

The valve will close while air pressure fails.

1.2.4 本体疏水系统

1.2.4 Draining system of turbine proper

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1.2.4.1 系统中供有 6 个气动疏水阀

1.2.4.1 Six pneumatic drain valves will be supplied in the system

1.2.4.1.1 3 个用于高压第 1 级和主蒸汽管道疏水。

1.2.4.1.1 Three pneumatic drain valves will be used for HP 1st stage and

main steam piping draining.

阀门名义直径—1.5 英寸

The nominal diameter for the valve will be 1.5 inch.

气压失效时阀门打开

The valve will open while air pressure fails.

1.2.4.1.2 3 个用于高压外缸、再热进汽管道疏水。

1.2.4.1.2 Three pneumatic drain valves will be used for HP outer casing and

draining of reheat admission pipe.

阀门名义直径—1.5 英寸

The nominal diameter for the valve will be 1.5 inch.

气压失效时阀门打开

The valve will open while air pressure fails.

1.2.4.2 系统中供有 2 个气动通风阀

1.2.4.2 Two pneumatic ventilation valves will be supplied in the system.

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阀门名义直径—1.5 英寸

The nominal diameter for the valve will be 1.5 inch.

气压失效时阀门打开

The valve will open while air pressure fails.

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2．高压主汽调节联合阀

2. HP combined main stop and control valve

2.1 概述

2.1 Generals

主汽阀具有“双重阀碟”而且在水平位置操作。主汽阀体和蒸汽室为一体。附

图中表示了主汽阀和执行机构的布置图，油动机安装在弹簧支架上，并且通过

连杆及杠杆与主汽阀杆相连接。

The main stop valve has “double valve disk” and will be operated at

horizontal position. The valve body of main stop valve will be integral with

steam chamber. See the attached Figure for the arrangement of main stop

valve and actuating device. The servo motor will be installed on the spring

support and connected with main stop valve stem by connecting bar and

lever.

2.2 主汽阀

2.2 Main stop valve

主汽阀是简单布置的通常被称为“双重阀碟”的结构。它由两个单座的不平衡

阀（9）和（14）组成，一个阀安装在另一个内部。如图 3 所示，阀处于关闭

位置时，蒸汽进汽压力与压缩弹簧（54）
、（55）
、（56）和（57）的作用力一起

通过阀杆把每一个阀门紧紧地关闭在它的阀座上。

The main stop valve with simple arrangement will be called “double valve

disk” structure which consists of two unbalanced valves (9) and (14) with

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single seat. One valve will be installed in the other one. See Fig.3. The

pressure of steam and force of spring (54), (55), (56) and (57) will close

each valve at the seat by the valve stem when the valve is at the closing

position.

预启阀（14）由 2 部分组成，通过安装在阀杆（12）内部的弹簧弹性压紧在主

阀上，关闭时能与主汽阀（9）内部的阀座同心。阀杆（12）移动并打开主汽

阀（9）时，预启阀（14）首先开启。之后，预启阀（14）顶在主汽阀套筒的

F 端面上，开启主阀（9）。主阀（9）全开时，主汽阀套筒（22）的上端面顶

在阀杆套筒（23）的下端面上，防止蒸汽沿阀杆泄漏。阀杆密封由紧配合的套

筒（25）组成，如图所示带有适当的漏汽口。这些漏汽口与根据运行条件所确

定的低压区域相连接。 。当阀处于如图 3 所示关闭位置时，阀

（如系统图所示）

杆导向块（28）的底部顶在阀杆套筒（23）的底座 端面上，防止蒸汽沿阀杆

泄漏。圆柱型的蒸汽滤网作为阀盖（a）
（b）的一部分，环绕在阀的周围。

The pre-inlet valve (14) consists of 2 parts and will be closed by the force of

spring which will be installed in the valve stem. It can be in concentricity with

valve seat of main stop valve (9) during closing. When the valve moves and

main stop valve opens, the pre-inlet valve will open first. Then, the valve

stem (12) will prop up on F end face of main stop valve sleeve to open main

stop valve (9). When valve (9) fully opens, the sleeve (22) of main stop valve

will prop up at the top end of valve sleeve to prevent the leakage of steam

from stem. The sealing of valve stem will consist of tight installed sleeves.

See the figure for the leak port which will be connected with the LP area

determined by the working conditions (see the system diagram of gland

system). When the valve closes (see Fig.3), the bottom of guide pad of valve

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stem will prop up at the seat end face of valve sleeve (23) to prevent the

steam leaking along the valve stem. Cylinder type strainer will be one part of

valve cap (a) and (b) and will surround the valve.

2.3 调节阀及蒸汽室

2.3 Control valve and steam chamber

蒸汽室主汽调节阀体是整体 Cr-Mo 合金钢锻件。机组有两个结构相同的蒸汽

室，分别位于机组两侧，蒸汽通过主汽阀进入独立控制的调节阀，控制高压缸

进汽。

The main steam governing valve in the steam chamber will be Cr-Mo

integral alloy steel forging. The unit has two steam chambers with the same

structure, which locate respectively at both side of the unit. The steam will

enter the separately controlled control valve after main stop valve to control

the steam admission of HP casing

每一个蒸汽室有 2 个调节阀，每个调节阀都由各自的执行机构控制。每个阀都

是单座结构。每个调节阀被蒸汽所包围，其压力近似主汽压力。如图所示，阀

设计成两部分，阀蝶和阀杆活动连接。调节阀杠杆（53，54）通过连杆（59）

（35），销（43），特制螺母（37）和套筒（36）与阀杆（17）相连接，当油

动机的活塞向上移动就打开调节阀，向下移动就关闭调节阀。杠杆和销（3）

连接，通过连杆（60）和销（4）与弹簧室（e）相连。阀杆密封包括一个紧配

合的导向套筒（C，D-1）和在阀盖中的套筒（18，19）
。套筒带有适当的泄漏

口，高压漏汽口与高压排汽区连接，低压漏汽口与汽封冷却器相连。压缩弹簧

（50，51，52）在所有时间内都给每个阀门施以关闭的力。弹簧（50，51，

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52）力向下作用在弹簧座（47）上，以克服不平衡的力并提供一个可靠的关闭

阀门的力。

There will be 2 control valves in each steam chamber. Each control valve will

be controlled by its own actuating mechanism. Each valve has one valve

seat. Each control valve will be surrounded by steam which pressure will be

similar to that of main steam. The valve will be designed into two parts valve

disk and valve stem. The level (53, 54) of control valve will be connected

with valve stem (17) through connecting bar (59, 35) and pin (43), special

nut and sleeve (36). The control valve will open while the piston of servo

motor moving upward and will close while moving downward. The lever will

be connected with pin (3) and then connected with spring room (e) through

connecting bar (60) and pin (4). The stem sealing will include tightly sealed

guiding sleeve (C, D-1) and sleeve in the valve cap. The sleeve has proper

leaking port. The HP leaking port will be connected with the HP discharging

area and LP leaking port will be connected with gland condenser. The

compressed spring (50, 51, and 52) will give the force to close every valve

all the time. The compressed spring (50, 51, and 52) will effect on the spring

seat (47) to overcome the unbalanced force and provide the reliable force to

close the valve.

2.4 主汽调节阀的支撑

2.4 Support of main steam control valve

蒸汽室主汽阀体支架安装在底板（3）和（4）上，底板（3）和（4）通过地脚

螺栓和点焊的方式固定在基础上。蒸汽室主汽阀体靠近主蒸汽进汽侧通过挠性

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板（a）和连接套筒（d）支撑，挠性板（a）通过螺栓固定在底板上。蒸汽室

主汽阀体另一端通过挠性板（b）支撑，挠性板（b）通过螺栓和销固定在底板

上。这种型式的支撑结构防止蒸汽室的横向移动，允许蒸汽室沿轴向膨胀。

The support of control valve body in steam chamber will be installed at the

base plate (3) and (4) which will be fixed on the foundation by the anchor

bolt and spot welding. The main stop valve body in the steam chamber will

be supported by the flexible plate (a) and connecting sleeve near the steam

admission side. The flexible plate (a) will be fixed on the base plate through

bolt. The other end of main stop valve body will be supported by flexible

plate (b) which will be fixed on the base plate by bolts and pins. This kind of

supporting structure can prevent the transverse moving of steam chamber to

allow the axial expansion of steam chamber.

2.5 主蒸汽进汽管

2.5 Inlet pipe of main steam

调节阀出口与通向高中压缸上、下半的主蒸汽导汽管焊接在一起。

The outlet of control valve will be welded together with leading pipe of main

steam entering the upper part and lower part of HIP casing

1 号和 2 号调节阀出口连接在高压缸上半，3 号和 4 号调节阀出口连接在高压

缸的下半。通往高压缸上半的高压导汽管设有法兰，使检修时能够拆卸高中压

缸上半。

The No.1 and No.2 control valve outlet will be connected with the upper part

of HP casing. The No.3 and No.4 control valve outlet will be connected with

the lower part of HP casing.

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3 大气阀

3. Relief valve

3.1 概述

3.1 Generals

大气阀装于汽轮机低压缸两端的汽缸上半上，其用途是当低压缸的内压超过其

最大设计安全压力时，自动进行危急排汽。

The relief valve will be installed on the upper part at both sides of LP casing.

It will automatically discharge the steam when the pressure inside the LP

casing exceeds the Max. design pressure.

3.2 结构

3.2 Structure

如图所示，大气阀安装在汽缸上半，并用 28 个螺栓固定在汽缸法兰上。它包

括一个薄的铅板（5）
，被压紧在垫片（6）和阀盖（7）之间的外密封面上，也

被螺钉和环夹（2）压紧在圆板（1）的内密封面上，圆板（1）对着外部大气，

由阀盖（7）固定，见图 A-A 视图。

As shown in the diagram, the relief vave is installed on the upper casing and

fixed on the casing flange by 28 bolts. It consists of one piece of lead plate

(5) which is pressed against the external sealing surface between gaskets (6)

and valve cover (7) and internal sealing surface of round plate (1) by screws

and clamp ring (2). Roung plate (1) is facing the atmosphere and fixed by

valve cover (7). See View A-A.

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如果排汽压力升高到超过预定值，圆板（1）被向外压，使铅板（5）在环夹外

缘和阀盖内缘之间被剪断。铅板的断裂，使汽轮机后汽缸内的压力降低，蒸汽

沿汽缸向上喷出。阀盖（7）可防止铅板、圆板和环夹飞出伤人和损坏设备。

外径处的罩板引导汽流向上喷出。

If the discharge pressure exceeds the presetting value, the round plate (1)

will be pressed outward to cut off the connection between the external edge

of clamp ring and internal edge of valve cover. The cracking of lead plate will

reduce the pressure in rear casing to spray the steam along the casing. The

valve cover (7) can prevent lead plate, round plate and clamp ring from flying

out. The cover at the outer radius will lead the steam to spray upward

铅板（5）与一个自动低真空跳闸机构相连接。当排汽压力升高到预定点时，

自动低真空跳闸机构使汽轮机停机。铅板（5）断裂时低压缸内压为 0.35～

0.49Kg/cm2（表压）
，亦即 0.034～0.048Mpa。

The lead plate (5) will connect with automatic low vacuum tripping device

which will shutdown the steam turbine while the discharge pressure

exceeding the presetting value. The inside pressure of LP casing will be

0.35～00.49Kg/cm2, i.e.0.034～0.048Mpa（g）during the cracking of lead

plate.

低真空跳闸机构见单独的说明书。

See separate manual for low vacuum tripping device

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Relief valve

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Baffle plate

Inner diameter
Flange of LP casing U.H.

A-A rotate

Fig.10

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4.再热主汽调节阀和油控跳闸阀

4. Reheat stop valve and oil controlled tripping valve

4.1 概述

Generals

再热主汽调节阀安装在再热器和汽轮机中压缸之间的管路上，二个再热主汽调

节阀，每个阀都安装在三个浮动支承上，而三个连动支承用螺栓和定位销固定

在基础台板上，基础台板灌浆在基础上，如汽轮机--发电机外型图上所示。

Reheat stop valve will be installed on the piping between the reheater and IP

casing, and there will be two reheat stop valve, which each valve will be

installed on three floating supports. The three floating supports will be fixed

on the base plate with bolt and locating pin, and the base plate will be

grouted on the foundation, such as shown on turbine generator outline

drawing.

4.2 再热主汽阀

Reheat main stop valve

再热主汽阀的作用是作为再热调节阀的备用保险设备，当超速跳闸机构动作，

汽轮机跳闸时，万一调节阀失灵，则再热主汽阀关闭。

Reheat stop valve will be the spare safety equipment of reheat control valve.

It will close reheat stop valve if the control valve will fail to actuate while the

over speed tripping device actuating.

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该阀是由悬挂在阀碟摇臂（48）上的阀碟（50）以及通过键与阀碟摇臂相连的

轴（34）所组成。轴通过连杆与活塞杆（67）相连接的连杆转动，油动机油缸

活塞向上移动而打开阀到安全位置。由关闭到全开油动机行程 178mm。全开

时阀碟端部与阀端盖上制动凸台必须贴紧。活塞向下移动关闭阀，由压缩弹簧

（69）和（68）所产生的关闭力在全部时间内都作用在阀上，这些压缩弹簧作

用在活塞上，从而产生一个正的关闭力，图示的“Y-Y”剖面即为阀在关闭位

置。

This valve consists of the valve disc (50) on the disc arm (48) as well as the

shaft (34) connected by key and valve disc. The shaft will be connected with

piston stem (67) by connecting bar. The piston in the servo motor will force

the valve to safety position during moving. The travel will be 178mm from full

closing to full opening. The top end must contact the locking cam on the

valve cap. The piston will close the valve during moving downward. The

force of spring (69) and (68) will effect on the valve all the time. The force of

spring will effect on the piston to create the positive force to close the valve.

See Y-Y for the closing position.

二个旁通接头分别安装在阀碟（50）的前后，用管子连接，以便使作用在阀碟

两侧的蒸汽压力比较均匀，以降低阀碟打开时的力矩。

Two bypass connector will be respectively installed on the front and back of

valve disc and connected with the pipe so as to even the steam pressure at

both sides of valve disc to reduce the moment while the valve disc opening.

在安装时，活塞杆（67）和活塞杆端部（61）之间的连接是用测量方法进行的，

增加垫片（74）以便将活塞正确地固定在缓冲器内，阀碟就位和连接如图所示。

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The connection between piston bar (67) and the top end of piston (61) will

be performed with measurement while installing, to add (74) pads so as to

make the piston correctly fixed on the buffer. See Fig. for placing and

connecting of valve disk.

4.3 油控跳闸阀

4.3 Oil controlled tripping valve

该阀是由控制阀和油动机组成，油动机和流体系统相连接。

This valve consists of control valve and servo motor which will be connected

with control oil system.

4.3.1 当超速跳闸阀和事故跳闸阀关闭时再热主汽阀将被打开，油动机供压力

油跳闸控制阀将被关闭，使阀杆漏汽不能排走，从而对轴产生一个推力，见

图 I，使 a、b 各面密封，即能卡住轴使轴不能转动，又减少低压漏汽。

4.3.1 The reheat stop valve will open while closing the overspeed tripping

valve and emergency tripping valve. The oil servo motor will supply the

pressure oil to make the tripping control valve closed, so as to stop the

steam leakage of valve stem to produce a thrust force to the shaft and to

tight a and b seal surface (see Figure 1), i.e. The shaft will not only rotate to

reduce LP steam leakage.

4.3.2 当超速跳闸机构跳闸时，油动机泻油，跳闸控制阀开启，排走阀杆漏汽，

减少作用在轴上的压力，以便用最小的力关闭再热主汽阀。安装时保证图示 I、

III 间隙。

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4.3.2 The oil servo motor will discharge the oil while the over speed tripping

device actuating. Meanwhile the tripping control valve will open to discharge

the steam leakage from valve stem to reduce the pressure on the shaft so as

to close reheat stop valve with min.force. I and III clearance shown in the

figure shall be guaranteed while installing.

4.4 临时滤网的用途

4.4 Function of temporary strainer

在汽轮机最初运行期间能筛出进汽中的碎屑，装备有临时滤网的汽轮机的运行

应采用单阀方式（全周进汽）
。

It will screen the chips from admission during turbine initial operation, so the

single valve mode (full arc admission) shall be used for the steam turbine

equipped with the temporary strainer during operation.

4.4.1 临时滤网的最长运行期限

4.4.1 Operation duration limit for temporary strainer

在不超过 90 个整天的工作后，应检修或拆下临时蒸汽滤网，这个期限包括通

过全容量的蒸汽流量的运行时间不超过 60 个整天，否则会引起临时滤网的破

裂并可能损坏再热主汽阀，同时，由于碎屑也会造成临时滤网大面积堵塞。

The temporary strainer will be repaired or disassembled after working for90

whole days. This term will include the full capacity of steam flow within 60

whole days, otherwise it will cause the temporary strainer to be broken and it

can damage the reheat stop valve. Meanwhile, it will also cause the

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temporary strainer to be blocked by chips in large areas.

4.4.2 临时滤网的最短运行时间

4.4.2 Shortest operation time for temporary strainer

在全容量蒸汽流量，相当于调节阀全开的运行条件下，临时滤网的最短持续工

作时间相当于 4 个整天。

The shortest continuous work time for the temporary strainer will be equal to

four whole days on the operation condition equivalent to control valve full

open at the full capacity of steam flow.

4.4.3 临时滤网在运行中应监测阀前与阀后的压降，此压降不应高于额定

进口压力的 10%。

4.4.3 The temporary strainer will be supervised on the pressure drop of front

and back of valve during operation, which will not be higher than 10% of

rated inlet pressure.

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Diameter clerance

Clearance along circumference

Bypass connection

Bypass connection Sleeve for thermocouple

Air flow

Shaft end

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Y
Rotate

Diameter clearance

Diameter clearance

Diameter clearance

Switch box of IP MSV

Servo motor of reheat MSV

Centerline

Install strainer (No.15). The centerline of parts without drilling holes shall
aim at the centerline of flow guide convex shoulder and at 180° with
admission centerline.

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再热主汽调节联合阀 Combined reheat MSV and CV

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5.中压调节阀

5. IP control valve

中压调节阀安装在汽轮机的每个中压进汽管道上，甩负荷后用以截断再热器去

中、低压汽轮机的蒸汽。起动期间，当汽轮机蒸汽旁路系统投入运行时，这些

阀门也具有调节蒸汽去中压和低压汽轮机的控制能力。中压调节阀为单座活塞

式结构，每一个阀门都有自己独立的执行机构。附图 12 表示其中一个阀门及

其执行机构的结构。执行机构见单独说明书。

IP control valve is installed on each IP inlet piping of steam turbine and is to

cut off the steam flow from reheater to IP and LP turbine after load rejection.

Those valves will also control the steam entering the IP and LP casing

during start up, while bypass system for turbine steam put into operation. IP

control valve is double seat piston type structure. Each valve has its own

separate actuating device. See Fig.12 for one valve and its actuating device.

See separate manual for actuating device.

中压调节阀出口通过中压导汽管与汽缸进汽室连接。主阀碟（h）通过阀杆（12）

和连接件（29）与油动机的活塞连接。油动机活塞向下移动关闭阀门，向上移

动打开阀门。

The outlet of IP control valve is connected with admission room in casing by

IP leading pipe. The main valve disk (h) is connected with piston of servo

motor by valve stem (12) and connecting part (29). The servo motor will

close the valve during moving downward and open the valve during moving

upward.

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每个阀门通过压缩弹簧（40）
、（41）始终向阀和连杆施加向下的关闭力。预启

阀（5）由两部分组成，和阀杆（12）之间为活动连接，使其关闭时与位于主

阀碟（h）内的阀座自动对中。因此当阀杆（12）移动开启主阀碟（h）时，预

启阀（5）首先打开，随后阀杆继续移动，使连接螺母（7）与连接套筒（9）

的“X”面接触，进而开启主阀碟（h）。主阀碟（h）全开时，连接套筒（9）

端部顶在套筒（13）上，防止蒸汽沿阀杆泄漏。阀杆密封由紧配合的套筒（13）

构成，阀杆漏汽通往轴封冷却器。圆柱形的蒸汽滤网（c）装在主阀碟（h）外

侧。滤网底部和阀体上的凹槽配合，顶部和阀盖（d）（e）用止动销固定。密

封环（11）能够阻止蒸汽从阀套筒与主阀（h）之间泄漏。安装时注意将凹槽

对着蒸汽泄漏方向。

Each valve will give the closing force downward on the valve and connecting

bar through the compressed spring (40) and (41). The pre-opening valve (5)

consists of 2 parts and connected with valve stem (12) in flexibility to

automatically align the valve seat in the main valve disk (h) during closing.

When the valve stem (12) actuates to open the main valve disk, the

pre-opening valve (5) will open first and then the valve stem will continue

moving to make the connecting nut (7) contact with sleeve (9) and finally

open the main valve disk (h). When the main valve disk is fully opened, the

top end of connecting sleeve will prop up at the sleeve (13) to prevent the

leakage of steam along the valve stem. The sealing for the valve stem is

composed of tightly contacted sleeves. The leaking steam from valve stem

will enter the shaft gland cooler. The cylinder type steam strainer (c) will

installed at the outer side of main valve disk. The bottom of strainer will fit

with the groove on the valve body and the top of strainer will fixed with valve

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cap (d) and (e) by locking pin. The groove shall face the direction of steam

leaking during assembl

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6. 连通管

6. Crossover pipe

6.1 概述

6.1 Generals

连通管的作用，是以最小的压力损失将蒸汽从中压缸的排汽口导入低压缸的进

汽口。为了吸收管道产生的轴向热膨胀，在连通管上装有三组铰接型膨胀节，

它与图 13 所示的结构类似，
图 13 所示的是一组由 4 块弹性膜板构成的膨胀节，

然而各部位实际弹性膜板的数量应按必须吸收的热膨胀量来确定。在与汽轮机

装配时，连通管采用冷拉预应力的方法（冷拉值 14.7），连通管通过密封隔板

与低压外缸法兰和低压内缸承接管法兰相连，也采用冷拉预应力方法（冷拉值

6.5），以便在机组运行期间平衡一部分热应力，这样就能有效地改善膨胀节的

受力状况。

The function of crossover pipe is that using the min pressure loss to let the

steam flow into the inlet of LP casing through exhaust of IP casing. The

guide blade cascade consisted of many blades in the angle pipe of

crossover pipe can change the flow direction of steam flow smoothly. In

order to absorb the axial heat expansion, three groups of hinged expansion

joint are installed on the crossover pipe, its structure is similar to Fig. 13.

Fig.13 shows a group of expansion joint consisting of four elastic lamina

membranaceas. And the real number of elastic lamina membranacea shall

be confirmed according to the heat expansion that must be absorbed. While

assembling with steam turbine, cold drawn prestress method is adopted

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(cold drawn value: 14.7). Crossover pipe connects with bearing flange of 1#

inner casing through sealed diaphragm and LP outer casing flange, and cold

drawn prestress method is also used so as to balance partial heat stress

during operation(cold drawn value: 6.5), which can improve the pressure on

expansion joint.

6.2 结构及安装

6.2 Structure and installation

连通管的结构见本说明书中的各视图

The structure of crossover pipe shall refer to each Fig. in this instruction.

低压汽缸顶部密封隔板的组装情况示于详图 B 中。在拧紧连通管法兰的罩螺母

（10）和环体螺钉（15）时，该密封隔板即在连通管中心线方向被冷紧。冷紧

值由低压汽缸和连通管中蒸汽运行温度来确定。

Drawing B shows the sealing diaphragm assembly on the top of LP casing.

Sealing diaphragm is coldly tightened at direction of center line of crossover

pipe while tighten cap nut (10) and toroidal bolts (15) for crossover pipe.

Cold tightening value shall be confirmed by steam operating temperature in

LP casing and crossover pipe.

连通管在汽轮机上就位之后，继续进行如下工作：

After crossover pipe was installed on the steam turbine, shall follow the

following steps:

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6.2.1 拧紧法兰 B 的罩螺母（10）和环体螺钉（15）

。扭矩按下面的说明。

6.2.1 Tighten cap nut of flange B（10） and toroidal bolt（15）.Torque is given

as follows:

6.2.2 用顶开螺钉来使法兰 A 就位。

6.2.2 Jacking bolts is used to make flange A being in its place.

6.2.3 拧紧法兰 A 的螺栓（8）

，拧紧力矩按下面的说明。

6.2.3 Tighten bolt （8）of flange A，Tightening torque as follows:

注意： 在装螺钉和螺母之前，用螺纹润滑剂涂在螺纹上，以防咬住。用力矩

扳手沿径向相互对称地依次拧紧各螺钉和螺母。按照下列程序拧紧螺钉螺母，

预应力为 310.3Mpa。

Note: Lubricant shall be painted on the thread to avoid jamming before

installing bolts and nuts. Torque spanner is used for tightening every bolt and

nut in radial symmetrical order. According to following procedure to tighten

bolts and nuts, the pre-stress shall be 310.3 Mpa.

（1） 用手扳紧。

Tighten by hand

（2） 拧紧到一半力矩。

Tighten to half torque

（3） 拧紧到全部力矩。

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Tighten to full torque

对于不同规格的螺钉，其力矩为：

Torque for different bolts are provided as follows:

直径（mm） 力矩（Kg.m） N-m

Diameter torque

M27 50.9 499

M36 141.1 1383

M39 166.1 1627

在法兰经受了至少为三分之二的运行温度几小时后，低压缸进汽口处（法兰 B）

的螺钉连接就必须按规定的径向对称顺序来重新拧紧。该接口处螺纹的摩擦系

数由于螺纹润滑剂“受热蒸发”将会显著增加，因此重新拧紧到原来所规定的

力矩值是不够的。如果已经适当地加上了初始应力，那么，可以通过螺母扭转

规定的附加转角来达到重新拧紧，在接合面有一块软金属（08 钢）垫片（13）

的情况下，螺母拧紧 31°，而有两个软金属（08 钢）垫片（12）的接合面，

则拧紧螺母 60°，要是螺钉和法兰温度近似相等而且在法兰上只有很小或者没

有蒸汽压力载荷，那么可用加热法使螺钉重新拧紧。

After flange enduring several hours under at least two third of operating

temperature, the bolts at LP casing inlet (flange B) must be retightened in

radial symmetrical order as stated. The thread friction coefficient on the

interface will increase obviously because the thread lubricant was

burned-out, so retightening to original defined torque value is not enough. If

the adding primary stress is suitable, the retightening can be realized

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through adding an additional angle defined by turning nut. For joint surface

with a soft metal (08 steell) gasket（13）, the nut can be tightened to 31

degree and for joint surface with two soft metal (08 steell) gaskets（12）, the

nut can be tightened to 60 degree. If the temperature of bolt and flange are

approximately equal and the steam pressure load on flange is little or without

pressure, hot tightening can be adopted to retighten the bolt.

在中压缸排汽口外法兰（A）的垫片（9）是软金属（08 钢）垫片，重新拧紧

螺钉的步骤及要求均与 B 法兰的相同。

The external flange（A）gaskets（9） of IP casing outlet are soft metal (08

steell) ones. The step and request for retightening bolts is same as flange B.

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7.冲动式调节级

7. Impulse type control stage

7.1 概述

7.1 Generals

7.1 冲动式调节级

7.1 Impulse type control stage

附图 16 描述的是高压汽轮机冲动式调节级。冲动式调节级由喷嘴组和转子上

的调节级动叶组成。

The description in drawing 16 is the HP steam turbine impulse control stage.

It consists of nozzle block and control stage moving blade on rotor.

7.1.1 喷嘴组

7.1.1 Nozzle block

喷嘴组采用紧凑设计并通过电火花加工形成一个整体的蒸汽通道。整体喷嘴组

在安装时被分为上下两半，焊接在喷嘴室上。每半喷嘴室内又形成两个通流流

道。喷嘴采用先进的子午面收缩型线汽道，以降低二次流损失。

Nozzle block adopts compact design and forms an integral steam path

through electrosparking machining method. Whole nozzle block is welded on

nozzle box by upper half and lower half during installation. Two flow paths

are formed in each half nozzle box. Advanced meridian plane shrinking

steam path is used for nozzle to decrease secondary loss.

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7.1.2 动叶片

7.1.2 Moving blade

动叶片为电火花加工的三支叶片为一组的三联叶片。动叶片叶根采用叉形叶根。

每组动叶片采用三个轴向定位销钉，通过冷淬的方法进行装配，将动叶固定在

转子上。每组动叶片自带围带，装配后形成整圈连接。

The moving blade is triple blade machined by electrosparking method and

adopts fork type root. Three axial positioning pins are adopted for each

group of moving blade and are assembled through cold quench to fix the

moving blade on rotor. Each group of moving blade has integral shroud

which forms one circle after assembly.

7.1.3 汽封

7.1.3 gland seal

汽封片采用填片和锁紧片固定在喷嘴组上。汽封片与动叶围带、转子之间留有

较小的间隙。如果这个间隙变大，需要更换汽封片。

Shims and locking plates are used to fix the sealing strip on nozzle block.

Little clearance is kept between sealing strip, moving blade shroud and rotor.

If this clearance becomes bigger, the sealing strip shall be replaced.

7.2 备注

7.2 Remarks

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在维修汽轮机时应该仔细检查下面几项：

The following items shall be noticed during the maintenance of steam

turbine:

·在喷嘴和动叶片上的外来积聚物

Accumulation on nozzle and moving blade

·叶片边缘和围带的侵蚀

Corrosion at blade edge and shroud

·由于锅炉水处理不当造成的叶片表面的腐蚀

Corrosion of blade surface caused by wrong treatment of boiler water

·初始裂纹

Primary crack

·叶根的松动

The releasing of root

·汽封圈弹簧的硬度

The hardness of gland ring spring

·汽封片的接触和磨损

Contact and wear of sealing strip

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8. 反动式动叶片(高压部分)说明书

8．Specification for reaction type moving blade (HP)

图 16-1

Fig.16-1

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16—2 Fig.16-2

图 16—1 为装配在汽轮机高压转子相应级别的高压缸反动式动叶片共 12 级，

具有相似的结构形式：均为＂T＂型叶根,叶片的工作部分为五个不同的截面伸

缩而形成，顶部为自带冠的结构，其与轴向成 30°的平行四边形。采用机械加

工而成型。

There are totally 12 stages for HP casing reaction blades with similar

structure which are installed on relevant stage of steam turbine HP rotor as

shown in drawing 16- 1. All of them are with＂T＂ type blade root. Working

portion for blade is divided into five different cross sections. The top with

integral shroud is parallelogram which is at 30 degree with axial direction.

The milling machine is adopted for blade machining.

叶片装配时采用预扭安装的装配方式，可以使叶片之间形成一定的机械阻尼和

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摩擦阻尼。动叶片通过转子上的末叶片槽装入转子上

Pre-twisting method is adopted during assembling blades in order to form

mechanical damping and friction damping between blades. Blades are

installed on the rotor through the grooves on the rotor.

每级有两只末叶片槽及与之相配合的末叶片，末叶片槽及末叶片叶根轴向两侧

各加工有半圆形的螺孔，其互相配合会形成一个完整的螺孔。在装配的过程中,

先将动叶片通过末叶片槽装入相应级别上相应的位置上，最后装入末叶片。在

装配末叶片的过程中，保证末叶片叶根的轴向尺寸在一定的范围内，然后按装

配图的要求均匀修磨与之相邻的动叶片，使末叶片装入末叶片槽能形成一定的

预紧力。装配时先将一半不带螺帽的半剖螺钉放入轮缘螺孔中，再把带螺帽的

半剖螺钉放入末叶片螺孔中并与末叶片一起打入锁口处，再旋转螺帽 90°以点

焊限位，使末叶片与叶轮相连接并定位。其结构示意图见图 16—2 所示。

There are two last blade grooves with matching blades in each stage. Half

circle screw hole is machined at both sides of blade root axis for last blade

and last blade groove. They can cooperate with each other and form an

integral screw hole. During assembling, at first, moving blade is installed in

relevant position through blade groove and then the last blade is installed.

During assembling the last blade, axial dimension of last blade root shall be

guaranteed in a specific range, and then, grind the adjacent blades

according to assembling drawing to form a certain pre-stress as last blade is

installed in last blade grooves. During assembly, at first put half semi-section

screws without cap into rim screw hole, and then put semi-section screws

with cap into screw hole of last blade and drive it into locking placewith last

blade. Rotate the nut by 90 degree and make the spot welding for stoping in

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order to connect and fix the position between last blade and wheel. Please

refer to drawing 16-2.

9. 反动式动叶片(中压部分)说明书

Specification for reaction type moving blades (IP part)

图 17-1

Fig.17-1

中压缸动叶片的基本结构和装配方法见图 17—1～2 所示，共 9 级动叶片，全

部为扭叶片，均为机械加工而成，其基本结构和装配方法完全相似。全部为自

带冠叶片，采用成熟的＂p＂型枞树形叶根，这种型式的叶根具有载荷分布均

匀，应力集中系数小等特点。装配时，先定位好首叶片，然后依次按要求装好

其它的叶片，最后装配末叶片，修配锁紧装置，按技术要求配好锁紧键，插上

锁紧条。见图 17—2 所示。

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Drawing 17—1～2 shows basic structure and assembling method of IP

casing moving blade. There are totally 9 stages moving blades with similar

structure. All of them are twisted blades with integral shroud and are made

by milling machine. Moving blade adopts ＂ p ＂ type fir-tree root. The

feature of this type of root is uniform distributed load and stress

concentration and small coefficient etc. During assembly, first blade shall be

located and then other blades are installed in turn according to the

requirement. At last, last blade is installed and then locking device and

locking key shall be prepared. Put the locking plates in place according to

technical requirements. Please refer to Fig.17—2.

为防止装入轮缘的叶片的轴向串位，在叶轮与叶片之间装一个轴向定位销。末

叶片无法装入轴向定位销，但锁紧装置已起了轴向定位的作用。

An axial positioning pin is installed between wheel and blade to avoid axial

displacement for blade installed on the rim. Axial positioning pin can not be

installed on the last blade, however locking device has been taken the axial

positioning tasks.

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图 17-2

Fig.17-2

10. 反动式动叶片(低压部分)说明书

10. Specification for reaction type moving blade (LP turbine)

低压缸叶片正反向各 7 级，全部为自带冠叶片，其中第 1～5 级动叶片为型钢

铣制而成，第 6，7 级为模锻毛坯抛磨而成。所采用的技术依然是反动式结构

的匹配方式。其中前几级叶根采用美国西屋公司成熟的＂p＂型枞树形叶根，

后 3 级的结构仍为我公司的传统结构方式，已安全可靠运行多年。

There are totally 7 stages for LP casing and all of them are with integral

shroud. 1~5stage blades are milled by profiled steel bar, and 6 stage blades

are polished by forging module. The technology adopted is also reaction

type matching mode. For the former 4 stages blade root, the ＂p＂ fire-tree

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type root from westing house of USA is adopted and the latter 3 stages are

traditional structure used by our company which have been in operation for

many years.

·
900

图 18 Fig.18

11、高压 1-12 级隔板说明书

11. Specification for HP 1-12 stage diaphragms

11.1 概述

11.1 Generals

图 19-1 所示为高压缸叶片，其中包括装到隔板套上 12 级静叶片和装到汽轮机

转子上相应级别的动叶片， 回弹汽封片与叶片围带之间保持着密封的径向间

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隙，在转子摩擦的情况下，弹簧片将会变形致使汽封片磨损达到最小值。隔板

上汽封片与安装在隔板套上的动叶顶部汽封圈与转子之间保持合适的径向间隙

起到了很好的密封效果 。

Drawing 19—1 shows HP casing blades including 12 stages stationary

blades installed on the diaphragm carrier and moving blades installed on the

relevant stage of ST rotor. The sealed radial clearance is kept between

rebound sealing strip and blade shroud. With the friction of rotor, the spring

strip will deform to get the min. value for sealing strip damage. The suitable

radial clearance is kept between sealing strip on the diaphragm and sealing

ring on the top of moving blade installed on the diaphragm carrier and rotor

to get good sealed effect.

11.2 静叶片

11.2 Stationary blade

静叶片是由带有整体叶根和叶冠的型钢毛坯加工而成，将叶根和叶冠一起焊接

完成就形成一块隔板，此隔板水平中分面被斜切分为两半，在每半隔板外环装

入隔板套中后在进汽侧形成一个直角槽，用一连串 L 形塞紧条装入后，隔板被

固定在隔板套内，同时，顺汽流方向看，隔板上半左侧水平中分面处用紧定螺

钉使隔板上半与隔板套锁紧来防止隔板转动，参见图 19-2。隔板内环有膨胀槽，

可吸收静叶片的膨胀量。

Stationary blade is made of profiled steel bar with integral blade root and

shroud; the diaphragm is formed through welding of blade root and shroud

together. The horizontal joint of diaphragm is chamfercut into two halves.

Each half diaphragm outer ring is installed on diaphragm carrier and forms

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the right angle at the inlet. L type caulking strip is used to fix diaphragm in

diaphragm carrier. At the same time, as viewing from steam flow, positioning

screw is used to fix diaphragm upper half and diaphragm carrer at horizontal

joint for diaphragm upper half left side to avoid diaphragm rotating. Refer to

attached drawing19-2. There is expansion groove in diaphragm inner ring to

absorb expansion of stationary blade.

11.3 汽封片

11.3 Sealing strip

动叶顶部汽封是梳齿汽封，每个汽封圈都由多个弧段组成，汽封的详细装配如

图 19-3 所示，每个汽封圈的凸肩装入对应的汽封槽中。弹簧片保持着汽封的位

置，一旦与转子相碰，汽封可回弹保证机组安全运行，在上半隔板套水平中分

面的两侧用大圆柱头螺钉防止汽封圈从隔板套中脱落。

Sealing on the tip of moving blade is tooth-type sealing gland. Each sealing

ring consists of several arc sections; detailed assembling shall refer to

Drawing 19-3. The shoulder of each sealing ring is installed on the relevant

sealing groove. The position of spring strip can keep the position of sealing.

Once contact happens between sealing and rotor, the sealing can return to

ensure safe operation. The column head screw is used to fix both sides of

horizontal joint of upper half diaphragm carrier to avoid dropping of sealing

ring from diaphragm carrier.

隔板汽封片安装在隔板内圆上，如图 19-4 所示，由 4 道汽封片组成，每圈汽

封片都由 18 个弧段组成，装入隔板汽封槽中后冲铆固定。

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Sealing strip for diaphragm is installed on the ID of diaphragm as shown in

Drawing 19-4 and consists of 4 tooth type sealing strips. Each ring for

sealing strip consists of 18 arc sections and is fixed by punching rivet after

being installed on the sealing groove of diaphragm.

11.4 零件清单

11.4 list of parts

序 号 No. 名 称 name

1 紧定螺钉 Tightening screw

2 塞紧片 caulking strip

3 弹簧 spring

4 止动垫片 locking gasket

5 螺钉 screw

6 汽封圈 sealing ring

7 汽封片 sealing strip

图 19-1 Fig. 19-1

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图 19-2 Fig. 19-2

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图 19-3 Fig. 19-3

图 19-4 Fig. 19-4

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12. 中压 1-9 级隔板说明书

12. Specification for IP 1-9 stage diaphragms

12.1 概述

12.1 Generals

图 22-1 所示为中压叶片，其中包括装到隔板套上的几级静叶片和装到汽轮机转

子上相应级别的动叶片，回弹汽封片与转子以及动叶片围带之间保持着密闭的

径向间隙，在转子摩擦的情况下，弹簧片将会变形致使汽封片摩擦达最小值。

隔板汽封与安装在隔板套上的动叶片顶部汽封与转子之间保持合适的径向间

隙，起到了很好的密封效果。

Drawing 22-1 shows IP blades including several stages of stationary blade

on the diaphragm carrier and moving blade being installed on the relevant

stage of ST rotor. The sealed radial clearance is kept between rebound

sealing strip, rotor and moving blade shroud. With the friction of rotor, the

spring strip will deform to make sealing strip get the min. value for friction.

The suitable radial clearance is kept between diaphragm sealing and sealing

on the top of moving blade installed on the diaphragm carrier and rotor to get

good sealing effect.

12.2 静叶片

12.2 Stationary blade

静叶片说明参见《高压1˜ 12级隔板说明书》。

The description for stationary blades shall refer to Specification for HP 1-12

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stage diaphragms.

12.3 隔板汽封

12.3 Sealing for diaphragms

隔板汽封为梳齿式汽封，每一汽封圈由 8 个弧段组成， 弧段上直接加工出汽

封齿，汽封圈的凸肩都应拂配装入按叶转子拂配好的相对汽封槽中。汽封齿为

长短齿结构与转子上凸台配合形成一扩压流道对密封有很好效果。每一弧段有

相对应的弹簧片，弹簧片保证当运行过程中汽封齿与转子一旦接触汽封圈可径

向外张，保证机组安全运行。在上半水平中分面处有专用销，防止汽封圈从隔

板上脱落，详见图 22-3。
（第一级隔板汽封与进汽平衡环配合间隙为 0）
。每一

级隔板内环均有膨胀槽，可吸收静叶片的膨胀量。

Sealing for diaphragm is tooth type sealing gland. Each sealing ring consists

of 8 arc sections; sealing tooth is machined on the arc section directly. The

shoulder of each sealing ring shall be installed on the relevant sealing

groove where blades have already been matched with shroud. Sealing tooth

is of long and short structure to form diffusion flow path with the shouler on

rotor to get good sealing effect. Each arc section has relevant spring strip

which can ensure that sealing ring can expand in radial direction during

operation once sealing tooth contacts with rotor in order to guarantee safe

operation. There is special pin at the upper half horizontal joint to avoid

dropping of sealing ring from diaphragm carrier as shown in Drawing 22-3.

(Fit clearance between sealing for first stage diaphragm and inlet balance

ring is 0). There is expansion groove in each stage diaphragm to absorb

expansion of stationary blades.

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12.4 动叶顶部汽封

12.4 Sealing of moving blade tip

动叶顶部汽封为梳齿式汽封，每一汽封圈由八个弧段组成，弧段上直接加工出

汽封齿，汽封圈的凸肩都应拂配装入按叶片围带拂配好的相对汽封槽中，每一

弧段有相对应的弹簧片，弹簧片保证当运行过程中汽封齿与围带一旦接触汽封

圈可径向外张，保证机组安全运行。在水平中分面处有止动片和沉头螺钉

M16x18 固定在隔板套的上半，详见图 22-2。

The top sealing of moving blade is tooth type sealing gland. Each sealing

ring consists of 8 arc sections; sealing tooth is machined on the arc section

directly. The shoulder of each sealing ring shall be installed on the relevant

sealing groove where blades have already been matched with shroud.

Sealing tooth is of long and short structure to form diffusion flow path with

the shouler on rotor to get good sealing effect. Each arc section has relevant

spring strip which can ensure that sealing ring can expand in radial direction

during operation once sealing tooth contacts with rotor in order to guarantee

safe operation. Stop plate and countersunk head screw (M16x18) at

horizontal joint is fixed on the upper half of gramphragm carrier.

12.5 零件清单

12.5 list of parts

序 号 No 名 称 Name

1 止动片 locking sheet

2 沉 头 螺 M6x18 countersunk head

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screw

3 弹簧 spring

4 外 汽 封 圈 （ 由 12 段 组 成 ） Outer

sealing ring (consist of 12 arc

sections)

5 螺钉 screw

6 弹簧 spring

7 内汽封圈（由 8 段组成）Inner sealing

ring (consist of 8 arc sections)

8 专用销 9x35 special pin

9 塞紧条 caulking strip

10 紧定螺钉 Tightening screw

图 22-1 Fig. 22-1

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图 22-2 Fig. 22-2

图 22-3 Fig. 22-3

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13. 低压正反向 1-7 级隔板说明书

13. Specification for positive and negative LP 1-7 stage diaphragms

13.1 概述

13.1 Generals

图 23-1 所示为低压叶片，其中包括装到隔板套．低压内缸上的几级低压反向隔

板和装到汽轮机转子上相应级别上的动叶片。回弹汽封片与转子以及叶片围带

之间保持着合适径向间隙。在转子摩擦的情况下，弹簧片将会变形致使汽封片

磨损达最小值。

Figure 23-1 shows LP blade including several stages LP positive diaphragm

installed on the diaphragm carrier, LP inner casing and moving blades

installed on the relevant stage of ST rotor. The suitable radial clearance

between rebound sealing strip and rotor and blade shroud can be kept. With

the friction of rotor, the spring strip will deform to get the min value for

sealing strip damage.

13.2 静叶片

13.2 stationary blade

13.2.1 低压正．反向第 1 级静叶片

13.2.1 LP positive and negative first stage stationary blade

此级叶片是由带有整体顶部叶冠的型钢加工而成，其根部是由内环热铆至叶片

上而成的，当叶片装入隔板套中后用塞紧条塞紧，此塞紧条是半圆形外加凸台

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的结构型式。参见图 23-2。隔板内环设有膨胀槽，用以吸收静叶的膨胀量。

This blade is made of profiled steel bar with integral shroud. Its root is hot

riveted to blade through inner ring. After blade being installed in diaphragm

carrier, the caulking strip will be used and the structure of caulking strip is

half circle plus additional boss. Refer to the following Figure 23-2. There is

no expansion groove in inner ring of diaphragm to absorb expansion of

stationary blade.

13.2.2 低压正．反向第2，3，4，5级静叶片

13.2.2 LP positive and negative 2nd , 3rd, 4th and 5th stage stationary blades

参见《高压 1-12 级隔板说明书》中 11.2 部分及图 23－3。

Refer to 11.2 and Figure 23 － 3 in 《 Specification for HP 1-12 stage

diaphragm》.

13.2.3 低压正．反向第 6 ，7 级静叶片

13.2.3 LP positive and negative 6th and 7th stage stationary blades

此两级叶片是由型钢加工而成，在叶顶焊上外环和叶片底部焊上内环后组成一

块隔板，此隔板在水平中分面处被分为上，下两半，每半隔板装在低压内缸相

应位置上形成一个直角槽，用一连串的 L 形塞紧条将隔板固定于内缸上。同时，

在隔板上半水平中分面的两端用螺钉将隔板上半固定在内缸上以防止其转动。

参见图 23-4。隔板内环设有膨胀槽，吸收静膨胀量。

These two stages of blades are made of profiled steel bar.The diaphragm is

formed through welding outer ring on the top of blade and inner ring on the

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blade root. The diaphragm is seperated into upper half and lower half by

horizontal joint. Each half is installed on inner casing and forms a right angle

groove at the relevant position and L type caulking strip is used to fix the

diaphragm on inner casing. At the same time, fix diaphragm upper half in

inner casing by using screw at both ends of upper half of horizontal joint to

avoid rotating. Refer to attached Drawing 23-4. There is no expansion

groove in inner ring of diaphragm to absorb expansion of stationary blades.

13.3 汽封片

13.3 sealing strip

动叶顶部汽封片与隔板汽封均为梳齿形汽封，这些汽封圈因直径不等所以他们

分别由 16，14，12，8 等弧段组成的。动叶顶部汽封详细装配如图 23-5 所示。

隔板汽封的详细装配如图 23-6 所示。每个汽封圈的凸肩都应拂配装入按转子或

叶片围带拂配好的汽封相对位置的槽中。弹簧片保持着汽封的位置，在动叶顶

部汽封圈水平中分面的两侧用紧定螺钉防止从隔板套（或内缸）中脱落。在隔

板汽封圈水平中分面附近，汽封圈的上、下半各用两个销在水平中分面两侧，

距水平中分面很近处将汽封圈（环）固定于隔板上以防止脱落。

The top sealing strip of moving blade and sealing for diaphragm are tooth

type sealing gland. The sealing ring consists of 16，14，12 and 8 arc sections

respectively for different diameter. Assembling for the top sealing of moving

blade shall refer to Drawing 23-5. Assembling for diaphragm sealing shall

refer to Drawing 23-6. The shoulder of each sealing ring shall be installed on

the relevant groove where blades have already been matched with shroud.

The position of spring strip can be kept with the position of sealing. The

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holding screw is used for both sides of horizontal joint of the top sealing ring

of moving blade to avoid dropping of diaphragm carrier (or inner casing). At

the place near to the horizontal joint of diaphragm sealing rings, upper and

lower half sealing rings are fixed on the diaphragm through 2 pins at both

sides of horizontal joint to avoid dropping.

17.4 零件清单

17.4 list of parts

序 号 No. 名 称 name

1 塞紧条（第一级用）caulking strip

(for 1st stage)

2 塞紧条（L 形）caulking strip（L）

3 紧定螺钉 Tightening screw

4 螺 钉 screw

5 弹簧（外汽封用）spring （for outer

sealing）

6 紧定螺钉 Tightening screw

7 汽封圈（环）sealing ring

8 弹簧（内汽封用）spring（for inner

sealing）

9 汽封圈（环）sealing ring

10 销 pin

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图 23-1 Fig. 23-1

图 23-2 Fig. 23-2

图 23-3 Fig. 23-3 图 23-4 Fig. 23-4

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图 23-5(旋转) Fig. 23-5 (rotate)

图 23-6 Fig. 23-6

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14. 螺栓拧紧

14. Bolt tightening

14.1 合金钢螺栓的拧紧

14.1 Tightening of alloy steel bolt

14.1.1 概述

14.1.1. Generals

合金钢螺栓，双头螺栓和螺钉必须适当拧紧，以达到结合面不漏汽和零件紧固

的目的，适当拧紧使螺栓拉伸即拉长，这种伸长在螺栓中产生一个预应力，使

紧固件具有“夹紧”或“挤压”力的特性。这个预紧力使装配件紧固地连接在

一起，只要这个预应力比汽轮机运行过程中所产生的应力大，装配件就不会松

动。需要的预紧力矩大，则为得到这个预紧力的伸长量也越大。例如：对于

310.3Mpa 的预应力，每 25.4mm 自由长度需要 0.0015×25.4mm 的伸长量（自

由伸长见第 3 节中所述）；对于 413.7Mpa 的预应力，每 25.4mm 自由长度需

要 0.0020×25.4mm 的伸长。

The alloy steel bolt, stud and screw should be properly tightened so that the

joint surface shall have no steam leakage and the components can be fixed.

Adequate tightening would make the bolt tensiled, i.e. elongate when the

prestress shall be created to make the fastener to have the characteristics of

“clamping” or “extrusion” force. This pre-tightening force would make the

assembled parts tightly connected together. As long as this prestress would

be greater than the stress produced during the turbine operation, the

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assembled parts would not be loose. If the required pre-tightening moment

would be greater, the elongation to obtain the pre-tightening force would be

also greater. For example, for 310.3Mpa prestress, the free length per

25.4mm would need the elongation at 0.0015×25.4mm(the free length

refers to section 3 ); for 413.7Mpa prestress, the free length per 25.4mm

would need the elongation at 0.0020×25.4mm.

请注意：本说明书“应力”和预应力的含义是相同的，即在螺栓拧紧之后，在

螺栓中保持的内部应力。

Please note that the meaning of “stress” and “prestress” in this instruction

manual should be same, i.e. the internal stress would be remained in the

bolt after the bolt tightening.

拧紧合金钢螺栓使用三种方法，第一种是需要一个螺栓拧紧装置。第二种是需

要螺栓加热。第三种是仅仅使用扳手（拧螺帽或控制力矩）
。选用哪一种方法，

决定于螺纹的名义尺寸，所需要的初应力的精度和拧紧过程是否使用螺栓拧紧

装置或螺栓加热器。本说明仅对后两种方法加以阐明。

There would be three methods used for the tightening of alloy steel bolt: the

first one needs bolt tightening device, the second one is to conduct the bolt

heating and the third one only needs to use the wrench (to tighten the nut or

control the torque). It would depend on the nominal dimension of thread for

selecting which kind of method and whether the required initial stress

accuracy and tightening process would use the bolt tightening device or the

bolt heater. The instruction manual would only expatiate on the latter two

methods

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14.1.2 润滑

14.1.2 Lubrication

在螺栓、双头螺栓和螺钉的螺纹及螺帽和垫圈的支承面上应使用不粘结的涂料，

以减少摩擦力和防止螺纹咬扣。本机组采用 KS·151 涂料。

The paint without viscidity should be applied on the thread of the bolt, stud

and screw and the support faces for the nut and the washer so as to reduce

the friction force and avoid the thread being gripped. KS·151 paint shall

apply for this unit.

14.1.3 自由长度

14.1.3 Free length

自由长度是螺栓拧紧规程的一个重要测定的量，现给出几种方法计算自由长度。

Free length would be an important measured value for the bolt tightening

procedure and several methods are given here to calculate the free length.

14.1.3.1 双头螺栓或定位螺栓。
（螺栓穿越上下半法兰）

14.1.3.1 Stud or locating bolt (the bolt passing through the upper and lower

flanges)

双头螺栓或定位螺栓的自由长度是下列四个尺寸之和（见图 24-1 和图 24-2）

The free length for the stud or locating bolt should be the sum of the

following four kinds of dimensions (See Figure 24-1 and Figure 24-2).

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a 刮面之间两个法兰总厚度（L）
（若无刮面，即为法兰上、下表面之间总厚度）。

The total thickness (L) of two flanges between the scratched faces (if no

scrape faces, it will be the total thickness between the upper and lower faces

of flange)

b 垫圈的总厚度（W1W2）

Total thickness of washer (W1W2)

c 螺纹的名义尺寸（D）

Nominal dimension of thread (D)

14.1.3.2 双头螺栓或定位双头螺栓（螺栓拧入下半法兰）

14.1.3.2 Stud or locating stud (bolt to be tightened into the lower flange)

（见图 24-3）或四
双头螺栓或定位双头螺栓的自由长度是下列三个尺寸之和。

个尺寸之和（见图 24-4、图 24-5）

The free length for the stud or locating stud should be sum of the following

three kind of dimensions (See Figure 24-3) or four kinds of dimensions (See

Figure 24-4 and Figure 24-5).

a 从结合面到法兰刮面之间的厚度（L）
（如果没有刮面则到上半法兰的表面）

The thickness (L) from the joint face to the scratched face of flange (if no

scrape face, it will be the distance to the upper face of flange)

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b 法兰下半刮面深度（如果存在刮面）

Depth for the scrape face of the lower flange (if the scratched face exists)

c 垫圈厚度（W1）

Washer thickness (W1)

d 螺纹的名义尺寸（D）

Nominal dimension of thread (D)

14.1.3.3 螺钉

14.1.3.3 Screw

螺钉自由长度是下列两个尺寸之和（见图 24-6）

The free length should be sum of the following two dimensions (See Figure

24-6)

a 从螺钉头部支承面到结合面的距离（L）

Distance (L) from the support face of screw head to the joint face

b 螺纹名义尺寸的一半（D/2）

half of the nominal dimension of the thread (D/2)

14.1.4 伸长测量

14.1.4 Elongation measurement

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在拧紧过程中必须测量螺栓的伸长量，为此作下列说明。

The elongation of the bolt should be measured during the tightening, so the

following instructions is given.

对于螺钉、内六角螺栓（如图 24-6）或外六角螺栓（如图 25-1）使用图 25-1

中所示深度千分尺和接头。

For the screw, the interior hexagon bolt (see Figure 24-6) or exterior

hexagon bolt (Figure 25-1), it’s necessary to use the deepness micrometer

and connector as shown in Figure 25-1.

对于比较大的螺栓，使用图 26-2-1、26-2-2 所示深度千分尺及利用测量套筒和

测量杆。

For the greater bolt, it’s necessary to use the deepness micrometer as

shown in Figure 26-2-1 and Figure 26-2-2 and to apply the measuring sleeve

and measuring rod.

在螺栓的底部有一个螺孔，以便拧入一个螺钉使测量杆端部定位。在螺栓顶部

的一个螺孔用来使套筒精确地径向定位，该螺孔也用作堵住螺钉中心孔用以防

止中心孔掉入杂物，当使用罩螺母时，这个螺钉拧入螺帽的顶部，测量前应检

查孔是否清洁及底部螺钉是否拧紧，在使用时套筒在螺钉中就位，并被支承在

此孔底部的凸台上。杆通过套筒插入底部直到与连接螺钉的端部相接触（螺纹

直径在 M45 以下）或测量杆的端面落在封底螺钉的端部上为止（M52 以上螺

栓）
。把深度千分尺安放到测量杆的定位面上，使千分尺的游标杆穿过定位面上

的通孔与套筒的定位销相接触。

There is a bolt hole at the bottom of the bolt so as to tighten with a screw to

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fix the measuring rod end. There is a bolt hole at the top of the bolt to locate

the sleeve accurately at radial position. This bolt hole can also be used to

plug the center hole of screw to prevent the entering of foreign matters.This

screw would be tightened into the top of nut while applying the cap nut. The

hole should be inspected whether it is clean and whether the bottom screws

is tightened before measuring. The sleeve should be located in the screw

while applying and supported on the convex table at the bottom of the hole.

Rod through pipe sleeve is inserted into bottom until contacting with end of

connecting bolt（thread diameter below M45）or the end face of measuring

rod should be set on the end of back cover screw(bolt above M52). The

deepness micrometer should be placed on the locating face of measuring

rod and make vernier bar of micrometer pass through the hole on the

locating face and contacting with the locating pin of sleeve.

请注意：在带盲孔的螺纹直径在 M52 以上的螺栓中使用上述的测量装置之前，

必须在杆的端部攻出一个螺孔，并用一专用螺塞插入此孔（如图 27-1、27-2

所示）。这个螺塞将使杆找中并使重复读数取自相同位置。为了减少接触面积，

杆的端部做成尖的，而用于 M42 螺栓以下的杆，其底部是平的，且可用于不同

结构的螺栓中。

Please note that it’s necessary to tap a bolt hole on the end of rod and

tighten into it with a special screw plug before the above measuring devices

would be used for the blind hole bolts with thread diameter of M52 above. At

the same time, use a special screw plug to tighten into the hole (see Figure

27-1、27-2). This screw plug would make the rod aligned and make the

repeated readings taken from the same position. In order to reduce the

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contact area, the rod end should be sharp. For the rods for the bolts below

M42, the bottom should be flat and be available to the bolts with various

structures.

对不带孔的双头螺栓可使用一个高于螺帽的专用接头和一个深度千分尺来测

量，将接头安装在螺帽上，并在拧紧螺栓前后测量双头螺栓的底部，其差值即

等于双头螺栓的伸长量。

For the stud without holes, it could use a special connector through the nut

and a deepness micrometer to measure and make the connector installed on

the nut to measure the bottom of the stud before and after tightening the bolt.

The deviation should be equal to the elongation value of stud.

对于不带孔的标准六角螺帽，可用普通千分尺测量螺栓。

For the standard hexagon nut without hole, the general micrometer can be

used to measure the bolt.

14.1.5 水平接合面和主汽阀螺栓的热紧

14.1.5 Hot tightening for the horizontal joint bolts and main stop valve bolts

汽轮机必须热紧的螺栓规格及具体位置见螺栓加热器及测量装置图。

The bolt size and the detailed position for hot tightening shall refer to the bolt

heater drawing and measurement device drawing.

14.1.5.1 螺栓热紧装置

14.1.5.1 Bolt tightening device

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螺栓电加热装置主要由电源箱，插销组及螺栓加热装置组成（见图 26-1）
，所

有加热器存放工具箱。

The electrical bolt heating device consists of current cabinet, plug group and

bolt heating device (see Figure 26-1). All heaters should be stored in the

toolbox.

电源箱为 LD-3 型，此电源箱除满足各种规格螺栓加热器的功率外，可供多个

螺栓加热器同时加热螺栓，该电源箱输出电压为交流 380 伏。电源箱通过重型

橡套电缆接至三相电源上，地线电厂自备，标准截面为 15mm2。

The power supply cabinet should be LD-3 type and it shall be not only able

to meet the requirements of power for various size bolts but also to heat

multiple bolts at same time. This power supply cabinet output voltage should

be AC 380V. The power supply cabinet should be connected to three-phase

power supply through heavy-duty rubber set cable and the power plant

should provide the ground wire for itself with the standard section of 15mm2.

螺栓加热器存放在工具箱，除方便存取螺栓加热器外，还具有干燥功能，螺栓

加热器在工具箱内垂直放置，避免螺栓加热器变形。

The bolt heater should be stored in the toolbox which shall be used for the

bolt storage and drying of bolts. The bolt heater should be placed vertically in

the toolbox to avoid the deformation of bolt heater.

螺栓加热器的发热元件采用 Ocr27Al7Mo2 高电阻电热合金丝，该合金丝允许

最高工作温度 14000C，用氧化镁作耐高温绝缘材料，保护套管为耐热不锈钢

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管，加热器头部有一组插销，通过一组插销电线与电源箱连接。螺栓加热器设

计成插入到螺栓蕊孔的型式，结构见图 26-1。

The heating elements of bolt heater uses Ocr27A17Mo2 high resistance and

electrothermal alloy wire which allowable working temperature is 1400℃.

Magnesia is used as high temperature resistant insulation materials and heat

resistant stainless steel pipe is used for the protection socket. There is a

group of plugs on the head of heater and connected with power supply

through a group of plug wires. The bolt heater is designed as inserting into

the bolt core. See Figure 26-1 for the structure.

此种螺栓加热器具有结构简单、 This kind

使用方便、功率较大、寿命较长等特点。

of bolt heater has the features of simple structure, convenient usage, greater

power and the longer life span, etc.

螺栓加热器系靠内部加热使圆柱形螺栓膨胀伸长，使螺栓可以被拧紧到给定的

量，而毋需求助于重型扳手。

The bolt heater can make the cylindrical bolt expanded and elongated by

the internal heating and the bolt can be tightened to the setting position

without using the heavy-duty wrench.

汽轮机采用的螺栓加热器规格见图 26-1 表 14-4。

The bolt heater size for the turbine shall refer to Drawing26-1 and table-14-4.

14.1.5.2 螺栓热紧操作规程。

14.1.5.2 Operation procedure for the hot bolt tightening

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 88 of 208

a 螺栓螺母对号试拧，螺母应能顺利拧到底，然后用塞尺检查螺母端面与垫片

接触情况。全周用 0.04mm 塞尺通不过时表示接触良好。

a.The bolt nut shall be tightened for test and the nut shall be able to be

smoothly tightened to the bottom. Then the feeler gauge shall be used to

check the contact situation between the nut end and washer. No go with

0.04mm feeler gauge at whole circumference indicates good contact.

b 试拧合格的螺栓，螺母垫片的支承面及螺纹部分用螺纹涂料 KS-151 均匀润

滑并保持清洁。

Try to tighten the acceptable bolt and the support face for the nut washer

and the partial thread should be applied with thread paint KS-151 for uniform

lubrication and it shall be kept clean.

C 用压缩空气清理螺栓孔底部，确保孔内无金属屑及其它脏物以防止影响螺栓

加热器顺利插入螺栓孔内。然后用一块牢固地缠在一条杆的端部并涂有少量干

净油脂的布擦孔，再检查螺栓底部螺钉是否已被拧紧，此螺钉必须拧紧。

C.The compressed air shall be used to clean the bottom of bolt hole to

ensure no metal chips and other contaminants in the hole to ensure the bolt

heater can be inserted smoothly into the bolt hole. A piece of cloth firmly

wrapped on one end of a rod with clean grease to wrap the hole and then

check the screw located at the bottom of the bolt whether it is tightened. This

screw shall be tightened.

d 用手旋紧螺母用测量装置测量螺栓的初始伸长值。

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 89 of 208

d.Tighten the nut by hand and use the measuring device to measure the

initial elongation of the bolt.

e 用下述表中给定的不同规格螺栓用不同的力矩旋紧螺母，反复进行直到整个

结合面上的所有螺母均匀地拧紧为止。必须达到表 14 - 1 所要求的力矩值。

Tighten the nut with the various moment from the given various size bolts in

the following table and repeatedly conduct the tightening until all bolts are

uniformly tightened on the whole joint face. The cold tightening should reach

the required moment value in Table 14 - 1.

表 14-1

Table 14-1
冷紧力矩
螺栓规格 Cold tightening
Bolt size torque
（N·m）
M45 480．4
M48 512．5
M52 555．2
M60 640．6
M64 683．3
M72 768．8
M76 810.7
M85 907．6
M90 960．9

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 90 of 208
M95 1014．3
M100 1067．7
M110 1174．5
M115 1226.7
M130 1386.7

f 加热螺栓前需将电源箱插销组，加热器联合通电试验 1 分钟，以检查加热装

置工作是否正常。

The power supply cabinet, plug group and the heater should be conneted to

power for one minute before heating the bolt so as to check the normal

operation of the heating device.

在联合通电试验前，电源箱、插销组螺栓加热器单独进行检查有否短路或绝缘

不良的地方；加热器杆径外表面是否清洁，发现问题及时处理解决。

The power supply, plug group and bolt heater should be inspected

respectively for the short circuit or bad insulation areas before connecting to

power supply for test; Check the cleanliness of external surface of heater rod

OD. In case of any problem found, the treatment shall be made.

g 加热装置检查合格后，按照螺栓热紧次序将加热器插入每个螺栓孔内，并检

查加热器与螺栓有否短路现象。

After heating device is acceptable, the heater shall be inserted into each bolt

according to the sequence of bolt tightening and check the heater and the

bolt for the short circuit.

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 91 of 208

h 通电加热螺栓，并在加热过程中注意电路系统的电线及电源箱温度情况，一

般温度不应超过 500C。

Power on to heat the bolt and pay attention to the temperature of electrical

wire and power supply cabinet of the electrocircuit system. The temperature

shall not exceed 50℃ in general.

i 根据螺栓温度情况，可一边加热，一边拧紧螺母到给定角度。

Heat the bolt and tighten the nut to the given angle at the same time

according to the bolt temperature.

j 切断电源后，当双头螺栓或螺栓被冷却到安全温度即加热前温度后，方可取出

加热器，然后清洁孔的底部并测量螺栓伸长，所测的螺栓伸长量必须是给定的

理想伸长量的±10%，如果超过此公差，则必须进行修正。

After cutting off the power supply, the heater can be removed while the stud

or the bolt is cooled to the safety temperature (ie. the temperature before

heating) and clean the bottom of the hole and measure the bolt elongation

shall be ±10% of the given the ideal elongation. If exceeding this tolerance,

correction shall be made.

k 最终测量后，测量孔必须用螺塞堵住，润滑螺塞上的螺纹，便于以后拆卸，

装好螺塞后拭去多余的润滑剂。

After the final measurement, the measured hole should be blocked with the

screw plug and lubricate the thread on the screw plug for the easy

disassembly in future. The redundant lube oil should be wiped after

assembling the screw plug.

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 92 of 208

14.1.5.3 使用螺栓加热器时的几点注意事项：

14.1..3 Matters needing attention while using the bolt heater.

a 螺栓加热器必须插入螺栓内孔后才能通电。因螺栓加热器工作时加热器杆部

呈红色，所产生的高温能严重灼伤任何触及它的人员，同时在加热器没有插入

的情况下通电还可使其过热烧坏。所以为操作者及其它人员的安全起见，加热

器必须插入螺栓内孔后方可通电。

a. The bolt heater should be inserted into the bolt internal hole and then be

powered on. The rod of bolt heater is in red during heating the bolt and the

high temperature could burn the person if contacting with it. Meanwhile, it will

cause the overheat burnout by powering on under the condition of no heater

being inserted. So the heater should be inserted into the bolt internal hole

and then to switch on the power considering the safety of operator and other

persons.

b 螺栓加热器通电时或尚未冷却时切勿从螺栓内孔中取出，除非您带上绝缘手

套，并且只有在您确认加热器电源已经切断并已冷却后方可触及并处置螺栓加

热器，使用不当会造成人员的严重灼伤。

b. The bolt heater should not be taken away from the bolt internal hole while

powering on or before cooling unless the operator put on the insulation

gloves and when the heater power supply is cut off and the heater is cooled.

Serious burning will occur with improper using.

另外，加热器通电时或尚未冷却时拉出螺栓孔容易造成加热器杆部变形或弯曲，

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 93 of 208

同时会严重擦伤套管，这会有碍于将该加热器插入另一个螺栓孔内。

In addition, the heater will deform or bend if being pulled out of the bolt hole

while powering on or before ooling; meanwhile it would cause the sleeve

damaged with the serious scrub which will obstruct the heater from being

inserted into another bolt hole.

C 勿让多余的润滑剂进入螺母和螺栓的加热孔内。如果孔中有多余的润滑剂，

会造成螺栓加热器的电短路并使加热器损坏。将螺母旋入加过润滑剂的螺纹上，

再取下螺母，随后拭去螺母中及螺栓端部多余的润滑剂。

c. It is not allowed that the redundant lubricant enters into the heating hole of

the nut and the bolt. If there is extra lubricant in the hole, it could cause the

short circuit of the bolt heater and damage of the heater. Tighten the nut into

the thread with lubricant and then remove the nut.Then the extra lubricant in

nut or on bolt end shall be removed.

d 如果通了电的加热器杆部颜色不红，则表明其上存在润滑剂或其它外来杂物，

此时必须将加热器放在流通空气中通电加热，直至其上面的杂物焚尽为止。待

加热器冷却后必须清理干净污物及松脆的残渣。

d. If the electrical heater rod after powering on is not in red, there will be

lubricant or other foreign matters in it. At this time power on the heater in the

circulating air until the above foreign matters are burned out. Clean the

contaminants and the loose residues after the heater is cooled.

14.1.5.4 螺栓伸长测量装置及测量

14.1.5.4 Bolt elongation measuring device and measurement

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 94 of 208

选用的测量装置如图 26-2-1、26-2-2 所示，由一个套筒和一个测量杆组成测量

方法亦如 14.1.4 节伸长测量中有关说明进行。

The selected measurement device shall refer to Figure 26-2-1 and

Figure26-2-2, and be composed of a sleeve and a measuring rod. The

measurement method should be chosen complying with the relevant

instructions of elongation measurement in 14.1.4.

螺母用手拧紧后，用测量装置按上述方法测量螺栓伸长的初始值，加热并拧紧

螺母至某一角度（见表 14-3）后，停止加热器待螺栓温度已冷却到环境温度，

用测量装置和深度千分尺重新测量，以便确定伸长量。测得伸长量必须是给定

的理想伸长量的 0.9～1.1 倍，否则进行调整。

After tightening the nut by hand, the initial value of the bolt elongation should

be measured with the measuring device with the above methods. After

heating and tightening the nut to certain angle ( refer to Table-14-3）, stop the

heater and measure with measuring device and depth micrometer after

cooling to environmental temperature to confirm the elongation. The

measured elongation shall be 0.9—1.1times of the given ideal elongation,

otherwise it should be adjusted.

汽轮机所有热紧螺栓的伸长量见表 14-2

Elongation for all hot tightening bolts of turbine shall refer to Table 14-2.

14.1.5.4 螺母的拆卸

14.1.5.4 Disassembly of nut

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 95 of 208

汽轮机大修时，凡采用热紧方法拧紧的螺栓螺母必须采用加热方法拆卸，其操

作过程如下：

During the turbine overhaul, the bolt and nut tightening by heating shall be

disassembled by heating too. The operation procedures are as follows:

a 清理螺母四周，拧开螺母上面的螺塞，清理螺栓的加热孔。

a. Clean the surrouding of nut and open the screw plug on nut to clean the

heating hole of bolt.

b 加热螺栓前认真检查电源箱，螺栓加热器及插销组的绝缘性能是否良好，有

无损伤情况，检查合格后方可接上电源。

b. Check the power supply box, soundness of bolt heating device and

insulation of plug group before heating the bolt. After such checking, the

power can be switched on.

c 将不同型号的螺栓加热器分期分批插入不同直径需加热的螺栓孔内，使螺栓

受热伸长，在加热过程中，用塞尺检查螺母下面的间隙，待间隙增至 0.2～0.3

时即可拧松螺母并拨掉电源等螺栓加热器凉至室温后再将其拔出。

c. Insert the different size bolt heating device into bolt holes with different

diameter to elongate the bolt. During the heating, check the clearance below

nut with feeler gage. When the cleanrance increased to 0.2～0.3, the nut

could be released. Cut off the power supply and remove the heating device

after complete cooling.

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 96 of 208

d 使用螺栓加热器必须按 14.1.5.3 节中几点注意事项执行。

The using of bolt heating device shall be in accordance with the matters
needing attention in 14.1.5.3.

14.1.5.6 注意事项：

14.1.5.6 Matters needing attension:

a 螺栓加热器包装发货时应包扎捆好，放于小箱子内。

The bolt heating device shall be packed well during delivery and be put in

small case.

b 螺栓加热器在使用、保管过程中要小心轻放，严禁敲打。

The careful handing shall be made during the use and storage of bolt

heating device and the knocking is strictly prohibited.

c 加热器用完后应垂直挂置于螺栓加热器存放工具箱内，并应定期开动箱内的

干燥器以驱除潮气，防止弯曲影响使用，否则通电后会造成设备损坏。

The heating device shall be hanged in the tool box in vertical. The tool box

shall be opened to remove the humidity in periodic to prevent the bending

which could cause the damage of heating device while switching on the

power.

d 电源箱，螺栓加热器存放工具箱（内存加热器）、电线、电缆在使用完后，

应送回仓库由专人保管以免损坏或丢失。

The power supply box and bolt heating device shall be kept in tool box. The

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 97 of 208

electrical wire and cable shall be returned to stock and shall be kept by

special persons to prevent damage or loss.

e 电源箱，螺栓加热器存放工具箱应贮藏在干燥地方以免受潮生锈变质影响元

件的绝缘性能。

The tool box for power supply box and bolt heating device shall be kept in

dry area to prevent the humidity and corrosion which will influence the

performance of elements.

f 如果一台螺栓加热器放置六个月或六个月以上不用，要做绝缘试验，该试验

用测量一根负载导体与地之间电阻的方法来确定加热器中氧化镁绝缘材料的绝

缘质量。在室温下进行检查时，螺栓加热器冷态绝缘电阻不小于 50 兆欧。

If the bolt heating device is not in using for 6 months or above, the insulation

test shall be made. Measure the resistnace between one loading conductor

and ground by test to confirm the magnesia insulation quality. The insulation

resistance of bolt heating device shall be no smaller than 50Ω during the

check under room temperature.

14.1.6 转子联轴器螺栓

14.1.6 Bolts for rotor coupling

为了在大的转子横向弯矩的作用下使联轴器法兰达到最小间隙，在转子联轴器

的螺栓中必须产生一个数值大于 227.5Mpa 的预应力，为达到这个预应力的预

紧方法与螺栓螺纹直径有关。

In order to minimize the clearance of coupling flange under the transverse

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 98 of 208

torque of rotor, the prestressing of 227.5Mpa shall be made on the coupling

bolt. The method for prestressing shall be related with bolt thread diameter.

螺纹直径为 M52 或较小的联轴器螺栓不必加热。用扳手拧紧允许用力矩放大

器。如果使用力矩放大器，则必须保护轴或联轴器与支杆接触的表面，使之不

受损坏。

No heating is required for coupling bolts with diameter of M52 or smaller.

Tighten the bolt with wrench. The torque amplifier is allowed. If the torque

amplifier is used, the contact surface between frame bar and shaft or

coupling shall be protected from damage.

汽轮机转子连接螺栓螺纹直径为 M52×3，
两端螺栓沿圆周均布见图 19-2 所示。

The rotor bolt thread diameter is M52×3. The distribution of bolts shall refer

to Fig19-2.

14.1.6.1 联轴器螺栓的拧紧步骤：

14.1.6.1 The tightening procedures for coupling bolts are as follows:

a 润滑螺纹和所有螺母的支承面

Lubricate all supporting surface of thread and nuts.

b 用手拧螺母并检查旋转螺纹是否自由

Screw the nut by hand to check if the rotating is free.

c 测量每个螺栓长度并作记录

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 99 of 208

Measure the length of each bolt and keep the record.

d 螺母和螺栓表面作好标记，表示旋转角度的数值

Mark on the surface of nut and bolt to show the rotating angle.

e 将螺母拧至要求数值的 40%

Tighten the nut to 40% of the required value

f 拧紧所有螺母达到要求数值的 100%

Tighten the nut to 100% of the required value.

g 测量每个螺栓的长度，并作好记录，从该长度中减去 C 中的长度，并作

好记录。二者之差即为螺栓伸长的数值，它必须为要求伸长值的±10%，

如超过则必须进行调整。伸长量见表 14-2。

Measure the length of each bolt and keep the record. Minus the length

shown in C from this measured length. Keep the record. The difference

between two values will be the elongation of bolts which shall be within

±10% of required value. If exceeding this value, the adjustment shall be

made. The elongation shall refer to table 14-2.

14.1.6.2 联轴器合金钢螺栓的拧紧顺序

14.1.6.2 Tightening sequence of alloy bolts for couplings

汽轮机通过联轴器将发电机转子与汽轮机转子连接。发电机转子与汽轮机转子

连接由 24 个 M52×3 联轴器螺栓完成。

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 100 of 208

The coupling is used to connect the generator rotor and turbine rotor by 24

M52×3 coupling bolts.

汽轮机转子之间的连接由 20 个 M52×3 联轴器螺栓均布完成，拧紧顺序

列于图 27-2。

The connection between turbine rotors is made by 20 M52×3 coupling bolts.

The tightening torque and elongation shall refer to table 27-2.

14.1.7 其它螺栓

14.1.7 Other bolts

其它螺栓是指未包括在本节中所述的螺栓，其拧紧方法见表 14-5。

Other bolts refer to the bolts not in the scope of this section. The tightening

method is shown in table 14-5.

14.1.7.1 种类 1 M45 和 M45 以下的螺栓。

14.1.7.1 Type I Bolts of M45 and below

对于这类螺栓不必加热。而用控制力矩的方法拧紧以达到预应力。步骤如下：

No heating is required for this type of bolt. The controlled torque method

could be used to achieve the prestressing. The procedures are as follows:

a 润滑螺母，垫圈和螺纹的支承面。

Lubricate the supporting surface of nut, washer and thread

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 101 of 208

b 用手拧螺母或螺钉，并检查旋转螺纹是否自由。

Screw the nut or bolt by hand to check if the rotating is free

c 测量长度

Measure the length

d 按表 14-6 的要求拧紧，可使用力矩指示扳手或普通扳手。

Tighten according to the requirement in table 14-6. The torque

indication wrench or common wrench could be used.

e 最终测量后测量孔应堵塞，充分润滑螺塞螺纹以利于以后拆卸，装后去

掉多余的润滑剂。

The hole shall be plugged after measurement. Fully lubricate the screw

of plug for easy disassembly in future. Remove extra lubricant.

例：使用扳手达到 310.3Mpa。

Example: the wrench torque shall be 310.3Mpa.

假设扳手长 0.762m 对 M16 螺纹的螺栓，确定所需要的拧紧力。

Assuming the wrech with length of 0.762m is used for bolt of M16, confirm

the tightening torque required.

查表 14-6 所需力矩 122 N.m

The required torque is 122N.m. Check table 14-6.

X = 122 /0.762 = 161.1N

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因此在 0.762m 长的力矩杆上施加 161.1N 力时，螺栓的应力达到 310.3Mpa。

Impose force of 161.1N on torque level with length of 0.762m. The

prestressing of bolt shall be 310.3Mpa.

再次测量长度，确定其伸长量值，所需要的伸长量为：

While mensuring the length second time, the elongation shall be confirmed.

The required elongation shall be:

要求的伸长量：自由长度×0.0015 对于 310.3Mpa

Required elongation: Free length×0.0015 For 310.3Mpa

自由长度×0.00167 对于 344.8MPa

Free length×0.00167 For 344.8Mpa

自由长度×0.00183 对于 379.2MPa

Free length×0.00183 For 379.2Mpa

自由长度×0.0020 对于 413.7MPa

Free length×0.0020 For 413.7Mpa

测量的伸长量必须为要求伸长量±10%，除非在图纸上对公差另有规定，如果

超过此公差则必须进行调整。

The measured elongation shall be within ±10% of required value unless the

tolerance is specified on drawing otherwise. If exceeding this tolerance, the

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adjustment shall be made.

在应用表 14-7 时需要说明的是：在螺纹几何尺寸，表面粗糙度清洁度和润滑情

况良好的情况下，为得到表中的预应力所需要的力矩可能小于所列范围。相反，

如螺纹有缺陷，不合格的润滑剂，不清洁或金属表面擦伤，则需要的力矩可能

大于所列的数值，必须特别避免这种情况。如果一把能力符合要求的工具不能

使螺母转动所需要求的转角。则至少存在上述某种不利因素，必须加以消除。

In table 14-7: when the thread size, surface roughness, cleanliness and

lubrication are in good condition, the torque required for prestresing as

specified in table is possible to be smaller than the list scope. In contrast, if

the crack thread, unacceptable lubricant, unclean or scratch of metal surface

exist, the required torque is possible to be higher than the list scope. These

conditions shall be prevented. If the tool could not satisfy the angle required

for nut rotating, the above factors shall exist and shall be eliminated.

14.1.7.2 种类 2

14.1.7.2 Type 2

种类 2 包括螺纹尺寸为 M45 以上需要热紧的螺栓，对这类螺栓可按 14.1.5 节

中的步骤拧紧。

Type 2 includes the bolts above M45. The procedures in 14.1.5 for this type

of bolt are applicable.

14.1.7.3 种类 3

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 104 of 208

14.1.7.3 Type 3

种类 3 包括螺纹尺寸为 M45 以上不需要热紧的螺栓其拧紧步骤如下：（控制力

矩的选择见 14.1.7.4）

Type 3 includes the bolts above M45 which do not require heating. The

tightening procedures are as follows (the controlled torque shall refer to

14.1.7.4):

a 润滑螺母，垫圈及螺纹支承面。

Lubricate the supporting surface of nut, washer and thread

b 用手拧螺母或螺钉，并检查旋转螺纹是否自由。

Screw the nut by hand to check if the rotating is free.

c 测量长度

Length measurement

d 按 14.1.5.2 节中规定的力和相应手柄长度的扳手旋紧螺母，重复进行直到

整个结合面上所有螺母都均匀地拧紧为止。

Tighten the nut with the force as specified in 14.1.5.2 and wrench with

corresponding length. Repeat the operation until all nuts on joint surface

are evenly tightened.

e 确定需要的预应力，算出需要的伸长量及螺母需要的转角，在螺母和法兰上

用粉笔作一个参考标记，如果螺栓穿通法兰，则在另一端也应作出标记，以

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 105 of 208

观察在拧紧时螺栓是否转动。

Confirm the required prestressing and calculate the required elongation

and angle required by nut. The reference mark shall be made on nut and

flange by chalk. If the bolt is go through the flange, mark on the other

side to observe if the bolt is rotating while tightening.

f 使用有足够能力的力矩扳手拧紧见表 14-6 和表 14-7（按应力为 310.3Mpa

执行），直至标记重合。

The tightening with enough capability shall refer to table 14-6 and 14-7

(prestressing shall be 310.3Mpa) until the overlapping of marking.

g 重新测量以确定伸长量，所测得的伸长量必须为需要的伸长量±10%，如果

超出此范围，则必须进行调整。

Measure the elongation again for confirmation. The measured elongation

shall be within ±10% of required value. If exceeding this value, the

adjustment shall be adjusted.

h 在最终测量之后测量孔或加热器必须用螺塞堵住，螺塞的螺纹应充分润滑，

便于以后拆卸，装螺塞后去掉多余的润滑剂。

After final measurement, the measurement hole shall be plugged. Paint

lubricant on thread for easy disassembly. Remove extra lubricant after

installing the screw plug.

14.1.7.4 种类 4

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 106 of 208

14.1.7.4 Type 4

种类 4 包括螺纹尺寸为 M45 以上不需要加热的这种螺栓采用控制力矩的方法拧

紧，其步骤如下：

Type 4 includes the alloy bolts above M45 which do not require heating. The

tightening procedures are as follows:

a 润滑螺母，垫圈和螺纹的支承面。

Lubricate the supporting surface of nut, washer and thread

b 用手拧螺母，并检查旋转螺纹是否自由。

Screw the nut by hand to check if the rotating is free.

c 测量长度

Length measurement

d 确定所需要的预应力，使用具有足够能力的力矩指示扳手拧紧到按表

14-6、表 14-7 所列的较低力矩值（310.3Mpa）

Confirm the required prestressing. Tighten to the lower torque value

(310.3Mpa) shown in table 14-6 and 14-7 with torque indicating wrench

with enough capability.

e 在使用足够能力的扳手拧紧螺栓之后，重新测量以确定伸长量，伸长量必须

为所要求的伸长量±１０％，如果超过此范围，则必须进行调整。

Measure the elongation again for confirmation. The measured elongation

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 107 of 208

shall be within ±10% of required value. If exceeding this value, the

adjustment shall be adjusted.

f 调整可以根据第一次所加力矩和合成伸长量的测量值，用线性外推法，例如：

在一个螺栓上用 5424N·m 力矩产生 0.5mm 伸长量而该螺栓要求伸长值为

0.64mm 时，则下一次力矩为：

Adjust the measured value according to the torque imposed at first time

and composed elongation by linear extrapolating method. For example: if

the 0.5mm elongation is created by 5424N·m torque imposed on bolt, but

the required elongation is 0.64mm, the imposed torque at second time is:

Ｔ ＝ 0.64÷0.5×5424 = 6943N·m

g 在最后测量后，测量孔或加热器必须用螺塞堵住，螺塞的螺纹应充分润滑，

便于以后拆卸。装螺塞之后去掉多余的润滑剂。

After final measurement, the measurement hole shall be plugged. Paint

lubricant on thread for easy disassembly. Remove extra lubricant after

installing the screw plug.

h 使用力矩扳手拆卸螺栓

Remove the bolts by torque wrench

松开螺栓所需要的拆卸力矩可能超过拧紧时所需要的力矩，这是因为在机组运

行期间润滑剂消失，螺纹损坏或原先拧紧时螺纹表面损坏。

The torque required to release the bolt is possible to be higher than the

torque for tightening. This is because of the thread damage or surface

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 108 of 208

damage during tightening due to the disappearance of lubricant.

为避免螺栓和螺母损坏，拆卸螺栓用的力矩扳手的能力，不得超过表 14-6、表

14-７中所规定的力矩值，如有必要使用一次螺栓加热器拆卸螺栓则应遵守

14.1.5.2 节中有关规定。

In order to prevent the damage of bolt and nut, the capability of torque

wrench for bolt removal shall not exceed the value as specified in table 14-6

and table 14-7. If necessary, the primary bolt heating device could be used

to remove the bolt according to section 14.1.5.2.

汽轮机联轴器螺栓伸长量。

Elongation of turbine coupling bolts

表 14－2

Table 14-2
部套名称 螺栓图号 螺栓规格 理想伸长量 最大伸长量 最小伸长量
Part name Drawing Bolt size Ideal Max. Min.
number elongation elongation elongation
中间轴 73.276.009 M52×3 0.447 0.491 0.402
intermediat
e shaft
73.276.013 M52×3 0.348 0.383 0.313

注：１预应力为 227.5Mpa

Note: 1. The prestress should be 227.5Mpa.

２对应于 227.5Mpa 预应力的螺栓伸长量的近似计算公式：

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 109 of 208

The approximate calculation formula for the bolt elongation corresponding to

227.5Mpa prestress:

伸长量＝ 0.00105L

Elongation=0.00105L

L – 螺栓有效长度，即两个螺母中心线之间的距离。

L– Effective length for bolt, i.e distance between two nut centerlines.

（即联轴器总厚度加上一个螺母厚度）

（i.e.the thickness of coupling plus thickness of a nut）

汽轮机热紧伸长量

Turbine hot tightening elongation

表 14－3

Table 14-3
部 套 名 称 螺栓图号 螺 柱 规 理想长量 最 大 最 小 热紧旋转
Assembly Bolt Drawing 格 Ideal 伸 长 量 伸 长 量 角度（度）
designation number Bolt elongatio Max. Min. Rotating
size n elongatio elongation angle for
n tightening
141A·019·00 M90 0.837 0.921 0.753 188
高压外缸
1
水平中分面
141A·019·00 M90 1.206 1.327 1.085 244
螺 栓
2
Horizontal
73D·019·001 M115 1.272 1.399 1.145 270
joint bolt for
73D·019·002 M90 1.079 1.187 0.971 225

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 110 of 208
HIP outer 73D·019·003 M90 0.661 0.727 0.595 160
casing
73D·019·005 M90 1.721 1.893 1.549 324
73D·019·006 M95 1.736 1.91 1.562 328
73D·019·007 M100 1.749 1.924 1.574 334
73D·019·008 M110 1.77 1.947 1.593 345
73D·019·009 M110 1.827 2.01 1.644 353
73D·019·010 M110 1.153 1.286 1.038 244
73D·019·011 M115 1.172 1.289 1.055 254
73D·019·012 M130 1.225 1.348 1.103 208
73D·019·013 M130 1.889 2.078 1.7 281
73D·019·014 M130 1.812 1.993 1.631 272
73D·019·015 M115 1.779 1.957 1.601 349
73D·019·016 M95 1.104 1.214 0.994 232
73D·019·017 M95 0.857 0.943 0.771 193

高压内缸 73D·019·043 M130 1.084 1.192 0.976 188

水平中分面 73D·019·044 M130 1.189 1.308 1.070 200

螺 栓
Horizontal
joint bolt for
HP inner
casing

73D·071·034 M45 0.342 0.376 0.307 81

高中压进汽
73D·071·035 M45 0.291 0.32 0.262 73
侧平衡环水
73D·071·036 M60 0.349 0.384 0.314 92
平中分面螺
73D·071·037 M60 0.511 0.562 0.46 117
栓 73D·071·038 M60 0.414 0.455 0.373 102
Horizontal 73D·071·039 M72
joint bolt for
HP/IP inlet
0.378 0.416 0.340 104
side
balancing
ring

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 111 of 208
H01.027.067 M52 0.255 0.281 0.255 76.7
低压内缸水 CCH01A.027. M52
0.255 0.281 0.255 76.7
平中分面 064

螺 栓 CCH01A.027. M76
0.297 0.327 0.297 96.9
063
Horizontal
CCH01A.027. M72
joint bolt for
062 0.381 0.419 0.381 108.6
LP inner
casing
73D·037·004 M60 0.414 0.455 0.373 102
高压隔板套 73D·037·005 M72 0.520 0.573 0.468 126
水平中分面 73D·037·006 M60 0.568 0.625 0.511 125

螺 73D·037·007 M60 0.492 0.541 0.443 113

73D·037·008 M90
栓
Horizontal
joint bolt for
0.568 0.625 0.511 145
HP
diaphragm
carrier
中压 1 号隔 73D·038·005 M52
0.463 0.509 0.417 105
板套水平中
73D·038·006 M52
分面螺栓
Horizontal
joint bolt for 0.397 0.437 0.357 94
IP No.1
diaphragm
carrier
中压 2 号隔 73D·039·054 M45
0.387 0.426 0.348 88
板套水平中
73D·039·055 M45
分面螺栓
Horizontal
joint bolt for 0.438 0.482 0.394 97

IP No.2
diaphragm

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 112 of 208
低 压 隔 板 套 CH01.041.2.0
Φ58 0.386 0.425 0.386 95.4
水平中分面 01-28

螺 栓 CH01.041.2.0 Φ58 1.36 1.5 1.36 260

08-28
Horizontal
joint bolt for
LP CH01.041.2.0
M72 0.723 0.795 0.723 170.4
diaphragm 02-28

carriers
高压主导汽
管螺栓
Bolts for HP 73D.081.001 M64 0.837 0.920 0.753 166
main steam
guide pipe
高压主汽调 73D.301.042 M76 0.546 0.62 0.508 176
节联合阀
（左右）螺
栓 HP
main steam
73D.301.055 M64 0.486 0.535 0.438 116
control
combined
valve (R/L)
bolt

注:表中给出的热紧旋转角度仅为参考,热紧最终以伸长量为准。

Note: the Rotating angle for hot tightening given in this table are just fot

reference,hot tightening is determined by the finally enlogation.

例：假定Ｍ95 的螺柱用手旋紧螺母后，测量装置上的深度千分尺的测量值为

38mm。

Example: assume there is a M95 stud，after the nut tightened by hand, in

measuring device ，the measured value of deepness micrometer is:

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 113 of 208

伸长后应为：38 -- 1.75(理想伸长量) = 36.25（测量值）

After enlogation: 38 -- 1.75(ideal elongation)= 36.25（measured value）

-- 1.925（最大伸长量）= 36.075(测量值)

-- 1.925（Max. Elongation）=36.075（measured value）

-- 1.575(最小伸长量) = 36.425(测量值)

-- 1.575（Min. Elongation)= 36.425（measured value）

最终伸长后实际测量值：36.197

After final enlogation actual measured value：36.197

实际伸长（其值于±１０％范围内）为 1.803 合格。

actual enlogation( the value is within ±１０％) 1.803 is acceptable.

螺栓加热器规格表 表 14－4

Bolt heater size table 14－4

加
发热 封底
热 冷端 加热器 被加热
图纸 长 长
器长 长 直径 螺栓规格 功率
序号 图 号 effec Legt 数量
Heate Length Heater Size of （瓦特）
Item Drawing No. tive h of Qty
r at cold diamete heated Power (watt)
No. Leng closi
length end Ｃ rФ bolts
thＤ ngＥ
Ｌ

Ⅰ 141A·606·1Z-3 1086 208 848 30 Ф27 M115 7912～8703 6

Ⅱ 141A·606·2Z-3 933 160 743 30 Ф22 M90 5649～6214 6

Ⅲ 141A·606·3Z-3 650 160 460 30 Ф22 M90 3497～3847 6

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Ⅳ 141A·606·4Z-3 768 208 530 30 Ф22 M90 4029～4432 6
Ⅴ 141A·606·5Z-3 1328 208 1090 30 Ф22 M90 8287～9116 6
M95
Ⅵ 141A·606·6Z-3 1353 208 1115 30 Ф22 8477～9325 12
M100
Ⅶ 141A·606·7Z-3 340 120 190 30 Ф9 M45 752～827 6
M110
Ⅷ 141A·606·8Z-3 1420 208 1182 30 Ф27 11029～12132 6
M115
M110
Ⅸ 141A·606·9Z-3 1460 208 1222 30 Ф27 11402～12542 6
M130
M110
141A·606·10Z-
Ⅹ 1028 208 790 30 Ф27 M115 7371～8108 18
3
M130
141A·606·11Z-
Ⅺ 458 160 268 30 Ф18 M72 1970～2167 6
3
141A·606·12Z-
Ⅻ 1150 208 912 30 Ф27 M130 8509～9360 6
3
141A·606·13Z-
ⅩⅢ 1515 208 1277 30 Ф27 M130 11915～13107 6
3
141A·606·14Z- M45
ⅩⅣ 422 120 272 30 Ф9 1077～1184 18
3 M52
141A·606·15Z-
ⅩⅤ 370 120 220 30 Ф9 M45 871～958 6
3
141A·606·16Z-
XVI 990 208 752 30 Ф22 M95 5717～6289 6
3
141A·606·17Z-
XVII 818 208 580 30 Ф22 M95 4410～4851 6
3
XVII 141A·606·18Z-
1048 208 810 30 Ф22 M90 6158～6774 6
I 3
141A·606·19Z-
XIX 567 160 377 30 Ф15 M60 1954～2149 6
3
141A·606·20Z-
XX 520 160 330 30 Ф15 M60 1711～1882 18
3
141A·606·21Z-
XXI 534 160 344 30 Ф18 M72 2140～2354 6
3
141A·606·22Z-
XXII 605 160 415 30 Ф22 M90 3155～3471 6
3
XXII 141A·606·23Z-
460 160 270 30 Ф15 M60 1654～1819 6
I 3

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 115 of 208
XXI 141A·606·24Z-
506 160 316 30 Ф9 M52 1251～1376 6
V 3
141A·606·25Z-
LⅦ 710 160 520 30 Ф15 M64 2695～2965 18
3
141A·606·26Z-
LⅨ 585 160 395 30 Ф18 M76 2457～2703 12
3
141A·606·27Z-
LⅩ 310 145 135 30 Ф9 M52 534～588 50
3
141A·606·28Z-
LⅪ 390 205 155 30 Ф18 M76 1139～1253 18
3
141A·606·29Z-
LⅫ 435 202 203 30 Ф18 M72 1492～1642 12
3
LⅩ 141A·606·30Z-
1389 469 890 30 Ф9 M52 3020～3322 12
Ⅲ 3
LⅩ 141A·606·31Z- 450 12
976 496 30 Ф18 M72 2799～3079
Ⅳ 3
LⅩ 141A·606·32Z- 243 450 30 12
723 Ф18 M72 2799～3079
Ⅴ 3
Ｌ 141A.606.33Z- 196 240 30 12
466 Ф9 M52 950～1045
ⅩⅥ 3

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其它螺栓

Other Bolts

表 14 - 5

Table 14-5
螺栓螺纹尺寸 是 否 需 要 加 热 拧紧方法 种 类
Bolt thread size Whether to Tightening Type
require heating method
M45 或 M45 以下 否 No 控制力矩 1
M45 or M45 Torque control
below
是 Yes 拧螺母 2
Tighten the nut
M45 以上 否 No 拧螺母 3
M45 above Tighten the nut
否 No 控制力矩 4
Torque control

种类 1、种类 3、种类 4 Type 1, Type 3 and Type 4

不需热紧的合金钢螺栓拧紧的力矩值

The torque value for the alloy steel bolt not required for hot tightening

表 14 – 6 Table 14-6
直径和螺纹尺 寸 力 矩 torque N﹒m
Diameter and 要 求 预 应 力 required pre-stress
thread size Mpa
310.3 344.8 379.2 413.7

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 117 of 208
M14 61 68 75 81
M16 122 136 149 163
M20 203 226 248 271
M22 328 365 400 437
M27 499 553 609 664
M30×3 723 884 884 964
M33 1017 1130 1243 1356
M36×3 1383 1538 1692 1846
M39×3 1627 1808 1989 2170
M42×3 2237 2485 2735 2983
M45×3 3051 3390 3729 4068
M48×3 4968 4515 4972 5424
M52×3 4475 4972 5469 5966

注：应用此表时，选预应力 310.3Mpa

Note：while applying this table,choose 310.3Mpa pre-stress

种类 1、种类 3、种类 4

Type 1, Type 3 and Type 4

不需热紧的合金钢螺栓拧紧的力矩值（103N·m）

The torque value for the alloy steel bolt not required for hot tightening

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 118 of 208

表 14 – 7 Table 14-7
螺纹 预 应 力 Mpa 松开时允
规格 prestress 许最大值
Thread 310.3 344.8 379.2 413.7 Max.allowabl
size e value while
M60×3 loosening
5.3～7.2 5.8～8 6.4～8.8 7.1～9.6 13.6
M64×3 7.2～9.9 8～11 8.8～12.1 9.6～13.2 19.0
M72×3 9.6～13.3 10.7～14.8 11.7～16.3 12.9～ 27.1
17.8
M76×3 12.6～17.4 14～19.3 15.3～21.2 16.8～ 35.3
23.2
M85×3 16～22.1 17.6～24.5 19.5～27 21.3～ 43.4
29.4
M98×3 20.1～27.8 22.2～30.9 24.4～34 26.7～37 54.2

注：应用此表时选预应力 310.3Mpa

Note：while applying this table,choose 310.3Mpa prestress.

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14.2 碳钢螺栓的拧紧

14.2 Tightening of Carbon Steel Bolts

14.2.1 范围

14.2.1 Scope

本规范适用于压力容器等所用碳钢螺栓的预加应力工艺方法，可使螺栓保证接

合面达到必要的密封性所需应力，在螺栓的螺纹根部应有 206.8Mpa 应力。

The pre-stressing method for carbon steel bolts for pressure vessel in this
specification could make the joint surface reach the required stress. The
stress at thread root of bolt shall be 206.8Mpa.

14.2.2 材料

14.2.2 Material

防粘剂螺纹涂料，采用 KS-151 涂料。

Anti-adhesive paint on thread is KS-151 type.

14.2.3 工具

14.2.3 Tool

力矩指示扳手

Torque wrench

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 126 of 208

14.2.4 拧紧程序

14.2.4 Tightening procedures

14.2.4.1 螺栓直径小于等于 M52

14.2.4.1 The bolt diameter is smaller or equivalent to M52.

a 螺纹、螺母和垫圈等支承面涂以润滑剂。

The supporting face of thread, nut and washer can be paint with lubricant

b 当用手旋螺母或螺钉时，应保证螺母或螺纹自由旋动。

When tightening the nut or screw by hand, the free rotating of nut or

thread shall be ensured.

C 用下表，所规定力矩旋紧螺母，则右螺纹根部将产生 206.8Mpa 的应力。

Tighten the nut with specified torque in table below. The stress of

206.8Mpa will be caused at the thread root.

14.3 碳钢螺栓拧紧力矩按表 14 - 8 执行

14.3 The torque for tightening the carbon steel bolt shall be performed

according to table 14 – 8.

表 14 – 8 Table 14 – 8
螺栓直径 拧紧力矩 N·m
Bolt diameter Tightening torque
M12 40.7
M16 81.4
M20 135.6

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M22 217
M27 332.2
M30 481
M33 678
M36×3 922.1
M39×3 1084.8
M42×3 1491.6
M45×3 2034

M48×3 2712
M52×3 2983.2

15.挡油环说明书

15. Instruction for oil deflector

15.1 概述

15.1 Generals

图 28 是一种大型汽轮机挡油环的典型结构。它的作用是防止润滑油沿着汽轮

机转子泄漏。挡油环由上．下两半组成，用螺钉（件 4）固定在轴承箱端部，

挡油环上半和下半由定为销（件 2）对中，并用水平中分面上的螺钉（件 1）

连接在一起。

Attached Fig. 28 shows the typical structure of oil deflector of large steam

turbine. It is to prevent the leakage of lube oil along the turbine rotor. The oil

deflector consists upper and lower two parts and fixed at the end of bearing

pedestal through screw (part 4). The locating pin (part 2) is used for the

alignment between upper half and lower half which is connected by screw

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(part 1) on horizontal joint surface.

油封片镶在挡油环上下内径上加工出的槽里，然后沿着油封片根部周围将贴和

的金属敛缝以固定油封片。许多油封片集中形成一组集油器，由于离心力而没

有甩出汽轮机转子的润滑油沿着转子漏出，由这些油封片将油聚集起来，聚集

起来的润滑油通过一组钻出的通孔向下流到挡油环下半的小油槽里，溢出的油

通过排油管路排入主油箱，为保持溢出油位在足够的高度上以便封住排油孔。

防止油烟溢出，设计了小油槽。

The oil sealing sheet is installed in the slot machined on inner radius of both

upper and lower oil deflectors and is fixed by caulking contact with oil sealing

sheet at root. Many oil sealing sheets form one group of oil collector. The

lube oil not thrown due to the centrifugal force shall leakge along the rotor.

Because the oil will be collected by these oil sealing sheets, the collected

lube oil will flow into the oil slot through the drilled through holes. The

overflow oil will be discharged into main oil tank through oil discharge pipe to

maintain the oil level being high enough to envelop the oil. The small oil slot

is designed to prevent the overflow.

在正常条件下，通过挡油环应该没有油的泄漏，但是必须注意保证排油通道的

清洁和允许油的流动畅通无阻，如果发现油量超过标准沿着转子轴承箱溢出，

应该立即检查油封特别是排油通道。

Under normal operation, there shall be no oil leakage from the oil deflector.

But the attention shall be made to ensure the cleanliness of oil path to allow

the smooth flow of oil. In case any oil leakage along the rotor exceeding the

standard and overflow occur, the oil discharge pipe shall be checked

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immediately.

挡油环应该安装在转子运行时正确的位置上。为了安装挡油环，应该首先水平

中分面装配起来然后安装整个挡油环，以得到按转子间隙图上规定的间隙，最

后用螺钉（件 4，8）牢固地固定挡油环。

The oil deflector shall be installed on the proper location on rotor. In order to

install the oil deflector, the horizontal joint shall be connected at first and

installation of oil deflector shall be made after. After achieving the clearance

as specified on Fig., the oil deflector shall be firmly fixed with screw (part 4

and 8).

15.2 零件清单

15.2 Part List

为了便于订购备件和更新件，编制了下列一览表，在订购零件时，应给出零件

号和名称。

The table as follows is prepared in order for the procurement of spare parts

and parts replacement. The part No. and name shall be provided during

procurement.

序 号 名 称

No. name

1 螺 钉 Screw

2 销 Pin

3 螺旋管塞 Spiral tube

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plug

4 螺 钉 Screw

5 垫 圈 Shim

6 油封片 Oil sealing sheet

7 槽 板 Slot plate

8 螺 钉 Screw

9 挡油环上半 Upper half of

oil deflector

10 挡油环下半 Lower half of

oil deflector

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16.内汽封说明书

16. Instruction for internal gland sealing

16.1 概述

16.1 Generals

内汽封如图 29 所示，汽轮机汽缸两端的内汽封是与汽缸分离的独立部套。依

靠水平中分面外支撑搭在外缸下半水平中分面上，并在底部靠定位键定位，兼

保证内汽封相对与汽缸横向位置固定。但在轴向位置内汽封可以随着温度的变

化自由地膨胀和收缩。]

The internal gland is shown as attached Fig.29. The internal gland at two

ends of turbine casing is the independent component from casing. It is

supported on the horizontal joint of lower half of outer casing by the support

at outside of horizontal joint and locked by the locking pin at the bottom to

ensure the longitudinal position being fixed corresponding to casing.

However, at axial direction, the internal gland can freely expand and shrink

following the temperature variation.

每个汽封圈由八段带有“Ｔ”形根部的弧段组成，装入内汽封相应的槽中，在

上半弧段的水平中分面附近有两个穿过槽子的止动销，以防止汽封圈转动，这

些销子也用来防止吊起内汽封上半时汽封圈落下。

Each sealing ring consists of 8 segments with “T” type root which is installed

in the corresponding groove on gland packing. The special pin at horizontal

joint of segment of upper half gland will prevent the rotating of sealing ring.

These pins are also can prevent the falling of sealing ring while lifting the

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upper half of internal gland sealing.

每个汽封圈背部有八个弹簧片，其一端有通孔螺钉穿过弹簧片拧在每一个弧段

上。装配时在汽封圈上螺孔四周敛缝，以防止螺钉松动。螺钉头部到弹簧片留

有足够间隙，装配时弹簧片径向可自由移动保证汽封片与转子径向间隙。

8 spring sheets are installed on back of each sealing ring. There is through

holes on one end of spring sheet through which the screw will be fixed on

each segement. The caulking is made for each segment to prevent the loose

of screw. Certain distance from spring sheet to screw is remained to ensure

the radial displacement of spring sheet. The clearance between sealing ring

and rotor shall be ensured during installation.

每个弧段上进汽侧均有压力供汽槽，以利用外侧和内侧的蒸汽压力差使汽封圈

径向定位。

Pressure steam supplying slot is made on each segment of gland so that the

pressure difference between internal side and external side can be used to

locate the sealing ring at radial direction.

为便于辨认，应当在每个弧段的端部结合面上打出号码标记，当汽封圈拆卸后

重新装配时，必须使汽封圈被装在原来的位置上。

Mark shall be made on the joint surface at end of segments. Thus, during the

re-assmebly of sealing ring, the sealing ring can remain the same

relationship as the original one, which is a very import element.

嵌入汽封圈的汽封片必须采用那些可以形成紧密动配合的材料，汽封与转子上

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的汽封齿形成一个个减压流道减少漏汽损失。

The material which can forms contact dynamic matching shall be used for

the sealing ring. Many pressure reducing paths are formed by gland sealing

and sealing teeth on rotor to reduce the leakage loss.

16.2 零件清单

16.2 Part list

序 号 名 称

No. Name

1 螺 钉 Screw

2 弹簧片 Spring sheet

3 专用销 Special pin

4 汽封片 Gland sealing sheet

5 汽封片 Gland sealing sheet

6 汽封片 Gland sealing sheet

7 汽封圈 Sealing ring

8 汽封圈 Sealing ring

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Fig.29

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17 平衡环汽封说明书

17. Instruction of Dummy Ring

17. 平衡环

17. Dummy ring

高中压缸的平衡环附图所示，平衡环均为两半组成，依靠支撑键搭在内缸或外

缸下半水平中分面处，轴向靠一圈密封槽与内缸或外缸配合，并由定位销在顶

部和底部与内缸定位，这种结构使得平衡环能够随着温度的变化而自由膨胀和

收缩，同时相对汽轮机的轴线保持正确位置。

The dummy ring for HIP turbine is shown as the attached Fig and is

composed of two halves. It is supported at the horizontal joint of inner or

lower half of inner casing depending upon the supporting key. The axial

direction mateches with inner or outer casing by one circle of sealing slot

and fixed on the innter casing at top and bottom by locking pin. This kind of

structure can ensure the free expansion and shrinkage following the

temperature and remaining at proper position relative to axial line of steam

turbine.

平衡环的汽封圈结构相似，汽封圈由 8 段组成，并带有“T”形结构，安装在

平衡环上相应的槽中，如附图所示。高压进汽侧汽封圈在靠近水平中分面的汽

封圈上半弧段处装有止动销防止旋转。中压进汽侧汽封圈在靠近水平中分面的

汽封圈上半弧段“T 型槽”处装有紧钉螺钉防止旋转。高压排汽侧汽封圈在靠

近水平中分面的汽封圈上半弧段处装有止动销防止旋转。销及紧定螺钉可以在

拆卸需要提起上半汽封时防止汽封圈脱落下来。

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The sealing ring of dummy ring has similar structure. The sealing ring

consists of 8 segments with “T” type structure which is installed in the

corresponding slot on dummy ring, see attached Fig..The locking pin is

installed on the segment of sealing ring near to horizontal joint to prevent the

rotating. For sealing ring at HP inlet, the tightening screw is installed at the

“T” slot on segment of sealing ring near to horizontal joint to prevent the

rotating. The locking pin is installed on the segment of sealing ring near to

horizontal joint to prevent the rotating. The pin and tightening screw shall be

lifted as required by disassembly to prevent the falling of sealing ring during

lifting the upper part.

每个汽封圈背面有 4 个片状弹簧，其一端有通孔，螺钉穿过弹簧片拧在每一个

弧段上。装配时在汽封圈上螺孔四周敛缝以防止螺钉松动，螺钉头部到弹簧片

留有足够间隙，装配时弹簧片径向可自由移动保证汽封片与转子间隙。

4 spring sheets are installed on back of each sealing ring. There is through

holes on one end of spring sheet through which the screwwill be fixed on

each segement. The caulking is made for each segment to prevent the loose

of screw. Certain distance from spring sheet to screw is remained to ensure

the radial displacement of spring sheet. The clearance between sealing ring

and rotor shall be ensured during installation.

在每个汽封圈上都有压力供汽槽，这是靠外侧比内侧蒸汽压力大一些而使得汽

封圈径向定位，汽封圈弧段装配时，这些压力槽总要对着汽流方向，每个汽封

圈弧段在结合端面处要做出标记以便辨认，在汽封圈拆卸后重新装配时，要使

汽封圈弧段按原来的关系和位置。

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Pressure steam supplying slot is made on each segment of gland sealing

ring. This is to make the sealing ring closely contact with the cam on sealing

ring slot due to the external steam pressure is higher than that of internal

steam. The pressure steam supplying slot shall face the steam flow direction

during installation of sealing ring. The mark shall be made on the joint

surface of each segment. During the reassembly, the segments of sealing

ring shall be remained at original position.

汽封片和转子上的凸凹槽形成减压流道，减小漏汽损失。

The sealing strip and slot on rotor form the pressure reducing flow path to

reduce the leakage.

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18.高中压外汽封说明书

18. Instruction of HIP external gland sealing

18.1 概述

18.1 Generals

高中压外汽封如图 31，为尽量减少漏汽量，采用由许多汽封片组成的迷宫式汽

封，漏汽从腔室“Y”，通过汽封体上半的两个接口流向汽封冷却器，冷却器使

腔室“Y”维持一定的真空度，从而防止漏汽通过此腔室流入汽机房。

The structure of external gland at governor end of HIP is shown as attached

Fig.31. In order to minimize the leakage, the labyrinth gland sealing

composed of many sealing strip is used. The leakage steam from “Y” will

enter gland cooler through two interfaces (f) on upper half of gland packing.

The cooler remain the “Y” at certain vacuum to prevent the steam leaked

into the turbine house.

密封蒸汽通过汽封体下半的两个接口流向腔室“X”，在任何工况下，此腔室靠

汽封调节器自动维持在大约 113760－126500Pa 的压力下。

The sealing steam will enter “X” through two interfaces (g) at lower half of

gland packing. At any condition, the pressure of chamber “X” will be lower

than 113760－126500Pa through the gland steam.

汽封圈 1（件 19）和（件 20）的型式相同，外汽封圈为四个弧段，而内汽封

圈为八个弧段，每个汽封圈带有“T”形根部，安装在汽封体上相应的槽中，

装在每个上半汽封圈弧段的中分面处的专用销（件 11）用来防止汽封圈的转动，

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在每个汽封圈的背部有一个弹簧片（件 12）或（件 17），弹簧片一端有通孔，

螺钉穿过弹簧片拧在每一弧段上，每一弧段沿螺孔四周敛缝以防止螺钉松动螺

钉头部距弹簧片有一定距离，保证弹簧片径向位移。装配时保证汽封片与转子

间隙。

The type of sealing ring 1 (part 1) and part 20 is same. Each sealing ring

consists of 4 segments with “T” type root which is installed in the

corresponding groove on gland packing. The special pin (11) at horizontal

joint of segment of upper half gland will prevent the rotating of sealing ring.

One spring sheet (12 or 17) is installed on back of each sealing ring. There

is through holes on one end of spring sheet through which the screw will be

fixed on each segement. The caulking is made for each segment to prevent

the loose of screw. Certain distance from spring sheet to screw is remained

to ensure the radial displacement of spring sheet. The clearance between

sealing ring and rotor shall be ensured during installation.

在汽封圈弧段的端部结合面处打上识别符号。这样，当拆卸汽封圈以后重新装

配时，汽封圈仍可保持原来的装配关系，这一点极为重要。

Mark is made on the joint surface at end of segments. Thus, during the

re-assmebly of sealing ring, the sealing ring can remain the same

relationship as the original one, which is a very import element.

每个汽封圈弧段上有一个压力供给槽，这是利用外侧蒸汽压力比内侧大而使汽

封圈径向紧密贴合在汽封圈槽内，汽封圈安装时应使压力供给槽面向蒸汽流动

方向。

Pressure steam supplying slot is made on each segment of gland. This is to

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make the sealing ring closely contact with the cam on sealing ring slot due to

the external steam pressure is higher than that of internal steam. The

pressure steam supplying slot shall face the steam flow direction during

installation of sealing ring.

嵌入汽封圈的汽封片与转子上的凸凹槽配合形成减压流道，减少漏汽损失。

The sealing strip and the slot on rotor form the pressure reducing flow path

to reduce the leakage.

汽封体装配时，用四个装入汽封体上的径向键槽里的键（件 9）定位并此键用

定位销固定在汽缸上，键允许汽封体从中心径向膨胀以便维持汽封片和转子的

相对位置。

During the assembly of gland sealing, four keys (part 9) installed in the radial

key slot on gland packing shall be used for locating and these keys are fixed

on the casing by locating pin. The key allows the radial expansion of gland

packing from center so that the relative position between sealing strip and

rotor can be maintained.

18.2 零件清单

18.2 Part List

序 号 名 称 序 号 名 称
No. Name No. Name
内六角螺钉 专 用 销
1 11
Inner hexagonal screw Special pin

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垫 圈 弹 簧 片
2 12
Washer Spring sheet

＊
垫 片 螺 钉
3 13
Gaskets Screw
内六角螺钉 汽 封 片
4 14
Inner hexagonal screw Sealing strip
锥 销 汽 封 片
5 15
Cone pin Sealing strip
垫 圈 汽 封 片
6 16
washer Sealing strip
螺 母 弹 簧 片
7 17
nut Spring sheet
内六角螺钉 汽 封 片
8 18
Inner hexagonal screw Sealing strip
键 汽封圈（外）
9 19
key Gland ring (external)
螺旋管塞 汽封圈（内）
10 20
Spiral tube plug Gland ring (internal)

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19 低压外汽封说明书

19. Instruction of LP External Gland

19.1 概述

19.1 Generals

低压外汽封如图 32，是迷宫曲径式的，它由许多汽封片组成，可使汽封漏汽减

少到最低限度，汽封漏汽从腔室“Y”通过汽封体下半的接口通向汽封冷却器，

冷却器维持腔室“Y”为部分真空从而防止漏汽通过腔室流向汽轮机房。

The structure of external gland at governor end of LP is shown as Fig. 32.

This external gland is flexible type. In order to minimize the leakage, the

labyrinth gland sealing composed of many sealing strip is used. The leakage

steam from “Y” will enter gland cooler through two interfaces on upper half of

gland packing. The cooler remain the “Y” at certain vacuum to prevent the

steam leaked into the turbine house.

密封蒸汽通过汽封体下半上的接口同到腔室“X”，在任何工况下，汽封调节器

自动维持此腔室的压力大约为 113800Pa－126500Pa。

The sealing steam will enter “X” through two interfaces at lower half of gland

packing. At any condition, the pressure of chamber “X” will be lower than

113760－126500Pa through the gland steam.

汽封圈均为同样型式的，每个汽封圈都有带有“T”形叶根的弧段组成，“T”

型叶根装入汽封体上相应的槽内专用销（件 17）或（件 22）用于防止汽封圈

的转动，它装在每个汽封圈上半弧段水平中分面处的汽封槽内缺口处，每个汽

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封圈背部有四个弹簧片（件 21），弹簧片一端有通孔，螺钉穿过弹簧片上拧在

汽封弧段上，在每一汽封弧段螺孔四周敛缝防止螺钉松动，螺钉头与弹簧片有

足够间隙，使弹簧片径向可自由移动，装配时保证汽封片与转子间隙。

Each sealing ring consists of 4 segments with “T” type root which is installed

in the corresponding groove on gland packing. The special pin (17 or 22) at

horizontal joint of segment of upper half gland will prevent the rotating of

sealing ring. 4 spring sheets (Part 21) are installed on back of each sealing

ring. There is through holes on one end of spring sheet through which the

screw (10) will be fixed on each segement. The caulking is made for each

segment to prevent the loose of screw. Certain distance from spring sheet to

screw is remained to ensure the radial displacement of spring sheet. The

clearance between sealing ring and rotor shall be ensured during

installation.

汽封圈弧段的端部应打印辨认符号，这样，在汽封圈拆卸后重新装配时，就可

保持原来的装配关系，这一点极为重要，每个汽封圈（件 21）的每个弧段上都

有一个压力供给槽，它是利用外侧蒸汽压力比内侧大而使汽封圈径向紧贴在汽

封圈槽内，汽封圈弧段安装时应使压力槽面向蒸汽汽流方向，汽封圈（件 23）

在外侧，则不需要此压力槽。

Mark is made on the joint surface at end of segments. Thus, during the

re-assmebly of sealing ring, the sealing ring can remain the same

relationship as the original one, which is a very important element. Pressure

steam supplying slot is made on each segment of gland sealing ring (part

21). This is to make the sealing ring closely contact with the cam on sealing

ring slot due to the external steam pressure is higher than that of internal

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steam. The pressure steam supplying slot shall face the steam flow direction

during installation of sealing ring. The sealing ring (part 23) is at external

side, no pressure slot is required.

汽封体装配时，在汽封体上半与汽缸上半连接螺栓节圆上钻两个孔，装两个螺

销（件 11），当拆卸汽封体时，用螺母（件 12）松动螺销。

During the assembly of gland packing, drill two holes on the pitch circle of

bolt connecting the upper half of gland packing and upper half of casing.

Install two pins (part 11) which shall be loosened by screw (part 12) during

disassembly of gland packing.

当汽封体（件 25）需要增加传感元件时，要去除螺旋管塞（件 1）并使用相应

的管子。

In case any transmitter element is required for gland packing (part 25), the

spiral pipe plug (part 5) shall be replaced by corresponding pipes.

19.2 零件清单

19.2 Part list

序
名称 序号 名称
号
Part name No. Part name
No.
1
＊
蒸尾结合式垫片 14 内六角螺钉
Dove tail gasket Hexagonal socket screw
2 内六角螺钉 15 内六角螺钉

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Hexagonal socket screw Hexagonal socket screw
3 垫 圈 16 内六角螺钉
Shim Hexagonal socket screw
4 螺 旋 管 塞 17 专 用 销
Spiral pipe plug Speical pin
5 螺 旋 管 塞 18 螺 钉
Spiral pipe plug Screw
6 内六角螺钉 19 汽 封 片
Hexagonal socket screw Sealing strip
7 内六角螺钉 20 汽 封 片
Hexagonal socket screw Sealing strip
8 锥 销 21 弹 簧 片
Cone pin Spring sheet
9 螺 母 22 专 用 销
Nut Special pin
10 垫 圈 23 汽封圈（外）
Shim Sealing ring (external)
11 螺 销 24 汽封圈（内）
Screw Sealing ring (internal)
12 螺 母 25 汽封体（两半）
Nut Gland packing (two halves)
13 垫 圈
Washer

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20. 高中压转子与低压转子间联轴器

20. Coupling between HIP rotor and LP rotor

20.1 概述

20.1 Generals

此联轴器为刚性联轴器，如图 33。

The rigid coupling is used as shown in Fig.33.

联轴器的每半与汽轮机转子整体地锻在一起，联轴器的两半用螺栓（2）刚性

连接，起空心环作用的垫片（1）加工成止口形式，与每半联轴器相配合，因

此，为了取下垫片，转子必须轴向移动，使两半联轴器分开，空出一个足够的

止口安装间隙，所备的顶开螺钉即用于此。最初装配时，联轴器上都作了标记，

并且所有螺栓均按次序编号排列。

Each half of coupling is forged integrally with turbine rotor. The two halves of

coupling are connected with bolts (2). The gaskets (1) used for locating ring

are machined with rabbet which matches with each half of coupling. In order

to remove the gaskets, the rotor shall axially rotate to separate two halves of

coupling to provide clearance big enough for rabbet installation. The jacking

screw could be used for above work. During primary assembly, the couplings

are marked and all bolts are numbered in sequence.

两半联轴器之间的精确对中以及安装的正确方法是极其重要的。在转子放入轴

承之前，用平板检查联轴器表面，如发现有任何碰痕或毛刺必须把它们刮研掉，

对这些表面不允许动锉刀，检查所有的螺孔、刮面等，去掉能够发现的任何毛

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刺。

The alignment of two halves coupling and proper installation are very

important. Before putting the rotor into bearing, check the coupling surface

with flat plate. Any scripture or burr found shall be ground. No file is allowed

to be used for these surfaces. Check all screw holes and surfaces to remove

any found burr.

在正确的对中状态下，所有的联轴器零部件应该是被清理干净的，螺栓和螺孔

应是相互匹配好的，装上垫片（1）并移动其中一根转子使两半联轴器靠在一

起，不准用紧螺栓的办法把它们拉在一起。装上所有螺栓并且按通常“合金钢

螺柱的拧紧”一节的方法逐渐地把它们拧紧，装上防鼓风盖板（4）。

Under the condition with proper alignment, all coupling parts ahll be cleaned.

All bolts and holes shall be mateched. Install the gaskets (1) and move one

rotor to close the two halves coupling. Bolt is not allowed to be used to pull

them together. Install all bolts and tighten all bolts according to the methods

provided in section “the tightening for alloy bolts”. Finally install the

anti-blasting cover (4).

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20.2 零件清单

20.2 Part list

序 号 零件名称

No. Part name

1 联轴器垫片 Coupling gaskets

2 联轴器螺栓 Coupling bolts

3 专用螺母 Special nuts

4 防鼓风盖板 Anti-blasting cover

5 六角头螺栓 Hexagonal bolts

6 专用垫圈 Special washer

21. 汽轮机与发电机间联轴器

21. Coupling between turbine and generator

21.1 概述

21.1 Generals

此联轴器为联接低压转子与发电机转子的。如图 34。

This coupling is used to connect the LP rotor of turbine and generator rotor

as shown in Fig.34.

联轴器和垫片的端面加工成止口的结构形式而相互配合，这样为了将联轴器的

两半分开，采用顶开螺钉使转子轴向移动。每半联轴器都备有加工好的顶开螺

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钉孔。在停机期间，联轴器大齿轮（3）与低速盘车装置相啮合。

The end surface of coupling and gasket are machined into rabbet for

matching up. Thus, in order to separate the two halves of coupling, the

jacking screw shall be used to move the rotor at axial direction. Each half of

coupling has machined holes for jacking screw. During the shutdown, the

coupling gear (3) and low speed turning gear device will be engaged.

21.2 转子的连接

21.2 Roror connection

转子的精确对中及正确的装配步骤是极为重要的，在本说明书中的“合金钢螺

栓的拧紧”一节，提供紧螺栓步骤的资料。其基本数据在“轴承标高及找中数

据”图中也可见到。

The alignment of two halves coupling and proper installation are very

important. The section of “Tightening for alloy bolts” provides the procedures

for bolt tightening. The basis information can be seen in Drawing “bearing

elevation and alignment data”.

在转子放入轴承中以前，用平板检查联轴器端面，如发现任何碰痕或毛刺。应

将它们研磨掉，不要锉这些表面。检查所有的螺孔、刮面等，并且去掉可能发

现的任何毛刺。

Before putting the rotor into bearing, check the coupling surface with flat

plate. Any scripture or burr found shall be ground. No file is allowed to be

used for these surfaces. Check all screw holes and surfaces to remove any

found burr.

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与此同时，须清理所有联轴器零件并且匹配好螺栓、螺孔。确保当中间轴（1）

和垫片（2）及大齿轮（3）就位时整个装配件的匹配标记是严格对中的。

All coupling parts shall be cleaned and all bolts and screw holes shall be

prepared. When the intermediate (1), gaskets (2) and gear (3) are in place,

the marking for the whole assembly shall be in alignment.

安装中间轴和垫片（参见“轴承标高及联轴器找中数据”），移动转子将两半联

轴器配到一起。不得用紧螺栓的办法将转子联轴器拉在一起。

Install intermediate shaft and gasket (see “shafting alignment drawing”).

Move the rotor to assemble the two halves of coupling. Bolt is not allowed to

be used to pull them together.

把联轴器螺栓装入应装入的螺孔中，使有标记的端面位于该联轴器的调速器那

一端。紧螺栓可按“合金钢螺栓的拧紧紧”一节所述进行。

Install all bolts and tighten all bolts according to the methods provided in

section “the tightening for alloy bolts”. The marked end shall be located at

the governor end of coupling.

当首次装配联轴器时，防鼓风联轴器盖板（4）在它们所在位置已作上了标记，

装上它们并确保它们在所在的位置上。

During the primary assembly, the anti-blasting cover (4) is marked with its

position. Install the coupling while ensuring they are at marked position.

当每个盖板螺钉（5）被拧上前，先装上特制垫片（9），这样使垫片上弯成直

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角的凸起正好嵌在事先钻好的孔中，当螺钉被拧紧，即将垫片的两处弯成翅状

与螺钉头两平面相贴合，以防止螺钉松开，在盖板上有几个开孔以便疏油。

After putting in the screw (5) of each cover, install the locking gasket (9) to

make the gasket bend to right angle with the heave in the holes. When

tightening the screw, the two ends will be bent into swing type to contact with

two end surfaces of screw head to prevent the loose of screw. Openings are

made on cover for draining the oil.

21.3 零件清单

21.3 Part list

序 号 零件名称

No. Part name

1 低压转子 LP rotor

2 平衡螺塞 M45 balance screw plug

3 螺母M52×3 Nut

4 联轴器螺栓 Coupling bolts

5 联轴器螺栓 Couplign bolts

6 六角头螺栓 M10×25 Hex bolt

7 专用垫圈 Special washer

8 电机联轴器端大齿轮

Gear at generator coupling end

9 平衡螺塞 22 Balance screw plug

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22.罩壳及照明设备

22. Enclosure and illumination equipment

为使汽轮机在运行时减少对外界噪音及使汽轮机外表美观，因而用罩壳把汽轮

机外部罩住，同时，为了使检修人员能安全地在罩壳之内行走，在罩壳内安装

了照明设备。此罩壳照明设备只能保证人员在通过罩壳过道时的安全，因而在

罩壳内进行其它工作时需用户自己另外增加手提照明设备。

In order to reduce the noise during operation and to make turbine in good

looking, the enclosure is used to cover the turbine. Meanwhile, for the

walking of maintenance persons, the illumination equipment is provided in

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the enclosure. The illumination equipment can only ensure the safety of

passing the runway, therefore, additional portable illumination device shall

be prepared while working in the enclosure.

23．汽封系统

23. Gland Sealing System

23.1 概述

23.1 Generals

在汽轮机转子穿过外缸的部位，必须采取一些措施以防止空气漏入或蒸汽从汽

缸漏出，梳齿形汽封和汽封系统就是为了完成这一功能而设计的。

Where the rotor passes through the outer casing, some measures shall be
taken to prevent the air admission or air leakage. The gland with sealing ring
and gland steam system are designed for this purpose.

图 37 为汽封系统示意图。
The Fig. 37 is the sketch of gland sealing system.

23.1.1 转子汽封
23.1.1 Rotor gland

在每个外缸两端装有大量环绕转子的汽封片，汽封片与转子表面仅留有防止在
运行过程中发生接触的间隙。汽封的结构在其它章节中另有说明。以下是典型
的转子汽封压力分布图。

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 141A.000.1SM（B）-3 Page 159 of 208

The gland teeth around rotor are installed on both sides of outer casing. The

clearance between the gland teeth and rotor surface is maintained only for

non-collision during operation. The gland structure description is given in

other part. The following figure provides the gland pressure distribution

drawing of typical rotor.

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在汽轮机启动和低负荷运行时，汽轮机各汽缸内的压力都低于大气压力。见图

35，供至“X”腔室的汽封蒸汽在一侧面过汽封漏入汽轮机，在另一侧漏入“Y”

腔室。由装在轴封冷凝器上的电动风机使“Y”腔室维持稍低于大气压力。因

而，空气通过外汽封从大气漏入“Y”腔室，汽气混合物则通过一个与轴封冷

却器相连的接口从“Y”腔室被抽出。

During the startup and operation with low load, the pressure in each casing

is lower than the atmospheric pressure. See Fig. 35. The gland steam

supplied to “X” chamber will enter the turbine through the gland on one side

and enter “Y” chamber from the other side. The motor driven fan on gland

cooler will maintain the pressure in “Y” chamber is lower than the

atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the air will enter “Y” chamber from external

gland. The mixture of steam and air will be extracted from “Y” chamber from

the interface connected with gland cooler.

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当排汽压力超过“X”腔室的压力时，通过内汽封环发生反向流动。见图 36，

流量随着排汽压力的升高而增加。因此，对于高中压合缸的各汽封来说，约在

15%负荷时变成自密封。此时，蒸汽从“X”腔室排到汽封系统的联箱，再从

联箱流向低压汽封。如有任何多余的蒸汽，会通过溢流阀流往凝汽器，如有溢

流，则如机组热平衡所示，通常发生在高负荷下。

When the discharge pressure exceeds the pressure in “X” chamber, the

reverse flow shall occur in internal gland sealing ring as shown in Fig.36.

The flow will increase with the increasing of discharge pressure. Therefore,

each gland of HIP casing will be changed into self-sealing mode when the

load is 15%. At this time, the steam discharged from “X” chamber enters the

header of gland system and then enters LP gland from header. The

additional steam will flow into condenser through the overflow valve. As

shown in heat balance diagram, the overflow usually happens under high

load.

在图 35 和 36 中，绝对压力是按一个标准大气压（101325Pa 即 760mmHg）

给出的。如果电厂处于高海拔区，需要调整这些压力，则根据图 35 和 36 确定

合适的表压力并用于当地的大气压，以取得正确的厂址绝对压力。

In Fig. 35 and 36, the absolute pressure is given based on one standard

atmosphere (101325Pa, ie. 760mmHg). If the power plant is with high

altitude, these pressures require to be corrected. According to the gauge

pressure given in Fig. 35 and 36, the proper absolute pressure shall be

achieved by using the local atmospheric pressure.

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23.1.2 汽封蒸汽调节阀

23.1.2 Control valve for gland steam

去往各个汽封的密封蒸汽压力原则上是由下述四个气动膜板(也有的用户采用

了电动的执行机构。)驱动阀调节的：(用户也可据电厂的实际情况取消某些供

汽阀.)

In principle, the gland steam pressure is controlled by 4 pneumatic film

valves (some customers choose motor-driven actuators. The customer can

cancel some steam supplying valves according to the actual situation of the

power plant):

高压供汽阀 HP steam supplying valve

冷端再热供汽阀 Cold reheat steam supplying valve

溢流阀 Overflow valve

辅助供汽阀 Auxiliary steam supplying valve

每个阀门配有一个位移变送器，将阀门的开度转换为 4～20mA。汽封联箱的压

力变化通过压力变送器将 4～20mA 的电信号送往 DCS，由 DCS 完成对阀门

的控制功能，并输出相应控制信号，控制输往调节阀膜盒的空气量，从而控制

调节阀的开度，来维持汽封母管的压力在规定的范围内。

Each valve is equipped with one displacement transmitter to switch the

opening of valves into 4～20mA. The pressure variation of gland header

shall send the electronic signal of 4～20mA to DCS by pressure transmitter.

The DCS will complete the control on valves and output the control signal.

Control the air to the film chamber of control valve to control the valve

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opening to maintain the pressure in gland mains within the specified range.

DCS 检测汽封联箱的压力。按照汽轮机蒸汽和负荷条件的要求，只要汽源有蒸

汽便通过调节阀以每个阀门最高的压力给定值提供蒸汽。通常，高压汽源用于

跳闸和甩负荷后的启动或当无冷端再热供汽时的低负荷下。在冷态启动由辅助

汽源供汽的情况下，高压供汽阀将处于关闭状态，此时同样无冷再热蒸汽，因

此，高压供汽阀调整在最低的压力给定值，辅助供汽阀的给定值比高压供汽阀

的给定值高 3530Pa，冷端再热供汽阀的给定值比辅助供汽阀的给定值高

3433Pa（0.035Kgf/cm²）。

DCS will detect the pressure of gland header. According to the requirements

of steam and load, if there is steam from the sources, the control valve will

supply the steam at the specific value with maximum pressure of each valve.

Usually, HP steam source is used for the startup after tripping and load

rejection or under low load with no cold reheat steam is supplied. If the

auxiliary steam is used for cold startup, the HP steam supplying valve will be

closed when there is no cold reheat steam. Therefore, HP steam supplying

valve is set at the minimum pressure settings. The setting of auxiliary steam

supplying valve is 3530Pa higher than HP steam supplying valve. The

setting of cold reheat steam supplying valve is 3433Pa（0.035Kgf/cm²）

higher than that of auxiliary steam supplying valve.

如果通过内汽封漏入“X”腔室的汽量（图 36），超过各低压汽封需要的密封

汽量，则汽封联箱的压力将升高，供汽阀将完全关闭，而溢流阀开启，将多余

的蒸汽排往冷凝器，从而控制汽封联箱的压力。因此，溢流调节阀控制器的给

定值比冷端再热汽控制器高 3432Pa。

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If the steam (Fig. 36) leaked into “X” chamber through internal gland

exceeds the required quantity, the pressure of gland header will increase to

fully close the steam supplying valve and open the overflow valve to exhaust

the additional steam into condenser so as to control the pressure in gland

header. Therefore, the setting value of over flow valve is 3432Pa higher than

that of cold reheat steam supplying valve.

给定值（近似值）如下：

The setting values (approximations) are as follows:

控制器 controller 给定值 setting value

高压供汽 20594 Pa（表压）

HP steam supply 20594 Pa（gauge）

辅助供汽 24124 Pa（表压）

Auxiliary steam supply 24124 Pa（gauge）

冷端再热供汽 27557 Pa（表压）

Cold reheat steam supply 27557 Pa（gauge）

溢流 30989 Pa（表压）

Over flow 30989 Pa (gauge)

表 23-1 Table 23-1

汽封联箱压力 高压供汽阀 辅助供汽阀 冷端再热供汽 溢流阀
表 Pa（表压） HP steam Auxiliary 阀 Overflow
Gland header supplying steam Cold reheat valve
pressure Pa valve supplying steam

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(gauge valve supplying
pressure) valve
0～20594 开和调节 开 开 关
Open-close Open Open Close
regulating
20594 关 开和调节 开 关
Close Open-close Open Close
regulating
24124 关 关 开和调节 关
Close Close Open-close Close
regulating
27557 关 关 关 关
Close Close Close Close
30989 关 关 关 开和调节
Close Close Close Open-close
regulating

表 23-2 Table 23-2

汽封联箱压力 高压供汽阀 辅助供汽阀 冷端再热供汽 溢流阀
表 Pa（表压） HP steam Auxiliary 阀 Overflow
Gland header supplying steam Cold reheat valve
pressure Pa valve supplying steam
(gauge valve supplying
pressure) valve
0～24124 关 开和调节 开 关
Close Open-close Open Close
regulating
24124 关 关 开和调节 关
Close Close Open-close Close

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regulating
27557 关 关 关 关
Close Close Close Close
30989 关 关 关 开和调节
Close Close Close Open-close
regulating

23.1.3 减温器

23.1.3 Desuperheater

低压汽封蒸汽减温器用于降低在进入凝汽器空间之前供汽管道内低压汽封供汽

的温度。低压汽封内的蒸汽温度维持在 121℃～177℃之间，以防汽封体可能

的变形和损坏汽轮机转子。正常情况下，蒸汽的减温是在凝汽器辅助空间内，

通过供汽管道中蒸汽的自然降温达到的。安装在低压汽封上的热电偶感应其温

度，控制喷水系统。在进入减温器的蒸汽温度约为 260℃或更高的情况下，用

此系统就能使汽封蒸汽温度达到 121℃～177℃之间。但是，如果进入减温器

的蒸汽温度远低于 260℃，特别是如果接近控制范围 121℃～177℃，则不需要

喷水。供汽管道中的自然降温即可能使汽封温度降到控制值 121℃以下。

The LP gland steam desuperheater is used to reduce the temperature of

supplied steam for LP gland sealing before entering the condenser. The

steam temperature of LP gland shall be remained at 121℃～177℃ to

prevent the possible damage of gland packing and rotor. Under normal

condition, the desuperheating of steam is achieved by the natural cooling in

supplying piping within the auxiliary space of condenser. The thermocouple

installed on the LP gland can sense the temperature and control the water

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spraying system. If the steam temperature before entering desuperheater is

about 260℃ or higher, this system could make the temperature reduce to

121℃～177℃. However, if the temperature before entering desuperheater is

lower than 260℃ and close to 121℃～177℃, no water spraying is required.

The natural cooling in steam supplying piping is possible to reduce the

temperature to 121℃ below.

减温器和连接管道示意于图 37 中，过热蒸汽进入减温器，且在减温器的收缩

的管道截面中蒸汽速度增加，然后，蒸汽通过喷嘴，使喷出的冷却水被注入高

速汽流中，这样保证绝对雾化，且因冷却水汽化而使蒸汽温度降低，来自凝结

水泵的冷却水通过管道经过减温器喉部的喷嘴而进入减温器，经过喷嘴的冷却

水量由膜板驱动阀对应于来自 DCS 的控制信号进行控制， DCS 感受一个低压

汽封的温度，在喷嘴出口约 1.52m 处的供汽管道中装有一个疏水罐。

Fig. 37 shows the desuperheater and connecting piping in principle. The

superheating steam will enter the desuperheater and steam flow will

increase when the desuperheater shrink the piping section. Then the steam

will go through the nozzle where the cooling water will be injected into the

steam with high flow to ensure the complete pulverization which will reduce

the steam temperature. The cooling water from condnensate pump will enter

the desuperheater through the nozzle at throat area of desuperheater. The

cooling water flow passing the nozzle will be controlled by the signal from

DCS by film valve. The DSC can sense the temperature of LP gland. One

drain tank is installed in the steam supplying piping at 1.52 meter from

nozzle outlet.

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23.1.4 轴封蒸汽冷却器

23.1.4 Gland condenser

如图 35 和图 36 所示，“Y”腔室是汽封漏汽区，其中必须维持稍低于大气压力。

通常显示 686.5Pa 的负压。如果系统工作正常，允许达到 498.2～746.3 Pa 的

负压。

As shown in Fig. 35 and 36, “Y” chamber is gland leakage area where the

pressuer shall be slightly lower than the atmospheric pressure. Usually, the

pressure indication is 686.5Pa of negative pressure. If the system is in

normal operation, the negative pressure is allowed to reach 498.2 ～

746.3Pa.

在运行中，循环水进入轴封冷却器的前水室，在轴封冷却器内流过管子后在后

水室排出。阀杆漏汽及来自图 35 和 36 所示的“Y”腔室的汽封漏汽通过两个

蒸汽入口进入凝汽区，漏汽流过管子外壁而凝结，所形成的凝结水通过壳体疏

水口排出。空气和其它非凝结气体由风机排往大气，风机壳体疏水口应保持开

启，以便通过适当的环形水封管随时排除凝结水。

During the operation, the circulating water will enter the front water chamber

of gland cooler and discharge from the rear water chamber after passing the

piping in gland cooler. The leakage from valve steam and “Y” chamber as

shown in Fig. 35 and 36 will enter the condensing area by two steam inlets.

The leakage will be condensed when passing the external wall of piping. The

condensate will discharge from drain outlet. Air and other non-condensed

gas will be exhaust into atmosphere by fan. The drain outlet of fan shall

remain open so that the condensate can be drained through proper

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circulating water sealing pipe.

23.1.5 安全阀（汽封蒸汽）

23.1.5 Relief Valve (Gland steam)

由于送往汽封系统的供汽压力高于系统允许的设计压力，在系统中装有二个安

全阀，以避免由于调节阀失灵而可能引起的过高压力。

Because the pressure of steam for gland system is higher than the allowable

design pressure, two relief valves are installed in the system to prevent the

pressure from becoming too high due to the control valve failure.

安全阀是一个以“突然”作用力特征的直接压力驱动的放泄阀，安全阀调整在

压力为 274587.6Pa 时开启，并在压力为 784536Pa 时，由于去往各汽封供汽

调节阀的空气完全中断而将蒸汽排出。这是在汽轮机带负荷运行，而与凝汽器

相连的溢流阀完全关闭的情况下，由于全开的高压供汽调节阀和冷端再热供汽

调节阀继续供汽的结果。

The relief valve is the valve with “abrupt” actuation feature and shall be

opened by direct pressure. The relief valve will open when the controlled

pressure is 274587.6Pa and will discharge the steam when the pressure is

784536Pa because the air to each gland steam control valve is cut off. This

is because the overflow valves connected with condenser are fully closed

when the turbine is in operation and the HP steam supplying valve and cold

reheat steam supplying control valves at full opening contiously supply the

steam.

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23.1.6 蒸汽过滤器

23.1.6 Steam Strainer

为了防止外部物质进入汽封和引起转子的损坏，在每个汽封的供汽管道中使用

了蒸汽过滤器，过滤器“Y”形支管是水平安装或置于管道的顶部，所以能够

自行排空。

In order to prevent the foreign material coming into the gland to cause the

rotor damage, the steam strainer is used in the steam supplying pipe of each

gland. “Y” type support branch of strainer is on the top of piping installed at

horizontal direction, therefore the self-exhaust could be achieved.

23.1.7 热电偶

23.1.7 Thermocouple

热电偶用来使运行人员能够监视高中压汽封供汽与汽封体和转子金属之间的温

差。汽封供汽的温度是直接从调节阀和汽封之间的供汽管道中测得的，而汽封

区的转子金属温度不能直接测，是通过在汽缸的一端或两端测量汽缸端壁温度

取得的近似值，热电偶的数量及位置和汽封蒸汽温度的限制值见汽轮机运行部

分说明书。

The thermal couple is usded to supervise the temperature difference

between HIP gland steam and gland packing and rotor metal. The

temperature of gland steam is measured from the steam supplying pipe

between control valve and gland. But the rotor metal temperature at gland

area can not be measured and is acquired by the approximation from casing

temperature measured at one end or two ends of casing. The quantity and

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position of thermocouple and limit of gland steam temperature shall refer to

Turbien Operation Manual.

23.2 运行

23.2 Operation

23.2.1 启动

23.2.1 Startup

23.2.1.1 在汽轮机和进汽管道所有疏水阀打开的情况下使机组盘车。

23.2.1.1 Perform the turning gear with all drain valves of steam turbine and

steam inlet piping open.

23.2.1.2 建立通过主凝汽器的水循环。

23.2.1.2 Establish the circulating water of main condenser.

23.2.1.3 起动凝结水泵并建立通过轴封冷却器的冷却水流。

23.2.1.3 Start up the condensate pump and establish the cooling water flow

to gland cooler.

23.2.1.4 开启轴封冷却器水室上的放气口，直至全部残留气体排入大气。

23.2.1.4 Open the relief outlet on water chamber of gland cooler until all

residential gas being discharged into atmosphere.

23.2.1.5 确认轴封冷却器壳体的疏水系统对主冷凝器是全开的。

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23.2.1.5 Confirm the draining system of gland cooler is open to main

condenser.

23.2.1.6 确认轴封冷却器水位警报器处于运行状态，且仪表截止阀是开着的。

23.2.1.6 Confirm the water level alarm of gland cooler is in operation and the

check valve of instrument is open.

23.2.1.7 打开向低压汽轮机汽封蒸汽减温器控制阀的供气，开启控制阀每侧

的手动截止阀。由于不向低压汽轮机各汽封供汽，因此，控制阀应保持关闭位

置。确认控制阀的旁路阀处于关闭状态。

23.2.1.7 Open the control valve which supply the steam to gland cooler of

LP turbine, open the manual check valve at each side of control valve.

Because no steam is required to be supplied to LP turbine, so the control

valve shall be closed and the bypass valve of control valve shall be closed.

23.2.1.8 确认每个汽封系统压力调节阀站的手动截止阀和旁路阀处于关闭状

态。

23.2.1.8 Confirm the manual check valve and bypass valve on gland steam

pressure control valve shall be closed.

23.2.1.9 打开向各汽封压力调节阀的供气。

23.2.1.9 Open the steam supply to control valve of each gland system.

23.2.1.10 确认高压和冷端再热供汽压力调节阀辅助供汽压力调节阀进口侧的

疏水阀是开着的，且供汽管道中无水。

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23.2.1.10 Confirm the draining valve at the inlet side of auxiliary and cold

reheat steam supplying control valve is open and no water exists in the

steam supplying pipe.

23.2.1.11 运行人员应确认高压供汽温度与测得的高中压转子的表面金属温度

是协调的。有关汽封蒸汽温度限制值见汽轮机启动运行说明书。

23.2.1.11 The operator shall confirm the coordination between the auxiliary

steam supplying temperature and HIP rotor metal temperature. For the limit

of gland steam temperature, please see the turbine startup and operation

manual.

23.2.1.12 在确认调节阀入口的供汽管道中无水和供汽温度在规定的范围内以

后，每个调节阀的旁路阀应保持关闭

23.2.1.12 After confirming there is no water in the steam supplying pipe at

inlet of control valve and the supplied steam temperature being within the

specified range, confirm the bypass valve of control valve is closed.

按下述顺序打开调节阀两侧的手动及电动截止阀：

Open the manual and motor driven check valve at both sides of control valve

according to the sequence as follows:

23.2.1.13 当用高压供汽调节站向汽封系统供汽时

23.2.1.13 When the HP steam supplying station is used to supply the steam

to gland system:

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a 溢流调节阀 Overflow control valve

b 冷再热调节阀 Cold reheat control valve

c 辅助调节阀 Auxiliary control valve

d 高压调节阀 HP control valve

当用辅助供汽调节站向汽封系统供汽时

If the auxiliary steam supplying station is used to supply the steam to gland

system:

a 溢流调节阀 overflow control valve

b 冷再热调节阀 Cold reheat control valve

c 辅助调节阀 Auxiliary control valve

d 高压调节阀两侧的手动及电动截止阀处于关闭状态。直到

机组带负荷汽封系统达到自密封后，打开高压手动及电动截止阀。

The manual and motor-driven check valves at both sides of HP control valve

are closed until the self-sealing of gland system is achieved, then the HP

manual and motor-driven check valve will open.

当高压供汽截止阀（或辅助供汽截止阀）打开后，在汽封供汽联箱内建立起蒸

汽压力，确认汽封供汽联箱的压力稳定在控制调节阀的给定点。

After opening the HP steam supplying check valve (or auxiliary steam

supplying check valve), the steam pressure in header is established. The

pressure of supplied steam shall be stabilized at the specific point of control

valve.

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23.2.1.14 当汽封供汽联箱压力建立后，立即起动轴封冷却器风机。

23.2.1.14 Promptly start the fan of gland cooler after establishing the

pressure in header.

23.2.1.15 确认各汽缸的每个汽封处均有低度真空。

23.2.1.15 Confirm the low vacuum of each gland of casing.

23.2.1.16 确认各汽缸的任何汽封的蒸汽没有漏入大气。如果发现漏汽，则提高

轴封冷却器真空，或调整各调节阀的给定值以降低汽封联箱内的蒸汽压力直至

停止向外部漏汽。

23.2.1.16 Confirm there is no steam of gland leaked into the atmosphere. In

case any leakage found, increase the vacuum of gland cooler or regulate the

setting value of control valve to reduce the steam pressure in header until it

stopps supplying the steam.

23.2.1.17 检查各低压缸汽封蒸汽的温度在限制值 121℃～177℃之间，还检查

置于蒸汽减温器和低压汽封之间的汽封联箱正在连续疏水。

23.2.1.17 Check if the temperature of gland steam is within 121℃～177℃

and confirm the continous draining of header between desuperheater and

LP gland system is in process.

23.2.1.18 关闭主凝汽器的真空破坏门，起动抽气设备，并在主凝汽器内建立尽

可能高的真空。在每个汽缸的汽封建立起最大流量之前，所需的汽封蒸汽量随

主凝汽器真空的改善而增加。

23.2.1.18 Close the vacuum breaking valve of main condenser. Start the

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steam extracting device. Establish the vacuum in main condenser as high as

possible. Before establishing the maximum flow of gland system, the

required steam flow shall be increased according to the vacuum change in

main condenser.

23.2.1.19 如果采用汽轮机自动控制方式（ATC）启动，在下述情况下不得停止

盘车。

23.2.1.19 If the automatic turbine control (ATC) is used for turbine startup,

the turning gear shall not be stopped under the conditions as follows:

A 高压汽封蒸汽温度太低。

The temperature of HP gland steam is too low.

B 汽封供汽和端壁金属之间的温差太大。

The temperature difference between gland steam and wall metal is too big.

C 汽封蒸汽减温未将低压汽封供汽温度适当地调整在最大和最小限制值之
间。
The desuperheating of gland steam does not regulate the steam
temperature to the range between max. and min. value.

如果探测到上述任何一种情况，汽轮机自动控制程序将接通汽封系统故障报警

指示器，且在故障排除前或运行人员超调报警前继续盘车。

In case any of above condition is detected, the automatic turbine control

program will actuate the failure alarm indicator. The turning gear shall be

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continued before eliminating the failture or over-regulating alarm being given

by operator.

23.2.1.20 当负荷增加到超过初始值时，所需的外部汽封供汽量减小。压力开至

20594 Pa（表压）时高压供汽阀全部关闭，辅助供汽阀开始关闭。和调节开力

至 24124 Pa（表压）时辅助供汽阀全部关闭。冷端再热阀开始关闭调节。在

更高的负荷下，来自高中压汽轮机汽封的漏汽可能等于各低压汽封所需要的蒸

汽总量。当达到高负荷时，汽封联箱的蒸汽压将增加到冷端再热供汽阀控制器

的给定值 27557 Pa（表压），且此冷端再热阀关闭，汽封系统自密封。如果汽

封联箱的压力继续增高到 30989 Pa（表压），则汽封联箱溢流阀将开启，并允

许多余的汽封漏汽流往主凝汽器。

23.2.1.20 When the load exceeds the initial value, the required external

steam for gland sealing will be reduced. When pressure reaches 20594 Pa

(gauge), HP steam supplying valves will be closed and auxiliary steam

supplying valve starts to close. When the pressure reaches 24124 Pa

(gauge), auxiliary steam supplying valve will be closed. Cold reheat valve

starts to close. Under even higher load, the leakage from gland system of

HIP turbine might equal to the steam required by LP gland system. When

the load is high, the steam pressure of gland header will be increased to the

setting value of 27557 Pa (gauge) of controller for cold reheat steam

supplying valve and the cold reheat valve will be closed. Self-sealing can be

realized. If the pressure in header continue to increase to 30989 Pa

（gauge），the overflow valve of header will open to allow extra steam to flow

into condenser.

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23.2.2 控制降负荷

23.2.2 Control the down loading

在控制降负荷时压力低于 27557 Pa（表压）时冷端再热阀打开，负荷继续下

降，当压力低于 24124 Pa（表压）时，辅助供汽阀打开，则汽封系统所需的

蒸汽的来自冷端再热管道及辅助供汽管道。当联箱压力低于 20594 Pa（表压）

时，高压供汽调节阀开启以保持汽封联箱压力为 20594 Pa（表压）。

While controlling the down loading, if the pressure is lower than 27557 Pa

（gauge）, cold reheat valve will open. The load will continue to drop and

when the pressure is lower than 24124 Pa（gauge）, the auxiliary steam

supplying valve will open, so the steam required by gland system comes

from cold reheat pipe and auxiliary steam pipe. When the pressure in header

is lower than 20594 Pa（gauge）, HP steam supplying control valve will open

to maintain the pressure in header at 20594 Pa（gauge）.

当负荷降低时，应调整高压汽封供汽温度，使之与高中压转子金属的表面温度

相匹配。当汽封蒸汽取自外部汽源时，蒸汽和金属温度的匹配能时转子应力（在

汽封区内）减至最小。

During the down loading, the steam temperature for HP gland shall be

controlled to match with the metal temperature of HIP rotor. When the

external steam source is used by gland system, the matching of steam and

metal temperature can minimize the stress of rotor (in gland sealing area).

在冷端再热蒸汽调节阀入口的供汽管道上装有一个逆止阀，当冷端再热蒸汽压

力低于汽封联箱压力时，此逆止阀防止蒸汽从汽封联箱回流至主冷端再热管道。

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One check valve is installed on the steam supplying pipe at the inlet of cold

reheat control valve. When the cold reheat pressure is lower than that in

header, this check valve could prevent the returning of steam from header to

reheat piping.

23.2.3 汽轮机跳闸

23.2.3 Turbine tripping

当汽轮机跳闸时，在汽封联箱压力低于 20594Pa（表压）之前，汽封补充蒸汽

量取自冷端再热管道和辅助供汽管道。当汽封联箱的压力降低时，汽封供汽将

按前面各段所述取自高压汽源。

When the turbine trips, when the gland header pressure is lower than

20594Pa（gauge）, the make-up steam comes from the cold reheat piping

and auxiliary steam piping. When the pressure in header continues to drop,

the gland steam shall come from HP steam as mentioned above.

由于汽封汽源的快速切换，使高压供汽和汽缸端壁金属之间的温度匹配受到限

制。然而，如果在跳闸之前温度匹配的好，则当发生向外部供汽汽源的切换时，

可避免产生过大的转子金属表面的温度波动。

Due to the fast switching over of gland steam sources, the matching of

temperature between supplied steam and casing wall temperature is limited.

However, if the temperature matching is good before tripping, when the

switching occurs, the big change of temeprautre of rotor could be avoided.

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23.2.4 停机

23.2.4 Shutdown

只要存在着抽出通过汽封而进入汽缸的空气而使缸内保持真空的必要，就必须

向汽轮机各汽封提供密封蒸汽。否则，冷空气流会使转子表面金属急剧冷却，

而又会导致热的、静止的汽封体变形。在主凝汽器的抽气设备停止运行和主凝

汽器的真空完全消失之前，不得切断汽封供汽。

If there is necessity to maintain the vacuum in casing by extracting the air

which enters the casing through gland, the sealing steam shall be supplied

to each gland of steam turbine. At this moment, the cold air could cool the

rotor surface in sudden and cause the distortion of hot and stationary gland

packing. The gland steam is not allowed to be cut off before the

disappearance of vacuum of main condenser and the shutdown of steam

extracting equipment.

23.2.5 停机顺序

23.2.5 Shutdown sequence

23.2.5.1 在机组盘车和汽封供汽来自外部汽源的情况下，确认主凝汽器真空

已完全消失。

23.2.5.1 If the steam for turning gear and gland comes from the external

sources, the vacuum disappearance in main condenser shall be confirmed.

23.2.5.2 关闭轴封冷却器风机

23.2.5.2 Close the fan of gland cooler

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23.2.5.3 按下述顺序关闭各汽封压力调节阀两侧的手动及电动截止阀；

23.2.5.3 Close the manual and motor-driven check valve on both sides of

control valve according to the sequences as follows:

a 高压供汽阀 HP steam supplying valve

b 辅助供汽阀 auxiliary steam supplying valve

c 冷端再热供汽阀 reheat steam supplying valve

d 溢流阀 overflow valve

在切断轴封冷却器的风机后，应立即关闭上述阀门。在汽封体内无真空的情况

下，汽封供汽的投入将导致蒸汽漏入大气，这些蒸汽会进入润滑油的漏区并凝

结，成为污染杂质积累在油箱中。

After cutting off the gland cooler, the above valves shall be closed. If there is

no vacuum in gland packing, the supplying of gland steam will cause the

steam leakage into atmosphere. The steam will enter the collection tankof

lube oil for condensing and become the contaminant foreign material which

will be accumated in the oil tank.

23.2.5.4 切断向每个汽封压力调节阀的蒸汽供应。

23.2.5.4 Cut off the air to control valves of each gland

23.2.5.5 关闭汽封蒸汽减温控制阀两侧的手动截止阀。

23.2.5.5 Close the manual check valve at both sides of the desuperheating

control valve.

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23.2.5.6 切断向汽封蒸汽减温控制阀的空气供应。

23.2.5. 6 Cut off the air to desuperheating control valve.

23.2.5.7 切断轴封冷却器的冷却水。

23.2.5.7 Cut off the cooling water of gland cooler

23.2.6 汽封系统运行限制

23.2.6 Operation limit of gland system

23.2.6.1 汽封供汽必须具有不小于 14℃的过热度。

23.2.6.1 The gland steam shall have the overheat value not less than 14℃.

23.2.6.2 盘车之前不得投入汽封供汽系统，以免转子弯曲。

23.2.6.2 The gland system is not allowed to be actuated before turning gear

to prevent the rotor from bending.

23.2.6.3 低压缸汽封供汽温度 121℃～177℃，低压汽封温度控制器整定值为

150℃。

23.2.6.3 The gland steam temperature for LP gland system is 121～177℃.

The setting value of LP gland temperature controller is 150℃.

23.2.6.4 为了防止汽封部位由于热应力而造成转子损坏，机组在启动和停机

时，要尽量减小汽封蒸汽和转子表面间的温差。在不同的汽封蒸汽和转子金属

表面间的温差下，由于热应力而使转子开始产生裂纹的计算循环次数，建议转

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子循环疲劳能力为 10000 次。

23.2.6.4 In order to prevent the rotor damge due to the local thermal stress

at gland are, during the start up and shutsown, the temperature between the

gland steam and rotor surface shall be maintained as low as possible. Under

different gland steam temperature and metal surfacne temperature, the

calucation cycle times of rotor cracking caused by thermal stress shall be

determined. It is recommended that the fatigue cycle capability shall be

10000 times.

23.2.6.5 如果热态启动采用辅助锅炉向轴封供汽，则应注意辅助锅炉所供蒸

汽的温度也不得使轴封蒸汽与转子表面金属的最大允许温差超过上述规定值。

23.2.6.5 If the auxiliary boiler is used to supply steam to gland system at

hot start up, the temperature of steam supplied by auxiliary boiler shall not

make the maximum allowable temperature difference between gland steam

and rotor metal temperature exceed the above specified value.

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24. 汽轮机疏水系统

24. Drainage System

24.1 概述

24.1 Generals

汽轮机疏水系统的目的，是在机组启动、带负荷、甩负荷或停机时，防止水进

入汽轮机的部件或积聚在汽轮机内。汽轮机一旦进水，零部件的损坏几乎是不

可避免的。水会引起热冲击，机械冲击，由此引起的故障有：叶片和围带损坏，

推力轴承损坏，转子裂纹，隔板套裂纹，转子永久性弯曲，静子部分的永久性

变形以及汽封片磨坏等。

The function of the drain system is to prevent water from entering into

turbine components or accumulating in the turbine during start-up, loading,

rejecting load and shutdown. The damage of turbine parts is inevitable when

water enters steam turbine. Water may cause thermal shock and mechanical

shock. The incidents caused by these are damage of blade, blade shrouding

and thrust bearing, rotor cracking, diaphragm carrier cracking, permanently

curved of rotor, permanently curved of stationary parts and wearing the

gland seal plate, etc. When load reaches 20% rated load, the drain valves

close. When the load reduces to 20% rated load, the drain valves open.

24.2 汽轮机所有的疏水阀必须：

24.2 All drain valves of steam turbine shall:

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24.2.1 在汽轮机停机后到被冷却之前一直打开。

24.2.1 The drain valves remain opened ater shutdown before cooling.

24.2.2 在汽轮机启动和向轴封供汽之前必须打开。

24.2.2 They shall be open before the startup of steam turbine and supplying

the steam to gland system.

24.2.3 当机组带负荷时保持打开状态，当负荷带到额定负荷的 10%时关闭高压

疏水阀，当负荷带到额定负荷的 20%时关闭中压疏水阀。

24.2.3 When load reaches 10% of the rated load, the HP drain valves shall

be closed. When the load reaches 20% of the rated load, the IP drain valves

shall be closed.

24.2.4 当机组降负荷时，负荷降到额定负荷 20%时，打开中压疏水阀，当负荷

降到额定负荷的 10%时，打开高压疏水阀。

24.2.4 Open the IP drain valve during the down loading of turbine to 20% of

the rated load. Open the HP drain valve during the down loading of turbine to

10% of the rated load.

24.2.5 在主要疏水阀打开之前，避免破坏真空。但这个建议不适合用于在危急

情况下需要立即破坏真空，也不适用于用户的主蒸汽管道的疏水阀。

24.2.5 Before opening the main drain valves, the vacuum shall not be broken.

But this suggestion is not applicable to neither the emergency condition

under which the vacuum shall be broken immediately nor the drain valve for

main steam pipe of customer.

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25. 汽轮机通风系统

25．Ventilation system of turbine

当汽轮机停机时，由于主汽阀和再热阀同时迅速关闭，在高压缸内截留大量高

密度蒸汽，由于鼓风会使高压缸的温度迅速升高，过高的温度有可能造成叶片

和转子的损坏，因此安装了两个气动通风阀。见通风系统图。

During turbine shutdown, because the main stop valve and reheat valve will

close rapidly, large amount of steam with high density will remain in the HP

casing. Due to the blasting, the temperature of HP casing will increase

quickly. The exornitant temperature will cause the damge of blade and rotor,

therefore two Pneumatic valves are installed. See ventaition system

diagram.

当汽轮机跳闸时，受 DCS 信号控制，通风阀则因供气中断而开启，从而产生

了通过高压缸向凝汽器的反向冷却流，使高压缸叶片和转子受到冷却，防止过

热出现。

During turbine tripping, the ventilation valve will open due to the cut off of air

supply by DCS control. The reverse cooling flow from HP casing to

condenser will be brought to cool the HP blade and rotor to prevent the

overheating.

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26. 后汽缸喷水系统

26. Rear Casing Spray System

后汽缸喷水系统（见图 41） 设计成在转子的转速达到 600r/min 时自动投入，

并在机组带上约 15%负荷前连续运行。

The water spray system (see Fig.41) will be automatically put into operation

when rotating speed of rotor reaches 600r/min and it will continuously

operate until about 15% rated load is reached.

当机组的转速达到 600r/min 时，在控制开关处于自动位置时，电磁阀由来自汽

轮机控制系统的一个信号所驱动，或者通过手动操纵开关驱动。电磁阀通电时

使气动阀打开，由凝结水泵向喷水系统供水。

When the turbine speed reaches 600r/min and the control switch at

automatic position, the solenoid valve is drien by one signal from turbine

control system or by manual switch. The solenoid is open through powering

the solenoid valve to open the pneumatic valve. The water will be supplied

by condensate pump to water spraying system.

气动调节阀控制通往后汽缸喷水嘴的凝结水量，它通常是关闭的，而当喷水调

节阀接受 DCS 信号并将阀位反馈给 DCS,同时阀后压力反馈到 DCS 以控制合

适的喷水压力，这样给各喷水嘴提供均匀的凝结水量。

The condensate flow through spray nozzle is controlled by pneumatic valve.

Usually, the pneumatic valve is closed. However, when the water spray

control valve receives the DCS signal and the valve position is fed back to

DCS, meanwhile the pressure after valve will be fed back to DCS to control

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the proper spray pressure to provide even condensate to each nozzle.

在空负荷蒸汽流量和全真空的情况下，不希望后汽缸过热。真空不良会引起汽

缸过热，正如当机组被允许倒拖时蒸汽流量大小于空负荷时的流量一样。如果

温度超过 79.4℃，则必须通过增加负荷或改善真空逐步地降低后汽缸的温度，

后汽缸的极限温度为 121℃。如果达到这一温度，则应停机并排除故障。此外,

后汽缸喷水调节阀有一个旁路阀，此阀仅在调节阀损坏或维修的情况下使用。

为维持计算的控制压力，旁路阀应开得足够大。为了防止汽轮机可能的损坏，

要注意当汽轮机在不需要后汽缸喷水的范围内运行时，旁路阀不应处于开启状

态。

Under the steam flow with idle load and full vacuum, no rear casting

overheating is expected. The bad vacuum condition will cause the

overheating of casing, just like the situation that the steam flow during

moving backward is much lower than the flow during idle load. If the

temperature exceeds 79.4℃, the load increasing or vacuum improvement

shall be made to reduce the casing temperature. The limit temperature of

casing is 121℃. If the temperature reaches this value, the failure shall be

eliminated by shutdown. In addition, one bypass valve is installed on water

spraying control valve. This bypass valve is only be used when the control

valve is damaged or is in repair. In order to maintain the control pressure, the

bypass valve shall be open big enough. In order to prevent the turbine from

damage, the bypass vavle shall not be open when the turbine is in operation

without water spraying.

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27.滑销系统

27. Slide Pin System

汽轮机在开启运行或停机时，汽轮机的各个零部件的温度要发生很大的变化，

为了保证汽缸等部件的正确膨胀（收缩）和定位，为了保证汽缸和转子的正确

对中，30 万千瓦汽轮机设计了合理的滑销系统。

Proper sliding key system is designed for the 300MW unit in order to

guarantee the correct expansion, shrinkage and alignment of turbine

component during turbine startup or shutdown because ehte temperature of

each part of turbine shall change greatly.

低压缸是由与外缸下半一体的并向外伸出的连续撑脚或“裙边”支托。撑脚坐在

台板上，台板浇注在基础中，撑脚与台板间的位置靠四键来定位。键的位置如

图示。两端有两个预埋在基础里的轴向定位键位于轴向中心线上，牢牢地固定

住汽缸的横向位置，但允许做轴向自由膨胀。两侧两个预埋在基础里的横向键

分别置于横向中心线上，牢牢地固定住汽缸的轴向位置，但允许横向自由膨胀。

因此两横向定位键中心线与两轴向定位键中心线交点也就是排汽口中心处为低

压缸绝对死点，汽缸可以在基础台板的水平面内沿任何方向作自由膨胀。

The LP casing is supported by the continous supporting feet or “skirt” which

is integral with lower half of casing. The supporting feet is seated on the

base plate which is embedded in the foundation. The positon of supporting

feet and base plate is located by the four keys. The position of keys is shown

as diagram. Two axial locating keys are embedded in the foundation and

located on the axial center line to firmly fix the transverse position of casing.

It is allowed to make axial free expansion. The intersection point of

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centerline of two transverse locating keys and centerline of two axial locating

keys is the absolute dead point of LP casing. The casing can expand freely

at any direction in the plane of base plate.

高中压外缸是由四只“猫爪”支托的，这四只“猫爪”与下半汽缸一起整体铸出，位

于下半水平法兰的上部，因而使支承面与水平中分面齐平在排汽端（电机端）。

“猫爪”搭在位于轴承箱两侧的键上，并可以在其上自由滑动，轴承箱是低压外

缸的一部分，在调端“猫爪”以同样方式搭在前轴承箱下半两侧的支承键上，并

可以同样方式自由滑动，在前后端，外缸与相邻轴承箱之间都用定中心梁连接，

它们与汽缸及相邻轴承间由螺栓及定位销固定。这些定中心梁保证了汽缸相对

于轴承座正确的轴向与横向位置。与低压缸一体的排汽端轴承座牢牢地固定了

高中压外缸相对于低压缸的轴向位置，轴承箱与台板之间各轴向键（位于轴向

中心线上），可在其台板上沿轴向自由滑动，但是它的横向移动却受到一轴向键

的限制，轴承箱侧面的压板限制了轴承座产生任何倾斜或抬高的倾向，这些压

板与轴承座凸肩间留有适当的间隙，台板允许轴向滑动，每个“猫爪”与轴承座

之间都用双头螺栓连接，以防止汽缸与轴承座之间产生脱空。螺母与“猫爪”之

间留有适当的间隙，当温度变化时，汽缸“猫爪”能自由胀缩。

The HIP outer casing is supported by four “lugs” which is integrally casted

with the lower half of casing and located at the upper part of hozirontal

flange of lower half of casing so that the supporting surface is at the same

level as horizontal joint at exhaust end (generator end). “Lugs” are located

on the keys at both sides of pedestal and can slide freely. Bearing pedestal

is one part of LP outer casing. The lugs at governor end are located on the

keys at both sides of lower half of front pedestal and can slide freely. At both

front and rear ends, the central beam is used to connect the outer casing

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and neighbor bearing pedestal. Bolts and locating pins are used to fix the

central beam and casing and neighbor bearings. These central beam can

ensure the correct axial and transverse position of casing relative to bearing

seat.The bearing at exhaust end which is integral with LP casing firmly fix

the axial position of HIP outer casing relative to LP casing. Various axial

keys (on axial centerline) between pedestal and base plate can slide freely

along the axial direction on base plate. But the transverse movement can be

limited by one axial key. The press plate at side of bearing pedestal limits the

slanting or lifting tendency of bearing seat. The proper clearance shall be

kept between those press plates and shoulder of bearing seat. It is allowed

the base plate to slide at axial direction. Studs are used to connect each lug

and bearing seat to ensure the connection between casing and bearing seat.

Proper clearance is maintained between nut and lug. When the temperature

changes, the casing lug can expand freely.

高中压转子与低压转子之间，低压转子与发电机转子之间，电机转子与励磁机

转子之间都是采用法兰式刚性联轴器连接，形成了轴系。轴系轴向位置是靠机

组高中压转子调端的推力盘来定位的，推力盘包围在推力轴承中，由此构成了

机组动静之间的死点。当机组静子部件在膨胀与收缩时，推力轴承所在的轴承

箱也相应地轴向移动，因而推力轴承或者说轴系的定位点也随之移动。因此，

称机组动静之间的死点为机组的“相对死点”。

There are rigid connection of flange type between HIP rotor and LP rotor, LP

rotor and generator rotor and generator rotor and exciter rotor. All these

rotors form the shaft system of the unit. The axial location of the shaft

system is decided by the thrust collar in the governor end of HIP rotor. The

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thrust collar is in the thrust bearing and therefore forms the relative dead

point between rotating and stationary parts. When the stationary parts

expand and contract, the bearing pedestal of the thrust bearing moves at

axial direction accordingly. Therefore, the thrust bearing or the location of the

shaft system also moves accordingly. The dead point between rotating and

stationary parts is called the relative dead point of the unit.

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28.保温装置设计

28. Design of insulation device

28.1 保温设计的基本原则

28.1 Basic principle for insulation design

汽轮机保温目的是减少汽轮机上、下缸的温差，保证机组安全可靠的运行，减

少汽轮机本体及管道等附件表面散热损失，提高机组的热效率。

The purpose of insulation is to reduce the temperature difference between

upper casing and lower casing so as to ensure the safe and reliable

operation of unit. Besides, the dissipation loss of turbine proper and pipe

attachments can be reduced to improve the thermal efficiency of unit.

目前国内对保温层表面最高温度有如下规定：

The maximum temperature on insulation surface is specied in China as

follows:

当 100℃≤t0≤250℃时 ts=35℃

250℃＜t0≤400℃时 ts=40℃

400℃＜t0≤510℃时 ts=45℃

510℃＜t0≤570℃时 ts=48℃

其中 t0--保温层内表面温度

ts--保温层外表面温度

when 100℃≤t0≤250℃ ts=35℃

250℃＜t0≤400℃ ts=40℃

400℃＜t0≤510℃ ts=45℃

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510℃＜t0≤570℃ ts=48℃

Where, t0—Temperature of inner insulation surface

ts—temperature of external insulation surface

另外由于汽缸上、下半的环境温度不同，一般可取汽缸下半保温层厚度比上半

厚 20%左右。

Because of the temperature difference between upper casing and lower

casing, in general, the insulation thickness for lower casing is about 20%

thicker than that on upper asing.

28.2 保温材料的选用

28.2 Selection of insulation material

根据本体保温材料市场供应情况，为提高机组本体保温效果，本着不伤害施工

人员健康的情况下，选用硅酸铝纤维毡（毡状）。

In order to improve the insulation effect and not harm the health of

construction persons, the aluminum silicate felt shall be used according to

the market supplying condition of insulation material.

32.2.1 本体保温硅酸铝纤维毡主要性能如下：

32.2.1 The main performance of aluminum silicate fibre for turbine proper is

as follows:
材料名称 允许最高 密 度 抗风蚀性 抗拉强度 导热系数 加 热 线
Material 温 度 (Kg/m3) (m/sec) (Mpa) 600 ℃ 时 收 缩
name Allowabl Density Wind Tensile (w/m.k) (1000 ℃

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e erosion strength Conducti ×6h)
maximu resistanc on Contracti
m e coefficie on of
temperat nt heating
ure wire
硅酸铝纤 1000℃ 128 N25 ≥0.2 0.12 ≤4%
维毡
Aluminu
m silicate
fiber felt

28.2.2 保温所需的抹面层材料配比如下

The ingredient proportion of coating material for insulation is as follows:

配料名称 珍珠岩 硅酸铝纤维 轻质碳酸钙 海泡石 添加剂
Ingredient Perlite Aluminum Light calcium Sepiolite Additive
name silicate fiber carbonate
比例 40% 20% 10% 10% 20%
proportion

28.2.4 硅酸铝纤维毡之间或与金属之间使用粘结剂牌号按图纸要求或现场选

定，要求粘合剂使用温度不能低于 600℃，交货状态为糊状或现场定。

28.2.4 The bind designation for the layers between aluminum silicate fiber

felt or between metal shall be in accordance with the drawing or site

condition. It is required that the applicable temperature for bind shall not be

lower than 600℃. The state of bind at delivery shall be paste type or

determined according to site condition.

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28.3 保温层厚度计算

28.3 Insulation thickness calculation

按表面温度法计算保温层厚度

The insulation thickness shall be calculated according to surface

temperature method.

28.3.1 对于高中压外缸等直径大于 2m 的汽缸外壁，可以近似按平壁保温计算，

计算公式如下：

28.3.1 For the outer wall of HIP outer casing with diameter of 2m above, the

calculation can be approximated based on flat wall. The calculation formula

is given as follows:

δ=k·λ·（t0-ts）/α（ts-tr）

式中 δ--保温层厚度（m）

λ--保温材料导热系数（KJ/m.h.℃）

α--保温层外表面放热系数（KJ/m.h.℃）

t0--保温层内表面温度（℃）

ts--保温层外表面温度

tr--环境温度

k--修正系数（一般取 1.2）

Where δ—Insulation thickness（m）

λ—Conduction coefficient of insulation material（KJ/m.h.℃）

α—Heat dissipation coefficient of external isnualtion surface

（KJ/m.h.℃）

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t0—Temperature of inner insulation surface（℃）

ts—Temperature of external insulation surface

tr—Environmental temperature

k—Correction coefficient（normally 1.2）

28.3.2 对于管径小于 2 米的管子按如下公式计算保温层厚度

The following calculation formula shall be used to calculate the insulation

thickness for pipe with diameter smaller than 2m.

(D1/D0)·ln(D1/D0)=2λ（t0-ts）/αD0(ts-tr)

δ=k·(D1-D0)/2

式中：

D1--保温层理论外径(m)

D0--保温层内径（m）

λ--保温材料导热系数（KJ/m.h.℃）

α--保温层外表面放热系数（KJ/m.h.℃）

t0--保温层内表面温度（℃）

ts--保温层外表面温度

tr--环境温度

k--修正系数（一般取 1.2）

Where：

D1—Theoretical OD of insulation (m)

D0—ID of insulation（m）

λ-- Conduction coefficient of insulation material（KJ/m.h.℃）

α -- Heat dissipation coefficient of external isnualtion surface

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（KJ/m.h.℃）

t0-- Temperature of inner insulation surface（℃）

ts-- Temperature of external insulation surface

tr-- Environmental temperature

k-- Correction coefficient（normally 1.2）

以上计算公式来自中华人民共和国国家标准《汽轮机保温技术条件》。实际施工

应按图纸给出的保温层厚度进行。

The above calculation formula is taken from Standard of People’s Republic

of China “Technical Terms for Turbine Insulation”. The actual construction

shall be made according to the insulation thickness given on drawing.

28.4 保温层结构

28.4 Insulation structure

汽缸和管道的保温层，一般由打底层材料，金属丝网，保温毡（3～4 层），金

属丝网，抹面层材料玻璃纤维布及粘合剂组成，并用扎紧铁丝把保温块固定在

汽缸上的保温钩上。

In general, the insulation of casing and pipeline is composed of base

material, metal mesh, insulation felt (3～4 layers), metal mesh, coating

material, plastic fiber and bond. The tightening iron wire shall be used to fix

the insulation block on the hook of casing.

对汽缸和阀门的法兰螺栓部位的保温层采取可以拆卸的结构，以便在汽缸检修

时，只拆除这部分的保温层，即可进行检修，而其它部分保温层则可永久使用。

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The removable structure shall be used for the insulation of casing and flange

bolts of valves so that the insulation in those areas can be removed during

maintainance. The insulation for other areas can be used permanently.

对管道的膨胀节、弯管部分、管道法兰，则采用特殊的保温层结构，对起吊用

的吊耳部分，也采用可拆卸的保温层结构。

Special insulation structure shall be used for the expansion joint, bellows

and pipe flange. The lug for lifting shall use the removable insulation.

以上各种保温层结构的详图和所用材料的规格数量均表示在相应的保温层图纸

上。

Detailed drawing for various insulation structure and size and quantitiy of

material are provided in the corresponding insulation drawings.

在间隙较小部位敷设保温层时应留有膨胀间隙，必要时可减薄保温层厚度，所

留间隙不得小于 15mm。

The expansion clearance shall be kept while installing the insulation on

areas with small clearance. The thiner insulation can be used if necessary.

The clearance shall not be lower than 15mm.

保温层结构应具有足够的机械强度，在机组多次起停和长期运行的情况下，不

致发生破坏现象。

Enough mechanical strength shall be ensured for insulation and no damage

shall occur after unit startup and shutdown for many times and long time

operation.

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28.5 保温层的施工要求

28.5 Construction requirements of insulation

保温层的施工直接关系到保温质量，必须予以足够的重视，施工应严格按照保

温层设计要求进行，如需变动需征得制造厂的同意。

The construction of insulation is directly related to the insulation quality and

enough attention shall be paid. The construction shall be performed strictly

according to the design reuirements. In case of any change, the consent

from manufacturer is required.

施工前应严格检查保温材料的合格证书、化验报告、物理性能的试验记录等，

凡不符合要求的不得使用。

The certificate, test report and test records for mechanical properties shall

be strictly checked before construction. It is not allowed to use if any

non-conformity exists.

对被保温表面应清理干净，去除油污方可施工。保温施工中应确保保温固定装

置牢固，如需补焊应征得制造厂的意见。保温块之间接缝要严密，绑孔要牢固，

不得采用螺旋缠绕的方法，多层保温时上、下层应交错排列，错开接缝，以保

证保温效果。保温层表面应光滑、整齐、美观。

The surface required insulation shall be cleaned to remove the oil dirty. The

fixing device for insulation shall be firm during the insulation construction. In

case the repair welding is required, the consent from manufacturer is

required. The joint between insulation shall be tight and the binding shall be

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firm. No thread winding is allowed. The insulation layers shall be arranged in

staggering mode and the joint shall be staggered to ensure the insulation

effect. The insulation surface shall be smooth and neat with good looking.

另外不得使用吸进了油料与受潮的保温材料，冬季施工时应作好防寒保暖措施，

确保施工部位及周围平均温度达到 5℃以上方可施工。

It is not allowed to use the insulation material which absorbed the oil and

humidity. The coldness denfending measures shall be taked in winter. The

construction can be made only when the insulation area and surrounding

temperature is higher than 5℃.

28.6 参考资料

28.6 Reference

28.6.1 中华人民共和国国家标准《汽轮机保温技术条件》

28.6.1 National Standard of People’s Republic of China “Technical Terms of

Turbine Insulation”.

28.6.2 中华人民共和国水利电力部《火水发电厂热力设备和管道保温材料技术

条件与检验方法》

28.6.2 Hydro Power Misnistry of People’s Republic of China “Technical

Terms and Inspection Methods for Insulation Material of Thermal Equipment

and Pipelines for Hydro Power Plant and Thermal Power Plant”.

为使汽轮机在运行时减少对外界的噪音及使汽轮机外表美观，因而用罩壳把汽

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轮机外部罩住，工作时，需由用户自己增加手提照明设备。

In order to minimize the noise during turbine operation and to make good

outlooking of turbine, the enclosure is used to cover the turbine. The

portable illumination equipment shall be prepared by the customer during

working.

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更改页

Revision Page
标记 处数 页数 更改文件号 签字 日期 备注
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Final Version