DSP Lab Manual As Per VTU PDF

K. S.
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT

# 15, Mallasandra, Off Kanakapura Road,
Bangalore-560062, Karnataka, India.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
Digital Signal Processing Lab Manual

Sub Code: 10ECL57
Sem : V
Prepared By
Mrs. Vidhya R., Asst. Professor
Mr. Ravikiran B. A., Asst. Professor
Table of Contents
EM
SS
PART – A
1 Verification of Sampling theorem. 1
,K
2 Impulse response of a given system 4
ent
3 Linear convolution of two given sequences. 7
4 Circular convolution of two given sequences 11
5
properties. tm
Autocorrelation of a given sequence and verification of its
15
par
Cross-correlation of given sequences and verification of
6 18
its properties.
7 Solving a given difference equation. 21
De
Computation of N point DFT of a given sequence and to

8 23
plot magnitude and phase spectrum.
CE
Linear convolution of two sequences using DFT and

9 26
IDFT.
Circular convolution of two given sequences using DFT
-E
10 29
and IDFT
Design and implementation of FIR filter to meet given
11 32
specifications.
ab
Design and implementation of IIR filter to meet given

12 36
specifications.
PL
DS
EM
PART – B
SS
About the DSP Trainer Kit 44
Using Code Composer Studio 47
,K
1 Linear convolution of two given sequences. 56
2 Circular convolution of two given sequences 58
ent
3 Computation of N point DFT of a given sequence. 60
4
Systems tm
Impulse Response of the First Order and Second Order
62
par
Viva Questions 64
De
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS
DSP Laboratory (10ECL57) 5th Sem KSSEM, Bangalore
PROGRAM 1
EM
VERIFICATION OF SAMPLING THEOREM
Aim: To write the MATLAB code for verifying Sampling Theorem.
Generate a sinusoidal wave of 1kHz. Calculate the Nyquist frequency, and verify
SS
Sampling Theorem, showing output waveforms for undersampled, oversampled and right
sampled cases.
,K
Theory:
Sampling is the process of converting an continuous time signal into a discrete time signal.
ent
In sampling, the values of the continuous time signal is recorded at discrete intervals of time
(usually equidistant). The number of samples taken during one second is called the sampling
rate.
rtm
Sampling is described by the relation: 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑥𝑎 (𝑛𝑇) −∞<𝑛 <∞
Where 𝑥(𝑛) is the discrete-time signal obtained by sampling the analog signal every T
seconds. 𝐹𝑠 = 1/𝑇 is known as the Sampling Frequency.
epa
The Sampling Theorem states that :
“A bandlimited signal can be reconstructed exactly if it is sampled at a rate atleast twice

D
the maximum frequency component in it."
Assume a band-limited signal 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡) = 𝐴 sin(2𝜋𝐹𝑡) with maximum

frequency component ′𝜔′. The theorem says that, for a good reconstruction of the original
CE
continuous time signal, the sampling frequency must be at least 2𝜔. This frequency is known
as the “Nyquist Rate”.
Sampling this signal at 𝐹𝑠 gives us the discrete time signal:

-E
2𝜋𝑛𝐹
𝑥𝑎 (𝑛𝑇) = 𝐴 sin � �
𝐹𝑠
Now, assuming the sampling frequency is more than the Nyquist Frequency, the
ab
continuous time signal can be reconstructed accurately using the interpolation function:
sin 2𝜋𝐹𝑡
𝑔(𝑡) =
2𝜋𝐹𝑡
PL
Then, approximated recovered signal can be written as:

∞
′
𝑛 𝑛
𝑥 𝑎 (𝑡) = � 𝑥𝑎 � � 𝑔 �𝑡 − �
𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑠
DS
𝑛=−∞
Dept of ECE Page | 1

Whenever the Sampling frequency 𝐹𝑠 is greater than or equal to the Nyquist Frequency, the
signal can be reconstructed faithfully, capturing all the essential properties of the original
EM
continuous-time signal. However, when 𝐹𝑠 < 2𝐹, we encounter a problem called “Aliasing”,
where distortion is caused by high frequencies overlapping low frequencies. A lot of data is
lost in this process and the signal cannot be recovered.
SS
MATLAB CODE:
% Experiment 1 : Sampling Theorem Verification
,K
clear all; close all; clc;
% Signal Parameters
f = 1000; % Signal Frequency = 1kHz
ent
T = 1/f; % Signal Period
t = 0:0.01*T:2*T; % Time index
% Generate the original signal and plot it:

x = cos(2*pi*t*f);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x);
title('Continuous signal');
xlabel('t');
rtm
% Signal : 2*pi*f*t
ylabel('x(t)');
epa
%Oversampling Condition:
fs1 = 10*f; % Oversampling (fs > 2f)
n1 = 0:1/fs1:2*T; % Time scale
D
x1 = cos(2*pi*f*n1); % Generating sampled signal

subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n1,x1);
hold on;
CE
plot(n1,x1,'r');
hold off;
title('Oversampling Condition : Fs = 10F');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
-E
% Right Sampling Condition:

fs2 = 2*f; % Nyquist Rate Sampling (fs = 2f)
n2 = 0:1/fs2:2*T;
ab
x2 = cos(2*pi*f*n2);
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n2,x2);
hold on;
PL
plot(n2,x2,'r');
hold off;
title('Sampling at Nyquist Frequency : Fs = 2F');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
DS

% Under Sampling Condition:

fs3 = 1.5*f; % Undersampling (fs < 2f)
EM
n3 = 0:1/fs3:2*T;
x3 = cos(2*pi*f*n3);
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(n3,x3);
hold on;
plot(n3,x3,'r');
SS
hold off;
title('Undersampling Condition : Fs = 1.5 f');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
,K
OUTPUT:
ent
rtm
D epa
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

PROGRAM 2
EM
IMPULSE RESPONSE OF A GIVEN SYSTEM
Aim: To write the MATLAB code to find the impulse response of a given second-order
system whose difference equation representation is given.
SS
Assume a second-order system represented by the following difference equation:
𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑏0 𝑥(𝑛) + 𝑏1 𝑥(𝑛 − 1) + 𝑏20 𝑥(𝑛 − 2) + 𝑎1 𝑦(𝑛 − 1) + 𝑎2 𝑦(𝑛 − 2)
,K
Theory:
Impulse response of a system is defined as the output of a given system, when the input
applied to the system, is in the form of an unit impulse, or a Dirac delta function. The impulse
ent
response completely characterizes the behaviour of any LTI system. The impulse response is
often determined from knowledge of the system configuration and dynamics, or can be
measured by applying and approximate impulse to the system input.
rtm
Discrete-time LTI systems can also be described using Difference Equations. A linear
constant-coefficient difference equation can be of the form:
𝑁 𝑀
epa
� 𝑎𝑘 𝑦[𝑛 − 𝑘] = � 𝑏𝑘 𝑦[𝑛 − 𝑘]
𝑘=0 𝑘=0
Where the integer N is termed the order of the difference equation, and corresponds to the
D
maximum memory involving the system output. The order generally represents the number of
energy storage devices in a physical system.
CE
We can calculate the impulse response of the system using Z-transforms as shown in the
following example:
Consider a difference equation:

-E
𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛) + 0.2 𝑥(𝑛 − 1) − 1.5 𝑥(𝑛 − 2) − 3 𝑦(𝑛 − 1) + 0.12 𝑦(𝑛 − 2)
This can be rewritten in the standard form as:
𝑦(𝑛) + 3 𝑦(𝑛 − 1) − 0.12 𝑦(𝑛 − 2) = 𝑥(𝑛) + 0.2 𝑥(𝑛 − 1) − 1.5 𝑥(𝑛 − 2)

ab
Finding the Z-transform of the equation:

PL
𝑌(𝑍) + 3 𝑍 −1 𝑌(𝑍) − 0.12 𝑍 −2 𝑌(𝑍) = 𝑋(𝑍) + 0.2 𝑍 −1 𝑋(𝑍) − 1.5 𝑍 −2 𝑋(𝑍)
Or:
𝑌(𝑍)[1 + 3 𝑍 −1 − 0.12 𝑍 −2 ] = 𝑋(𝑍)[1 + 0.2 𝑍 −1 − 1.5 𝑍 −2 ]
DS

Transfer Function of the system can be obtained as :
EM
𝑌(𝑍) [1 + 3 𝑍 −1 − 0.12 𝑍 −2 ]
𝐻(𝑍) = =
𝑋(𝑍) [1 + 0.2 𝑍 −1 − 1.5 𝑍 −2 ]
By long division, we get :
SS
𝐻(𝑍) = 1 − 2.8 𝑍 −1 + 7.02 𝑍 −2 − 21.4 𝑍 −3 + 65.03 𝑍 −4
By taking Inverse-Z transform, we can obtain the Impulse Response as:
,K
ℎ[𝑛] = [1 − 2.8 7.02 21.4 65.03]
ent
MATLAB CODE:
% Experiment 2 : Impulse Response of a Given Second-Order System
%
b
Accept Input and Output signal Co-efficients:
rtm
= input('Enter the coefficients of x(n) in 1-D Matrix Form: ');
a = input('Enter the coefficients of y(n) in 1-D Matrix Form: ');
epa
N = input('Enter the number of samples of impulse response desired: ');
% Calculate Impulse Response using IMPZ function:

% [H,T] = IMPZ(B,A,N) computes N samples of the impulse response, using
% coefficients B and A from difference equation representation.
D
[h,t] = impz(b,a,N);
%Plot and Display impulse response co-efficients:

CE
stem(t,h);
title('Impulse Response Plot');
ylabel('h(n)'); xlabel('n');
disp('Impulse Response Coefficients:');
disp(h);
-E
OUTPUT:
Enter the coefficients of x(n) in 1-D Matrix Form: [1 0.2 -1.5]

ab
Enter the coefficients of y(n) in 1-D Matrix Form: [1 3 -0.12]

PL
Enter the number of samples of impulse response desired: 5
Impulse Response Coefficients:

1.0000
-2.8000
DS
7.0200
-21.3960
65.0304

EM
SS
,K
ent
rtm
Depa
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

PROGRAM 3
EM
LINEAR CONVOLUTION OF TWO GIVEN SEQUENCES
Aim: To write the MATLAB code to perform Linear Convolution upon two given discrete
time signals.
SS
Theory:
Convolution is the process used to find the response of a Linear Time Invariant system to a
,K
given input, assuming we already know the impulse response of that system. In case of
continuous-time signals, we can find the system response using the Convolution Integral,
while in case of discrete-time systems, the response can be calculated using the Convolution
Sum.
ent
Let 𝑥1 (𝑛) and 𝑥2 (𝑛) be two discrete-time signals. The convolution sum of the two signals
can be calculated using the formula:
∞
rtm
𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥1(𝑛) ∗ 𝑥2(𝑛) = � 𝑥1(𝑘) 𝑥2(𝑛 − 𝑘)
𝑘=−∞
If 𝑥1(𝑛) is a M- point sequence and 𝑥2(𝑛) is an N – point sequence, then the convolved
sequence, 𝑦(𝑛) is a (M+N-1) – point sequence.
epa
We can perform the convolution by different methods:

1. Using MATLAB’s “CONV” function :
D
MATLAB has a built-in function called “conv” function, which basically performs a
linear convolution of any two given sequences.
CE
2. Using the Linear Convolution Sum formula :

Here, we use the convolution sum formula and substitute values of 𝑛 and 𝑘 in the
expression, and calculate the values of the convolved signal. Alternatively, we can
perform the signal inversion-time shift-superposition method, by which we can
calculate the resultant signal values.
-E
Assume two discrete-time sequences 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 in a Linear Time Invariant System, given
by:
ab
𝑥1(𝑛) = {1, 2, −1, 3} and 𝑥2(𝑛) = {2,3, −2}
We see that length of sequence 𝑥1 is (M = 4) and that of sequence 𝑥2 is (N = 3). Therefore,

PL
the length of the convolved sequence will be (M+N-1 = 6).

Using any of the above given methods, we see that the resultant convolved sequence can be
given by:
𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥1(𝑛) ∗ 𝑥2(𝑛) = { 2 7 2 − 1 11 − 6}

DS

MATLAB CODE:
EM
1. Using “conv” function:
%% Linear Convolution using CONV command
SS
% Accept input signal sequences
x1 = input('Enter Input Sequence for Signal x1(n): ');
%Perform Linear Convolution using CONV command
,K
y=conv(x1,x2);
%Plot Input and Convolved Signals

subplot(3,1,1);
ent
stem(x1);
title('Input Signal x1(n)');
xlabel('n'); ylabel('x1(n)');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(x2);
rtm
subplot(3,1,3);
epa
stem(y);
title('Convolved Signal y(n) = x1(n)*x2(n)');
xlabel('n'); ylabel('y(n)');
% Display the convolved Sequence in Command Window

D
disp('Convolved sequence:');
disp(y);
CE
2. Using Convolution Sum formula:
%% Linear Convolution without using CONV command

-E

n1 = length(x1);

n2=length(x2);
ab
N = n1+n2-1; %Length of Convolved Sequence

T = 1:N; % Create Time Index
PL
%Zero padding to make sequences of length N

x1=[x1 zeros(1,N-n1)];
%Initializing Output sequence of zeros.

DS
y = zeros(1,N);
%Performing Linear Convolution:

for n = 1:N
% y(n) = 0R;
EM
for k = 1:n
y(n)=y(n)+x1(k)*x2(n-k+1);
end
end
% Plot Input and Output Sequences:
SS
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(T,x1);
,K
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(T,x2);
ent
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(T,y);
rtm
disp(y);
D epa
CE
OUTPUT:
Enter Input Sequence for Signal x1(n): [1 2 -1 3]

Enter Input Sequence for Signal x2(n): [2 3 -2]
-E
Convolved sequence:
2 7 2 -1 11 -6
ab
PL
DS

EM
SS
,K
ent
rtm
Depa
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

PROGRAM 4
EM
CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION OF TWO GIVEN SEQUENCES
Aim: To write the MATLAB code to perform Circular Convolution upon two given discrete
time signals.
SS
Theory:
The Circular convolution, also known as cyclic convolution, of two aperiodic functions occurs
,K
when one of them is convolved in the normal way with a periodic summation of the other
function. Circular convolution is only defined for finite length functions (usually equal in
length), continuous or discrete in time. In circular convolution, it is as if the finite length
functions repeat in time, periodically. Because the input functions are now periodic, the
ent
convolved output is also periodic.
Circular convolution sum can be calculated using the formula:
𝑁−1
rtm
𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥1(𝑛) ∗ 𝑥2(𝑛) = � 𝑥1(𝑛) 𝑥2�(𝑚 − 𝑛)�𝑁
𝑛=0
For 𝑚 = 0,1, … . , 𝑁 − 1
epa
Circular convolution can be performed in different ways :

1. Using the expression for linear convolution sum, but assuming the signal repeats
D
periodically. This can be done by changing the negative indices of (n-k) to repetitions
of the latter portions of the original aperiodic signal.
2. Convolution in time domain corresponds to multiplication in frequency domain. To
CE
make use of this property, we can calculate the DTFT of each of the aperiodic signals,
multiply these in the frequency domain, and find the IDFT of the product, to get the
periodic convolved signal in time domain.
-E
Let us take the case of two discrete-time aperiodic signals given by:
𝑥1(𝑛) = {2,1,2,1} and 𝑥2(𝑛) = {1,2,3,4}

Using the formula with N = 4.
ab
For m = 0:
3
𝑦(0) = � 𝑥1(𝑛) 𝑥2�(−𝑛)�4 = 14

PL
𝑛=0
For m = 1:
3
𝑦(1) = � 𝑥1(𝑛) 𝑥2�(1 − 𝑛)�4 = 16

𝑛=0
DS
For m = 2:

𝑦(2) = � 𝑥1(𝑛) 𝑥2�(2 − 𝑛)�4 = 14
EM
𝑛=0
For m = 3:
3
𝑦(3) = � 𝑥1(𝑛) 𝑥2�(3 − 𝑛)�4 = 16
SS
𝑛=0
So, we get the circular convolution sum as: 𝑦(𝑛) = {14,16,14,16}
,K
MATLAB CODE:
ent
1. Using Convolution Sum Formula:
%% Circular Convolution using Formula
rtm
n1 = length(x1);

epa
n2=length(x2);
N = max(n1,n2); % Length of Convolved Sequence

T = 1:N; % Create Time Index
D
%Zero padding to make sequences of length N

CE
%Initializing Output sequence of zeros.

y = zeros(1,N);
%Performing Linear Convolution:

-E
for m=1:N
for n=1:N
i=m-n+1; %(m-n+1) since we're taking index
from 1
if(i<=0)
i=N+i;
ab
end
y(m)=y(m)+x1(n)*x2(i); %Convolution Sum Formula
end
end
PL

subplot(3,1,1);
stem(T,x1);
DS
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(T,x2);


EM
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(T,y);
SS
disp(y);
,K
2. Using “cconv” function.
%% Circular Convolution using CCONV command

ent
% Accept input signal sequences
n=max(length(x1),length(x2));
rtm
%Perform Linear Convolution using CONV command
y=cconv(x1,x2,n);
%Plot Input and Convolved Signals

epa
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x1);
D
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(x2);
CE
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(y);
-E

disp(y);
ab
OUTPUT:
Enter Input Sequence for Signal x1(n): [2 1 2 1]

PL

Convolved sequence:
14 16 14 16
DS

EM
SS
,K
ent
rtm
Depa
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

PROGRAM 5
EM
AUTOCORRELATION OF A GIVEN SEQUENCE
Aim: To write the MATLAB code to perform Autocorrelation on a given signal and to verify
its properties.
SS
Theory:
In signal processing, Correlation is a measure of similarity of two waveforms, as a function
,K
of a time-lag applied to one of them. This is also known as a sliding dot product or sliding
inner-product. It is commonly used for searching a long-signal for a shorter, known feature.
Auto-correlation is a special form of Correlation, in which a signal is cross-convolved with
ent
itself. It is a mathematical tool for finding repeating patterns, such as the presence of a
periodic signal which has been buried under noise, or identifying the missing fundamental
frequency in a signal implied by its harmonic frequencies. It is often used in signal processing
Auto-correlation of a signal 𝑥(𝑛) is given by the formula:

∞
rtm
for analyzing functions or series of values, such as time domain signals.
𝑟𝑥𝑥 (𝑙) = � 𝑥(𝑛)𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑙) 𝑙 = 0, ±1, ±2, …

epa
𝑛=−∞
In case of finite-duration signals, we can write:

𝑁−|𝑘|−1
D
𝑟𝑥𝑥 (𝑙) = � 𝑥(𝑛)𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑙)

𝑛=𝑖
Where 𝑖 = 𝑙, 𝑘 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙 ≥ 0 𝑖 = 0, 𝑘 = 𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙 < 0.
CE
and
Assuming our signal is of the form 𝑎𝑥(𝑛) + 𝑏𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑙)

Energy in the signal is given by:
-E
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
2 2 2 (𝑛) 2 2 (𝑛
� [𝑎𝑥(𝑛) + 𝑏𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑙)] = 𝑎 � 𝑥 + 𝑏 � 𝑥 − 𝑙) + 2𝑎𝑏 � 𝑥 (𝑛)𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑙)
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞
= 𝑎2 𝑟𝑥𝑥 (0)+𝑏2 𝑟𝑥𝑥 (0) + 2𝑎𝑏 𝑟𝑥𝑥 (𝑙) ≥ 0

ab
This can be written as: |𝑟𝑥𝑥 (𝑙)| ≤ |𝑟𝑥𝑥 (0)| = 𝐸𝑥 .

PL
That is, autocorrelation sequence of a signal attains its maximum value at zero lag. This is
consistent with the notion that a signal matches perfectly with itself at zero shift.
Assume a signal 𝑥(𝑛) = {1,2,3,4}. Its autocorrelation sequence can be calculated as:
DS
𝑟𝑥𝑥 (𝑙) = {4,11,20,30, 20,11,4}

Energy of the signal is given by:
EM
3
𝐸 = � 𝑥(𝑛)2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 = 30 = 𝑟𝑥𝑥 (0)

𝑛=0
Hence, it is an energy signal.
SS
We see that the Total energy of the signal is equal to the amplitude of the autocorrelation
signal at the origin.
,K
MATLAB CODE:
% Experiment 5 : Autocorrelation of a Signal.
ent
% Accept user-defined input sequence and define time index

x = input('Enter a finite-length signal sequence : ');
n = 0:length(x)-1;
rxx = xcorr(x,x);
rtm
% Perform Autocorrelation using xcorr function.
% Generate Time Index for Autocorrelation sequence, about origin

n2 = -length(x)+1:length(x)-1;
epa
disp('Autocorrelation Sequence : ');
disp(int8(rxx));
% Plot the Original Signal and Autocorrelation Sequence

subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,x);
D
title('Input Signal');
xlabel('n'); ylabel('x(n)');
CE
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n2,rxx);
title('Autocorrelation Sequence');
xlabel('n'); ylabel('rxx(l)');
grid on;
-E
% Verifying Autocorrelation properties:

E = sum(x.^2); % Energy of signal.
mid = ceil(length(rxx)/2); % Find index of centre of sequence
E0 = rxx(mid); % Detect Amplitude of Sequence
midpoint
ab
fprintf('Energy of Input Signal : %d\n',E);

fprintf('Amplitude of Midpoint of Autocorrelation Sequence :
%d\n',E0);
PL
% Verify Autocorrelation Property by comparing Energy values

if int8(E0) == int8(E) %Type conversion for approximation
disp('Autocorrelation Energy Property is verified');
else
disp('Autocorrelation Energy Property is not verified');
DS
end
% Verify that the Signal is even.

rxx_r = rxx(mid:length(rxx)); %Right Side of AC Sequence

rxx_l = rxx(mid:-1:1); %Left Side of AC Sequence
EM
if rxx_r == rxx_l
disp('Autocorrelation Sequence is Even. Hence, verified.');
else
disp('Autocorrelation Sequence is not Even. Hence, not
verified.');
end
SS
OUTPUT:
,K
Enter a finite-length signal sequence : [1 2 3 4]
Autocorrelation Sequence :
ent
4 11 20 30 20 11 4
Energy of Input Signal : 30
rtm
Amplitude of Midpoint of Autocorrelation Sequence : 30
Autocorrelation Energy Property is verified
Autocorrelation Sequence is Even. Hence, verified.

D epa
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

PROGRAM 6
EM
CROSS - CORRELATION OF A GIVEN SEQUENCE
Aim: To write the MATLAB code to perform cross-correlation on a given signal and to verify
its properties.
SS
Theory:
,K
Cross-correlation is a process, in which a signal is convolved with another signal. It is
commonly used for searching a long-signal for a shorter, known feature. It also has
applications in pattern recognition, single particle analysis, electron tomographic averaging,
cryptanalysis, and neurophysiology. Cross-correlation of two signals 𝑥1(𝑛) and 𝑥2(𝑛) is
ent
given by the formula:
∞
𝑟𝑥𝑦 (𝑙) = � 𝑥(𝑛)𝑦(𝑛 − 𝑙) 𝑙 = 0, ±1, ±2, …

𝑛=−∞
In case of finite-duration signals, we can write:

rtm
𝑁−|𝑘|−1
epa
𝑟𝑥𝑦 (𝑙) = � 𝑥(𝑛)𝑦(𝑛 − 𝑙)
𝑛=𝑖
Where 𝑖 = 𝑙, 𝑘 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙 ≥ 0 and 𝑖 = 0, 𝑘 = 𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙 < 0.
D
Assuming our signal is of the form 𝑎𝑥(𝑛) + 𝑏𝑦(𝑛 − 𝑙)

Energy in the signal is given by:
CE
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
2 2 2 (𝑛) 2 2 (𝑛
� [𝑎𝑥(𝑛) + 𝑏𝑦(𝑛 − 𝑙)] = 𝑎 � 𝑥 + 𝑏 � 𝑦 − 𝑙) + 2𝑎𝑏 � 𝑥 (𝑛)𝑦(𝑛 − 𝑙)
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞
= 𝑎2 𝑟𝑥𝑥 (0)+𝑏2 𝑟𝑦𝑦 (0) + 2𝑎𝑏 𝑟𝑥𝑦 (𝑙) ≥ 0

-E
This can be written as: �𝑟𝑥𝑦 (𝑙)� ≤ �𝑟𝑥𝑥 (0)𝑟𝑦𝑦 (0) = �𝐸𝑥 𝐸𝑦 .
ab
Note that the shape of the autocorrelation sequence does not change with amplitude scaling
of input signals. Only the amplitude of the autocorrelation sequence changes accordingly.
PL
Cross-correlation satisfies the property:
𝑟𝑥𝑦 (𝑙) = 𝑟𝑦𝑥 (−𝑙)

DS

MATLAB CODE:
EM
% Experiment 6 : Cross-correlation of two Signals.
% Accept user-defined input sequences and define time index for it
SS
x1 = input('Enter a finite-length signal sequence X1(n): ');
n1 = 0:length(x1)-1;
x2 = input('Enter a finite-length signal sequence X2(n): ');
n2 = 0:length(x2)-1;
x= max(x1,x2);
,K
% Perform Cross - Correlation using xcorr function.
rxy = xcorr(x1,x2); % rxy(l)
ryx = xcorr(x2,x1); % ryx(l)
% Generate Time Index for Cross - Correlation sequence, about origin
ent
n3 = -length(x)+1:length(x)-1;
disp('Cross - Correlation Sequence rxy(l): ');

disp(int8(rxy));
disp('Cross - Correlation Sequence ryx(l): ');
disp(int8(ryx));
rtm
% Plot the Original Signal and Cross - Correlation Sequence
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n1,x1);
epa
title('Input Signal 1');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n2,x2);
D
title('Input Signal 2');

subplot(3,1,3);
CE
stem(n3,rxy);
title('Cross - Correlation Sequence');
xlabel('n'); ylabel('rxy(l)');
grid on;
-E
% Verifying Cross-correlation properties:
E1 = sum(x1.^2); % Energy of signal 1.

E2 = sum(x2.^2); % Energy of signal 2.
ab
mid = ceil(length(rxy)/2); % Find index of centre of sequence

E0 = abs(max(rxy)); % Detect Max Amplitude of Sequence
fprintf('Energy of Input Signal X1 : %d\n',E1);
fprintf('Energy of Input Signal X2 : %d\n',E2);
PL
fprintf('Max Amplitude of Cross - Correlation Sequence : %d\n',E0);
% Verify Cross - Correlation Property by comparing Energy values

% Max amplitude of Sequence should be less than sqrt(E1*E2).
if int8(E0) <= int8(sqrt(E1*E2)) %Type conversion to 8-bit
int
DS
disp('Cross - Correlation Energy Property is verified');

else
disp('Cross - Correlation Energy Property is not verified');
end

% Verify Signal property : rxy(l)=ryx(-l).
EM
if rxy == fliplr(ryx)
disp('Since rxy(l) = ryx(-l), Cross - Correlation property is
verified.');
else
disp('Cross - Correlation property is not verified.');
end
SS
OUTPUT:
,K
Enter a finite-length signal sequence X1(n): [4 3 2 1]
Enter a finite-length signal sequence X2(n): [1 2 3 4]
Cross - Correlation Sequence rxy(l):
ent
16 24 25 20 10 4 1
Cross - Correlation Sequence ryx(l):
1 4 10 20 25 24 16
Energy of Input Signal X1 : 30
Energy of Input Signal X2 : 30 rtm
Max Amplitude of Cross - Correlation Sequence : 25
Cross - Correlation Energy Property is verified
epa
Since rxy(l) = ryx(-l), Cross - Correlation property is verified.
D
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

PROGRAM 7
EM
SOLVING A GIVEN DIFFERENCE EQUATION
Aim: To write the MATLAB code to solve a given difference equation, given the co-efficients
and initial values.
SS
Let us consider the difference equation as y (n) – 3/2 y (n-1) + ½ y (n-2) = x (n). Given
x(n) = (1/4)n *u(n). Assume initial conditions as y(-1) = 4, y(-2) = 10.
,K
Theory:
Consider x(n) = (1/4)n *u(n).
ent
Let n take values from 0 to 5,
n=0:5
n=0, x(0)=1
n=1, x(1)=0.25
n=2, x(2)=0.0625
n=3, x(3)=0.0156
n=4, x(4)=0.0039
rtm
n=5, x(5)=0.0010
epa
For n=0;
y(0) - 3/2 y(0-1) + 1/2 y(0-2) = x(0)
Substituting the initial conditions and the value of x(0) in the above equation we get,
y(0) = 1 + 6 - 5 = 2
D
Similarly,
For n=1; y(1) = 0.25 + 3 - 2 = 1.2500

CE
For n=2; y(2) = 0.0625 + 1.875 -1 = 0.9375

For n=3; y(3) = 0.0156 + 1.40625 - 0.625 = 0.7969
For n=4; y(4) = 0.0039 + 1.19535 - 0.46625 = 0.7365
For n=5; y(5) = 0.0010 + 1.09575 - 0.3982 = 0.6982
-E
MATLAB CODE:
%Experiment 7 : Difference Equation Solving

ab
%Accept Difference Equation Coefficients from Input
b = input('Enter the coefficients of input x(n) : ');

PL
a = input('Enter the coefficients of output y(n) : ');

y = input('Enter the initial conditions y(-1), y(-2),... : ');
%Calculate Initial Conditions using filtic

z = filtic(b,a,y);
DS
%Enter Input sequence samples.

x = [1 1/4 1/16 1/64 1/256 1/1024];
n = 0:length(x)-1; %Time Base for plotting

%Calculate output using initial conditions

Yout = filter(b,a,x,z);
EM
%Display output sequence
disp('Difference Equation Solution : y(n) : ');
disp(Yout);
%Plot Input and Output
SS
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,x);
title('Input Sequence x(n)');
xlabel('n'); ylabel('x(n)');
,K
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,Yout);
grid on;
ent
title('Output Sequence y(n)');
OUTPUT:
rtm
Enter the coefficients of input x(n) : 1
Enter the coefficients of output y(n) : [1 -3/2 1/2]
Enter the initial conditions y(-1), y(-2),... : [4 10]
epa
Difference Equation Solution : y(n) :
2.0000 1.2500 0.9375 0.7969 0.7305
0.6982
D
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

PROGRAM 8
EM
COMPUTATION OF N- POINT DFT
Aim: Computation of N point DFT of a given sequence and to plot magnitude and phase
spectrum.
SS
Theory:
DFT stands for Discrete Fourier Transform. It is used to find the amplitude and phase
,K
spectrum of a discrete time sequence.
The N-point DFT of a finite-length sequence x(n) of length N, is given by X(k) as

N-DFT
ent
x(n) X(k)
Basic equation to find the DFT of a sequence is given below.

𝑁−1
rtm
2𝜋
𝑋(𝑘) = � 𝑥(𝑛)𝑒 −𝑗� 𝑁 �𝑘𝑛
𝑛=0
epa
For example: Find the DFT of the sequence x(n) = {0,1,2,3}
In this case N=4.
For k=0,
D
4−1
0
𝑋(0) = � 𝑥(𝑛)𝑒 = 𝑥(0) + 𝑥(1) + 𝑥(2) + 𝑥(3) = 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
𝑛=0
CE
For k=1,
4−1
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
−𝑗� �𝑛
𝑋(1) = � 𝑥(𝑛)𝑒 𝑁 = 𝑥(1)𝑒 −𝑗� 4 �.0 + 𝑥(1)𝑒 −𝑗� 4 �1 + 𝑥(2)𝑒 −𝑗� 4 �2 + 𝑥(3)𝑒 −𝑗� 4 �3
𝑛=0
-E
= - j- 2 + 3j = -2 + j2
Similarly,
For k=2,
ab
4−1
2𝜋
−𝑗� �2𝑛
𝑋(2) = � 𝑥(𝑛)𝑒 4 = 𝑥(1)𝑒 −𝑗𝜋.0 + 𝑥(1)𝑒 −𝑗𝜋1 + 𝑥(2)𝑒 −𝑗𝜋2 + 𝑥(3)𝑒 −𝑗𝜋3
𝑛=0
PL
= 0-1+2-3 = -2
For k=3,
X(3) = -2 –j2
DS
Hence, X(k) = {6, -2+j2, -2, -2-j2}

MATLAB CODE:
EM
%Experiment 8 : N-Point DFT
%Accept Input sequence from user

xn = input ('Enter the sequence x(n) : ');
SS
xn=xn';
N = length(xn);
Xk = zeros(N, 1); %Initialize zero matrix for DFT sequence
,K
%Calculate DFT using formula
n = 0:N-1;
for k = 0:N-1
Xk(k+1) = exp(-j*2*pi*k*n/N)*xn;
end
ent
%Display DFT Sequence
disp('DSP Sequence : X(k) :');
disp(Xk);
%Plot Signals
n = 0:N-1;
% Input Sequence
%Time base rtm
subplot (2,2,[1:2]);
epa
stem(n, xn);
title('Input Sequence x(n)');
xlabel('n');ylabel('x(n)');
% Output Magnitude Plot

D
subplot (2,2,3);
stem(n, abs(Xk));
grid on;
title('Magnitude Plot of DFT : |X(k)|');
CE
xlabel('n');ylabel('|X(k)|');
% Output Phase Plot

subplot(2,2,4);
stem(n, angle(Xk)');
-E
grid on;
title('Phase Plot of DFT : angle(X(k))');
xlabel('n');ylabel('Angle');
ab
OUTPUT:
Enter the sequence x(n) : [0 1 2 3]

PL
DSP Sequence : X(k) :

6.0000
-2.0000 + 2.0000i
DS
-2.0000 - 0.0000i
-2.0000 - 2.0000i

EM
SS
,K
ent
rtm
Depa
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

PROGRAM 9
EM
LINEAR CONVOLUTION USING DFT AND IDFT
Aim: To calculate the Linear Convolution of two sequences using DFT and IDFT
Theory:
SS
An interesting property of the Discrete Fourier Transforms, is the effect it has on
convolution. Convolution of two signals in the time domain translates to a multiplication of
,K
their Fourier transforms in the frequency domain. In this procedure, we find the discrete
Fourier transforms of the individual signals, multiply them, and apply an Inverse Fourier
Transform upon the product, to get the convolved signal in the time domain.
ent
If x(n) and h(n) are the two sequences of length ‘l’ and ‘m’ respectively. then X(k) and
H(k) their DFT’s of length N=L+M-1.
Y(k)=x(k)h(k)
rtm
Therefore the linear convolution of two sequence is the N point IDFT of Y(k).
Ex: Find the linear convolution of x(n)={1,2} and h(n)={1,2,3} using DFT and IDFT method.
epa
Soln: Given, x(n)={1,2}

h(n)={1,2,3}
here L = 2, M = 3
D
N=L+M-1 Therefore, N=4

CE
x(n)={1,2,0,0} and h(n)={1,2,3,0}
Finding X(k) using DIT FFT algorithm:

-E
X(k) = {3 , 1-2j , -1 , 1+2j }
Finding H(k) using DIT FFT algorithm
H(k) = {6 , -2-2j , 2 , -2+2j }

ab
Product Y(k) is calculated as :

PL
Y(k) = X(k)H(k)
𝑌(𝑘) = { 18 , −6 + 2j , −2 , 6 − 2j }
Finding y(n) using DIT FFT algorithm:

DS
y(n) = { 1 , 4 , 7 , 6 }

MATLAB CODE
EM
% Experiment 9 : Linear Convolution using Fourier Transforms
%Accept input sequences
SS
n1 = length(x1);
n2=length(x2);
,K
N = n1+n2-1; % Length of convolved sequence
T = 1:N;
ent
%Calculate N-point DFT and IDFT.
y1=fft(x1,N); % N-point DFT of x1
y2=fft(x2,N);
y3=y1.*y2;
y=ifft(y3,N); rtm
% N-point DFT of x2
% Multiplication in time domain
% N-point IDFT of y to recover result

subplot(3,1,1);
epa
stem(T,x1);
subplot(3,1,2);
D
stem(T,x2);
CE
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(T,y);
-E

disp(y);
ab
OUTPUT
Enter Input Sequence for Signal x1(n): [1 2]

PL
Enter Input Sequence for Signal x2(n): [1 2 3]

Convolved sequence:
1 4 7 6
DS

EM
SS
,K
ent
rtm
Depa
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

PROGRAM 10
EM
CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION USING DFT AND IDFT
Aim: To calculate the Circular Convolution of two sequences using DFT and IDFT
Theory:
SS
Convolution in time domain corresponds to multiplication in frequency domain. To make use
of this property, we can calculate the DTFT of each of the aperiodic signals, multiply these in
,K
the frequency domain, and find the IDFT of the product, to get the periodic convolved signal
in time domain.
Example: Find the circular convolution of x(n)={1,2,3,4} and h(n)={4,3,2} using DFT and
ent
IDFT method.
Solution: Given two signals, x(n)={1,2,3,4} and h(n)={4,3,2}
Finding X(k) using DIT FFT algorithm

rtm
X(k) = {10 , -2-2j , -2 , -2-2j }
epa
Finding H(k) using DIT FFT algorithm
H(k) = { 9 , 2-3j , 3 , 2+3j }
Y(k) = X(k)H(k)
D
Y(k) ={ 90 , 2+10j , -6 , 2-10j }

CE
Finding y(n) using DIT FFT algorithm
y(n) = { 22 , 19 , 20 , 29 }
-E
MATLAB CODE
% Experiment 10 - Circular Convolution using Fourier Transforms

ab
%Accept input sequences

n1 = length(x1);
PL

n2=length(x2);
N=max(n1,n2); % Length of convolved sequence

T = 1:N;
DS

%Calculate N-point DFT and IDFT.

EM
y3=y1.*y2; % Multiplication in time domain
y=ifft(y3,N); % N-point IDFT of y to recover result

subplot(3,1,1);
SS
stem(T,x1);
,K
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(T,x2);
ent
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(T,y);
xlabel('n'); ylabel('y(n)'); grid on;
disp(y);
rtm
epa
OUTPUT

Enter Input Sequence for Signal x2(n): [4 3 2]
Convolved sequence:
D
22 19 20 29
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

EM
SS
,K
ent
rtm
Depa
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

PROGRAM 11
EM
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FIR FILTER
Aim: To design and implement a FIR Filter for the given specifications.
Theory:
SS
A linear-phase is required throughout the passband of the filter to preserve the shape of the
given signal in the passband. A causal IIR filter cannot give linear-phase characteristics and
,K
only special types of FIR filters that exhibit center symmetry in its impulse response give the
linear-space. An FIR filter with impulse response h(n) can be obtained as follows:
ent
h(n) = h d (n) 0≤n≤N-1
= 0 otherwise ……………….(a)
The impulse response h d (n) is truncated at n = 0, since we are interested in causal FIR Filter. It
is possible to write above equation alternatively as
h(n) = h d (n)w(n) ……………….(b) rtm
where w(n) is said to be a rectangular window defined by
w(n) = 1 0≤n≤N-1
epa
= 0 otherwise
Taking DTFT on both the sides of equation(b), we get
H(ω) = H d (ω)*W(ω)
D
Hamming window:
CE
The impulse response of an N-term Hamming window is defined as follows:

0.54 – 0.46𝑐𝑜𝑠(2п𝑛 / (𝑁 − 1)) 0≤𝑛≤𝑁−1
𝑤𝐻𝑎𝑚 (𝑛) = �
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
-E
Problem: Using MATLAB design an IIR filter to meet the following specifications choosing
Hamming window:
• Window length, N = 27
ab
• Stop band attenuation = 50dB

• Cut-off frequency = 100 Hz
• Sampling frequency = 1000 Hz
PL
DS

MATLAB CODE
EM
% Experiment 11 : Designing a FIR Filter (Hamming Window)
close all; clear all; clc;
% Accept Filter Parameters from User
SS
N = input('Enter the window length N : ');
fc = input('Enter the cut-off frequency fc (Hz) : ');
Fs = input('Enter the sampling frequency Fs (Hz) : ');
,K
Wc = 2*fc/ Fs; %Nyquist Frequency
Wh = hamming(N); %Create a N-point symmetric Hamming
window
ent
% Generate a FIR filter based on Hamming Window created
b = fir1(N-1, Wc ,Wh);
% Calculate Frequency Response of Filter designed.

% h - Frequency Response values w = Frequencies
[h,w] = freqz(b,1,256);
mag = 20*log10(abs(h));
% Display Values
rtm
%Magnitude of Response
disp('Hamming Window Co-efficients : ');

epa
disp(Wh);
disp('Unit Sample Response of FIR Filter h(n) : ');
disp(b);
% Plot Frequency response of Butterworth Filter.

freqz(b);
D
title('Hamming Filter Frequency Response');

CE
OUTPUT
Enter the window length N : 27

Enter the cut-off frequency fc (Hz) : 100
-E
Enter the sampling frequency Fs (Hz) : 1000
Hamming Window Co-efficients :

0.0800
ab
0.0934
0.1327
0.1957
PL
0.2787
0.3769
0.4846
0.5954
DS
0.7031
0.8013

0.8843
0.9473
EM
0.9866
1.0000
0.9866
0.9473
SS
0.8843
0.8013
0.7031
,K
0.5954
0.4846
0.3769
ent
0.2787
0.1957
0.1327
0.0934
0.0800
rtm
Unit Sample Response of FIR Filter h(n) :
Columns 1 through 7
epa
0.0019 0.0023 0.0022 -0.0000 -0.0058 -0.0142 -0.0209
Columns 8 through 14
D
-0.0185 0.0000 0.0374 0.0890 0.1429 0.1840 0.1994
CE
0.1840 0.1429 0.0890 0.0374 0.0000 -0.0185 -0.0209
-0.0142 -0.0058 -0.0000 0.0022 0.0023 0.0019
-E
ab
PL
DS

EM
SS
,K
ent
rtm
Depa
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

PROGRAM 12
EM
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF IIR FILTER
Aim: To design and implement a IIR Filter for the given specifications.
SS
Theory:
A desired frequency response is approximated by a transfer function expressed as a ratio of
,K
polynomials. This type of transfer function yields an impulse response of infinite duration.
Therefore, the analog filters are commonly referred to as infinite impulse response (IIR)
filters.
ent
The main classes of analog filters are -
1.Butterworth Filter.
2.Chebyshev Filter.
rtm
These filters differ in the nature of their magnitude responses as well as in their design and
implementation.
BUTTERWORTH FILTERS:
epa
Butterworth filters have very smooth passband, which we pay for with a relatively wide
transition region. A Butterworth filter is characterized by its magnitude frequency response,
| 𝐻(𝑗𝛺) | = 1 / [1 + (𝛺/𝛺𝑐)2𝑁]1/2
D
where N is the order of the filter and Ωc is defined as the cutoff frequency where the filter
magnitude is 1/√2 times the dc gain (Ω=0)
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

EM
Butterworth filter tables
N=1; (s + 1)
N=2; (s2 +0.5 s +1)
N=3; (s2 +s+1)(s+1)
SS
N=4; (s2+0.76536s+1)(s2+1.864776s+2)
N=5; (s+1)( s2+0.6180s+1)( s2+1.6180s+1)
,K
CHEBYSHEV FILTERS:
Chebyshev filters are equiripple in either the passband or stopband. Hence the magnitude
ent
response oscillates between the permitted minimum and maximum values in the band a
number of times depending upon the order of filters. There are two types of chebyshev filters.
The chebyshev I filter is equiripple in passband and monotonic in the stopband, whereas
Chebyshev II is just the opposite.
rtm
The Chebyshev low-pass filter has a magnitude response given by
D epa
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

EM
PROBLEM 1: BUTTERWORTH FILTER:
Using MATLAB design an IIR filter with passband edge frequency 1500Hz and stop band
edge at 2000Hz for a sampling frequency of 8000Hz, variation of gain within pass band 1db
SS
and stopband attenuation of 15 db. Use Butterworth prototype design and Bilinear
Transformation.
,K
MATLAB CODE :
% Experiment 12 : Design of IIR Filter (Butterworth Filter)

ent
% Accept Input Parameters from user
Rp = input('Enter Passband Attenuation in dB : ');
Rs = input('Enter Stopband Attenuation in dB : ');
rtm
fp = input('Enter Passband Frequency in Hz :
fs = input('Enter Stopband Frequency in Hz :
Fs = input('Enter Sampling Frequency in Hz :
');
');
');
% Calculate Sampled Frequency values

Wp=2* fp / Fs ;
epa
Ws=2* fs / Fs ;
% Calculate Butterworth filter order and cutoff frequency:

% N = Minimum order of Filter Wn = Cutoff Frequencies
[N,Wn] = buttord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs);
D
% Butterworth Filter Design (z = zeros p = poles)

[z,p] = butter(N,Wn);
CE
% Display Filter parameters :

disp('Order of Butterworth Filter : ');
disp(N);
disp('Butterworth Window Cutoff Frequency : ');
-E
disp(Wn);
% Plot Frequency Response of Filter

freqz(z,p);
title('Butterworth frequency response');
ab
OUTPUT:
PL
Enter Passband Attenuation in dB : 1

Enter Stopband Attenuation in dB : 15
Enter Passband Frequency in Hz : 1500
Enter Stopband Frequency in Hz : 2000
DS
Enter Sampling Frequency in Hz : 8000
Order of Butterworth Filter :

6
Butterworth Window Co-efficient :
EM
0.4104
SS
,K
ent
rtm
D epa
PROBLEM 2: CHEBYSHEV FILTER:

CE
Using MATLAB design an IIR filter with passband edge frequency 1500Hz and stop band
edge at 2000Hz for a sampling frequency of 8000Hz, variation of gain within pass band 1 db
and stopband attenuation of 15 db. Use Chebyshev prototype design and Bilinear
Transformation.
-E
DESIGN:
W1 = (2*pi* F1 )/ Fs = 2*pi*100)/4000 = 0.05Π rad
ab
W2 = (2*pi* F2 )/ Fs = 2*pi*500)/4000 =0.25Π rad
Prewarp:
PL
T=1sec
Ω1 = 2/T tan (w1/2) = 0.157 rad/sec
Ω2 = 2/T tan (w2/2) = 0.828 rad/sec
DS
Order:

𝐴𝑝
έ =�10− 10 − 1
EM
έ = 0.765
A= 10-As/20 , A = 1020/20 , A=10
g= (A2 - 1) / έ , g = 13.01
Ωr= Ω2 / Ω1 Ωr=0.828/0.157 = 5.27 rad\sec
SS
n = log 10 �𝐠 + �(𝐠𝟐 − 𝟏) � / log 10 {Ω r + √(𝜴𝟐𝒓 – 𝟏) }
,K
n= 1.388
Therefore n= 2.
ent
Cut-off Frequency:
Ωc = Ωp = Ω1 = 0.157 rad\sec
Normalized Transfer Function: rtm

H(s)=[bo / 1+ έ2 ] / [ s2+b 1 s+b 0 ]
epa
= 0.505/[ s2+0.8s+0.036]
Denormalized Transfer Function:

D
H(s)= Hn(s) | s-s/Ωc H(s)= Hn(s) | s-s/0.157

H(s) = 0.0125 / [s2+0.125s+0.057]
CE
Apply BLT:
H(Z) = H(s)| s=(2/T)[(1-z-1)/(1+z-1)]
H(Z) = 0.0125+0.025Z-1 + 0.0125 Z-2

-E
4.2769-7.96Z-1 + 3.76Z-2
H(Z) = 0.0029+0.0052Z-1 + 0.0029 Z-2

1-1.86Z-1 + 0.88Z-2
ab
PL
DS

EM
MATLAB CODE:
SS
% Experiment 12B : Design of IIR Filter (Chebyshev Filter)
% Accept Input Parameters from user
,K
Rp = input('Enter Passband Attenuation in dB : ');
Rs = input('Enter Stopband Attenuation in dB : ');
fp = input('Enter Passband Frequency in Hz : ');
fs = input('Enter Stopband Frequency in Hz : ');
ent
Fs = input('Enter Sampling Frequency in Hz : ');
% Calculate Sampled Frequency values

Wp=2* fp / Fs ;
Ws=2* fs / Fs ;
% N = Minimum order of Filter

[N,Wn]=cheb1ord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs);
rtm
% Calculate Chebyshev filter order and cutoff Frequency:
Wn = Cutoff Frequencies
epa
% Chebyshev Filter Design (z = zeros p = poles)
[z,p]=cheby1(N,Rp,Wn);
% Display Filter parameters :

disp('Order of Chebyshev Filter : ');
D
disp(N);
disp('Chebyshev Window Cutoff Frequency : ');
disp(Wn);
CE
% Plot Frequency Response of Filter :

freqz(z,p);
title('Chebyshev Frequency response');
OUTPUT:
-E
Enter Passband Attenuation in dB : 1

Enter Stopband Attenuation in dB : 15
Enter Passband Frequency in Hz : 1500
ab
Enter Stopband Frequency in Hz : 2000

Enter Sampling Frequency in Hz : 8000
PL
Order of Chebyshev Filter :

4
DS
Chebyshev Window Cutoff Frequency :

0.3750

EM
SS
,K
ent
rtm
Depa
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

EM
SS
,K
ent
rtm
PART B:
epa
Exercises using the

D
DSP Kit
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

DSP Laboratory (10ECL57) V Semester KSSEM, Bangalore
TMS320C6748 DSP
BOARD
EM
Package content:
SS
,K
ent
rtm
D epa
CE
The C6748 DSP Experimenter Kit packaged for Universities (TMDSEXPL138-UNV)

provides everything academics need to get started with teaching and projects using the TI
TMS320C6000 DSP. The TI TMS320C6000 family of DSPs is popular for use in Real-time DSP
coursesThe Experimenter Kit for Universities is a low-cost, flexible development platform for the
-E
OMAP-L138 which is a low-power dual core processor based on C6748 DSP plus an ARM926EJ-S
32-bit RISC MPU.
The C6748 DSP kit has a TMS320C6748 DSP onboard that allows full-speed verification of
ab
code with Code Composer Studio. The C6748 DSP kit provides:
A USB Interface
PL
128MB DDRAM and ROM

An analog interface circuit for Data conversion
(AIC) An I/O port
Embedded JTAG emulation support
DS
Connectors on the C6748 DSP kit provide DSP external memory interface (EMIF) and
peripheral signals that enable its functionality to be expanded with custom or third party daughter
boards.

The C6748 DSP kit includes a stereo codec. This analog interface circuit (AIC) has the
EM
following characteristics:
High-Performance Stereo Codec
• Interfaces directly to digital or analog microphones
SS
• Supports 8-96 ksps sampling rates
• High SNR (100-102dB DAC, 92dB ADC)
,K
• Integrated PLL supporting a wide range of audio clocks
• Low-power headphone, speaker and playback modes for portable systems
ent
• Programmable digital audio effectsinclude 3D sound, bass, treble, EQ and de-emphasis
Software Control Via TI McASP-Compatible Multiprotocol Serial Port.Glueless

Interface to TI McASPs.
rtm
Audio-Data Input/Output Via TI McASP-Compatible Programmable Audio Interface
16/20/24/32-Bit Word Lengths.
epa
The C6748DSP kit has the following features:
The 6748 DSP KIT kit is a low-cost standalone development platform that enables customers
to evaluate and develop applications for the TI C67XX DSP family. The DSP KIT also serves
D
as a hardware reference design for the TMS320C6748 DSP. Schematics, logic equations and
application notes are available to ease hardware development and reduce time to market.
CE
An on-board AIC3106 codec allows the DSP to transmit and receive analog signals.
McASP is used for the codec control interface and for data. Analog audio I/O is done through
two 3.5mm audio jacks that correspond to line input, and line. The analog output is driven to
the line out .McASP1 can be re-routed to the expansion connectors in software.
-E
The DSP KIT includes 2 LEDs and 8 DIP switches as a simple way to provide the user with
interactive feedback.
An included 5V external power supply is used to power the board. On-board voltage
ab
regulators provide the 1.26V DSP core voltage, 3.3V digital and 3.3V analog voltages. A
voltage supervisor monitors the internally generated voltage, and will hold the board in reset
until the supplies are within operating specifications and the reset button is released.
PL
Code Composer communicates with the DSP KIT through an embedded JTAG emulator with a
USB host interface. The DSP KIT can also be used with an external emulator through the
external JTAG connector.
DS
TMS320C6748 DSP Features
 Highest-Performance Floating-Point Digital Signal Processor (DSP):

 Eight 32-Bit Instructions/Cycle

 32/64-Bit Data Word

 375/456-MHz C674x Fixed/Floating-Point
EM
 Up to 3648/2746 C674x MIPS/MFLOPS
 Rich Peripheral Set, Optimized for Audio
 Highly Optimized C/C++ Compiler
 Extended Temperature Devices Available
 Advanced Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) TMS320C67x™ DSP Core
SS
 Eight Independent Functional Units:
 Two ALUs (Fixed-Point)
 Four ALUs (Floating- and Fixed-Point)
,K
 Two Multipliers (Floating- and Fixed-Point)
 Load-Store Architecture With 64 32-Bit General-Purpose Registers
 Instruction Packing Reduces Code Size
 All Instructions Conditional
ent
 Instruction Set Features
 Native Instructions for IEEE 754
 Single- and Double-Precision
 Byte-Addressable (8-, 16-, 32-Bit Data)

 8-Bit Overflow Protection
rtm
 Saturation; Bit-Field Extract, Set, Clear; Bit-Counting; Normalization
67x cache memory.
 32K-Byte L1P Program Cache (Direct-Mapped)
epa
 32K-Byte L1D Data Cache (2-Way)
 256K-Byte L2 unified Memory RAM\Cache.
 Real-Time Clock With 32 KHz Oscillator and Separate Power Rail.
 Three 64-Bit General-Purpose Timers
 Integrated Digital Audio Interface Transmitter (DIT) Supports:
D
 S/PDIF, IEC60958-1, AES-3, CP-430 Formats

 Up to 16 transmit pins
 Enhanced Channel Status/User Data
CE
 Extensive Error Checking and Recovery

2
 Two Inter-Integrated Circuit Bus (I C Bus™) .
 3 64-Bit General-Purpose Timers (each configurable as 2 32-bit timers)
 Flexible Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) Based Clock Generator Module
-E
 IEEE-1149.1 (JTAG ) Boundary-Scan-Compatible

 3.3-V I/Os, 1.2 -V Internal (GDP & PYP)
 3.3-V I/Os, 1.4-V Internal (GDP)(300 MHz only)
 LCD Controller
ab
 Two Serial Peripheral Interfaces (SPI) Each With Multiple Chip-Selects

 Two Multimedia Card (MMC)/Secure Digital (SD) Card Interface with Secure Data I/O
(SDIO) Interfaces
 One Multichannel Audio Serial Port.
PL
 Two Multichannel Buffered Serial Ports

DS

General Procedure to work on Code Composer Studio V4 for non-real
EM
time projects
1. Launch ccs
SS
Launch the CCS v4 icon from the Desktop or goto All Programs ->Texas Instruments -
>CCSv4
,K
ent
2.
Choose the location for the workspace, where your project will be saved.
rtm
D epa
3.
Click the CCS icon from the welcome page to go the workbench, it is marked in the below
CE
picture.
-E
ab
PL
DS

EM
4. Configure ccs to your target
A. From the Target menu select New target Configuration
Target -> New target Configuration.
It will open a window like given below.
SS
Specify any arbitrary target name. For Eg., 6748config.ccxml (Extension should be
.ccxml).. Click Finish then you will get configuration window for the created target.
,K
ent
rtm
epa
B.
D
1. Select the Connection: Texas instruments XDS100v1 USB Emulator

2. Select the Device: TMS320C6748. To make search easier type 6748 in device block.
CE
*
Check the box
TMS320C674
8 and finally
-E
Click Save.
ab
PL
DS

C. Next
EM
goto Advanced tab give the suitable Gel file path as shown below.
Follow the path.
SS
“C:\6748support\c6748.gel”
,K
ent
rtm
D.
epa
Go to view option and select the Target Configuration:
View->Target Configuration.
A wizard will open in the workspace expand the User Defined folder and you can find your
target, Right click on 6748config.ccxml and select the Launch Selected Configuration.
D
CE
-E
ab
E. Connect CCS to the target

Goto Target -> Connect Target
PL
Now our target is successfully configured and connected.

In future we no need to repeat these steps. If we are working with the same hardware we
can just open the already configured target and launch the selected configuration and
DS
connect it.

5. Creating the New Project
EM
Step P1:
Change the Perspective Debug to C/C++ from the right corner of the CCS
SS
Step P2:
Go to File  New  CCS Project.
,K
ent
rtm
epa
Step P3:
Specify the name of the project in the
space provided .and Click Next
D
Eg., Project Name: Hello World

CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

Select the project type
EM
Project Type: C6000
Click Next
SS
,K
ent
rtm
epa
*However our target is based on C6000 family, Based on the family we need to select the
Project
Type.
Set the project settings window as shown below.
D
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS
Click finish

6. To write the program select one new file.
EM
A.Go to File  New  Source File.
SS
,K
ent
rtm
B. Specify the arbitrary source file name. It should be in the source folder (current project
name.).
D epa
CE
Note:
Extension of the source file must be the language what we preferred to write the code.
-E
Eg:
For c-> .c
C++ -> .cpp
Assembly -> .asm
ab
C.Type your C – Code

PL
DS

7. BUILD
EM
Build the program to check your code
Have any errors and
warnings. Go to
SS
Project  Build active project.
,K
ent
rtm
If your code doesn‟t have any errors and warnings, a message will be printed in the console
window that
“Build Complete for the project”

epa
Problems window display errors or warnings, if any.

D
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

EM
8. DEBUG
After successful Build, Debug your code. During this step ccs will connect to target and it
will
load program on to target.
SS
Goto Target  Debug Active project.
,K
ent
rtm
During debug ccs will display following error message.
D epa
CE
-E
Now press reset button on the 6748 hardware , then click on retry.
ab
Once you click on retry ccs will load program on to processor and then ccs will guide
PL
us to debug mode, if it is not done automatically.
Change the Perspective C/C++ to Debug

from the right corner of the CCS.
DS

EM
9.RUN
Now you can run the code, by selecting the option run from the dialog box else you can
Go to Target  Run
SS
,K
ent
rtm
epa
Once you run the program the output will be printed in the Console
D
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

EM
PROGRAM 1
LINEAR CONVOLUTION OF TWO GIVEN SEQUENCES
SS
Aim: To write the C code to perform Linear Convolution upon two given discrete time
signals.
,K
C Code:
/* PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT LINEAR CONVOLUTION */

#include<stdio.h>
ent
int y[20];
main()
{ int m=6; /*Length of i/p samples sequence*/
int n=6; /*Length of impulse response Coefficients*/
int i=0,j;
/*Input Signal Samples*/
int x[15]={1,2,3,4,5,6,0,0,0,0,0,0};
rtm
/*Impulse Response Coefficients*/
epa
int h[15]={1,2,3,4,5,6,0,0,0,0,0,0};
/*Calculate Values*/
for(i=0;i<m+n-1;i++)
D
{
y[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
CE
y[i]+=x[j]*h[i-j];
}
/* Display Values*/
-E
printf("Sequence 1: \n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
printf("%d\t",x[i]);
printf("\nSequence 2: \n");
ab
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d\t",h[i]);
PL
printf("\nConvolved Sequence: \n");

for(i=0;i<m+n-1;i++)
printf("%d\t",y[i]);
}
DS

OUTPUT:
EM
Sequence 1:
1 2 3 4 5 6
Sequence 2:
1 2 3 4 5 6
SS
Convolved Sequence:
1 4 10 20 35 56 70 76 73 60 36
Procedure:
,K
1. Open Code Composer Studio v4.
2. Connect the target (step 4).
ent
3. Create new project with name as sine wave (step 5).
4. Create new source file and type the code linear.c and save it.(step 6)
rtm
5. Now perform steps 7, 8and 9.Once you run the program you can watch convolution
result in the console window.
epa
6. To view the values in graph
a. Go to Tools  Graph  Single Time
7. Set the Graph Properties as shown

D
Buffer size : 11
CE
DSP Data Type : 16-Bit Unsigned Int
Start Address: y
-E
Display Data Size : 11
8. Click : Ok
9. Note down the output waveform.
ab
NOTE : Follow the same procedure for the rest of the experiments.
PL
DS

PROGRAM 2:
EM
CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION OF TWO GIVEN SEQUENCES
Aim: To write the C code to perform Circular Convolution upon two given discrete time
signals.
SS
C Code:
,K
/* PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION */
#include<stdio.h>
int m,n,x[30],h[30],y[30],i,j,temp[30],k,x2[30],a[30];
ent
void main()
{
printf("Enter the length of the first sequence\n");
scanf("%d",&m);
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the first sequence\n");
rtm
printf("\nEnter the length of the second sequence\n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
epa
scanf("%d",&x[i]);
printf("\nEnter the second sequence\n");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&h[j]);
D
if(m-n!=0) /* If length of both sequences are not equal */

{
if(m>n) /* Pad the smaller sequence with zero */
CE
{
for(i=n;i<m;i++)
h[i]=0;
n=m;
-E
}
/*Initialize Array of Zeros*/
for(i=m;i<n;i++)
x[i]=0;
ab
m=n;
}
/* Convert linear sequence to circular sequence*/
PL
y[0]=0;
a[0]=h[0];
for(j=1;j<n;j++) /* folding h(n) to h(-n) */
a[j]=h[n-j];
DS

/*Circular convolution*/
EM
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
y[0]+=x[i]*a[i];
for(k=1;k<n;k++)
{
SS
y[k]=0;
/*circular shift*/
,K
for(j=1;j<n;j++)
x2[j]=a[j-1];
x2[0]=a[n-1];
ent
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
a[i]=x2[i];
}
}
y[k]+=x[i]*x2[i];
/* displaying the result */

rtm
printf("\nConvolved Sequence:\n");
epa
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d \t",y[i]);
}
D
OUTPUT:
Enter the length of the first sequence
CE
4
Enter the length of the second sequence
4
Enter the first sequence
-E
2 1 2 1
Enter the second sequence
1 2 3 4
Convolved Sequence:
ab
14 16 14 16
PL
DS

PROGRAM 3:
EM
COMPUTATION OF N- POINT DFT OF A GIVEN SEQUENCE
Aim: Computation of N point DFT of a given sequence.
SS
C Code:
#include<stdio.h>
,K
#include<math.h>
int N,k,n,i;
float pi=3.1416,sumre=0, sumim=0,out_real[8]={0.0},
ent
out_imag[8]={0.0};
int x[32];
void main(void)
{
scanf("%d",&N);
printf("\nEnter the sequence\n");
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
rtm
printf("Enter the length of the sequence\n");
scanf("%d",&x[i]);
epa
for(k=0;k<N;k++)
{
sumre=0;
sumim=0;
D
for(n=0;n<N;n++)
{
CE
sumre=sumre+x[n]* cos(2*pi*k*n/N);
sumim=sumim-x[n]* sin(2*pi*k*n/N);
}
out_real[k]=sumre;
-E
out_imag[k]=sumim;
printf("DFT of the Sequence :\n");
printf("X([%d])=\t%f\t+\t%fi\n",k,out_real[k],out_imag[k]);
}
ab
}
PL
DS

OUTPUT:
EM
Enter the length of the sequence
4
Enter the sequence
0 1 2 3
SS
DFT of the Sequence
6.0
-2.0 + 2.0i
-2.0 - 0.0i
,K
-2.0 - 2.0i
ent
rtm
D epa
CE
-E
ab
PL
DS

PROGRAM 4:
EM
IMPULSE RESPONSE OF FIRST ORDER AND SECOND ORDER SYSTEM
Aim: To Calculate the Impulse Response of the First Order and Second Order Systems.
SS
1. First Order System:
C Code:
,K
#include <stdio.h>
ent
#define Order 1 /*First Order Filter*/
#define Len 10 /*Length of Impulse Response*/
float y[Len] = {0,0,0}, sum;
main()
{
int j,k;
float b[Order+1]={1, 3};
rtm
/*Input Coefficients*/
float a[Order+1]={1, 0.2}; /*Output Coefficients*/
epa
printf("Impulse Response Coefficients:\n");
for(j=0;j<Len;j++)
{
sum = 0;
for (k=1;k<=Order;k++)
D
{
if ((j-k)>=0)
sum=sum+(b[k]*y[j-k]);
CE
}
if(j<=Order)
y[j]=a[j]-sum;
else
y[j]=-sum;
-E
printf("Response [%d] = %f\n",j,y[j]);

}
}
OUTPUT:
ab

Response [0] = 1.000000
PL
Response [1] = -2.800000

Response [2] = 8.400000
Response [3] = -25.199999
Response [4] = 75.599998
Response [5] = -226.799988
Response [6] = 680.399963
DS
Response [7] = -2041.199951

Response [8] = 6123.599609
Response [9] = -18370.798828

EM
2. Second Order System:
C Code:
SS
#include <stdio.h>
#define Order 2 /*Second Order Filter*/
,K
#define Len 10 /*Length of Impulse Response*/
float y[Len] = {0,0,0}, sum;
ent
main()
{
int j,k;
float b[Order+1]={1, 3, -0.12}; /*Input Coefficients*/
float a[Order+1]={1, 0.2, -1.5}; /*Output Coefficients*/
for(j=0;j<Len;j++)
{
rtm
printf("Impulse Response Coefficients:\n");
sum = 0;
for (k=1;k<=Order;k++)
epa
{
if ((j-k)>=0)
sum=sum+(b[k]*y[j-k]);
}
if(j<=Order)
D
y[j]=a[j]-sum;
else
y[j]=-sum;
CE
printf("Response [%d] = %f\n",j,y[j]);

}
}
-E
OUTPUT:

Response [0] = 1.000000
Response [1] = -2.800000
ab
Response [2] = 7.020000

Response [3] = -21.396000
Response [4] = 65.030403
PL
Response [5] = -197.658722

Response [6] = 600.779785
Response [7] = -1826.058350
Response [8] = 5550.268555
Response [9] = -16869.933594
DS

SAMPLE VIVA QUESTIONS:
EM
1. What is sampling theorem?
2. What do you mean by process of reconstruction?
3. What are techniques of reconstructions?
SS
4. What do you mean Aliasing? What is the condition to avoid aliasing for sampling?
5. Write the conditions of sampling.
6. How many types of sampling there?
,K
7. Explain the statement- t= 0:0.000005:0.05
8. In the above example what does colon (:) and semicolon (;) denote?
9. What is a) Undersampling b) Nyquist Plot c) Oversampling.
ent
10. Write the MATLAB program for Oversampling.
11. What is the use of command ‘legend’?
12. Write the difference between built in function, plot and stem describe the function.
13. What is the function of built in function and subplot?
14. What is linear convolution?
rtm
15. Explain how convolution syntax built in function works.
16. How to calculate the beginning and end of the sequence for the two sided
controlled output?
epa
17. What is the total output length of linear convolution sum.
18. What is an LTI system?
19. Describe impulse response of a function.
20. What is the difference between convolution and filter?
D
21. Where to use command filter or impz, and what is the difference between these
two?
CE
22. What is the use of function command ‘deconv’?

23. What is the difference between linear and circular convolution?
24. What do you mean by statement subplot (3,3,1).
25. What do you mean by command “mod” and where it is used?
-E
26. What do you mean by Autocorrelation and Crosscorrelation sequences?

27. What is the difference between Autocorrelatio and Crsscorrelation.
28. List all the properties of autocorrelation and Crosscorrelaion sequence.
29. Where we use the inbuilt function ‘xcorr’ and what is the purpose of using this
ab
function?
30. How to calculate output of DFT using MATLAB?
31. What do you mean by filtic command, explain.
PL
32. How to calculate output length of the linear and circular convolution.
33. What do you mean by built in function ‘fliplr’ and where we need to use this.
34. What is steady state response?
35. Which built in function is used to solve a given difference equation?
DS
36. Explain the concept of difference equation.

37. Where DFT is used?

38. What is the difference between DFT and IDFT?
EM
39. What do you mean by built in function ‘abs’ and where it is used?
40. What do you mean by phase spectrum and magnitude spectrum/ give comparison.
41. How to compute maximum length N for a circular convolution using DFT and
IDFT.(what is command).
SS
42. Explain the statement- y=x1.*x2
43. What is FIR and IIR filter define, and distinguish between these two.
44. What is filter?
,K
45. What is window method? How you will design an FIR filter using window
method.
46. What are low-pass and band-pass filter and what is the difference between these
ent
two?
47. Explain the command : N = ceil(6.6 *pi/tb)
48. Write down commonly used window function characteristics.
49. What is the MATLAB command for Hamming window? Explain.
rtm
50. What do you mea by cut-off frequency?
51. What do you mean by command butter, cheby1?
52. Explain the command in detail- [N,wc]=buttord(2*fp/fs,2*fstp/fs,rp,As)
53. What is CCS? Explain in detail to execute a program using CCS.
epa
54. Why do we need of CCS?
55. How to execute a program using ‘dsk’ and ‘simulator’?
56. Which IC is used in CCS? Explain the dsk, dsp kit.
57. What do you mean by noise?
D
58. Explain the program for linear convolution for your given sequence.
59. Why we are using command ‘float’ in CCS programs.
CE
60. Where we use ‘float’ and where we use ‘int’?

61. Explain the command- i= (n-k) % N
62. Explain the entire CCS program in step by step of execution.
63. What is MATLAB? What does it stand for?
-E
ab
PL
DS

DSP Lab Manual As Per VTU PDF

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

DSP Lab Manual As Per VTU PDF

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

K. S.

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Digital Signal Processing Lab Manual

1 Verification of Sampling theorem. 1

Computation of N point DFT of a given sequence and to

Linear convolution of two sequences using DFT and

Design and implementation of IIR filter to meet given

Aim: To write the MATLAB code for verifying Sampling Theorem.

“A bandlimited signal can be reconstructed exactly if it is sampled at a rate atleast twice

the maximum frequency component in it."

Assume a band-limited signal 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡) = 𝐴 sin(2𝜋𝐹𝑡) with maximum

Sampling this signal at 𝐹𝑠 gives us the discrete time signal:

Then, approximated recovered signal can be written as:

Dept of ECE Page | 1

% Generate the original signal and plot it:

x1 = cos(2*pi*f*n1); % Generating sampled signal

% Right Sampling Condition:

Dept of ECE Page | 2

% Under Sampling Condition:

Dept of ECE Page | 3

Consider a difference equation:

𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛) + 0.2 𝑥(𝑛 − 1) − 1.5 𝑥(𝑛 − 2) − 3 𝑦(𝑛 − 1) + 0.12 𝑦(𝑛 − 2)

This can be rewritten in the standard form as:

𝑦(𝑛) + 3 𝑦(𝑛 − 1) − 0.12 𝑦(𝑛 − 2) = 𝑥(𝑛) + 0.2 𝑥(𝑛 − 1) − 1.5 𝑥(𝑛 − 2)

Finding the Z-transform of the equation:

𝑌(𝑍) + 3 𝑍 −1 𝑌(𝑍) − 0.12 𝑍 −2 𝑌(𝑍) = 𝑋(𝑍) + 0.2 𝑍 −1 𝑋(𝑍) − 1.5 𝑍 −2 𝑋(𝑍)

Dept of ECE Page | 4

Transfer Function of the system can be obtained as :

By long division, we get :

By taking Inverse-Z transform, we can obtain the Impulse Response as:

clear all; close all; clc;

% Calculate Impulse Response using IMPZ function:

%Plot and Display impulse response co-efficients:

Enter the coefficients of x(n) in 1-D Matrix Form: [1 0.2 -1.5]

Enter the coefficients of y(n) in 1-D Matrix Form: [1 3 -0.12]

Enter the number of samples of impulse response desired: 5

Impulse Response Coefficients:

Dept of ECE Page | 5

Dept of ECE Page | 6

We can perform the convolution by different methods:

2. Using the Linear Convolution Sum formula :

𝑥1(𝑛) = {1, 2, −1, 3} and 𝑥2(𝑛) = {2,3, −2}

We see that length of sequence 𝑥1 is (M = 4) and that of sequence 𝑥2 is (N = 3). Therefore,

the length of the convolved sequence will be (M+N-1 = 6).

𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥1(𝑛) ∗ 𝑥2(𝑛) = { 2 7 2 − 1 11 − 6}

Dept of ECE Page | 7

%Perform Linear Convolution using CONV command

%Plot Input and Convolved Signals

% Display the convolved Sequence in Command Window

2. Using Convolution Sum formula:

%% Linear Convolution without using CONV command

x1 = input('Enter Input Sequence for Signal x1(n): ');

x2 = input('Enter Input Sequence for Signal x2(n): ');

N = n1+n2-1; %Length of Convolved Sequence

%Zero padding to make sequences of length N

%Initializing Output sequence of zeros.

%Performing Linear Convolution:

Dept of ECE Page | 8

% Plot Input and Output Sequences:

Enter Input Sequence for Signal x1(n): [1 2 -1 3]

Dept of ECE Page | 9

Dept of ECE Page | 10

x1 = cos(2pif*n1); % Generating sampled signal